Preface
1. Richard E. Boyatzis, The Competent Manager: A Model for Effective Performance (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1982), p. 21.
2. Mary Ellen Joyce, “Developing 21st-Century Public Leaders: Competency-Based Executive Development,” Ph.D. dissertation, George Washington University, 2006, p. 60.
3. John W. Gardner, Self-Renewal: The Individual and the Innovative Society (New York: W. W. Norton, 1995), pp. 11–12.
Part I
1. See Office of Personnel Management (www.opm.gov/ses/recruitment/ecq.asp).
2. Joseph A. Califano Jr., Inside: A Public and Private Life (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), p. 3.
Chapter 1
1. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of Public Affairs, remarks by Secretary Robert A. McDonald. at Institute of Medicine Annual Meeting, October 20, 2014 (http://www.va.gov/opa/bios/secretary.asp).
2. Graham Allison, “Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects?” Proceedings of the Public Management Research Conference (Washington: Office of Personnel Management, 1979), p. 29.
3. Beyond Distrust: How Americans View Their Government, Pew Research Center, November 2015.
4. F. Steven Redburn and Jonathan D. Bruel. “Linking Foresight and Decision Making” (National Academy of Public Administration Presidential Transition, 2016) (https://napat16.wordpress.com/2016/01/19/linking-foresight-to-decision-making/).
5. Robert Kaplan and David Norton, The Balanced Scorecard: Translating Strategy into Action (Harvard Business School Press, 1996), p. 7.
6. See Recruitment and Selection, Executive and Core Qualifications (U.S. Office of Personnel Management) (www.opm.gov/ses/recruitment/ecq.asp).
7. James Q. Wilson, Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It (New York: Basic Books, 1989), p. 158.
8. “Veterans Homelessness Prevention Demonstration Evaluation” (Washington: Urban Institute, November 2015) (www.urban.org/research/publication/veterans-homelessness-prevention-demonstration-evaluation/view/full_report).
9. Robert D. Behn, Rethinking Democratic Accountability (Brookings, 2001).
10. See “Citizen Satisfaction Dips, but Future Looks Brighter,” ACSI Federal Government Report 2015, January 26, 2016 (www.theacsi.org/news-and-resources/customer-satisfaction-reports/reports-2015/acsi-federal-government-report-2015).
11. See National Taxpayer Advocate, Annual Report to Congress, Volume 1, 2014. January 21, 2015, p. 3 (www.taxpayeradvocate.irs.gov/Media/Default/Documents/2014-Annual-Report/TAXPAYER-SERVICE-Taxpayer-Service-Has-Reached-Unacceptably-Low-Levels.pdf).
12. See “ODNI Launches New Website” (www.dni.gov/press_releases/20080506_release.pdf).
13. See Jeffrey M. Jones, “Americans’ Views of Healthcare Law Improve,” Gallup, July 10, 2015 (www.gallup.com/poll/184079/americans-views-healthcare-law-improve.aspx).
14. David Osborne and Ted Gaebler, Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit Is Transforming the Public Sector (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1992).
15. Mark H. Moore, Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government (Harvard University Press, 1995), p. 18.
16. See Leon Fuerth with Evan Faber, “Anticipatory Governance Practical Upgrades” 2012 (www.gwu.edu/~igis/assets/docs/working_papers/Anticipatory_Governance_Practical_Upgrades.pdf).
17. Peter M. Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization (New York: Doubleday Business, 2008), p. 68.
18. “Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel,” press release, 2005.
Chapter 2
1. G. Edward DeSeve, Managing Recovery: An Insider’s View (Washington, D.C.: IBM Center for the Business of Government, 2011), p. 29.
2. Ibid., p. 20
3. John P. Kotter, Leading Change (Harvard Business School Press, 1996).
4. Henry G. Cisneros, Defensible Space: Deterring Crime and Building Community (U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1995), p. 3.
5. Clay Johnson, memorandum, Office of Management and Budget, September 10, 2007.
6. James MacGregor Burns, Transforming Leadership: The Pursuit of Happiness (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003), p. 167.
7. Edmund Morris, Theodore Rex (New York: Random House, 2001), p. 511.
8. “Conservation as National Duty,” President Theodore Roosevelt’s Opening Address in Proceedings of a Conference of Governors (Washington D.C.: U.S. GPO, 1909). Speech delivered on May 13, 1908.
9. John P. Kotter, What Leaders Really Do (Harvard Business School Press, 1999), p. 83.
10. See www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/fy2002/mgmt.pdf.
11. Ibid.
12. Edgar H. Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985), pp. 6–7.
13. At Brookings Institution, Jackson Nickerson is a nonresident senior fellow in governance and director of the Brookings-Olin Executive Education partnership; he is also the Frahm Family Professor of Organization and Strategy at the John M. Olin School of Business at Washington University in St. Louis. See Jackson Nickerson, Leading Change from the Middle: A Practical Guide for Building Extraordinary Capabilities (Brookings, 2014).
14. Quoted in Frances Hesselbein, Leading for Innovation and Organizing for Results (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2002), p. 89.
15. Elaine C. Kamarck, “Government Innovation around the World,” Working Paper RWP04-010 (Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2003).
16. Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos, Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years at Lockheed (Boston: Back Bay Books, 1994), p. 6.
17. Ibid.
18. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Looking Forward (New York: John Day, 1933), p. 51.
19. Ron Haskins and Greg Margolis, Show Me the Evidence (Brookings, 2015), pp. 2–3.
20. Ibid., p. 213.
21. For more about the program, see http://ash.harvard.edu/innovations-american-government-awards.
22. Innovations in American Government Awards (http://ashinstitute.harvard.edu).
23. Harvey G. Cox, On Not Leaving It to the Snake (New York: Macmillan, 1967), p. viii.
24. Malcolm Gladwell, Blink: The Power of Thinking without Thinking (New York: Little, Brown, 2005), p. 14.
25. Dan Caterinicchia, “Exploring Intuitive Decisionmaking,” Federal Computer Week, December 8, 2002 (https://fcw.com/Articles/2002/12/08/Exploring-intuitive-decisionmaking.aspx).
26. See thinkexist.com/quotation/a_pessimist_sees_the_difficulty_in_every/15269.html.
27. David Shribman, “Candidates with High Hopes Resonate with American Voters,” Pittsburgh Post Gazette, May 12, 2007, p. 7.
Chapter 3
1. Michael Mears, communication with author.
2. The Honorable Robert Hale, fellow at Booz Allen, communication with author.
3. Apportionment is defined as “the action by which the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) distributes amounts available for obligation, including budgetary reserves established pursuant to law, in an appropriation or fund account. An apportionment divides amounts available for obligation by specific time periods (usually quarters), activities, projects, objects, or a combination thereof. The amounts so apportioned limit the amount of obligations that may be incurred. An apportionment may be further subdivided by an agency into allotments, suballotments, and allocations. In apportioning any account, some funds may be reserved to provide for contingencies or to effect savings made possible pursuant to the Anti-deficiency Act.” From A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal Budget Process, GAO-05-734SP (www.gao.gov/new.items/d05734sp.pdf).
4. See, for example, OMB Circular A-123 (www.whitehouse.gov/omb/circulars/a123/a123.html).
5. See Appendix A for a background on the high-risk list and a summary of the programs on the 2015 list. The 2017 list will be published when Congress convenes in 2017.
6. See www.gao.gov/highrisk/strategic_human_management/why_did_study.
7. Donald F. Kettl, Managing Risks, Improving Results (Washington, D.C.: IBM Center for the Business of Government, 2016), p. 9
8. For a more complete discussion, see Partnership for Public Service, “Federal Human Capital: The Perfect Storm” (Washington, 2007).
9. “Roadmap to Reform: A Management Framework for the Next Administration” can be found at https://transition2008.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/pps-roadmap-to-reform-10-01-08.pdf.
10. Matthew Guthridge and others, “The People Problem in Talent Management.” McKinsey Quarterly, no. 2 (2006), pp. 6–8.
11. Chief Acquisition Officers Council (www.caoc.gov), Chief Financial Officers Council (www.cfoc.gov), Chief Human Capital Officers Council (www.chcoc.gov), and Chief Information Officers Council (www.cioc).
12. Steven Kelman, “Remaking Federal Procurement,” Working Paper 3 (John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2002), p. 2.
13. See www.fpds.gov.
14. Urgent Reform Required: Army Expeditionary Contracting, Report of the Commission on Army Acquisition and Program Management in Expeditionary Operations, October 2007, p. 3.
15. Here is an example from ancient Greece featuring Aristides the Just: “Pretending now to repent … of his former practice, and carrying himself with more remissness, he became acceptable to such as pillaged the treasury by not detecting or calling them to an exact account. So that those who had their fill of the public money began highly to applaud Aristides, and sued to the people making interest to have him once more chosen treasurer. But when they were upon the point of election, he reproved the Athenians. ‘When I discharged my office well and faithfully,’ said he, ‘I was insulted and abused; but now that I have allowed the public thieves in a variety of malpractices, I am considered an admirable patriot. I am more ashamed, therefore, of this present honour than of the former sentence; and I commiserate your condition, with whom it is more praiseworthy to oblige ill men than to conserve the revenue of the public’ ” (classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/aristide.html).
16. Rep. Henry A. Waxman (D-Calif.), speech to the Professional Services Council, September 10, 2007 (www.house.gov/waxman/pdfs/speech_psc_9-10-2007.pdf).
17. Stan Z. Soloway, former president, Professional Services Council, communication with author.
18. “Recruitment and Selection, Executive and Core Qualifications,” Office of Personnel Management, (www.opm.gov/ses/recruitment/ecq.asp).
19. See www.innovations.harvard.edu.
Chapter 4
1. Patrick J. Montana and Bruce H. Charnov, Management (New York: Barron’s Business Review Series, 1987), p. 211.
2. James MacGregor Burns, Transforming Leadership (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2003); Daniel Goleman and others, Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence (Harvard Business School Press, 2002); Warren G. Bennis and Burt Nanus, Leaders: Strategies for Taking Charge (New York: HarperCollins).
3. See www.jepson.richmond.edu.
4. From Presidential Commission from William Jefferson Clinton for G. Edward DeSeve, May 25, 1995.
5. Burns, Transforming Leadership.
6. Bennis and Nanus, Leaders, p. 31.
7. Goleman and others, Primal Leadership, preface.
8. Joel R. DeLuca, Political Savvy: Systemic Approaches to Leadership behind the Scenes (Berwyn, Pa.: Evergreen Business Group, 1999).
9. President Ronald Reagan, Farewell Address, January 11, 1989.
10. Peggy Noonan, What I Saw at the Revolution: A Political Life in the Reagan Era (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 68.
11. These are specified in OMB Circular A-19.
12. The Library of Congress is an excellent source of information about the committees. In addition, the website thomas.loc.gov/home/laws_made.html describes the legislative process.
13. A unique resource for government executives is supplied by www.plainlanguage.com.
14. John Dumond and Rick Eden, “Improving Government Process: From Velocity Management to Presidential Appointments,” in High-Performance Government: Structure, Leadership, Incentives, edited by Robert Klitgard and Paul C. Light (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2005).
15. See https://fas.org/irp/dni/humancap2012.pdf.
16. Government Accountability Office, “High Risk Series: An Update,” GAO-05-350T, February 2005, p. 32.
17. Graham T. Allison, “Public and Private Management: Are They Fundamentally Alike in All Unimportant Respects?” in Public Administration: Concepts and Cases, 5th ed., edited by Jay M. Shafritz, E. W. Russell, and Christopher Borick (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992), p. 400.
18. Dana Michael Harsell, “Working with Career Executives to Manage for Results” (www.businessofgovernment.org/report/working-career-executives-manage-results).
19. Brinton Milward and Keith Provan, “The Public Manager’s Guide to Network Management,” Working Paper 1008-04 (Eller College of Management, University of Arizona, September 2004).
20. For a more detailed description of the implementation of ARRA, see G. Edward DeSeve, Managing Recovery: An Insider’s View (IBM Center for the Business of Government, 2011).
21. Rob Cross and Andrew Parker, The Hidden Power of Social Networks (Harvard Business School Press, 2004).
22. See www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2014/12/02/designing-citizen-science-and-crowdsourcing-toolkit-federal-government. The actual tool kit can be found at https://crowdsourcing-toolkit.sites.usa.gov.
23. Roger Fisher, William Ury, and Bruce Patton, Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement without Giving In (New York: Penguin, 1991).
24. For a more detailed presentation for practitioners, see Michael L. Moffitt and Robert C. Bordone, The Handbook of Dispute Resolution (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2005).
25. For a detailed summary of this program and the individual training sessions, and for an evaluation of the program, see www.wilsoncenter.org.
26. Montana and Charnov, Management, p. 211.
27. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, interview, Management Consulting News 4, no. 1, 2005 (managementconsultingnews.com).
28. Peter Drucker, “There’s More than One Kind of Team,” Wall Street Journal, February 11, 1992, p. A16.
29. The Center for Creative Leadership is an excellent source for these techniques. See www.ccl.org.
30. H. George Frederickson, The Spirit of Public Administration (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996).
31. H. George Frederickson, “The State of Social Equity in American Public Administration” (Washington: National Academy of Public Administration, February 2005), p. 1.
32. See www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/20/statement-president-repeal-dont-ask-dont-tell.
33. See www.napawash.org/SEPEquityRosenbloom.pdf.
34. See Columbia Accident Investigation Board, August 2003 (tp://s3.amazonaws.com/akamai.netstorage/anon.nasa-global/CAIB/CAIB_lowres_intro.pdf), p. 9.
35. Scott E. Page, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies (Princeton University Press, 2007), p. xxiv.
Chapter 5
1. Elmer B. Staats, “Public Service and the Public Interest,” Public Administration Review 48 (March–April 1988), p. 601.
2. See John Gardner, Personal Journals (www.pbs.org/johngardner/sections/writings.html).
3. James L. Perry, “Measuring Public Service Motivation: An Assessment of Construct Reliability and Validity,” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 6 (January 1996), pp. 5–22.
4. See www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/senior-executive-service/executive-core-qualifications/#url=Fundamental-Competencies.
5. Mark H. Moore, Creating Public Value: Strategic Management in Government (Harvard University Press, 1995); for the traditional concept, see G. Edward DeSeve, “Creating Public Value Using Managed Networks,” in Transforming Public Leadership for the 21st Century, edited by Ricardo S. Morse and others (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2007).
6. See “Performance and Accountability Report, Fiscal Year 2015” (www.gao.gov/assets/680/673653.pdf).
7. Ibid.
8. Marcus Buckingham and Donald O. Clifton coined this term in their book Now, Discover Your Strengths (New York: Free Press, 2001).
9. G. Richard Shell and Mario Moussa, The Art of Woo (New York: Portfolio, 2007), p. 17.
10. David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd (Yale University Press, 1950).
11. The original developers of the personality inventory were Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter, Isabel Briggs Myers, who began creating the indicator during World War II. The Myers–Briggs Type Indicator, first published in 1962, focuses on normal populations and emphasizes the value of naturally occurring differences.
12. Carol S. Pearson, Awakening the Heroes Within: Twelve Archetypes to Help Us Find Ourselves and Transform the World (New York: HarperOne, 1991), p. 3.
13. See www.oge.gov.
14. See wikipedia.org/wiki/political_scandals_of_the_United_States.
15. Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus, Leaders: Strategies for Taking Charge (New York: Harper/Collins, 1985), p. 63.
16. Donald F. Kettl, System under Stress: Homeland Security and American Politics (Washington: CQ Press, 2004), p. 81.
17. “Recruitment and Selection, Executive and Core Qualifications” (www.opm.gov/ses/recruitment/ecq.asp).
18. Peter M. Senge, The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization (New York: Doubleday/Currency, 2008), p. 14.
19. Stephen Goldsmith and William Eggers, Unlocking the Power of Networks: Keys to High-Performance Government (Brookings, 2009).
20. Bennis and Nanus, Leaders, p. 41.
21. From President Kennedy’s remarks at the dedication of the Aerospace Medical Health Center, San Antonio, November 21, 1963.
22. Steve App, former deputy CFO, Department of the Treasury, written communication to author for this publication.
23. Rosabeth Moss Kanter, “How Leaders Gain and Lose Confidence,” Leader to Leader, no. 35 (Winter 2005), p. 21.
24. Ibid, p. 24.
25. Stephen R. Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), p. 235.
26. Robert B. Reich, Locked in the Cabinet (New York: Knopf, 1997), pp. 89, 135–36.
27. Daniel Goleman and others, Primal Leadership: Realizing the Power of Emotional Intelligence (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2002), p. 3.
28. Ibid., p. 39.
Chapter 6
1. Mary Ellen Joyce, “Developing 21st Century Public Leaders: Competency-Based Executive Development,” Ph.D. dissertation, George Washington University, 2006.
2. See the discussion, chapter 7.
3. Donald F. Kettl, The Next Government of the United States: Challenges for Performance in the 21st Century (Washington: IBM Center for the Business of Government, 2005), p. 7.
4. Julie Gerberding, Webb lectures (www.mapawash.org). Also see Duncan J. Watts, Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks between Order and Randomness (Princeton University Press, 1999).
5. “Transcript: A TimesSelect/TimesTalks Event on Globalization,” New York Times, April 25, 2006.
6. “America’s Overseas Presence in the 21st Century” (Overseas Presence Advisory Panel, U.S. Department of State, November 1999), p. 56.
7. Ibid. p. 7.
8. See the Cybersecurity Resource Center website (www.opm.gov/cybersecurity/cybersecurity-incidents).
9. Joseph Stiglitz, “Globalisation Fails to Help the Poorest,” Times of London, February 19, 2007, p. 48.
10. Richard A. Best Jr. and Alfred Cumming, “Open Source Intelligence (OSINT): Issues for Congress,” frontmatter (Congressional Research Service, December 5, 2007).
11. Kettl, The Next Government of the United States, p. 9.
12. See www.defenselink.mil/cio-nii/docs/services_strategy.pdf, p. 1.
1. A full list of Paul Light’s Successes and Failures is found in appendix B.
2. Ibid.
3. DeSeve, G. Edward, “Enhancing the Government’s Decision-Making: Helping leaders make smart and timely decisions.” IBM Center for Business in Government (Washington: April, 2016), p. 5 (http://businessofgovernment.org/report/enhancing-government’s-decision-making).
4. See www.rand.org/about/history.html.
5. See Iana Dryer, Gerald Stang, and Carole Richardson, “Foresight in Governments—Practices and Trends from Around the World,” Yearbook of European Security (2013), p. 7 (http://www.iss.europa.eu/uploads/media/YES_2013_01.pdf).
6. See www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Global_Risks_2015_Report15.pdf.
7. See www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/511111p.pdf.
8. For more information about Evergreen, go to www.uscg.mil/strategy/evergreen.asp.
9. See www.fema.gov/strategic-foresight-fema.
10. NASA’s current strategic plan (2014; due to be updated in 2018) can be found at www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/FY2014_NASA_SP_508c.pdf.
11. See www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/assets/2014/11/evidencebasedpolicymakingaguideforeffectivegovernment.pdf.
12. Ron Haskins and Greg Margolis, Show Me the Evidence: Obama’s Fight for Rigor and Results in Social Policy. (Brookings, 2015).
13. See www.rockefellerfoundation.org/our-work/topics/resilience. See also Judith Rodin, The Resilience Dividend: Being Strong in a World Where Things Go Wrong (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014).
14. Rodin, The Resilience Dividend.
15. From “Letter from the Chair,” Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Strategy, August 2013. The full strategy can be found at http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/documents/huddoc?id=HSRebuildingStrategy.pdf.
16. See http://portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=/press/press_releases_media_advisories/2016/HUDNo_16-006.
Chapter 8
1. The Presidential Appointment Initiative: A Survivor’s Guide for Presidential Nominees, (Brookings, 2000), p. 123 (www.appointee.brookings.org).
2. See http://constitutioncenter.org.
3. National Archives (www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution.html).
Chapter 9
1. In this chapter the word “committees” refers to full committees, their subcommittees, and joint committees.
2. Juliet Eilperin, “Hastert Pledges to Fight Campaign Finance Bill,” Washington Post, February 7, 2002, p. A1.
3. An explanation of how a bill becomes law is also available at www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/howourlawsaremade.pdf.
4. “Rules of Debate; Tactical Skirmishes Intensified in 110th Congress,” Roll Call, January 28, 2008.
5. You can find any committee website by navigating the House and Senate websites (www.house.gov; www.senate.gov). An additional resource for information about current bills and committee schedules is the Library of Congress website (thomas.loc.gov).
Chapter 10
1. See 5 C.F.R. pt. 2635 as amended at 76 FR 38547 (www.oge.gov).
2. See http://archives.democrats.rules.house.gov/archives/rules_bede08.htm.
3. See, for example, OMB Circular A-21, “Cost Principles for Educational Institutions.” For a listing of OMB circulars, memoranda, and bulletins from 1995 forward, see www.whitehouse.gov/omb/memoranda/index.html.
4. See www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/memoranda/2016/m-16-10.pdf.
5. A summary of these documents along with related executive orders since 1947 can be found at www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/direct.htm.
6. See https://fas.org/irp/offdocs/nsc-hst/nsc-4.htm.
7. If Congress delays final approval of any appropriations bills until after the 2016 elections, a continuing resolution would allow agencies to operate for a designated period at a level of spending similar to that of the prior year.
8. There are several places to go for information about these terms, including the Government Accountability Office (www.gao.gov); the Congressional Budget Office (www.cbo.gov); and Allen Schick, The Federal Budget: Politics, Policy, and Process (Brookings, 1994), especially the glossary, p. 287.
9. See https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-PLUMBOOK-2012/. The next version of the Plum Book will be released in December 2016.