The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers at the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Library (FDRL) at Hyde Park are in several collections, as cited in the notes. Series 70 largely includes correspondence with public officials and citizens; series 100 includes more personal correspondence and papers of the Roosevelt family, donated by the children. Of additional significance for this volume are individual collections, including the Molly Dewson, Marion Dickerman, Lorena Hickok, Esther Lape, Elinor Morgenthau, Aubrey Williams, and FDR papers.
ER’s correspondence with Jane Addams is at the FDRL and at the Swarthmore College Peace Collection (SCPC). I am grateful to Mary Lynn McCree Bryan for documents from the Jane Addams Papers Project. See Mary Lynn McCree Bryan, The Jane Addams Papers Guide (Ann Arbor, University Microfilms, 1985).
Carrie Chapman Catt’s papers are at the New York Public Library, including the file on the Christian Women’s Protest Against Germany’s Treatment of the Jews. Her letters to ER are at the FDRL.
Gertrude Ely’s papers have not yet been located. Although there is correspondence with ER at the FDRL, her life story has yet to be told. I am grateful to Lorett Treese for biographical memorabilia on Ely in the Bryn Mawr College Archives, to Anonymous of Fowler’s Beach for letters and memories of Ely, and to Rodney H. Clurman.
Isabella Greenway’s Papers are in the Arizona Historical Society, Tucson.
Alice Hamilton’s correspondence with ER is at the FDRL and in the Jane Addams Papers Project. I am grateful to Barbara Sicherman for excerpts from Hamilton’s daybook and Hamilton’s articles on Germany: “An Inquiry into the Nazi Mind,” NY Times Sunday Magazine, 6 August 1933; “The Youth Who Are Hider’s Strength,” NY Times Sunday Magazine, 8 October 1933; “Hitler Speaks,” Atlantic, October 1933; “Below the Surface,” Survey Graphic, September 1933; “Sound and Fury in Germany,” Survey Graphic, November 1933; “The Plight of the German Intellectuals,” Harper’s, January 1934; “German Intellectuals,” NY Times, 7 January 1934.
ER’s correspondence with Fannie Hurst is mostly in the Fannie Hurst Papers, in the Harry Ransom Collection, Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. Hurst’s correspondence with Ruth Bryan Owen in this collection is significant.
The Helen Rogers Reid, Harold Ickes, and NAACP Papers are at the Library of Congress. ER’s correspondence with Molly Dewson, Hilda Worthington Smith, and Charlotte Everett Hopkins is at FDRL and the Schlesinger Library. Other collections used for this book at the Schlesinger Library include Pauli Murray, Pauline Newman, and Charl Ormond Williams. Flora Rose and Martha van Rensselaer Papers and Frances Perkins’s lecture notes are at Cornell. Frances Perkins’s papers and oral history are at Columbia University. The Lillian Wald Papers are at the New York Public Library and at Columbia University.
ER’s monthly columns in New York State’s Women’s Democratic News were folded into the national Democratic Digest in 1936. In 1938, ER selected her favorite daily columns and published them in My Days. These are undated except by month and year; I refer to them by page. Rochelle Chadakoff edited ER’s My Day: Her Acclaimed Columns, 1936–1945 (Pharos Books, 1989); these are cited by date. In addition to the daily New York Times, the NAACP’s Crisis Magazine, which ER routinely sent to New Deal officials, were basic to this study. Columns and articles are in the notes.
BY ELEANOR ROOSEVELT
It’s Up to the Women (Frederick A. Stokes, 1933).
Hunting Big Game in the ’Eighties: The Letters of Elliott Roosevelt, Sportsman, Edited by His Daughter (Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1933).
This Is My Story (Harper & Brothers, 1937).
This Troubled World (H. C. Kinsey & Co., 1938).
My Days (Dodge Publishing, 1938).
This I Remember (Harper & Brothers, 1949).
You Learn by Living (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960)
The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt (Harper & Brothers, 1960).
ABOUT ELEANOR ROOSEVELT
Asbell, Bernard, ed. Mother and Daughter: The Letters of Eleanor and Anna Roosevelt (Coward, McCann, Geoghegan, 1981).
Beasley, Maurine. Eleanor Roosevelt and the Media: A Public Quest for Self-Fulfillment (University of Illinois Press, 1987).
—–, ed. The White House Press Conferences of Eleanor Roosevelt (Garland, 1983).
—–, and Richard Lowitt, eds. One Third of a Nation: Lorena Hickok Reports on the Great Depression (University of Illinois Press, 1983).
Bethune, Mary McLeod. “My Secret Talks with FDR,” Ebony (April 1949); reprinted in Bernard Sternsher, The Negro in Depression and War, 1930–1945 (Quadrangle, 1969).
Black, Allida M. Casting Her Own Shadow: Eleanor Roosevelt and the Shaping of Postwar Liberalism (Columbia University Press, 1996).
—–, ed. What I Hope to Leave Behind: The Essential Essays of Eleanor Roosevelt (Ralph Carlson, 1995).
—–, ed. Courage in a Dangerous World: The Political Writings of Eleanor Roosevelt (Columbia University Press, 1999).
Black, Ruby. Eleanor Roosevelt: A Biography (Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1940).
Chadakoff, Rochelle, ed. ER’s My Day: Her Acclaimed Columns, 1936–1945 (Pharos Books, 1989). Cook, Blanche Wiesen. Eleanor Roosevelt, Vol. I: 1884–1933 (Viking, 1992).
—–. “Eleanor Roosevelt and Human Rights.” In Edward Crapol, ed., Women and American Foreign Policy (Greenwood, 1987).
—–. “Eleanor Roosevelt and the South,” Atlanta History: A Journal of Georgia and the South (Winter 1995).
—–. “Turn Toward Peace: ER and Foreign Affairs.” In Joan Hoff-Wilson and Marjorie Lightman, eds., Without Precedent (University of Indiana Press, 1984). Davis, Kenneth S. Invincible Summer: An Intimate Portrait of the Roosevelts Based on the Recollections of Marion Dickerman (Atheneum, 1974).
Faber, Doris. The Life of Lorena Hickok: ER’s Friend (Morrow, 1980).
Flemion, Jess, and Colleen M. O’Connor, eds. Eleanor Roosevelt: An American Journey (San Diego State University Press, 1987).
Furman, Bess. Washington By-Line: The Personal History of a Newspaperwoman (Knopf, 1949).
Haraven, Tamara. Eleanor Roosevelt: An American Conscience (Quadrangle Books, 1968).
Hickok, Lorena A. Eleanor Roosevelt: Reluctant First Lady (Dodd, Mead, 1980 [1962]); Introduction by Allen Klots.
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Jeffreys-Jones, Rhodri. Changing Differences: Women and the Shaping of American Foreign Policy, 1917–1994 (Rutgers University Press, 1995).
Kearney, James. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt: The Evolution of a Reformer (Houghton Mifflin, 1968).
Lash, Joseph P. Eleanor Roosevelt: A Friends Memoir (Doubleday, 1964).
—–. Eleanor and Franklin (W.W. Norton, 1971).
—–. Dealers & Dreamers: A New Look at the New Deal (Doubleday, 1988).
—–. Love, Eleanor: Eleanor Roosevelt and Her Friends (Doubleday, 1982).
Nesbitt, Henrietta. White House Diary by Henrietta Nesbitt: FDR’s Housekeeper (Doubleday, 1948).
Parks, Lillian Rogers, and Frances S. Leighton. The Roosevelts: A Family in Turmoil (Prentice Hall, 1981).
Roosevelt, Elliott. Mother R: Eleanor Roosevelt’s Untold Story (Putnam’s, 1977). Roosevelt, James, and Sidney Shalett. Affectionately FDR: A Son’s Story of a Lonely Man (Harcourt Brace, 1959).
—–, with Bill Libby. My Parents: A Differing View (Playboy Press, 1976).
Scharf, Lois. Eleanor Roosevelt: First Lady of American Liberalism (Twayne, 1987).
Streitmatter, Rodger. Empty Without You: The Intimate Letters of Eleanor Roosevelt and Lorena Hickok (Free Press, 1998). West, J. B., with Mary Ann Klotz. Upstairs at the White House: My Life with the First Ladies (Warner Paperback, 1974).
Young, Rose, ed. Why Wars Must Cease (Macmillan, 1935), with ER’s “Because the War Idea Is Obsolete.”
Youngs, William J. Eleanor Roosevelt: A Personal and Public Life (Little, Brown, 1985).
ABOUT FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT
FDR: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945, Vols. III and IV (Kraus Reprint, 1970 [1950]), edited by Elliott Roosevelt and Joseph P. Lash; foreword by Eleanor Roosevelt.
Rosenman, Samuel I., ed. The Public Papers and Addresses of FDR, 13 vols. (Macmillan, 1938–1950).
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—–. FDR: Into the Storm, 1937–1940 (Random House, 1993).
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—–. Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny (Little, Brown, 1990).
—–. FDR and the South (Louisiana University Press, 1965).
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—–. The FDR Years: On Roosevelt & His Legacy (Columbia University Press, 1995).
—–. The Supreme Court Reborn: The Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt (Oxford University Press, 1995).
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—–. The Age of Roosevelt, Vol. III: The Politics of Upheaval (Houghton Mifflin, 1960).
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FRIENDS, NEW DEALERS, RACE RADICALS: DOMESTIC ISSUES
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—–. The Roosevelt Women (Basic Books, 1998).
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—–. Tomorrow a New World: The New Deal Community Program (Cornell University Press, 1959)
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—–. The Washington Quadrille: The Dance Beside the Documents (Doubleday, 1968).
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Dinnerstein, Leonard. Anti-Semitism in America (Oxford University Press, 1994).
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—–, ed. American Labor Since the New Deal (Quadrangle Books, 1969)
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—–, ed. Rebel Pen: The Writings of Mary Heaton Vorse (Monthly Review, 1985).
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Halasa, Malu. Mary McLeod Bethune (Chelsea House, 1989).
Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd. “Women & Lynching,” Southern Exposure (Winter 1977).
—–. Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women’s Campaign Against Lynching (Columbia University Press, 1979).
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—–. Women of the Far Right: The Mothers’ Movement and World War II (University of Chicago Press, 1996).
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—–. Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (Oxford University Press, 1982).
—–. What’s Fair/What Discriminates: Women and Economic Citizenship in the 20th Century. (Forthcoming).
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—–. Black Americans in the Roosevelt Era: Liberalism and Race (University of Tennessee Press, 1980).
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—–, and David Rosner. Deadly Dust: Silicosis and the Politics of Occupational Disease in 20th Century America (Princeton University Press, 1991).
—–. Children, Race and Power: Kenneth and Mamie Clark’s Northside Center (University of Virginia Press, 1996).
—–, eds. Dying for Work: Essays on Workers’ Safety and Health in 20th Century America (Indiana University Press, 1987).
—–, eds. Slaves of the Depression: Workers’ Letters About Life on the Job (Cornell University Press, 1987).
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—–. A Southern Rebel: The Life and Times of Aubrey Williams, 1890–1959 (University of North Carolina Press, 1983).
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—–. Florence Kelley and the Nation’s Work (Yale University Press, 1995).
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—–, ed. The Negro in Depression and War: Prelude to Revolution, 1930–1945 (Quadrangle Books, 1969).
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—–. “In Recognition of Esther Everett Lape,” Women and Health (Summer 1980).
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—–. Righteous Pilgrim: The Life and Times of Harold Ickes, 1874–1952 (Henry Holt, 1990).
Weiss, Nancy. Farewell to the Party of Lincoln: Black Politics in the Age of FDR (Princeton University Press, 1983).
Whisnant, David. All That Is Native and Fine: The Politics of Culture in an American Region (University of North Carolina Press, 1986).
White, Walter. A Man Called White (Viking, 1948).
Whitman, Alden, ed. American Reformers (H. W. Wilson, 1985).
Williams, T. Harry. Huey Long (Louisiana State University Press, 1969).
Wilson, Joan Hoff. Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive (Little, Brown, 1975).
Winter, Ella. And Not to Yield: An Autobiography (Harcourt, 1963).
Wolters, Raymond. Negroes and the Great Depression (Greenwood, 1970).
Zangrando, Robert L. The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950 (Temple University Press, 1980).
Zinn, Howard, ed. New Deal Thought (Bobbs-Merrill, 1966).
COLLECTIVE SECURITY OR ISOLATION:
THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF 1933–1938
Abella, Irving, and Harold Troper. None Is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933–1948 (Random House, 1982).
Accinelli, Robert. “The Roosevelt Administration and the World Court Defeat, 1935,” The Historian (May 1978).
Adler, Selig. The Isolationist Impulse (Collier, 1961).
—–. The Uncertain Giant: American Foreign Policy Between the Wars, 1921–1941 (Macmillan, 1965).
Armstrong, Hamilton Fish. Peace and Counter-Peace: From Wilson to Hitler, Memoirs (Harper & Row, 1971).
Bacon, Margaret Hope. One Woman’s Passion for Peace and Freedom: The Life of Mildred Scott Olmstead (Syracuse University Press, 1993).
Baigell, Matthew, and Julia Williams, eds. Artists Against War and Fascism: Papers of the First American Artists’ Congress (Rutgers University Press, 1986).
Berenbaum, Richard. The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the US Holocaust Memorial Museum (Little, Brown, 1993).
Berry, Paul, and Alan Bishop, eds. Testament of a Generation: The Journalism of Vera Brittain and Winifred Holtby (Virago, 1985).
Borg, Dorothy. The US and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1933–1938 (Harvard University Press, 1964).
—–. “Notes on FDR’s Quarantine Speech,” Political Science Quarterly (Sept. 1957).
Bridenthal, Renate, Atina Grossmann, and Marion Kaplan, eds. When Biology Becomes Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany (Monthly Review Press, 1984).
Bullitt, Orville H., ed. For the President: Personal and Secret, the Letters of William Bullitt (Houghton Mifflin, 1972).
Bullock, Alan. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (Harper Torchbooks, 1962).
Bussey, Gertrude, and Margaret Tims. Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915–1965 (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1965).
Chace, James. Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World (Simon & Schuster, 1998).
Chang, Iris. The Rape of Nanking (Penguin, 1997).
Chatfield, Charles. For Peace and Justice: Pacifism in America, 1914–1941 (University of Tennessee Press, 1971).
—–, ed. Peace Movements in America (Schocken Books, 1973).
Churchill, Winston S. The Gathering Storm (Houghton Mifflin, 1948).
Cole, Wayne S. Senator Gerald P. Nye and American Foreign Relations (University of Minnesota Press, 1962).
Cooper, Sandi E. “Pacifism, Feminism, and Fascism in Inter-War France,” International History Review (February 1997).
—–. “Women in War and Peace, 1914–1945.” In Renate Bridenthal, Susan Mosher Stuard, Merry Wiesner, eds., Becoming Visible: Women in European History (Houghton Mifflin, 1998).
Craig, Gordon, and Felix Gilbert. The Diplomats: The Thirties, vol. II (Atheneum, 1963). Dallek, Robert. Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy (Oxford University Press, 1979).
Davies, Joseph. Mission to Moscow (Simon & Schuster, 1941).
Divine, Robert A. The Illusion of Neutrality: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Struggle over the Arms Embargo (Quadrangle Paperbacks, 1962).
Dodd, William, Jr., and Martha Dodd, eds. Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, 1933–1938 (Harcourt, Brace, 1940).
Dulles, Foster Rhea. America’s Rise to World Power, 1898–1954 (Harper Torchbooks, 1954).
Feis, Herbert. 1933: Characters in Crisis (Little, Brown, 1966).
—–. The Road to Pearl Harbor (Atheneum, 1964).—–. The Spanish Story: Franco and the Nations at War (Norton, 1966).
Fink, Carole. Marc Bloch: A Life in History (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
Foster, Carrie A. The Women and the Warriors: The US Section of the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 1915–1946 (Syracuse University Press, 1995).
Gellman, Irwin. Secret Affairs: Franklin Roosevelt, Cordell Hull, and Sumner Welles (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995).
Gilbert, Martin. Churchill: A Life (Henry Holt, 1991). The official biographer’s one-volume essential life derived from his eight-volume masterpiece.
Gronowicz, Anthony, ed. Oswald Garrison Villard: The Dilemmas of the Absolute Pacifist in Two World Wars (Garland, 1983).
Grose, Peter. Israel in the Mind of America (Knopf, 1983).
Guttmann, Allen. The Wound in the Heart: The U.S. and the Spanish Civil War (Free Press, 1962).
Heinrichs, Waldo. American Ambassador: Joseph Grew and the Development of the U.S. Diplomatic Tradition (Little, Brown, 1966). Hoff-Wilson, Joan. American Business and Foreign Policy, 1920–1933 (Beacon, 1971).
Israel, Fred L., ed. The War Diary of Breckinridge Long (University of Nebraska Press, 1966).
Jonas, Manfred. Isolationism in America, 1935–1941 (Cornell University Press, 1966).
Jordan, Nicole. The Popular Front and Central Europe: The Dilemmas of French Impotence, 1918–1940 (Cambridge University Press, 1992).
Kahn, Gilbert N. “Presidential Passivity on a Nonsalient Issue: President Franklin D. Roosevelt and the 1935 World Court Fight,” Diplomatic History (Spring 1980).
Katz, William Loren, and Marc Crawford: The Lincoln Brigade: A Picture History (Atheneum, 1989).
Kelley, Robin D. G. “‘This Ain’t Ethiopia, But It’ll Do’: African-Americans and the Spanish Civil War.” In Kelley, Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class (Free Press, 1996).
Koonz, Claudia. Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Ideology, 1919–1945 (St. Martins, 1987).
Landis, Arthur H. Spain! The Unfinished Revolution (Camelot, 1972).
Leibovitz, Clement, and Alvin Finkel. In Our Time: The Chamberlain-Hitler Collusion (Monthly Review Press, 1998).
Liggio, Leonard, and James J. Martin, eds. Watershed of Empire: Essays on New Deal Foreign Policy (Ralph Myles, 1976). Lipstadt, Deborah E. Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945 (Free Press, 1986).
Maddox, Robert James. William E. Borah and American Foreign Policy (Louisiana State University Press, 1969).
Manchester, William. The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill, Alone, 1932–1940 (Little, Brown, 1988).
Mandell, Richard. The Nazi Olympics (University of Illinois Press, 1987).
Marrus, Michael, and Robert Paxton. Vichy France and the Jews (Basic Books, 1981).
Matthews, Herbert L. Half of Spain Died: A Reappraisal of the Spanish Civil War (Scribner’s, 1973).
Meyer, Howard N. “A Global Look at Law and Order: The World Court at the UN’s 50th Anniversary,” Social Education (November/December 1994).
Morse, Arthur D. While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy (Random House, 1968).
Neumann, William L. “FDR and Japan, 1913–1933,” Pacific Historical Review (May 1953).
—–. America Encounters Japan: From Perry to MacArthur (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1963).
Nichols, Jeannette P. “Roosevelt’s Monetary Diplomacy in 1933,” American Historical Review (January 1951).
Nicolson, Harold. Diaries and Letters, 1930–1939, ed. Nigel Nicolson (Atheneum, 1966).
Nicolson, Nigel, ed. Vita and Harold: The Letters of Vita Sackville-West and Harold Nicolson (Putnam’s Sons, 1992).
Nixon, Edgar B., ed. FDR and Foreign Affairs, 3 vols. (Harvard University Press, 1969).
Offner, Arnold A. American Appeasement: United States Foreign Policy and Germany, 1933–1938 (Harvard University Press, 1969).
—–. “Appeasement Revisited: The U.S., Great Britain and Germany, 1933–1940,” Journal of American History (September 1977).
Patterson, David S. “The United States and the Origins of the World Court,” Political Science Quarterly (Summer 1976).
Pois, Anne-Marie. “The Process and Politics of Organizing for Peace: The U.S. Section of the WILPF, 1919–1939” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Colorado, 1988).
Pulzer, Peter. The Rise of Political Anti-Semitism in Germany and Austria (Wiley, 1964).
Roosevelt, Daniel Stewart. “Wings over Spain.” In Hall Roosevelt with Samuel McCoy, Odyssey of an American Family: An Account of the Roosevelts as Travelers (Harper, 1939).
Rosenberg, Emily. Spreading the American Dream: American Economic and Cultural Expansion, 1890–1945 (Hill & Wang, 1982).
Rosenstone, Robert. Crusade of the Left: The Lincoln Batallion in the Spanish Civil War (Pegasus, 1969).
Shirer, William L. Berlin Diary: The Journal of a Foreign Correspondent, 1934–1941 (Galahad Books, 1995 [1941]). Stansky, Peter, and William Abrahams. Journey to the Frontier: Two Roads to the Spanish Civil War (Norton, 1966).
Sternsher, Bernard. “The Stimson Doctrine: FDR vs Moley and Tugwell,” Pacific Historical Review (August 1962).
Sykes, Christopher. Nancy: The Life of Lady Astor (Harper & Row, 1972).
Thomas, Gordon, and Max Morgan Witts. Guernica: The Crucible of World War II (Stein and Day, 1975).
Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War (Harper, 1961).
Weinberg, Robert. Stalin’s Forgotten Zion: Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland, an Illustrated History, 1928–1996 (University of California Press, 1998).
Weitz, John. Hjalmar Horace Greeley Schacht: Hitler’s Banker (Little, Brown, 1997).
Welles, Benjamin. Sumner Welles: FDR’s Global Strategist, a Biography (St. Martin’s, 1997).
Welles, Sumner. The Time for Decision (Harper & Brothers, 1944).
Williams, William Appleman. American-Russian Relations, 1781–1947 (Rinehart, 1952).
Wittner, Larry. Rebels Against War: The American Peace Movement, 1933–1983 (Temple University Press, 1984).
Wyman, David. Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938–1941 (Pantheon, 1985 [1968]).