Introduction
1. James Carville, Time, November 16, 1994.
Part I
1. J. A. Dacus, Annals of the Great Strikes in the United States: A Reliable History and Graphic Description of the Causes and Thrilling Events of the Labor Strikes and Riots of 1877—Illustrated (New York, 1877), 430.
2. Carl Smith, Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 103, 107–8, 125, 139, 239–40.
3. Justice Harlan quoted in Steven Pearlstein, “Too Much,” November 14, 2007, www.Cipa-apex.org/too much/weeklies 2007/November 19, 2007.html.
4. Henry George quoted in John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Henry George, Edward Bellamy, Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Adversary Tradition (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1983), 3, 14; George quoted by Smith, Urban Disorder, 213.
5. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter One, Part II on the Expense of Justice (New York, 2000).
Chapter 1: Progress
1. Steve Fraser, Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 43.
2. Walter A. McDougall, Throes of Democracy: The American Civil War Era, 1829–1877 (New York: Harper, 2008), 578–83; Charles R. Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 119–20; William H. Rideing, “At the Exhibit,” Appleton Journal, 1876; Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982), 41, 47; David McCullough, The Great Bridge (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972), 351–52.
3. T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (New York: Knopf, 2009), 403; Rebecca Edwards, New Spirits: Americans in the Gilded Age, 1865–1905 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 40; Richard Bensel, The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 293–95; Jack Beatty, Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865–1900 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 14, 20; Maury Klein, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870–1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 42, 62; David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), 99.
4. Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie, 99.
5. Bensel, Political Economy of American Industrialization, 222; Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (New York: Verso, 1994), 300.
6. Matthew Josephson, The Politicos, 1865–1896 (1938; reprint, New York: Commons, 2008), 436; Klein, Genesis of Industrial America, 24, 40–42, 62, 76, 83, 85, 92; Morris, The Tycoons, 109, 113; Worth Robert Miller, “Farmers and Third-Party Politics,” in The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America, ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1996); Edwards, New Spirits, 96.
7. Klein, Genesis of Industrial America, 29.
8. Ibid., 53, 92.
9. Edwards, New Spirits, 96.
10. Klein, Genesis of Industrial America, 177; Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919 (New York: Norton, 1987); Edward Kirkland, “The Economics of the Gilded Age: An Appraisal,” in Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age; Edward C. Kirkland, “Multiplication, Division, Materialism,” in The Gilded Age: America, 1865–1900, ed. Richard A. Bartlett (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969); Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York: Random House, 1990), 104–5; S. J. Kleinberg, The Shadow of the Mills: Working-Class Families in Pittsburgh, 1877–1907 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), 8.
11. Painter, Standing at Armageddon, introduction; Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998); Joyce Appleby, The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism (New York: Norton, 2010), 167; David Brooks, On Paradise Drive: How We Live Now (and Always Have) in the Future Tense (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 258–59; Thomas Cochran and William Miller, The Age of Enterprise: A Social History of Industrial America (New York: Harper, 1961).
12. Alexis de Tocqueville quoted in Klein, Genesis of Industrial America, 34.
13. Martin Sklar quoted in Arrighi, Long Twentieth Century, 294–95.
Chapter 2: Progress, Poverty, and Primitive Accumulation
1. George quoted in Stephen Pimpare, The New Victorians: Poverty, Politics, and Propaganda in Two Gilded Ages (New York: The New Press, 2004), 20.
2. Carnegie quoted in Rebecca Edwards, New Spirits: Americans in the Gilded Age, 1865–1905 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 81; Centers for Disease Control, National Center for Health Statistics.
3. Edwards, New Spirits, 37.
4. John A. Strong, The Montaukett Indians of Eastern Long Island (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2001).
5. Ibid.; Susie J. Pak, Gentlemen Bankers: The World of J. P. Morgan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 92.
6. Marx quoted in Michael Perelman, The Invention of Capitalism: Classical Political Economy and the Secret History of Primitive Accumulation (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2000), 13.
7. Jefferson quoted in ibid., 270.
8. Perry Anderson, The Origins of Postmodernity (London: Verso, 1998) and quoting Rosa Luxemburg, The Accumulation of Capital; Karl Marx, Pre-Capitalist Economic Formations, ed. Eric Hobsbawn (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1964); David Harvey, The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
9. Perelman, Invention of Capitalism, 93–95, 104; Jack Beatty, Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865–1900 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 85, 89, 92, 105, 106; Richard Bensel, The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 293, 295; Thomas Cochran and William Miller, The Age of Enterprise: A Social History of Industrial America (New York: Harper, 1961).
10. Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998), 15–16; Worth Robert Miller, “Farmers and Third Party Politics” in The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America, ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1996); Beatty, Age of Betrayal, 314.
11. Steven L. Piott, The Anti-Monopoly Persuasion: Popular Resistance to the Rise of Big Business in the Midwest (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1985), 14–16; Jonathan Levy, “The Mortgage Worked the Hardest: The Fate of Landed Independence in Nineteenth-Century America,” in Capitalism Takes Command: The Social Transformation of Nineteenth-Century America, eds. Michael Zakim and Gary Kornblith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 49, 60.
12. Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 15, 113.
13. Rebecca M. McLennan, The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776–1941 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
14. Douglas Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (New York: Anchor, 2009), 71, 88–90, 98, 99, 108–9, 131, 174, 189; Alexander Lichtenstein, Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South (New York: Verso, 1996).
15. Blackmon, Slavery by Another Name, 300; Beatty, Age of Betrayal, 79, 85, 295, 314; Edwards, New Spirits, 67; Eric Arnesen, “American Workers and the Labor Movement in the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age; Steeples and Whitten, Democracy in Desperation, 16, 22.
16. Alan Trachtenberg, The Incorporation of America: Culture and Society in the Gilded Age (New York: Hill and Wang, 1982); Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age, introduction; David Montgomery, “Epilogue,” in The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s, eds. Richard Schneirov, Shelton Stromquist, and Nick Salvatore (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999); James Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing That Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Pantheon, 2006), 59, 63.
17. Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919 (New York: Norton, 1987); U.S. Senate, Report of the Committee of the Senate Upon the Relations Between Labor and Capital, 1185, vol. 1: xxxv; James Livingston, “The Social Analysis of Economic History and Theory: Conjectures of Late Nineteenth Century American Development,” American History Review 92 (February 1987); David Nasaw, Andrew Carnegie (New York: Penguin Press, 2006), 179; Kim Voss, The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century City (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993).
18. Steve Fraser, “The Misunderstood Robber Baron,” The Nation, November 30, 2009; Beatty, Age of Betrayal, 17, 350; Edwards, New Spirits, 61; Charles W. Calhoun, “Political Economy in the Gilded Age: The Republican Party’s Industrial Policy,” Journal of Policy History 8 (1996); Painter, Standing at Armageddon, 39; Janette Thomas Greenwood, The Gilded Age: A History in Documents (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 59; Maury Klein, The Genesis of Industrial America, 1870–1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 140.
19. Greenwood, Gilded Age, 62; Beatty, Age of Betrayal, 298–99; S. J. Kleinberg, The Shadow of the Mills: Working-Class Families in Pittsburgh: (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989), 174–75; Painter, Standing at Armageddon, xix–xxiii; Klein, Genesis of Industrial America, 140.
20. Klein, Genesis of Industrial America, 140.
21. Beatty, Age of Betrayal, 269–70; Klein, Genesis of Industrial America, ch. 6; Piott, Anti-Monopoly Persuasion, 14, 19, 58–59, 106, 112, 123; Samuel Rezneck, “Patterns of Thought and Action in an American Depression, 1882–86,” American Historical Review 61 (January 1956); Livingston, “The Social Analysis.”
22. Beatty, Age of Betrayal, 257; Cochran and Miller, Age of Enterprise, ch. 7.
23. Charles R. Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 236; Steeples and Whitten, Democracy in Desperation, 42, 50, 53; Charles Hoffman, “The Depression of the 1890s,” Journal of Economic History, 16 (June 1956).
24. David Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life (New York: Knopf, 2006), ch. 2.
25. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 116–17.
26. Alexander Keyssar, Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Pimpare, New Victorians, 172; Matthew Josephson, The Politicos, 1865–1896 (1938; reprint, New York: Commons, 2008), 235–36; Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 16–18, 79; Robert V. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959), 22; Rezneck, “Patterns of Thought and Action.”
27. Painter, Standing at Armageddon, 116–18, 120–21; Green, Death in the Haymarket, 112–13; Samuel Rezneck, “Unemployment, Unrest, and Relief in the U.S. During the Depression of 1893–97,” Journal of Political Economy 61 (August 1953); J. A. Dacus, Annals of the Great Strikes in the United States: A Reliable History and Graphic Description of the Causes and Thrilling Events of the Labor Strikes and Riots of 1877—Illustrated (New York, 1877).
28. Klein, Genesis of Industrial America, 143, 177; Livingston, “The Social Analysis”; Beatty, Age of Betrayal, 348; Edward C. Kirkland, “Multiplication, Division, Materialism,” in The Gilded Age: America, 1865–1900, ed. Richard A. Bartlett (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1969).
29. Painter, Standing at Armageddon, xix–xx; Edwards, New Spirits, 100; Steeples and Whitten, Democracy in Desperation, 17, 20.
30. Richard Harvey Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in the New America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), citing Marx and Engels on Britain (1892; reprint, Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1953), 48–49.
Chapter 3: Premonitions
1. Howells quoted in Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998), 133.
2. Stephen Innes, “Fulfilling John Smith’s Vision: Work and Labor in Early America,” in Work and Labor in Early America, ed. Stephen Innes (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988).
3. Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: The Northern Seaports and the Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986), 6–7, 28.
4. Marcus Rediker, Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700–1750 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
5. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 51, 55, 63.
6. Adams quoted in Richard Parker, The Myth of the Middle Class (New York: Liveright, 1972), 59; Federalist Paper No. 10 quoted in Martin J. Burke, The Conundrum of Class: Public Discourse on the Social Order in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
7. Burke, Conundrum of Class, 42; Madison quoted in McCoy, Elusive Republic, 129; Hamilton quoted in Parker, Myth of the Middle Class, 61.
8. Bruce Laurie, Artisans into Workers: Labor in Nineteenth-Century America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989).
9. Ibid., 35, 64, 71.
10. Eric Foner, “Abolition and the Labor Movement in Ante-Bellum America,” in Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Laurie, Artisans into Workers, 63; Peter George Buckley, “To the Opera House: Culture and Society in New York City, 1820–1860” (PhD diss., SUNY, Stony Brook, 1984); Alexander Keyssar, Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986).
11. Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 16.
12. Stuart M. Blumin, The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 117–19, 120, 122–27; George Foster, New York by Gas-light and Other Urban Sketches (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 234.
13. Blumin, Emergence of the Middle Class, 134, 145; Buckley, “To the Opera House.”
14. Laurie, Artisans into Workers, 31; Melville quoted in Nicholas K. Bromell, By the Sweat of the Brow: Literature and Labor in Antebellum America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 67; Melville quoted in Robert Shulman, Social Criticism and Nineteenth-Century American Fictions (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987), 204; Herman Melville, “The Paradise of Bachelors the Tartarus of Maids,” in The Great Short Works of Herman Melville, ed. Warner Berthoff, (New York: Harper and Row, 1969).
15. Theophilus Fisk, “Capital Against Labor,” address delivered at Julian Hall before the mechanics of Boston, May 5, 1835, reprinted in New York Evening Post, May 6, 1835.
16. Orestes Augustus Brownson, “The Laboring Classes,” The Boston Quarterly Review, 1840; Brownson quoted in Oscar and Lilian Handlin, Liberty in America, vol. 2, Liberty in Expansion, 1760–1850 (New York: Harper and Row, 1989), 68.
17. John C. Calhoun, speech in the Senate on the “Report of the Secretary of the Treasury,” July 21, 1841, in The Works of John C. Calhoun, vols. 5–6, Reports and Public Letters, ed. Richard K. Crallé (New York: Appleton, 1854–1857); “Speculation and Trade,” Southern Quarterly Review, February 1857; George Fitzhugh, “Wealth of the North and the South,” De Bow’s Review, November 1857; “The Times Are Out of Joint,” De Bow’s Review, December 1857; James L. Huston, The Panic of 1857 and the Coming of the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987), 16.
18. Jeffrey Sklansky, “William Leggett and the Melodrama of the Market,” in Capitalism Takes Command: The Social Transformation of Nineteenth-Century America, eds. Michael Zakim and Gary Kornblith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012); Emerson quoted in Robert V. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959), 18.
19. Laurie, Artisans into Workers, 21, 28.
20. Ibid., 57; Abraham Lincoln, “Address to the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society,” Milwaukee, September 9, 1859; Lincoln’s First Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1861; Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites: And the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995), 71–72; Walt Whitman quoted in Ray Ginger, Altgeld’s America: The Lincoln Ideal Versus Changing Realities (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1965), 339.
21. Laurie, Artisans into Workers, 58–59.
Chapter 4: The Second Civil War: In the Countryside
1. Michael Zakim and Gary Kornblith, “Introduction: An American Revolutionary Tradition,” in Capitalism Takes Command: The Social Transformation of Nineteenth-Century America, eds. Michael Zakim and Gary Kornblith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 8; Jonathan Levy, “The Mortgage Worked the Hardest: The Fate of Landed Independence in Nineteenth-Century America,” in ibid., 41, 45.
2. Richard Bensel, The Political Economy of American Industrialization, 1877–1900 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 99, 222, 228.
3. Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998), 148; Jack Beatty, Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865–1900 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 92, 96, 102–3.
4. Rebecca Edwards, New Spirits: Americans in the Gilded Age, 1865–1905 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 67; Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919 (New York: Norton, 1987), xxi–xxii; Charles R. Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 109–10.
5. Levy, “Mortgage Worked the Hardest,” 57; Ambrose Bierce, The Devil’s Dictionary (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 34.
6. Charles McArthur Destler, American Radicalism, 1865–1901: Essays and Documents (New London, CT: Connecticut College, 1946), 66; Lawrence Goodwyn, Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), xvii, 115–17, 361; Robert C. McMath Jr., American Populism: A Social History, 1877–1898 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993), 46.
7. Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (New York: Verso, 1994).
8. Destler, American Radicalism; Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, 32; McMath, American Populism, 46.
9. Bruce Palmer, “Man over Money”: The Southern Populist Critique of American Capitalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1980), 134.
10. Ibid., 14, 16; James H. Davis quoted in Norman Pollack, ed., The Populist Mind (Indianopolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967), 220.
11. Honorable William P. Fishback, “Railway Financeering as a Fine Art,” Arena, June 1897; Palmer, “Man over Money,” 14; Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 31–32, 35, 44; George McKenna, ed., American Populism (New York: Putnam, 1974), 96, 110–11.
12. Destler, American Radicalism, 17, 19, 27; Goodwyn, Democratic Promise, 230.
13. Stump orator quoted in Pollack, Populist Mind, 222; Alabama congressman quoted in ibid., 229; Governor Nugent quoted in ibid., 286–87; Lloyd quoted in Destler, American Radicalism, 219.
14. James B. Weaver, “A Call to Action,” in Pollack, Populist Mind, 131; Thomas E. Watson, The People’s Party Campaign Book (1892; reprint, New York: Arno, 1975), 19–23.
15. Sean Dennis Cashman, America in the Gilded Age: From the Death of Lincoln to the Rise of Theodore Roosevelt, 2d ed. (New York: New York University Press, 1988), 202; Michael Denning, Mechanic Accents: Dime Novels and Working-Class Culture in America (New York: Verso, 1987), 153.
16. William A. Peffer, “The Farmers Side: His Troubles and Their Remedy,” in Pollack, Populist Mind, 98–105.
17. George quoted in John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Henry George, Edward Bellamy, Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Adversary Tradition (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1983), 128–29.
18. New York World, January 1, 1888; Sioux Falls Daily Argus quoted in Sigmund Diamond, The Reputation of the American Businessman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955), 89; Watson, People’s Campaign Book, 219; Thomas Watson, “Wall Street Conspiracies Against the Nation,” in Pollack, Populist Mind, 32–36; Peffer, “The Farmers Side”; “In the Mirror of the Present,” The Arena, October 1905; John Clark Ridpath, “The True Inwardness of Wall Street,” The Arena 19 (1898).
19. Pollack, Populist Mind, 10–11; Watson, People’s Campaign Book, 222; “In the Mirror of the Present”; Thomas, Alternative America, 141, 309–12; Kazin, Populist Persuasion, 31–32.
20. Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” address to the American Historical Association, July 12, 1893; Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites: And the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995), 72.
Chapter 5: The Second Civil War: On the Industrial Frontier
1. President Wilson quoted in John Milton Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1983), 264.
2. Herbert G. Gutman, “The Tompkins Square Riot in New York City on January 13, 1874: A Re-examination of Its Causes and Its Aftermath,” Labor History, Winter 1965.
3. Ibid.
4. Ibid. Stephen Pimpare, The New Victorians: Poverty, Policy, and Propaganda in Two Gilded Ages (New York: The New Press, 2004), 109.
5. Carl Smith, Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 148–53.
6. Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais, Labor’s Untold Story (New York: United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, 1972), 45, 52; William Cahn, A Pictoral History of American Labor (New York: Crown, 1972), 126; Michael Denning, Mechanic Accents: Dime Novels and Working-Class Culture in America (New York: Verso, 1987), 54, 101–2, 120; Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), 483–84, 490.
7. Martin J. Burke, The Conundrum of Class: Public Discourse on the Social Order in America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 141, 144–45.
8. Wendell Phillips quoted in David T. Burbank, Reign of the Rabble: The St. Louis General Strike of 1877 (New York: A. M. Kelley, 1966), 6; Gutman, “Tompkins Square Riot”; Charles Loring Brace, The Dangerous Classes of New York and Twenty Years’ Work Among Them, 3d ed. (1880; reprint, Montclair, NJ: P. Smith, 1967), ii, 27, 29, 34–35.
9. Robert V. Bruce, 1877: Year of Violence (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959), 164, 175–76, 225–26, 313; J. A. Dacus, Annals of the Great Strikes in the United States: A Reliable History and Graphic Description of the Causes and Thrilling Events of the Labor Strikes and Riots of 1877—Illustrated (New York, 1877), 23, 70, 74, 75, 89, 95; Paul Boyer, Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 126, 127, 128.
10. Burbank, Reign of the Rabble, 26; Bruce, 1877, 89; Charles R. Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 97.
11. Bruce, 1877, 22, 135–36.
12. Burbank, Reign of the Rabble, 13–14, 41, 43, 45–46, 55, 58; Boyer, Urban Masses, 176–77; Dacus, Annals, 385.
13. Burbank, Reign of the Rabble, 10.
14. Ibid., 169, 187.
15. Ray Ginger, Altgeld’s America: The Lincoln Ideal Versus Changing Realities (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1965), 235; Smith, Urban Disorder, 154, 157, 161, 162, 163; James Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing That Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Pantheon, 2006), 252.
16. Smith, Urban Disorder, 143–44; “Address to the Court,” in Haymarket Scrapbook, eds. David Roediger and Franklin Rosemont (Chicago: CH Kerr Publishing Company, 1986), 46–47.
17. Green, Death in the Haymarket; Dacus, Annals, 30, 33, 34, 36, 40, 47–48, 54–55, 57.
18. Herbert Gutman, “The Workers Search for Power: Labor in the Gilded Age,” in The Gilded Age: A Reappraisal, ed. H. Wayne Morgan (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1965); Dacus, Annals, 57, 89, 96, 98, 101, 121, 125, 126, 137, 210, 235, 296.
19. Dacus, Annals, 125.
20. Eric Arnesen, “American Workers and the Labor Movement in the Late Nineteenth Century,” in The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, 2d ed., ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007); Robert E. Weir, “Dress Rehearsal for Pullman: The Knights of Labor and the 1890 New York Central Strike,” in The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s, eds. Richard Schneirov, Shelton Stromquist, and Nick Salvatore (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999); Kim Voss, The Making of American Exceptionalism: The Knights of Labor and Class Formation in the Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993).
21. Song quoted in Green, Death in the Haymarket, 153.
22. Jesse Jones quoted by Eugene Debs in Dan McKanan, Prophetic Encounters: Religion and the American Radical Tradition (Boston: Beacon, 2011); Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward 2000–1887 (New York, 1888), 49.
23. Christopher Clark, “The Agrarian Context of American Capitalist Development,” in Capitalism Takes Command: The Social Transformation of Nineteenth-Century America, eds. Michael Zakim and Gary Kornblith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), 35; Ginger, Altgeld’s America, 284, 288, 341; John L. Thomas, Alternative America: Henry George, Edward Bellamy, Henry Demarest Lloyd and the Adversary Tradition (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1983), 118, 127, 209, 214.
24. Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), 239–40.
25. David Scobey, “Boycotting the Politics Factory: Labor Radicalism and the New York City Mayoral Election of 1886,” Radical History Review, September 1984.
26. Nell Irvin Painter, Standing at Armageddon: The United States, 1877–1919 (New York: Norton, 1987), 33; Scobey, “Boycotting the Politics Factory”; Thomas, Alternative America, 107, 112, 214, 222, 225, 228, 232.
27. Richard Harvey Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in the New America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 51–52.
28. Hamlin Garland, “Homestead and Its Perilous Trades,” McClure’s Magazine 3 (June 1894); David P. Demarest Jr., ed., “The River Ran Red”: Homestead 1892 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992), citing all of the following: New York Herald, July 7 and July 11, 1892; New York World, July 7 and July 11, 1892; St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 8, 1892; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Weekly, July 14, 1892; The New York Times, July 12, 1892.
29. Demarest, “The River Ran Red,” citing The New York Times, July 12, 1892, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch, July 17, 1892; Morris, The Tycoons, 202–3, 205, 206.
30. Melvyn Dubofsky, “The Federal Judiciary, Free Labor and Equal Rights,” in Schneirov, Stromquist, and Salvatore, eds., The Pullman Strike; Shelton Stromquist, “The Crisis of 1894 and the Legacies of Producerism,” in ibid.; Richard Schneirov, “Labor and the New Liberalism in the Wake of the Pullman Strike,” in ibid.; Smith, Urban Disorder, 235, 237–38, 241–44.
31. Ginger, Altgeld’s America, 161, 164–66, 186, 341; Richard Schneirov, Shelton Stromquist, and Nick Salvatore, “Introduction” in Schneirov, Stromquist, and Salvatore, eds., The Pullman Strike; Stromquist, “The Crisis of 1894”; Richard T. Ely, “Pullman: A Social Study,” Harper’s Monthly, February 1885.
32. Harold R. Kerbo and Richard A. Schaffer, “Lower Class Insurgency and the Political Process: The Response of the Unemployed,” Social Problems 39 (May 1992); Alexander Keyssar, Out of Work: The First Century of Unemployment in Massachusetts (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998), 88–89.
33. Robert Weir, “Dress Rehearsal for Pullman: The Knights of Labor and the 1890 New York Central Strike” in Schneirov, Stromquist, and Salvatore, eds., The Pullman Strike; David Montgomery, “Epilogue,” in ibid.; Schneirov, “Labor and the New Liberalism”; Colston E. Warner, The Pullman Boycott of 1894: The Problem of Federal Intervention (Boston: D. C. Heath, 1955).
34. James Weinstein, The Corporate Ideal in the Liberal State, 1900–1918 (Boston: Beacon, 1968); Robert A. Rosenstone, Romantic Revolutionary: A Biography of John Reed (New York: Knopf, 1975), 172–73.
35. James Gray Pope, “Labor’s Constitution of Freedom,” Yale Law Journal 106 (1997); Debs quoted in J. Anthony Lukas, The Big Trouble (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 361, 450.
36. Wilson quoted in Richard Hofstadter, “Woodrow Wilson: The Conservative Liberal,” in Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It (New York: Knopf, 1948).
37. Rick Beard and Leslie Cohen Berlowitz, eds., Greenwich Village: Culture and Counterculture (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993).
Chapter 6: Myth and History
1. James Green, Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing That Divided Gilded Age America (New York: Pantheon, 2006), 309.
2. Werner Sombart, Why Is There No Socialism in the United States (London: Macmillan, 1976); Richard Schneirov, “Labor and the New Liberalism in the Wake of the Pullman Strike,” in The Pullman Strike and the Crisis of the 1890s: Essays on Labor and Politics, eds. Richard Schneirov, Shelton Stromquist, and Nick Salvatore (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
3. Carl Smith, Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 213–14.
4. Marx quoted in Samuel Rezneck, “Patterns of Thought and Action in an American Depression, 1882–86,” American Historical Review 61 (January 1956).
5. Rezneck, “Patterns of Thought and Action.”
6. Josiah Strong, Our Country (1891; reprint, Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1963), 87, 88, 104, 105.
7. Paul Boyer, Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978), 131.
8. Smith, Urban Disorder, 237; Laurence Gronlund, The Cooperative Commonwealth (1884; reprint, Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1965), 45, 98.
9. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000–1887 (New York: New American Library, 1960); Ignatius Donnelly, Caesar’s Column: A Story of the Twentieth Century (1890; reprint, Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1960).
10. Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1998), 137–38; Alexander Saxton, “Caesar’s Column: The Dialogue of Utopia and Catastrophe,” American Quarterly 19 (Summer 1967); Robert S. Fogarty, “American Communes, 1865–1914,” American Studies 27 (August 1975); William Dean Howells, A Traveler from Altruria (1894; reprint, New York: Sagamore, 1957), 147; Rezneck, “Patterns of Thought and Action.”
11. Lloyd quoted in Smith, Urban Disorder, 216; Henry Demarest Lloyd, Wealth Against Commonwealth (1894; reprint, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963); Richard Hofstadter and Beatrice Hofstadter, “Wealth Against Commonwealth,” in Richard Hofstadter and Beatrice Hofstadter, eds., Great Issues in American History (New York: Vintage, 1982), 3: 92–99.
12. Charles R. Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (New York: Henry Holt, 2005), 216.
13. Stephen Pimpare, The New Victorians: Poverty, Policy, and Propaganda in Two Gilded Ages (New York: The New Press, 2004), 22, 24, 26, 28, 33, 49.
14. Boyer, Urban Masses, 172; Rezneck, “Patterns of Thought and Action.”
15. Walter R. Rauschenbusch, Christianity and the Social Crisis (New York: Macmillan, 1910), 369, 372.
16. Donald E. Winter, The Soul of the Wobblies: The I.W.W., Religion, and American Culture in the Progressive Era, 1905–1917 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1985); Kevin Christiano, “Religion and Radical Labor Unions,” Journal for the Study of Religion, 1988; Melvyn Dubofsky, “Big Bill” Haywood (New York: St. Martin’s, 1987), 34, 66–67.
17. Dorothy Day, The Long Loneliness (New York: Harper, 1952), 96; Jarod Roll, Spirit of Rebellion: Labor and Religion in the New Cotton South (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2010).
18. Smith, Urban Disorder, 225–27, 230; William Carwardine, The Pullman Strike (Chicago, 1894); Stanley Buder, Pullman: An Experiment in Industrial Order and Community Planning, 1880–1930 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1967).
19. Smith, Urban Disorder, 184, 200.
20. Richard Newman, “From Love’s Canal to Love Canal,” in Beyond the Ruins: The Meaning of Deindustrialization, eds. Jefferson Cowie and Joseph Heathcott (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2003).
21. Kathleen D. McCarthy, Noblesse Oblige: Charity and Cultural Philanthropy in Chicago, 1849–1929 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 95, 103, 117–18; Smith, Urban Disorder, 61, 203–4, 206, 222.
22. Hanna quoted in Andrew Kroll, “The Dark History of Money,” Mother Jones, July/August 2012; Morgan quoted in Eric Homberger, Mrs. Astor’s New York: Money and Social Power in a Gilded Age (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002).
23. Robert Stewart, “Clubs and Club Life in New York,” Munsey’s Magazine, October 1899; Paul R. Cleveland, “The Millionaires of New York,” The Cosmopolitan, September–October 1888; Christopher Lasch, The World of Nations: Reflections on American History, Politics, and Culture (New York: Knopf, 1973), ch. 7; E. L. Godkin, “The Expenditures of Rich Men,” Scribner’s, October 1896; Justin Kaplan, When the Astors Owned New York: Blue Bloods and Grand Hotels in a Gilded Age (New York: Plume, 2007), 6, 29, 34–35, 51–53, 59, 71; Anonymous, “Is America Developing an Aristocracy?” Everybody’s Magazine, June 1904; “American Aristocracy in Wall Street,” The Epoch, November 1887.
24. Herman Melville to Nathaniel Parker Willis, 1849, cited in Jay Leyda, The Melville Log: A Documentary Life of Herman Melville, 1819–1891 (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1951), 1: 347.
25. Homberger, Mrs. Astor’s New York, 224; Kaplan, When the Astors Owned New York, 6, 29, 31.
26. Homberger, Mrs. Astor’s New York, 212.
27. Dixon Wecter, The Saga of Society: A Record of Social Aspiration, 1607–1937 (New York: Scribner’s, 1937), 1, 2.
28. Ibid., 2–3; Albert Jay Nock, Memoirs of a Superfluous Man (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1943), 112, 120; William Graham Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883; reprint, New York: Arno, 1972), 31; Richard Sennett, Authority (New York: Knopf, 1980), 46.
29. Kaplan, When the Astors Owned New York, 41; Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899; reprint, New York: New American Library, 1953); Wecter, Saga of Society, 481.
30. Wecter, Saga of Society, 3–4, 148, 155.
31. David Montgomery, “Strikes in Nineteenth Century America,” Social Science History 4 (1980); Phillip English McKey, “Law and Order, 1877: Philadelphia’s Response to the Railroad Riots,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 96 (April 1972); Smith, Urban Disorder, 221; Baer quoted in James O. Castagnera, “Workers Don’t Suffer,” The Progressive Populist, 2003.
32. Adams quoted in Lewis H. Lapham, Money and Class in America: Notes and Observations on Our Civil Religion (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988), 154.
Chapter 7: The End of Socialism
1. Hillman quoted in Steve Fraser, Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (New York: Free Press, 1991).
2. Robert K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1955); Cameron McWhirter, Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America (New York: Henry Holt, 2011); Richard Harvey Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in the New America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 44–45; Margaret McMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2002); David Brody, Steelworkers in America: The Non-Union Era (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1960).
3. Candace Falk, ed., Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008); Emma Goldman, Living My Life (1931; reprint, New York: Arno, 1970), 2: 716–17.
4. Murray, Red Scare; Melvyn Dubofsky, “Big Bill” Haywood (New York: St. Martin’s, 1987); Mother Jones, Autobiography of Mother Jones (1925; reprint, New York: Arno, 1969), ch. 24; The New York Times, October 24, 1919; Chicago Tribune, October 24, 1919.
5. Murray, Red Scare; Beverly Gage, The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in the First Age of Terror (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); General Wood quoted in The American Schoolmaster, Michigan State Normal College, January 1920; Palmer quoted in “The Post-war Red Scare,” Digital History, 2013; Billy Sunday quoted in William E. Leuchtenburg, The Perils of Prosperity, 1914–32 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 66.
6. McWhirter, Red Summer; William M. Tuttle, Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (New York: Atheneum, 1970).
7. Fraser, Labor Will Rule, 94, 96, 198, 239.
8. Mellon quoted in Herbert Hoover, Memoirs of Herbert Hoover, vol. 3, The Great Depression, 1929–1941 (1952; reprint, New York: Garland, 1979).
9. Susie J. Pak, Gentlemen Bankers: The World of J. P. Morgan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 213.
10. Henry Kraus, The Many and the Few: A Chronicle of the Dynamic Auto Workers, 2d ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 288–90, 293.
11. Judith Stein, Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 1–2.
12. Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit: Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York: Basic Books, 1995); Robert M. Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 23, 41, 53; Lauren Berlant, Cruel Optimism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 193–94.
13. Collins, More; Berlant, Cruel Optimism.
14. Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War (New York: Knopf, 1995); Robert Griffith, “Dwight D. Eisenhower and the Corporate Commonwealth,” American Historical Review 87 (February 1982).
15. Mirra Komarovsky, Blue-Collar Marriage (New York: Vintage, 1967); John C. Leggett, Class, Race, and Labor: Working-Class Consciousness in Detroit (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968); E. E. LeMasters, Blue-Collar Aristocrats: Life-Styles at a Working-Class Tavern (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975); Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York: Norton, 1991), 460.
16. Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy.
Part II: Introduction
1. Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View (New York: Macmillan, 1974), 137.
2. David Morris Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954).
3. Jonathan Glickstein, Concepts of Free Labor in Antebellum America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991).
4. Margaret Thatcher quoted in Douglas Keay, Woman’s Own, October 1987.
5. Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York: Norton, 1991), 146.
Chapter 8: Back to the Future: The Political Economy of Auto-cannibalism
1. Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (New York: Free Press, 2001), 107.
2. Howard Gillette Jr., “The Wages of Divestment: How Money and Politics Aided in the Decline of Camden, New Jersey,” in Beyond the Ruins: The Meanings of Deindustrialization, eds. Jefferson Cowie and Joseph Heathcott (Ithaca, NY: ILR Press, 2003), 147.
3. John Russo and Sherry Lee Linkon, “Collateral Damage: Deindustrialization and the Uses of Youngstown,” in Cowie and Healthcott, eds., Beyond the Ruins, 205.
4. S. Paul O’Hara, “Envisioning the Steel City: The Legend and Legacy of Gary, Indiana,” in Cowie and Healthcott, eds., Beyond the Ruins, 225–28.
5. James Cypher, “The Double Economy: Bubbles of the Twenty First Century” (unpublished manuscript); Christopher Phelps, “American Idle,” The Nation, February 2010; Jefferson Cowie, Stayin’ Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class (New York: The New Press, 2010), 240.
6. Marj Charlier, “Quiet Crisis: Small-Town America Battles a Deep Gloom as Its Economy Sinks,” The Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1988.
7. John Russo and Sherry Lee Linkon, “The Social Costs of Deindustrialization,” in Manufacturing a Better Future for America, ed. Richard McCormack (Washington, D.C.: Alliance for American Manufacturing, 2009), 183–217.
8. Harold Meyerson, “Business Is Booming,” The American Prospect, March 2011; Jeffrey G. Madrick, Age of Greed: The Triumph of Finance and the Decline of America, 1970 to the Present (New York: Knopf, 2011), 195–200; Steven Greenhouse, The Big Squeeze: Tough Times for the American Worker (New York: Knopf, 2008), 85.
9. Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 18.
10. Dale Maharidge, Journey to Nowhere: The Saga of the New Underclass (Garden City, NY: Dial, 1985), 22, 34–35.
11. Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 10; Steve May and Laura Morrison, “Making Sense of Restructuring: Narratives of Accommodation of Downsized Workers,” in Cowie and Heathcott, eds., Beyond the Ruins, 277; Russo and Linkon, “Social Costs of Deindustrialization,” 183–85.
12. Thomas Byrne Edsall, The Age of Austerity: How Scarcity Will Remake American Politics (New York: Doubleday, 2012), 19; Nick Turse, “Econoside,” The Huffington Post, June 4, 2009; Nick Turse, “Tough Times in Troubled Towns,” The Huffington Post, February 25, 2009.
13. Kevin Sack, “A City’s Wrenching Budget Choices,” The New York Times, July 4, 2011; Rick Lyman and Mary Williams Walsh, “Struggling San Jose Tests a Way to Cut Benefits,” The New York Times, September 23, 2013.
14. Douglas McIntyre, “America’s Ten Dying Cities: From Detroit to New Orleans,” The Wall Street Journal, August 23, 2010.
15. Paul Harris, “How Detroit, the Motor City, Turned into a Ghost Town,” The Observer, October 31, 2009; Terrance Heath, “What Does Deindustrialization Look Like?” Campaign for America’s Future (www.ourfuture.org), March 24, 2011; Paul Clemens, Punching Out: One Year in a Closing Auto Plant (New York: Doubleday, 2011), 7.
16. Heath, “What Does Deindustrialization Look Like?”; Clemens, Punching Out, 34–37.
17. Sabrina Tavernise, “Life Span Shrinks for Least-Educated Whites in the U.S.,” The New York Times, September 20, 2012; Sabrina Tavernise, “For Americans Under 50, Stark Findings on Health,” The New York Times, January 9, 2013.
18. Jason DeParle, “Harder for Americans to Move from Lower Rungs,” The New York Times, January 4, 2013.
19. Harold Meyerson, “If Labor Dies, What’s Next?” The American Prospect, September 13, 2012; Eduardo Porter, “America’s Sinking Middle Class,” The New York Times, September 18, 2013; Barbara Garson, Down the Up Escalator: How the 99 Percent Live in the Great Recession (New York: Doubleday, 2013).
20. David Harvey, The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
21. Louis Uchitelle, “Once Made in the U.S.A.,” The American Prospect, June 9, 2011; Greenhouse, Big Squeeze; James Gustave Speth, America the Possible: Manifesto for a New Economy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012); Bluestone and Harrison, Deindustrialization of America, 9; Stephanie Clifford, “U.S. Textile Plant Returns, with Floors Largely Empty of People,” The New York Times, September 20, 2013.
22. Richard McCormick, “The Plight of American Manufacturing,” The American Prospect, December 21, 2009; Clemens, Punching Out, 7; Bennett Harrison, Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 385.
23. Simon Johnson and James Kwak, Thirteen Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown (New York: Pantheon, 2010), 70–74.
24. Kevin Phillips, Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crises of American Capitalism (New York: Viking, 2008), 5–29; Gerald F. Davis, Managed by the Markets: How Finance Reshaped America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 144; Summers quoted in Mark Levinson, “The Broken Economy,” Dissent 54, no. 4 (2010): 53–57.
25. Bluestone and Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America.
26. B. Mark Smith, Toward Rational Exuberance: The Evolution of the Modern Stock Market (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 2001), 223; Kevin Phillips, Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich (New York: Broadway, 2002), 83–88; John B. Judis, The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of the Public Trust (New York: Pantheon, 2000); Robert Brenner, The Boom and the Bubble: The U.S. in the World Economy (New York: Verso, 2000); Robert M. Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 117–23; Harrison, Lean and Mean, 39; Judith Stein, Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 155–56, 248; Robert M. Collins, Transforming America: Politics and Culture in the Reagan Years (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 8–10; David Harvey, The Conditions of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990), 164–66.
27. Peter L. Bernstein, Capital Ideas: The Improbable Origins of Modern Wall Street (New York: Free Press, 1992), 2–3; Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 83–88; Susan Strange, Casino Capitalism (Oxford and New York: Blackwell, 1986), 4; Haynes Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years (New York: Norton, 1991), 118.
28. Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York: Random House, 1990), 110–11; Paul Krugman, The Age of Diminished Expectations: U.S. Economic Policy in the 1990s (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990), 21–23.
29. Collins, Transforming America, 77; Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 70–71; James Livingston, “Their Great Depression and Ours,” in The Great Credit Crash, ed. Martijn Konings (London: Verso, 2010), 45–46.
30. Madrick, Age of Greed, 312; Collins, Transforming America, 86; David Johnston, Free Lunch: How the Wealthiest Americans Enrich Themselves at Government Expense (and Stick You with the Bill) (New York: Portfolio, 2007).
31. Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 114; Johnson and Kwak, Thirteen Bankers, 74–85.
32. Johnston, Free Lunch, 170–86.
33. Roger Lowenstein, “Gambling with the Economy,” The New York Times, April 20, 2010.
34. Richard Dienst, The Bonds of Debt: Borrowing Against the Common Good (New York: Verso, 2011), 59–63; Karl Marx, Capital, vol. 3, A Critique of Political Economy (London: Encyclopedia Britannica, 1991).
35. Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 103–4.
36. Steven Pearlstein, “Time for Washington to Pay,” The Washington Post, September 20, 2008.
37. Chris Harman, Zombie Capitalism: Global Crisis and the Relevance of Marx (Chicago: Haymarket, 2010), 295, 332–33; Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 85–87; Nelson D. Schwartz, “Industries Find Surging Profits in Deeper Cuts,” The New York Times, July 25, 2010; Madrick, Age of Greed, 199; Johnston, Free Lunch, 182; Davis, Managed by the Markets, 125–30.
38. Harrison, Lean and Mean, 186; Davis, Managed by the Markets, 21, 84.
39. Madrick, Age of Greed, 74–85, 332; Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009), 155–56; Randy Martin, Financialization of Daily Life (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002); Davis, Managed by the Markets.
40. Madrick, Age of Greed, 395; Matt Stoller, “Towards a Creditor State: One in Seven Pursued by a Debt Collector,” Naked Capitalism (www.nakedcapitalism.com), February 28, 2012; Edsall, Age of Austerity, 14; Benedict Carey, “Life in the Red,” The New York Times, January 14, 2013.
41. Ho, Liquidated, 151.
42. Phillip Augar, The Greed Merchants: How the Investment Banks Played the Free-Market Game (New York: Portfolio, 2005), 23–24.
43. Alan Blinder, “How Many U.S. Jobs Might Be Offshorable?” CEPS Working Paper, No. 142, March 2007; Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 194–204; Steven Greenhouse, “More Workers Face Pay Cuts, Not Furloughs,” The New York Times, August 10, 2010.
44. Isaiah Poole, “Employment Report Shows Job Creation Stuck in Traffic,” Campaign for America’s Future (www.ourfuture.org), July 8, 2011; John Schwartz, “Small Infrastructure Gains Are Observed in Infrastructure Report,” The New York Times, March 19, 2013; Bob Herbert, “That Can’t-Do Spirit,” The New York Times, February 3, 2009; Felix G. Rohatyn and Everett Ehrlich, “A New Bank to Save Our Infrastructure,” The New York Review of Books, October 9, 2008.
45. Dienst, Bonds of Debt, 63; James Glassman, “Primitive Accumulation, Accumulation by Dispossession, Accumulation by ‘Extra-Economic’ Means,” Progress in Human Geography 30, no. 5 (2006): 608–25.
46. Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 200–201; Bob Herbert, “They Still Don’t Get It,” The New York Times, January 22, 2010; Stephen Pimpare, “Why No Fire This Time: From the Mass Strike to No Strike,” New Labor Forum 20, no. 1 (Winter 2011): 16; Sabrina Tavernise, “Soaring Poverty Casts Light on ‘Lost Decade,’ ” The New York Times, September 13, 2011.
47. Collins, Transforming America, 124; Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 200.
48. Richard Harvey Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in New America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 55; Collins, Transforming America, 130; Edsall, Age of Austerity; Speth, America the Possible, 23–24; Nick Turse, “Tomgram: Nick Turse, Younger and Hungrier in America,” TomDispatch.com, March 8, 2009; Erik Ekholm, “Recession Raises Poverty Rate to Fifteen-Year High,” The New York Times, September 16, 2010; Tavernise, “Soaring Poverty Casts Light on ‘Lost Decade’ ”; Stephen Pimpare, The New Victorians: Poverty, Politics, and Propaganda in Two Gilded Ages (New York: The New Press, 2004), 177–78; Andy Kroll, “How the McEconomy Bombed the American Worker: The Hollowing Out of the Middle Class,” TomDispatch.com, May 9, 2011; Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 267.
49. Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 226; Duff McDonald, “The Catastrophist View,” New York, October 8, 2007.
50. Steve Fraser and Joshua Freeman, “Tomgram, Fraser and Freeman: Creating a Prison-Corporate Complex,” TomDispatch.com, April 19, 2012; Brown, Culture, Capitalism and Democracy, 31; Rania Khalek, “Twenty-First Century Slaves: How Corporations Exploit Prison Labor,” AlterNet (www.alternet.org), July 21, 2011.
51. Sabrina Tavernise, “Middle Class Shrinks as Income Gap Grows, New Report Finds,” The New York Times, November 15, 2011.
52. Peter Goodman, “After Training, Still Scrambling for Employment,” The New York Times, July 18, 2010; Michael Luo, “New Job Means Lower Wages for Many,” The New York Times, August 31, 2010; Levinson, “The Broken Economy”; Michael Luo, “99 Weeks Later, Jobless Only Have Desperation,” The New York Times, August 2, 2010; Louis Uchitelle, “The Wage That Meant Middle Class,” The New York Times, April 20, 2008.
53. Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 185–95.
54. Henri Simon, “Crisis in the U.S.: Social and Economic Effects, Restructuring and Methods of Adapting,” Insurgent Notes, January 19, 2010; Robert E. Parker, Flesh Peddlers and Warm Bodies: The Temporary Help Industry and Its Workers (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994), 11; Michelle Rodino-Colocino, “High-Tech Workers of the World, Unionize! A Case Study for WashTech’s ‘New Model of Unionism,’ ” in Knowledge Workers in the Information Society, eds. Catherine McKercher and Vincent Mosco (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2007), 209–28.
55. Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 129–30; Vanessa Williamson, Theda Skocpol, and John Coggin, “The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism,” Perspectives on Politics 9, no. 1 (March 2011): 25–43.
56. Ibid.
57. David Shipler, The Working Poor: The Invisible in America (New York: Knopf, 2004), ch. 3.
58. Ibid., ch. 2 and 3.
59. Davis, Managed by the Market, 26.
60. Harman, Zombie Capitalism, 280; Martin, Financialization of Daily Life, 31, 161–62; Emma Rothschild, “Can We Transform an Industrial Society,” The New York Review of Books, February 26, 2009; Johnna Montgomerie, “Neoliberalism and the Making of the Subprime Borrower,” in Konings, ed., Great Credit Crash, 105; Speth, America the Possible, 23–24.
61. Speth, America the Possible, 25.
62. Thomas Bryne Edsall with Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 11–25.
63. Dick Bryan, Michael Rafferty, and Scott MacWilliam, “The Global Financial Crisis: Foreclosing or Leveraging Labor’s Future,” in Konings, Great Credit Crash, 367; Larry Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 224–28.
64. Daniel H. Pink, Free Agent Nation: How America’s New Independent Workers Are Transforming the Way We Live (New York: Warner Books, 2001), 241; David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 26; Pimpare, New Victorians, 136–37; Mark Brenner, “Pensions: The Next Casualty of Wall Street,” Labor Notes (www.labornotes.org), September 29, 200; Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 43–44.
65. Timothy Pratt, “The New Faces of Day Labor,” Las Vegas Sun, November 2, 2009; Don Peck, “How the New Jobless Era Will Transform America,” The Atlantic, March 2010; Luo, “99 Weeks Later”; Eduardo Porter, “At the Polls, Choose Your Capitalism,” The New York Times, October 30, 2012.
66. Steve May and Laura Morrison, “Making Sense of Restructuring,” in Cowie and Heathcott, eds., Beyond the Ruins, 262; Pimpare, New Victorians, 121–31; George Will, “No One Blushes Anymore,” The Washington Post, September 15, 1988.
Chapter 9: Fables of Acquiescence: The Businessman as Populist Hero
1. T. J. Stiles, The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt (New York: Knopf, 2009).
2. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956), 6–10.
3. Kai Bird, The Chairman: John J. McCloy, the Making of the American Establishment (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 663.
4. Stanley A. Deetz, Democracy in an Age of Corporate Colonization: Developments in Communication and the Politics of American Life (Albany: SUNY Press, 1992), 3–20.
5. Mills, Power Elite, 329; John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State, 2d ed. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1971).
6. Joshua B. Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor Since World War II (New York: The New Press, 2000), 50–51.
7. Karen Ho, Liquidated: An Ethnology of Wall Street (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2009), 149–50; Gerald F. Davis, Managed by the Markets: How Finance Reshaped America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 125.
8. Judith Stein, Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 26.
9. Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
10. Peter Schrag, The Decline of the WASP (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971), 120–39; Robert C. Christopher, Crashing the Gates: The De-WASPing of America’s Power Elite (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 111–12.
11. Roger Lowenstein, The End of Wall Street (New York: Penguin Press, 2010), 56; John B. Judis, The Paradox of American Democracy: Elites, Special Interests, and the Betrayal of the Public Trust (New York: Pantheon, 2000), 158 and passim; Kevin Phillips, Wealth and Democracy: A Political History of the American Rich (New York: Broadway, 2002), 230–32; Connie Bruck, The Predators’ Ball: The Junk-Bond Raiders and the Man Who Staked Them (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 153, 171, 185, and passim.
12. George Gilder quoted in Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York: Random House, 1990), 62.
13. Richard Dorman quoted in Lewis H. Lapham, Money and Class in America: Notes and Observations on Our Civil Religion (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988), 231.
14. Ho, Liquidated, 133–37; Milken admirer quoted in Bruck, Predators’ Ball, 84, see also 19, 84–85, 93, 95, 270; Michael Oriard, Sporting with the Gods: The Rhetoric of Play and Game in American Culture (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 351–52; Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 366; Ken Auletta, Greed and Glory on Wall Street: The Fall of the House of Lehman (New York: Random House, 1986); Christopher, Crashing the Gates, 111–12.
15. Ho, Liquidated, 27–28.
16. Newsweek, September 15, 1980; Jerry Falwell quoted in Haynes Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years (New York: Norton, 1991), 198, see also 199; Institutional Investor and Forbes as quoted in Bruck, Predators’ Ball, 270; Michael M. Thomas, “The Eyes Still Have It,” Manhattan Inc., April 1985; Michael M. Thomas, “Deals,” Manhattan Inc., March 1985; David Remnick, Manhattan Inc., April 1985; Barry Rehfeld, “The Liquidator,” Manhattan Inc., September 1985; John Taylor, “Baby Tycoon,” Manhattan Inc., November 1985; Michael Thomas, “The New Tycoonery,” Manhattan Inc., December 1985; “Corporate Culture,” Manhattan Inc., February 1986; Ron Rosenbaum, “Society’s Dissidents,” Manhattan Inc., April 1986; Hope Lampert, “Society Steps Out,” Manhattan Inc., October 1985; Brad Gooch, “The New Gilded Age,” Manhattan Inc., October 1986; Paul Cowen, “The Merger Maestro,” Esquire, May 1984; Jesse Kornblath, “The Working Rich: The Real Slaves of New York,” New York, November 24, 1986; “Making It by Doing Good,” The New York Times, July 3, 1983; Gwen Kincaid, “Ivan Boesky, Money Machine,” Fortune, August 6, 1984.
17. Steve Fraser, Every Man a Speculator: A History of Wall Street in American Life (New York: Harper Collins, 2005), 586–87; David Brooks, Bobos in Paradise: The New Upper Class and How They Got There (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 110–11; Matthew Klam, “Riding the Mo in the Lime Green Glow,” The New York Times Sunday Magazine, November 21, 1999; Ron Chernow, “Hard Charging Bulls and Red Flags,” The New York Times, September 2, 1998; Chris Smith, “How the Stock Market Swallowed New York,” New York, October 3, 1998.
18. Fraser, Every Man a Speculator, 189–90; B. Mark Smith, Toward Rational Exuberance: The Evolution of the Modern Stock Market (New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 2001), 255.
19. Connecticut billboard quoted in Robert J. Shiller, Irrational Exuberance (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000), 42; Jane Bryant Quinn, “Investment Clubs: What Makes Them Work?” Good Housekeeping, September 1997; Barzou Daragahi, “How to Start an Online Stock Club,” Money.com, August 1999; Grace W. Weinstein, “Club Clout,” Ms., September 1989; Barnard Rascho, “Investor Illiteracy,” American Prospect, March/April 1999; Smith, “How the Stock Market Swallowed New York”; Michael Peter Gagne, “Wall Street: Symbol of American Culture” (PhD diss., University of Hawaii, 1996), 168–70; Jean Sherman Chatsky, “Money Talk,” Money Magazine, May 1998; Amy Dickinson, “Kids and the Dow,” Time, October 30, 2000; “Turning Kids into Investors,” U.S. News and World Report, October 17, 1988.
20. Peter L. Berger, The Capitalist Revolution: Fifty Propositions About Prosperity, Equality, and Liberty (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
21. Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites: And the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995), ch. 2; Chrystia Freeland, “The Rise of the New Global Elite,” in The Best Business Writing 2012, eds. Dean Starkman et. al. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 236; Felix Salmon, “The Wall Street Mind: Oblivious,” New York, April 10, 2011; Simon Johnson and James Kwak, Thirteen Bankers: The Wall Street Takeover and the Next Financial Meltdown (New York: Pantheon, 2010), 182; Ronald Reagan, State of the Union address, February 6, 1985.
22. John Duka, “A New Opulence Triumphs in the Capital,” The New York Times, January 22, 1981; Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, 333.
23. NewsHour with Paul Solomon, “Living Large,” NewsHour, May, 20, 1999, www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/business/Jan-June99/living_large_5.20.html.
24. Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 44; Lapham, Money and Class in America, 40, 54–60.
25. Lapham, Money and Class in America, 198.
26. Ibid., 204–9.
27. Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 180.
28. Jonathan Chait, The Big Con: The True Story of How Washington Got Hoodwinked and Hijacked by Crackpot Economics (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 56–58; David Johnston, Free Lunch: How the Wealthiest Americans Enrich Themselves at Government Expense (and Stick You with the Bill) (New York: Portfolio, 2007); Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History, ch. 2; Phillips, Wealth and Democracy, ch. 2; Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
29. Haynes Johnson, The Best of Times: America in the Clinton Years (New York: Harcourt, 2001), 20–43.
30. Harvey, Brief History of Neoliberalism, 15; David Carr, “Business Is a Beat Deflated,” The New York Times, November 1, 2009.
31. Robert M. Collins, Transforming America: Politics and Culture in the Reagan Years (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 94; Wall Street, DVD, directed by Oliver Stone (Twentieth Century–Fox, 1987); Robert Frank, Richistan: A Journey Through the American Wealth Boom and the Lives of the New Rich (New York: Crown, 2007), ch. 2.
32. Lapham, Money in America, 63.
33. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Norton, 1978), 218; Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions (1899; reprint, New York: New America Library, 1953).
34. Robert M. Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 123.
35. Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (New York: Free Press, 2001), 37–39; Jefferson Cowie, Stayin’ Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class (New York: The New Press, 2010), 134, ch. 4 and 5.
36. Daniel T. Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2011), 75; Doug Marlette, Faux Bubba: Bill and Hillary Go to Washington (New York: Times Books, 1993), 1–36.
37. Damien Cave and Michael Luo, “More of the Rich Run as Populist Outsiders,” The New York Times, July 23, 2010.
38. Chait, Big Con, 120–21, 135.
39. Thomas C. Cochran and William Miller, The Age of Enterprise: A Social History of Industrial America (New York: Harper, 1961), ch. 7; Christopher, Crashing the Gates; Perry Anderson, The Origins of Postmodernity (London: Verso, 1998), 62–63.
Chapter 10: Fables of Freedom: Brand X
1. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 20–21.
2. Terry Eagleton, The Illusions of Postmodernism (London: Oxford, 1996), 88; Richard Harvey Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in the New America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 139–40, 150, 153; David Brooks, On Paradise Drive: How We Live Now (and Always Have) in the Future Tense (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004), 196, 209–10.
3. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1958); Vance Packard, The Hidden Persuaders (New York: D. McKay, 1957); David Riesman, The Lonely Crowd: A Study of the Changing American Character (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1950); Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960); Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston: Beacon, 1964).
4. Randy Martin, Financialization of Daily Life (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002), 30–31; Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003); James Gustave Speth, America the Possible: Manifesto for a New Economy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2012), 23–24, 135; Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York: Norton, 1991), 521–22.
5. Stephen Lukes, Power: A Radical View (New York: Macmillan, 1974); Martin, Financialization of Daily Life, 31, 38; David Harvey, The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
6. David Shipler, The Working Poor: The Invisible in America (New York: Knopf, 2004); Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 373, 377.
7. Franklin quoted in Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in the Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Norton, 1978), 54.
8. Victor Lebow, “Price Competition in 1955,” Journal of Retailing, Spring 1955.
9. Quoted in Bell, End of Ideology, 254.
10. Marx quoted in Perry Anderson, The Origins of Postmodernity (London: Verso, 1998), 114; Kristin Wartman, “The One-Two Punch: Big Food Gets Kids Hooked Early and Often,” Huffington Post, October 18, 2012.
11. Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (New York: Free Press, 2001), 72–80; Business Week, October 17, 1970.
12. Tom Wolfe, “The Me Decade and the Third Great Awakening,” New York, August 23, 1976; Thomas Frank, The Conquest of Cool: Business Culture, Counterculture, and the Rise of Hip Consumerism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997); Wolfgang Steeck, “Citizens as Consumers,” New Left Review, March–April, 2012.
13. Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy.
14. Martha Rosler, “Culture Class: Art, Creativity, Urbanism,” E-Flux, September 2013; Chris Lehmann, Rich People Things (New York: OR Books, 2010), 132; Richard Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006); Neil Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of Show Business (New York: Viking, 1985).
15. Schulman, Seventies, 249.
16. Rosler, “Culture Class”; Eagleton, Illusions of Postmodernism, 24, 61; Garry Wills, Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1987), 446–47, 452, 456.
17. Linda Kintz, Between Jesus and the Market: The Emotions That Matter in Right-Wing America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997), 195–97, 199, 205; Kathryn Lofton, “The Sigh of the Oppressed,” New Labor Forum 3 (Fall 2012); Kevin Phillips, Bad Money: Reckless Finance, Failed Politics, and the Global Crises of American Capitalism (New York: Viking, 2008), 92–93.
18. Phillips, Bad Money, 92–93; Postman, Amusing Ourselves to Death, 92–93, 114; Lehmann, Rich People Things, 76–77; Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy, 150.
19. Haynes Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years (New York: Norton, 1991), ch. 16; Kintz, Between Jesus and the Market; Wills, Reagan’s America, 456; Pat Robertson quoted in David Graeber, Debt: The First 5000 Years (Brooklyn: Melville House, 2011), 376.
20. Russell Conwell, Acres of Diamonds (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1966); Brooks, On Paradise Drive, 91, 95, 104.
21. Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times (New York: Metropolitan/Henry Holt, 2012), 13; Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy, 32, 183; Gerald F. Davis, Managed by the Markets: How Finance Reshaped America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
22. Robert M. Collins, Transforming America: Politics and Culture in the Reagan Years (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 155–57; Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy, 153; Lasch, Culture of Narcissism, xvi–xvii, 6, 10, 57, 63, 69, 71, 83, 92; Lauren Berlant, Cruel Optimism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 193–94.
Chapter 11: Wages of Freedom: The Fable of the Free Agent
1. Michelle Rodino-Colocino, “Technomadic Work: From Practical Vision to WashTech’s Opposition,” Work Organization, Labour, and Globalization 2 (Spring 2008).
2. Peter S. Goodman, “After Job Training, Still Scrambling for a Job,” The New York Times, July 19, 2010.
3. Steven Greenhouse, The Big Squeeze: Tough Times for the American Worker (New York: Knopf, 2008), 112, 117–18, 120.
4. Steven Greenhouse, “Low Wage Workers Are Often Cheated,” The New York Times, September 1, 2009; Ruth Milkman, A. Gonzales, and V. Navarro, “Wage Theft and Workplace Violations in Los Angeles,” UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, 2010.
5. Robert E. Parker, Flesh Peddlers and Warm Bodies: The Temporary Help Industry and Its Workers (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994), 2–3, 7, 8, 11, 145; Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 117–18; Miriam Ching Yoon Louie, Sweatshop Warriors: Immigrant Women Workers Take On the Global Factory (Cambridge, MA: South End, 2001), 3, 5.
6. Daniel T. Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2011), 83–84; Gerald F. Davis, Managed by the Markets: How Finance Reshaped America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 198, 201.
7. Chris Lehmann, Rich People Things (New York: OR Books, 2010), 90; Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character (New York: Norton, 1998), 10.
8. Management text quoted in Rodino-Colocino, “Technomadic Work”; Daniel H. Pink, Free Agent Nation: How America’s New Independent Workers Are Transforming the Way We Live (New York: Warner Books, 2001), 116.
9. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Norton, 1978), 26–27, 47.
10. Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 70; Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Outsourced Self: Intimate Life in Market Times (New York: Metropolitan/Henry Holt, 2012), 70–72.
11. Rodino-Colocino, “Technomadic Work”; Pink, Free Agent Nation, 3, 14, 16–17; Sennett, Corrosion of Character, 10; Lasch, Culture of Narcissism, 49; Rodgers, Age of Fracture, 83–84.
12. Peter Frase, “The Politics of Getting a Life,” Jacobin, Spring 2012.
13. Andrew Ross, Nice Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times (New York: New York University Press, 2009), 74.
14. Pink, Free Agent Nation, 46.
15. Ibid., 215; Sennett, Corrosion of Character, 56; American Management Association, “Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance Report,” 2001; USA Today, October 18, 2001; Eric J. Sinrod at Law.Com, “The Latest Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance,” HumanResources.about.com; Michael Levy, “Electronic Monitoring in the Workplace: Power Through the Panopticon,” besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/impact/s94/students/mike/mike_paper.html; CNN Money, October 4, 1991.
16. The New York Times, February 11, 2014.
17. Vicki Mayer, Below the Line: Producers and Production Studies in the New Television Economy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011).
18. Pink, Free Agent Nation, 24, 55, 84, 102, 158–59, 195, 241; Durkheim quoted in Richard Harvey Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in the New America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 166.
19. Eli Cook, “The Pricing of Everyday Life,” Raritan, Winter 2013; Lasch, Culture of Narcissism, 92.
20. Pink, Free Agent Nation, 285; InternetNews.Com, March 5, 1999.
21. Ross Perlin, Intern Nation: How to Earn Nothing and Learn Little in the Brave New Economy (Brooklyn: Verso, 2011); Gavin Mueller, “Reality TV and the Flexible Future,” Jacobin, Spring 2012.
22. Michelle Rodino-Calocino, “High-Tech Workers of the World, Unionize: A Case Study of WashTech’s ‘New Model Unionism,’ ” in Knowledge Workers in the Information Society, eds. Catherine McKercher and Vincent Mosco (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2007).
23. Lehmann, Rich People Things, 29–30; Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites: And the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995), introduction; Fredric Jameson, The Seeds of Time (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 60, 63.
24. Ibid.
25. Garry Wills, Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1987), 452.
26. Martijn Konings, “Rethinking Neoliberalism and the Crisis: Beyond the Re-Regulation Agenda,” in The Great Credit Crash, ed. Martijn Konings (London: Verso, 2010); Lasch, Culture of Narcissism, 26–30.
Chapter 12: Journey to Nowhere: The Eclipse of the Labor Movement
1. Jefferson Cowie, Stayin’ Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class (New York: The New Press, 2010), 236–38 and ch. 5.
2. Cal Winslow, “Overview: The Rebellion from Below, 1965–81,” in Rebel Rank and File: Labor Militancy and Revolt from Below During the Long 1970s, eds. Aaron Brenner, Robert Brenner, and Cal Winslow (New York: Verso, 2010); Kim Moody, “Understanding the Rank and File Rebellion in the Long 1970s,” in Brenner, Brenner, and Winslow, eds., Rebel Rank and File; Judith Stein, Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 117–18.
3. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 8, 45–50; Winslow, “Overview”; Moody, “Understanding the Rank and File Rebellion.”
4. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 2, 8, 45–50.
5. Robert M. Collins, Transforming America: Politics and Culture in the Reagan Years (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 8–10; Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York: Random House, 1990), 14–21; Garry Wills, Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1987), 437; Stein, Pivotal Decade, 115, 127; Robert Brenner, “The Political Economy of Rank and File Rebellion,” in Brenner, Brenner, and Winslow, eds., Rebel Rank and File.
6. Brenner, “Political Economy”; Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 363.
7. John Schmitt, “Minimum Wage: Catching Up to Productivity,” Portside, June 17, 2013, https://portside.org/2013-06-17/minimum-wage-catching-productivity; Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison, The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982), 10; Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York: Norton, 1991), 481, 486.
8. Meany quoted in Stanley A. Deetz, Democracy in an Age of Corporate Colonialization: Developments in Communication and the Politics of American Life (Albany: SUNY Press, 1992), 236.
9. Richard McCormack, “The Flight of American Manufacturing,” The American Prospect, January–February 2010; Collins, Transforming America, 8–10, 72–76; Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 14–21; Wills, Reagan’s America, 437 and quoting Stockman on 438; Volcker quoted in Stein, Pivotal Decade, 267, see also 8–12, 215–20, 259; Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, Sunbelt Capitalism: Phoenix and the Transformation of American Politics (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013); Moody, “Understanding the Rank and File Rebellion”; David Harvey, The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990); Johnna Montgomerie, “Neoliberalism and the Making of Sub Prime Borrowers,” in The Great Credit Crash, ed. Martijn Konings (London: Verso, 2010).
10. Michelle Rodino-Calocino, “High Tech Workers of the World, Unionize! A Case Study of WashTech’s ‘New Model Unionism,’ ” in Knowledge Workers in the Information Society, eds. Catherine McKercher and Vincent Mosco (Lanham, MD: Lexington, 2007); Michelle Rodino-Calocino, “Technomadic Work: From Practical Vision to WashTech’s Opposition,” Work Organization, Labour, and Globalization 2 (Spring 2008); Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, ch. 5.
11. Daniel T. Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2011), 95–96, 122–23, 205–6.
12. Steven Greenhouse, The Big Squeeze: Tough Times for the American Worker (New York: Knopf, 2008), 82–85, 87–89, 90–91; Steven Greenhouse, “More Workers Face Pay Cuts, Not Furloughs,” The New York Times, August, 4, 2010.
13. Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 83.
14. Louis Uchitelle, “Diminishing Expectations,” The Nation, February 25, 2013; Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 21.
15. Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 409; David Shipler, The Working Poor: The Invisible in America (New York: Knopf, 2004), introduction, ch. 1 and 2; Stephen Pimpare, “Why No Fire This Time? In Search of a Modern Progressivism,” New Labor Forum, Spring 2010.
16. Daniel H. Pink, Free Agent Nation: How America’s New Independent Workers Are Transforming the Way We Live (New York: Warner Books, 2001), 215–17; Richard Sennett, The Corrosion of Character (New York: Norton, 1998), 49, 50, 56; Tamara Draut, Strapped: Why America’s 20- and 30-Somethings Can’t Get Ahead (New York: Doubleday, 2006); American Management Association, “Work Place Monitoring and Surveillance Report,” 2001; USA Today, October 18, 2001; Eric J. Sinrod at Law.Com, “The Latest Workplace Monitoring and Surveillance,” HumanResources.about.com; Michael Levy, “Electronic Monitoring in the Workplace: Power Through the Panopticon,” besser.tsoa.nyu.edu/impact/s94/students/mike/mike_paper.html; CNN Money, October 4, 1991; Simon Head, The New Ruthless Economy: Work and Power in the Digital Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003); Tom Juravich, At the Altar of the Bottom Line: The Degradation of Work in the Twenty-First Century (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009); Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 12–13; Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 21; Robert E. Parker, Flesh Peddlers and Warm Bodies: The Temporary Help Industry and Its Workers (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1994), 146.
17. Lauren Berlant, Cruel Optimism (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 211, 217–18; Richard Harvey Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in the New America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 215; John Schmitt, “Inequality as Policy: The U.S. Since 1979,” Center for Economic Policy Research, October 2009.
18. Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 10–12; Shipler, Working Poor, ch. 1 and 2; Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (New York: Free Press, 2001), 231–34; Collins, Transforming America, 76–77; Haynes Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years (New York: Norton, 1991), ch. 14.
19. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 257; Timothy Noah, “The Great Divergence and the Death of Organized Labor,” Slate, September 12, 2010; Schulman, Seventies, 234; Wills, Reagan’s America, xix.
20. Powell quoted in Stephen Pimpare, The New Victorians: Poverty, Politics, and Propaganda in Two Gilded Ages (New York: The New Press, 2004), 56.
21. Susan Feiner, “GOP Attack on Child Labor Threatens Our Daughers,” WeNews (www.womensenews.org), April 12, 2011; Benjamin C. Waterhouse, “Mobilizing a Lobby for Capital: The Rise of the Business Roundtable in the 1970s,” paper delivered at conference on Power and the History of Capitalism, April 15, 2001; Alan Pell Crawford, Thunder on the Right: The “New Right” and the Politics of Resentment (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 11, 29; Jonathan Chait, The Big Con: The True Story of How Washington Got Hoodwinked and Highjacked by Crackpot Economics (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), ch. 2; Stein, Pivotal Decade, ch. 8.
22. Michelle Chen, “States Attempt to Instill Work Ethic by Rolling Back Child Labor Protections,” The Nation, January 1, 2012.
23. Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 39, 40; David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 26; Collins, Transforming America, 77; Pimpare, New Victorians, 117–21; Larry Bartels, Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008), 222–26; Shipler, Working Poor, introduction; Federal Reserve Bank of New York, “Quarterly Report on Household Debt and Credit,” February 2003.
24. Stein, Pivotal Decade, 120–21, 239; Robert M. Collins, More: The Politics of Economic Growth in Postwar America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 168, 170, 173.
25. Schulman, Seventies, 92; Thomas Bryne Edsall with Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 1–4; Stein, Pivotal Decade, ch. 3; Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Knopf, 2003), 312–13.
26. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 12–13; Chris Hedges, “The World Liberal Opportunists Made,” Truthdig (www.truthdig.com), October 25, 2010.
27. Lasch, True and Only Heaven, 439; Stein, Pivotal Decade, 174, 200, 244, and see ch. 6, 8, 11; Collins, Transforming America, ch. 5; Phillips, Politics of Rich and Poor, 91, 93–96; Randy Martin, Financialization of Daily Life (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002), 124; Hedges, “World Liberal Opportunists Made”; Collins, More, 157, 170, 173; Rodgers, Age of Fracture, 62; Thomas Bryne Edsall, “The Changing Shape of Power: A Realignment in Public Policy,” in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980, eds. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989).
28. Greenhouse, Big Squeeze, 7–8.
29. Shipler, Working Poor, ch. 2 and 3.
30. Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011), 58.
31. Ibid.; Ruskin quoted in Lasch, True and Only Heaven, 137; Jay L. Hart and Tracy E. Meyer, “Work, Memory, and Narrative: Personal Stories of Deindustrialization in Louisville, Kentucky,” in Beyond the Ruins: The Meaning of Deindustrialization, eds. Jefferson Cowie and Joseph Heathcott (Ithaca NY: ILR Press, 2003); Parker, Flesh Peddlers, 145.
32. Pimpare, New Victorians, 121.
33. Parker, Flesh Peddlers; E. E. LeMasters, Blue-Collar Aristocrats: Life-Styles at a Working-Class Tavern (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1975), 6, 18, 30; William Deresiewicz, “The Dispossessed,” American Scholar 75 (Winter 2006).
34. Cohen, Consumers’ Republic, 312; Deresiewicz, “The Dispossessed”; Gramm and Snow quoted in Chait, Big Con, 126–27; Shipler, Working Poor, ch. 1; Steven Lukes, Power: A Radical View (New York: Macmillan, 1974); Thatcher quoted in Martin, Financialization of Daily Life, 177.
35. Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, ch. 5.
36. Stein, Pivotal Decade, ch. 6.
37. Rodgers, Age of Fracture; Peter Schrag, The Decline of the WASP (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1971).
38. Pete Hamill, “The Revolt of the White Lower Middle Class,” New York, April 4, 1969; Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, 128, 134, 162, and ch. 3.
39. Deresiewicz, “The Dispossessed”; Terry Eagleton, Why Marx Was Right (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2011), 163, 170; Rodino-Calocino, “High-Tech Workers”.
40. Linda Kintz, Between Jesus and the Market: The Emotions That Matter in Right-Wing America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997), 247 and ch. 7; Cowie, Stayin’ Alive, part I and 15, 18, ch. 1, and 168–71; Roger Shattuck, “The Reddening of America,” The New York Review of Books, March 30, 1989; James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985); Weeks, Problem with Work, 51, 57; preacher quoted in Ric Locke, “Recovery,” Ric’s Rulez, warlocketx.wordpress.com, September 17, 2009.
Chapter 13: Improbable Rebels: The Folklore of Limousine Liberalism
1. Mario Procaccino quoted in Steve Fraser, “The Limousine Liberal’s Family Tree,” Raritan 3, no. 1 (Summer 2011), 138–55; Glenn Beck, “American Progressivism,” GlennBeck.com, April 16, 2009; Glenn Beck and St. Louis Tea Party leader quoted in Fraser, “Limousine Liberal’s Family Tree.”
2. Garry Wills, Reagan’s America: Innocents at Home (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1987), 446–47; John Maynard Keynes, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 9, Essays in Persuasion, eds. Austin Robinson, Elizabeth Johnson, and Donald Moggridge (London: Macmillan, 1972), 294.
3. Daniel Bell, The End of Ideology: On the Exhaustion of Political Ideas in the Fifties (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960), ch. 2; Stefan Link, “Transitional Fordism: Ford Motor Company, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in the Interwar Years” (PhD diss., Harvard University), ch. 2; The International Jew (Dearborn, 1922), originally a series of articles published in the Dearborn Independent between 1920 and 1922 under the title “The Jewish Question,” see particularly articles published on June 12, September 4, October 2, November 13, November 20, December 4, 1920, and February 19, June 25, July 2, July 23, 1921; Albert Lee, Henry Ford and the Jews (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), 7–8, 14, 16, 45, 47, 49, 59; Leo P. Ribuffo, “Henry Ford and the ‘International Jew,’ ” American Jewish History 69 (June 1980); David L. Lewis, “Henry Ford’s Anti-Semitism and Its Repercussions,” Michigan Journal of History 24 (January 1984); Edmund Wilson, The American Jitters: A Year of the Slump (New York: Scribner’s, 1932), 79; Michael N. Dobkowski, The Tarnished Dream: The Basis of American Anti-Semitism (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1979), 196–200.
4. Chip Berlet and Matthew N. Lyons, Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort (New York: Guilford, 2000), 140–43; Coughlin quoted in David H. Bennett, Demagogues in the Depression: American Radicals and the Union Party, 1932–1936 (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969), 230.
5. Robert Taft quoted in John Nichols, “Why Do GOP Bosses Fear Ron Paul?” The Nation, December 21, 2011; McCarthy on Acheson quoted in Robert J. McMahon, Dean Acheson and the Creation of the American World Order (Washington, D.C.: Potomac, 2009), 114; McCarthy on John McCloy in Panama City News Herald, October 29, 1953.
6. Robert Britt Horwitz, America’s Right: Anti-Establishment Conservatism from Goldwater to the Tea Party (Cambridge: Polity, 2013), 50.
7. Matthew D. Lassiter, The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006); Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, Sunbelt Capitalism: Phoenix and the Transformation of American Politics (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013); Horwitz, America’s Right, 50.
8. Bruce J. Schulman, The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics (New York: Free Press, 2001), 200–207; Joseph E. Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right: Race and the Southern Origins of Modern Conservatism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 80; Wallace quoted in Michael Kazin, The Populist Persuasion: An American History (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 221; Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995), 315–16.
9. Alan Pell Crawford, Thunder on the Right: The “New Right” and the Politics of Resentment (New York: Pantheon, 1980), 1–10, 126; Berlet and Lyons, Right-Wing Populism in America, 218–22.
10. Wallace quoted in Crawford, Thunder on the Right, p. 82.
11. Carter, Politics of Rage, 314, 352; Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right, 83, 92, 101; Crawford, Thunder on the Right, 126.
12. Arno Mayer, “The Lower Middle Class as a Historical Problem,” Journal of Modern History 47 (September 1975).
13. Lassiter, Silent Majority, 18.
14. Hicks and Procaccino quoted in Christopher Lasch, The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics (New York: Norton, 1991), 478, 486, 505–6.
15. Rusher, Weyrich, and Laxalt quoted in Crawford, Thunder on the Right, 168, 213–14, 218–19; Berlet and Lyons, Right-Wing Populism, 201, 202, 222; Thomas Frank, Pity the Billionaire: The Hard Times Swindle and the Unlikely Comeback of the Right (New York: Metropolitan/Henry Holt, 2012), 93–95.
16. Right Woman quoted by Crawford, Thunder on the Right, 147; Berlet and Lyons, Right-Wing Populism, 209–10.
17. Daniel T. Rodgers, Age of Fracture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 2011), 169, 171.
18. Berlet and Lyons, Right-Wing Populism, 236; Terry Eagleton, The Illusions of Postmodernism (London: Oxford, 1996), 70.
19. Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More: Prophecy Belief in Modern American Culture (Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press, 1992), 254–55, 263, 270, 288–89.
20. Ibid., 265–66.
21. Schulman, Seventies, 212; Thomas Bryne Edsall with Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 1–4.
22. Richard Harvey Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy in the New America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), 26, 96; Richard Parker, The Myth of the Middle Class (New York: Liveright, 1972), 43, 201–2.
23. Michael Novak, The Rise of the Unmeltable Ethnics: Politics and Culture in the Seventies (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 7, 16, 142–43; Dave Barry, “One Nation, Slightly Divisible,” The Atlantic Monthly, December 2001; Mayer, “The Lower Middle Class.”
24. Shermer, Sunbelt Capitalism; Schulman, Seventies.
25. F. Bechhofer and B. Elliott, “The Petite Bourgeoisie in Late Capitalism,” Annual Review of Sociology, 1985; Frank, Pity the Billionaire, ch. 6.
26. Frank, Pity the Billionaire, 93–95, 97; Anthony Dimaggio, The Rise of the Tea Party: Political Discontent and the Corporate Media in the Age of Obama (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2011).
27. Parker, Myth of the Middle Class; Jonathan Chait, The Big Con: The True Story of How Washington Got Hoodwinked and Hijacked by Crackpot Economics (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), 96.
28. Lassiter, Silent Majority; Berlet and Lyons, Right-Wing Populism, 218; Schulman, Seventies, 37–40; Robert C. Christopher, Crashing the Gates: The De-WASPing of America’s Power Elite (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), 111–12.
29. Mark Ames, “V. S. Naipaul and the American Right,” Jacobin, Spring 2012.
30. Bechhofer and Elliott, “The Petite Bourgeoisie”; Scott Shane, “Why Small Business Owners Trust the Tea Party,” The American, October 17, 2010; Judson Phillips, “The Party of Killing Small Business,” Tea Party Nation (www.teapartynation.com/forum), May 9, 2011; U.S. Small Business Administration, Report #3, “The Facts About Small Business, 1999” and “The State of Small Business: A Report of the President, 1997,” Small Business Administration, Office of Government Contracting: Fiscal Year 1999 Report on Annual Procurement Preference, April 4, 2000; David Harvey, The Conditions of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1990), 192, 194.
31. Parker, Myth of the Middle Class; Barry C. Lynn, “Killing the Corporation,” Harper’s, February 2012.
32. Rodgers, Age of Fracture, 218–19.
33. Stanley A. Deetz, Democracy in an Age of Corporate Colonialization: Developments in Communication and the Politics of American Life (Albany: SUNY Press, 1992), 2–5.
34. “Ted Cruz Interview: On Obama, the GOP, and Big Business,” The Wall Street Journal, May 20, 2012; Jeffrey R. Cornwall, “Small Business Turns to the Tea Party,” Christian Science Monitor, June 17, 2010; “Why Business Doesn’t Trust the Tea Party,” Bloomberg Business Week, October 13, 2010; Shane, “Why Small Business Owners Trust the Tea Party”; Morgan Warstler, “Pssst—Super-Congress… Cut the Tea Party Taxes,” Breitbart News Network (www.breitbart.com), August 3, 2011; Mark Naison, “Small Business Nation—Understanding the Social Base of Tea Party America,” New Black Man (in Exile), newblackman.blogspot.com/2011/04/small-business-nation, April 11, 2011; Linda Kintz, Between Jesus and the Market: The Emotions That Matter in Right-Wing America (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997), ch. 6.
35. Fredric Jameson, The Seeds of Time (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 60; Vanessa Williamson, Theda Skocpol, and John Coggin, “The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism,” Perspectives on Politics 9 (March, 2011).
36. Gingrich quoted in Kintz, Between Jesus and the Market, 195; Phillips, “The Party Killing Small Business”; Sabrina Tavernise, “Middle Class Areas Shrink as Income Gap Grows,” The New York Times, October 16, 2011.
37. Williamson, Skocpol, and Coggin, “The Tea Party.”
38. Brown, Culture, Capitalism, and Democracy.
39. CNBC quoted in Chris Lehmann, “How We Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Robber Barons,” Mother Jones, October 18, 2010.
Chapter 14: Conclusion: Exit by the Rear Doors
1. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: Norton, 1978), 234; Joseph E. Lowndes, From the New Deal to the New Right: Race and the Southern Origins of Modern Conservatism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 148; Stephen Pimpare, The New Victorians: Poverty, Politics, and Propaganda in Two Gilded Ages (New York: The New Press, 2004), 106.
2. Barbara Garson, Down the Up Escalator: How the 99 Percent Live in the Great Recession (New York: Doubleday, 2013); George Packer, “Don’t Look Down,” The New Yorker, April 29, 2013.
3. Jefferson Cowie, Stayin’ Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class (New York: The New Press, 2010); Kathi Weeks, The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and the Postwork Imaginaries (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2011); Jennifer Senior, “Recession Culture,” The New York Times Magazine, May 18, 2009; David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Randy Martin, Financialization of Daily Life (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002), 34–35, 125, 133.