Called_to_Forgive_epubCS19-36

1. David Von Drehle with Jay Newton-Small and Maya Rhodan, “How Do You Forgive a Murder?” Time, November 12, 2015, http://time.com/time-magazine-charleston-shooting-cover-story/.

2. Janell Ross, “Dylann Roof reportedly wanted a race war. How many Americans sympathize?” Washington Post, June 19, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/06/19/dylann-roof-reportedly-wanted-a-race-war-how-many-americans-feel-like-he-supposedly-does/?utm_term=.a1a9fc8edb6a.

3. The nine slain were: the Reverend Clementa Pinckney (Emanuel’s pastor), Cynthia Hurd, the Reverend Sharonda Coleman-Singleton, Tywanza Sanders, Ethel Lance, Susie Jackson, Depayne Middleton Doctor, the Reverend Daniel Simmons, and Myra Thompson.

4. David Kocieniewski and Gary Gately, “Man Shoots 11, Killing 5 Girls, in Amish School,” New York Times, October 3, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/03/us/03amish.html.

5. “School Shooting in an Amish One-Room School,” LancasterPA.com, October 2, 2006, https://lancasterpa.com/amish/amish-school-shooting/.

6. Joanna Walters, “The Happening: 10 Years After the Amish Shooting,” The Guardian, October 2, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/oct/02/amish-shooting-10-year-anniversary-pennsylvania-the-happening.

7. Brian Hicks, “Slavery in Charleston: A Chronicle of Human Bondage in the Holy City,” The Post and Courier, April 9, 2011, https://www.postandcourier.com/news/special_reports/slavery-in-charleston-a-chronicle-of-human-bondage-in-the/article_54334e04-4834-50b7-990b-f81fa3c2804a.html.

8. Corrie ten Boom, “Guideposts Classics: Corrie ten Boom on Forgiveness,” Guideposts, July 24, 2014, https://www.guideposts.org/better-living/positive-living/guideposts-classics-corrie-ten-boom-on-forgiveness.

9. Walters, “The Happening: 10 Years After the Amish Shooting.”

10. H. R. Jerajani, Bhagyashri Jaju, M. M. Phiske, and Nitin Lade, “Hematohidrosis: A Rare Clinical Phenomenon,” Indian Journal of Dermatology, July–September 2009, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2810702/.

1. Reuven Blau, Sasha Goldstein, and Corky Siemaszko, “Remembering the Victims: Stories of the nine senselessly killed in Charleston,” New York Daily News, June 19, 2015, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/victims-charleston-church-shooting-diverse-group-article-1.2263187.

2. Blau, Goldstein, and Siemaszko, “Remembering the Victims.”

3. “Winchester USA Ammunition 38 Special +P 125 Grain Jacketed Hollow Point Box of 50,” USA Midway, n.d., https://www.midwayusa.com/product/2900642685/winchester-usa-ammunition-38-special-p-125-grain-jacketed-hollow-point.

4. David Von Drehle with Jay Newton-Small and Maya Rhodan, “How Do You Forgive a Murder?” Time, November 12, 2015, http://time.com/time-magazine-charleston-shooting-cover-story/.

5. Tim Stelloh, Caitlin Fichtel, and Tracy Connor, “Who Is Devin Kelley, the Texas Church Shooter?” NBC News, November 5, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/texas-church-shooting/who-devin-kelley-alleged-texas-church-shooter-n817806.

6. Stoyan Zaimov, “Pastor Preaches Forgiveness After Texas Church Shooting Says Victims Are ‘Dancing with Jesus,’” The Christian Post, November 13, 2017, https://www.christianpost.com/news/pastor-preaches-forgiveness-after-texas-church-shooting-says-victims-are-dancing-with-jesus-206398/.

7. James Macintyre, “Amazing Grace: Family that Lost 9 in Sutherland Springs Shooting Encourages Forgiveness at Tearful Funeral,” Christian Today, November 16, 2017, https://www.christiantoday.com/article/amazing-grace-family-that-lost-9-in-sutherland-springs-shooting-encourages-forgiveness-at-tearful-funeral/118829.htm.

8. Zaimov, “Pastor Preaches Forgiveness.”

9. Zaimov, “Pastor Preaches Forgiveness.”

10. Tara Isabella Burton, “Christians Are Supposed to Practice Forgiveness. What About After Mass Shootings?” Vox, November 9, 2017, https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/11/9/16619438/christians-forgiveness-mass-shootings-turn-cheek-religion-tragedy.

11. “Sutherland Springs Slaughter: ‘We Are People Whose Faith in God Even Transcends the Viciousness of Death,” CBN News, November 6, 2017, https://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/us/2017/november/sutherland-springs-slaughter-we-are-people-whose-faith-in-god-even-transcends-the-viciousness-of-death.

1. Lydia Warren, “I Forgive You,” Daily Mail.com, June 19, 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3131874/Repent-Relatives-Charleston-killer-s-victims-confront-court-heart-wrenching-speeches-FORGIVENESS-adopts-vacant-remorseless-stare.html.

2. Harriet McLeod, “Charleston Gunman Dylann Roof Bought His Pistol at a Gun Store 25 Miles from His Home,” Business Insider, June 23, 2015, https://www.businessinsider.com/r-charleston-church-gunman-bought-pistol-near-home-nbc-2015-6.

3. Mark Follman, “9 Killed in Mass Shooting at Historic Black Church in South Carolina,” Mother Jones, June 18, 2015, http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2015/06/9-people-dead-mass-shooting-south-carolina-church/.

4. Follman, “9 Killed in Mass Shooting at Historic Black Church in South Carolina.”

5. Doyle Murphy, “Dylann Roof Taken Down by Tip from North Carolina Florist Who Followed the Suspected Church Shooter for 35 Miles,” New York Daily News, June 19, 2015, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/dylann-roof-north-carolina-florist-tip-article-1.2263256.

6. Murphy, “Dylann Roof Taken Down.”

7. Emily Shapiro, “Key Moments in Charleston Church Shooting Case as Dylann Roof Pleads Guilty to State Charges,” ABC World News Tonight, April 10, 2017, http://abcnews.go.com/US/key-moments-charleston-church-shooting-case-dylann-roof/story?id=46701033.

8. Jeffrey Collins, “Dylann Roof Cold to Victims But Apologized to His Parents,” Associated Press, January 6, 2017, https://www.yahoo.com/news/dylann-roof-cold-victims-apologized-parents-085328645.html.

9. Timothy M. Phelps, Christopher Goffard, and Richard A. Serrano, “Mass Shooting at Church in Charleston Resonates Far Beyond,” Los Angeles Times, June 19, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-charleston-church-shooting-roof-20150619-story.html, and “Dylann Roof’s and Michael Slager’s cells are right next to each other,” USA Today, June 19, 2015, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/06/19/dylann-roof-michael-slager-jail-cell/28995939/.

10. “Coroner Identifies Nine Victims in Emanuel AME Church Shooting,” Live 5 News, June 18, 2015, http://www.live5news.com/story/29352185/coroner-identifies-nine-victims-in-emanuel-ame-church-shooting/.

11. Ray Sanchez and Keith O’Shea, “Mass Shooter Dylann Roof, with a Laugh, Confesses, ‘I Did It’,” CNN, December 10, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2016/12/09/us/dylann-roof-trial-charleston-video/index.html.

12. Lydia Warren, “I Forgive You,” Daily Mail.com, June 19, 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3131874/Repent-Relatives-Charleston-killer-s-victims-confront-court-heart-wrenching-speeches-FORGIVENESS-adopts-vacant-remorseless-stare.html.

13. Tonya Maxwell, “Dylann Roof Showed No Remorse in Writings While in Jail,” Citizen Times, updated January 5, 2017, http://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2017/01/04/dylann-roof-showed-no-remorse-writings-while-jail/96145438/.

14. Harriet McLeod, “U.S. Sued over Flawed Gun Background Check in Charleston Church Shooting,” Reuters, July 1, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-south-carolina-shooting/u-s-sued-over-flawed-gun-background-check-in-charleston-church-shooting-idUSKCN0ZH5GA.

15. Frances Robles and Nikita Stewart, “Dylann Roof’s Past Reveals Trouble at Home and School, New York Times, July 16, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/17/us/charleston-shooting-dylann-roof-troubled-past.html, and Ray Sanchez and Ed Payne, “Charleston Church Shooting: Who Is Dylann Roof?” CNN, December 16, 2016, http://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/us/charleston-church-shooting-suspect/index.html.

16. Robles and Stewart, “Dylann Roof’s Past,” and Sanchez and Payne, “Who Is Dylann Roof?”

17. Lydia Warren, “I Forgive You.”

18. Lydia Warren, “I Forgive You.”

19. Dan Kedmey, “Dylann Roof’s Family Breaks Silence on Shooting,” Time, June 19, 2015, http://time.com/3929115/roof-family-statement-church-shootings/.

20. Jennifer Rash, “Walking the Lonely Path of Regret,” The Alabama Baptist, May 25, 2018, https://rashionalthoughts.wordpress.com/2018/05/25/walking-the-lonely-path-of-regret/psalm-51_17-4/.

21. Rash, “Walking the Lonely Path of Regret.”

22. “Rwanda Genocide: 100 Days of Slaughter,” BBC News, April 7, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-26875506.

23. Immaculee Ilibagiza, Left to Tell: Discovering God Amidst the Rwandan Holocaust (NYC: Hay House, Inc., 2006/2014), 158.

24. Quoted in Ilibagiza, Left to Tell, 173.

25. Quoted in Ilibagiza, Left to Tell, 93.

26. Ilibagiza, Left to Tell, 178.

27. Ilibagiza, Left to Tell, 158.

28. Kevin Sack, “Grandfather Apologizes After Dylann Roof’s Guilty Pleas Add to Sentence,” New York Times, April 10, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/us/dylann-roof-grandfather-charleston-shooting.html.

1. Herb Frazier, Bernard Edward Powers Jr., Marjory Wentworth, We Are Charleston: Tragedy and Triumph at Mother Emanuel (Nashville: W Publishing Group, 2016), 166.

2. Michael McLaughlin, “Judge at Dylann Roof’s Hearing, James Gosnell, Used Racial Epithet in Charleston Court,” Huffington Post, June 20, 2015, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/20/james-gosnell-racist-word_n_7628398.html.

3. McLaughlin, “Judge at Dylann Roof’s Hearing.”

4. Tara Fowler, “Gracious Relatives of Shooting Victims Offer Forgiveness for Accused Charleston Gunman as They Confront Him in Court: ‘Hate Won’t Win,’” People, June 19, 2015, http://people.com/crime/gracious-relatives-of-shooting-victims-offer-forgiveness-for-accused-charleston-gunman-as-they-confront-him-in-court-hate-wont-win/.

5. David Von Drehle with Jay Newton-Small and Maya Rhodan, “How Do You Forgive a Murder?” Time, November 12, 2015, http://time.com/time-magazine-charleston-shooting-cover-story/.

6. Von Drehle, Newton-Small, and Rhodan, “How Do You Forgive a Murder?”

7. Michele Gorman, “Granddaughter of Charleston Shooting Victim to Suspect: ‘Hate Won’t Win’,” Newsweek, June 19, 2015, http://www.newsweek.com/charleston-shooter-appears-court-bond-hearing-345063.

8. Michael Daly, “Turning the Other Cheek: Charleston Shooting Families Proved Grace Wins Out Over Hate,” Daily Beast, June 20, 2015, https://www.thedailybeast.com/charleston-shooting-families-proved-grace-wins-out-over-hate.

9. Daly, “Turning the Other Cheek.”

10. Daly, “Turning the Other Cheek.”

11. Frazier, Edward Powers Jr., Wentworth, We Are Charleston.

12. Philip Yancey, What’s So Amazing About Grace? (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1997), 96.

13. Yancey, What’s So Amazing About Grace?

14. Lewis B. Smedes, Shame and Grace: Healing the Shame We Don’t Deserve (San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1993), 141.

15. Many versions render this “seventy times seven” (490), an even stronger case for limitless forgiveness.

16. Frazier, Edward Powers Jr., and Wentworth, We Are Charleston, 167.

17. Von Drehle, Newton-Small, and Rhodan, “How Do You Forgive a Murder?”

18. Von Drehle, Newton-Small, and Rhodan, “How Do You Forgive a Murder?”

19. Lisa Weismann and Patrick Phillips, “SC Supreme Court Replaces Charleston Co. Chief Magistrate,” Live 5 News, June 24, 2015, http://www.foxcarolina.com/story/29400161/sc-supreme-court-replaces-charleston-co-chief-magistrate.

1. Andrew Buncombe, “Remembering Obama’s 2015 Speech at the Charleston Shooting Service, Where He Sang ‘Amazing Grace,’” Independent, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/barack-obama-charleston-church-shooting-speech-in-full-victoms-funeral-2015-amazing-grace-dylann-a7529641.html.

2. Jeffrey Collins, “Dylann Roof Cold to Victims, But Apologized to His Parents,” Associated Press, January 6, 2017, https://www.yahoo.com/news/dylann-roof-cold-victims-apologized-parents-085328645.html.

3. Kevin Sack and Alan Blinder, “No Regrets from Dylann Roof in Jailhouse Manifesto,” New York Times, January 5, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/us/no-regrets-from-dylann-roof-in-jailhouse-manifesto.html.

4. Desmond Tutu, AZ Quotes, n.d., https://www.azquotes.com/quote/1290714.

5. “Charleston relatives ‘forgive’ shooting suspect in court,” BBC News, June 20, 2015, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-33206084.

6. Lydia Warren, “I Forgive You,” Daily Mail.com, June 19, 2015, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3131874/Repent-Relatives-Charleston-killer-s-victims-confront-court-heart-wrenching-speeches-FORGIVENESS-adopts-vacant-remorseless-stare.html.

7. Ray Sanchez and Ed Payne, “Charleston Church Shooting: Who Is Dylann Roof?” CNN, December 16, 2016, https://www.cnn.com/2015/06/19/us/charleston-church-shooting-suspect/index.html.

8. Sanchez and Payne, “Who is Dylann Roof?”

9. Brendan O’Connor, “Here Is What Appears to Be Dylann Roof’s Racist Manifesto,” Gawker, June 20, 2015, http://gawker.com/here-is-what-appears-to-be-dylann-roofs-racist-manifest-1712767241.

10. O’Connor, “Roof’s Racist Manifesto.”

11. Greg Lacour, “White Supremacist Found Guilty on All Counts in Charleston Church Massacre,” Reuters, December 15, 2016, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-south-carolina-shooting-roof/white-supremacist-found-guilty-on-all-counts-in-charleston-church-massacre-idUSKBN14418R.

12. “Dylann Roof Cold To Victims, But Apologized to His Parents,” Associated Press, January 6, 2017, http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/01/06/dylann-roof-cold-to-victims-but-apologized-to-his-parents.html.

13. Glenn Smith, Jennifer Berry Hawes, and Abigail Darlington, “Dylann Roof Says He Chose Charleston, Emanuel AME for Massacre Because They Were Historic, Meaningful,” The Post and Courier, December 9, 2016, https://www.postandcourier.com/church_shooting/dylann-roof-says-he-chose-charleston-emanuel-ame-for-massacre/article_6fab532c-be05-11e6-ab05-575a173993ee.html.

14. Jonathan Greenblatt, “The Resurgent Threat of White-Supremacist Violence,” The Atlantic, January 17, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2018/01/the-resurgent-threat-of-white-supremacist-violence/550634/.

15. Kevin Sack, “Congregants’ Quiet Agony at the Dylann Roof Trial,” New York Times, December 15, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/15/us/dylann-roof-trial-charleston-church-killings.html?emc=eta1&_r=0.

16. Harriet McLeod, “Dylann Roof Stopped at Second Church After 2015 Massacre - Prosecutors,” Reuters, February 22, 2017, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-south-carolina-shooting-roof/dylann-roof-stopped-at-second-church-after-2015-massacre-prosecutors-idUSKBN1612HQ.

17. Adam Woznikowski, “Bond Set at $1 Million for Charleston Shooting Suspect,” WWLP-22News, http://wwlp.com/2015/06/19/first-hearing-for-charleston-shooter-expected-this-friday-afternoon/.

18. Woznikowski, “Bond Set at $1 Million.”

19. Timothy Egan, “Apologize for Slavery,” New York Times, June 19, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/19/opinion/an-apology-for-slavery.html.

20. “Charleston’s African-American History,” IAAM, n.d., https://iaamuseum.org/history/.

21. Lilly Workneh and Sebastian Murdock, “A Year After the Charleston Massacre, the Only Thing Gone from South Carolina’s Racism Is a Flag,” Huffpost, June 17, 2016, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/charleston-massacre-racism-south-carolina_us_576364f0e4b0853f8bf05d5e.

22. Smith, Berry Hawes, and Darlington, “Dylann Roof Says He Chose Charleston, Emanuel AME for Massacre Because They Were Historic, Meaningful.”

23. Tribune news services, “Dylann Roof’s Confession, Journal Details Racist Motivation for Church Killings,” Chicago Tribune, December 10, 2016, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-dylann-roof-charleston-shooting-20161209-story.html, and Kevin Sack and Alan Blinder, “Jurors Hear Dylann Roof Explain Shooting in Video: ‘I Had to Do It,’” New York Times, December 9, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/09/us/dylann-roof-shooting-charleston-south-carolina-church-video.html?_r=0.

24. “FBI Agent Testifies that Dylann Roof Chose Emanuel AME Church Because It Would ‘Make the Biggest Wave,’” BCNN1, January 6, 2017, http://blackchristiannews.com/2017/01/fbi-agent-testifies-that-dylann-roof-chose-emanuel-ame-church-because-it-would-make-the-biggest-wave/.

25. “A Brief History of 16th Street Baptist Church,” 16th Street Church, n.d., http://www.16thstreetbaptist.org/brief-history%2C-part-1.html.

26. CNN Library, “1963 Birmingham Church Bombing Fast Facts,” CNN, September 7, 2018, updated, https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/13/us/1963-birmingham-church-bombing-fast-facts/index.html; Solomon Crenshaw Jr., “Restoring Faith in Birmingham Decades After Deadly Church Bombing,” Alabama Newscenter, September 15, 2016, http://alabamanewscenter.com/2016/09/15/restoring-faith-birmingham-decades-deadly-church-bombing/, and F. Erik Brooks, “Sixteenth Street Baptist Church,” Encyclopedia of Alabama, n.d., http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1744.

27. CNN Library, “1963 Birmingham Church Bombing Fast Facts.”

28. To read more about the Sixteenth Street Church bombing from a survivor’s perspective, read Carolyn Maull McKinstry’s book, While the World Watched (Tyndale House, 2011).

29. Bill Plante, “Survivor of KKK Baptist Church Bombing: ‘I Had to Forgive,’” CBS News, May 24, 2013, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/survivor-of-kkk-baptist-church-bombing-i-had-to-forgive/.

30. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 makes it a federal crime to “willfully cause bodily injury, or attempt to do so using a dangerous weapon, because of the victim’s actual or perceived race, color, religion, or national origin. . . . The Shepard-Byrd Act is the first statute allowing federal criminal prosecution of hate crimes motivated by the victim’s actual or perceived sexual orientation or gender identity.” “Hate Crime Laws,” The United States Department of Justice, n.d., https://www.justice.gov/crt/hate-crime-laws.

31. “The Psychology of Hate Crimes,” Public Interest Government Relations Office, n.d., https://www.apa.org/advocacy/civil-rights/hate-crimes.pdf.

32. “Finding Forgiveness for a Racist,” 60 Minutes Overtime, December 17, 2017, https://www.cbs.com/shows/60_minutes/video/ga05XnY1qJcHIDG6liXiedo5HGQBkUhd/finding-forgiveness-for-a-racist/.

33. Roxane Gay, “Why I Can’t Forgive Dylann Roof,” New York Times, June 23, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/24/opinion/why-i-cant-forgive-dylann-roof.html.

34. “Psychological Effects of Hate Crime—Individual Experience and Impact on Community,” Latvian Centre for Human Rights, 2008, http://cilvektiesibas.org.lv/site/attachments/30/01/2012/Naida_noziegums_ENG_cietusajiem_Internetam.pdf.

35. “Psychological Effects of Hate Crime,” Latvian Centre for Human Rights.

36. “Psychological Effects of Hate Crime,” Latvian Centre for Human Rights.

37. “How the Legacy of Slavery Affects the Mental Health of Black Americans Today,” The Conversation, July 27, 2015, http://theconversation.com/how-the-legacy-of-slavery-affects-the-mental-health-of-black-americans-today-44642.

38. Victoria M. Massie, “Forgiveness in the Wake of the Charleston Shooting Does Not Absolve America of Racism,” Vox, June 17, 2016, https://www.vox.com/2016/6/17/11962622/charleston-shooting-forgiveness.

39. Anthea Butler, “The Decision to Forgive Is Rooted in Faith. The Desire to Forget Is Rooted in Racism,” The Guardian, June 24, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/24/charleston-shooting-church-faith-forgiveness-racism.

40. Massie, “Forgiveness in the Wake of the Charleston Shooting.”

41. Butler, “The Decision to Forgive is Rooted in Faith.”

42. Stacey Patton, “Black America Should Stop Forgiving White Racists,” Washington Post, June 22, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/06/22/black-america-should-stop-forgiving-white-racists/?utm_term=.c6602913eaad.

43. Vermon Pierre, “Forgiveness Is a Marathon,” The Gospel Coalition, August 12, 2015, https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/forgiveness-is-a-marathon/.

44. Becky Little, “How Doug Jones Brought KKK Church Bombers to Justice,” History, December 13, 2017, https://www.history.com/news/how-doug-jones-brought-kkk-church-bombers-to-justice.

45. “Desmond Tutu Biography,” Biography, n.d., https://www.biography.com/people/desmond-tutu-9512516.

46. Janice Harper, “A Lesson from Nelson Mandela on Forgiveness,” Psychology Today, June 10, 2013, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/beyond-bullying/201306/lesson-nelson-mandela-forgiveness, and Barbara Mutch, “Mandela Taught the Power of Forgiveness: Column,” USA Today, December 8, 2013, https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2013/12/08/nelson-mandela-remember-column/3896245/.

47. Jonathan Merritt, “Desmond Tutu’s four steps to forgiving others: An RNS interview,” RNS Religion News, August 25, 2014, https://religionnews.com/2014/08/25/desmond-tutu-forgiveness-apartheid/.

48. Merritt, “Desmond Tutu’s Four Steps to Forgiving Others.”

49. Merritt, “Desmond Tutu’s Four Steps to Forgiving Others.”

50. Kelly Brown Douglas, “Why the Black Church Forgives Dylann Roof,” The Nation, July 2, 2015, https://www.thenation.com/article/why-the-black-church-forgives-dylann-roof/.

51. Patton, “Black America Should Stop Forgiving White Racists.”

52. “On Tuesday, July 29, 2008, the US House of Representatives issued an unprecedented apology to black Americans for the institution of slavery, and the subsequent Jim Crow laws that for years discriminated against blacks as second-class citizens in American society. Rep. Steve Cohen, a Democrat from Tennessee, drafted the resolution. Cohen explains the apology’s long journey for Congressional approval and the significance of its timing.

“This country had an institution of slavery for 246 years and followed it with Jim Crow laws that denied people equal opportunity under the law. There was segregation in the south and other places in this country, at least through the year 1965 when civil rights laws were passed. The fact is, slavery and Jim Crow are stains upon what is the greatest nation on the face of the earth and the greatest government ever conceived by man.

“But the fact that this government has not apologized to its own citizens, African-Americans, for the institution of slavery and for the Jim Crow laws that followed and accepted that fact and encouraged changes in our dialogue and understanding in the actions of this country to rectify that is certainly a mistake. And today we rectify that mistake.” “Congress Apologizes for Slavery, Jim Crow,” NPR, July 30, 2008, https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93059465.

53. “Can God Forgive Serial Killers?” Billy Graham Evangelistic Association UK, n.d., https://billygraham.org.uk/answer/can-god-forgive-serial-killers/.

1. Alan Blinder, “Charleston Church Mourns One More Beloved,” New York Times, June 29, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/us/emanuel-ame-church-mourns-myra-thompson.html.

2. Blinder, “Charleston Church Mourns.”

3. “John Newton, Reformed Slave Trader,” Christian History, n.d., https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/pastorsandpreachers/john-newton.html.

4. Born and raised in Charleston, Myra Thompson graduated from Burke High School and received a bachelor’s degree from Benedict College in Columbia. She returned to the Lowcountry, teaching reading and language arts at both Cathedral Catholic and Brentwood Middle School before becoming a guidance counselor at Brentwood. “Funeral Held for Myra Thompson Whose Husband Forgave Dylann Roof,” BCNN1 WP, June 28, 2015, http://wspa.com/2015/06/29/funeral-for-myra-thompson-whose-husband-forgave-suspect/.

5. Corky Siemaszko, “Hundreds Attend Funeral of Myra Thompson, Emanuel AME Church Massacre Victim,” Daily News, June 29, 2015, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/hundreds-attend-funeral-church-victim-myra-thompson-article-1.2275265.

6. Cleveland L. Sellers Jr., “Segregation,” South Carolina Encyclopedia, n.d., http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/segregation/, and Jeremy Richards, “Gressette Committee,” South Carolina Encyclopedia, n.d., http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/gressette-committee/.

7. “Flashback: Dr. King Visited Charleston in 1962, July 1967,” January 15, 2018, Live 5 news, http://www.live5news.com/story/37266288/flashback-dr-king-visited-charleston-in-1962-july-1967.

8. Paul Bowers, “Mother Emanuel Shooting Was a Loss for the Gullah/Geechee,” Charleston City Paper, June 22, 2015, https://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/charleston/mother-emanuel-shooting-was-a-loss-for-the-gullah-geechee/Content?oid=5260131.

9. Anthony Thompson graduated from Bishop England High School in 1970 and attended Benedict College in Columbia, South Carolina. After six years of military duty in the US Navy, he resumed his studies at Benedict College where he received a bachelor of arts degree in secondary education. He graduated from Cummins Theological Seminary of Summerville, S.C., in 1995 with a masters of divinity degree.

10. “Zacchaeus,” Bible History Online, n.d., https://www.bible-history.com/sketches/ancient/tax-collector.html.

11. James O. Cunningham, “Commentary: Parkland Tragedy: Forgiveness Might Free Survivors from Hatred,” Orlando Sentinel, February 23, 2018, http://www.orlandosentinel.com/opinion/os-ed-parkland-shooting-history-of-forgiveness-moving-on-20180223-story.html.

12. Jason Marsh, “Is Vengeance Better for Victims than Forgiveness?,” Greater Good Magazine, July 29, 2015, https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/is_vengeance_better_for_victims_than_forgiveness.

1. Timothy M. Phelps, “Mass Shooting at Church in Charleston Resonates Far Beyond,” Los Angeles Times, June 19, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-charleston-shooting-20150619-story.html.

2. Lee Powell, video: “Four Years After Riots in Ferguson, MO, This Part of the City Is Still Reeling,” Washington Post, June 21, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/business/segments/four-years-after-riots-in-ferguson-mo-this-part-of-the-city-is-still-reeling/2018/06/21/849535d8-70be-11e8-b4d8-eaf78d4c544c_video.html?utm_term=.105ddbcc94c6.

3. “Timeline: Freddie Gray’s arrest, death and the aftermath,” The Baltimore Sun, April 12, 2015, http://data.baltimoresun.com/news/freddie-gray/, and Jean Marbella, “Six Baltimore Police Officers Charged in Freddie Gray’s Death,” The Baltimore Sun, May 2, 2015, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/freddie-gray/bs-md-freddie-gray-mainbar-20150501-story.html.

4. Christina Tkacik, “Remembering the Baltimore Riots After Freddie Gray’s Death, 3 Years Later,” The Baltimore Sun, April 27, 2018, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-ci-riots-three-years-later-20180426-story.html.

5. Terry Gross, “‘I Can’t Breathe’ Examines Modern Policing and the Life and Death of Eric Garner,” National Public Radio, October 23, 2017, https://www.npr.org/2017/10/23/559498678/i-can-t-breathe-explores-life-and-death-at-the-hands-of-police.

6. Gross, “‘I Can’t Breathe’ Examines Modern Policing.”

7. Chad Williams, Kidada E. Williams, and Keisha N. Blain, eds., Charleston Syllabus: Readings on Race, Racism, and Racial Violence (Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2016), 2.

8. Jeffrey Collins, “‘No Room for Hate’ As Families of Charleston Church Shooting Victims Confront Suspect,” Star Tribune, June 19, 2015, http://www.startribune.com/gunman-feared-blacks-were-taking-over-the-world/308369381/.

9. Mark Berman, “‘I forgive you.’ Relatives of Charleston Church Shooting Victims Address Dylann Roof,” Washington Post, June 19, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/06/19/i-forgive-you-relatives-of-charleston-church-victims-address-dylann-roof/?utm_term=.7669106f08e8.

10. Robert Greene II, “Racism Can’t Destroy This Charleston Church,” POLITICO Magazine, June 29, 2015, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2015/06/charleston-shooting-emanuel-african-methodist-episcopal-church-119205.

11. Sebastian Murdock, “Thousands Walk Hand In Hand Across Ravenel Bridge to Show Support for Mother Emanuel Church,” Huffpost, updated December, 6, 2017, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/21/charelston-shooting-bridg_n_7633190.html.

12. Michael Foust, “Charleston Families Forgive Killer; Media & Others in ‘Awe’,” The Christian Examiner, June 23, 2015, https://www.christianexaminer.com/article/media-awed-when-charleston-families-forgive-killer/49143.htm.

13. Benge Nsenduluka, “‘Repent, Give Your Life to Christ,’ Relatives of Charleston Church Massacre Victims Forgive Dylann Roof at Bond Hearing,” The Christian Post, June 19, 2015, http://www.christianpost.com/news/repent-give-your-life-to-christ-relatives-of-charleston-church-massacre-victims-forgive-dylann-roof-at-bond-hearing-140633/.

14. Lauren Markoe, “A Year After the Charleston Church Shooting, What Has Changed?” National Catholic Reporter, June 8, 2016, https://www.ncronline.org/news/people/year-after-charleston-church-shooting-what-has-changed.

15. Oliver Laughland, Paul Lewis, and Raya Jalabi, “‘I Forgive You’: Charleston Church Victims’ Families Confront Suspect,” The Guardian, June 19, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/19/i-forgive-you-charleston-church-victims-families-confront-suspect.

16. Amanda Borschel-Dan, “Charleston Shooting Sets Off Chain Reaction in Faith Communities,” The Times of Israel, June 22, 2015, https://www.timesofisrael.com/charleston-shooting-sets-off-chain-reaction-in-faith-communities/.

17. Kevin Liptak, “Obama’s Charleston Eulogy: ‘Amazing Grace’,” CNN Politics, June 29, 2015, https://www.cnn.com/2015/06/26/politics/obama-charleston-eulogy-pastor/index.html.

18. Robert Barron, “Forgiving Dylann Roof,” First Things, March 2017, https://www.firstthings.com/article/2017/03/forgiving-dylann-roof.

19. Barbara Kelley-Duncan, Carolyn Rivers, and Melissa Maddox-Evans, “City’s Apology for Slavery Helps Usher in Healing,” Post and Courier, June 18, 2018, https://www.postandcourier.com/opinion/commentary/city-s-apology-for-slavery-helps-usher-in-healing/article_1003566a-7324-11e8-ad05-6f5931bdfdd5.html.

20. Hannah Alani and Abigail Darlington, “Debate Emerges Around Charleston’s Apology for Slavery: Too Much or Not Enough?” Post and Courier, June 18, 2018, https://www.postandcourier.com/news/debate-emerges-around-charleston-s-apology-for-slavery-too-much/article_99b2d1ac-7319-11e8-9b4e-8b9569df6fdb.html.

1. Ann O’Neill, Aaron Cooper, and Ray Sanchez, “Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev sentenced to death,” CNN, May 17, 2015, https://www.cnn.com/2015/05/15/us/boston-bombing-tsarnaev-sentence/index.html.

2. Edward Ball, “United States v. Dylann Roof,” The New York Review of Books, March 9, 2017, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/03/09/united-states-versus-dylann-roof/.

3. Associated Press, “Charleston Massacre: Dylann Roof’s Mom Had Heart Attack During Trial, Attorney Says,” NBC News, updated December 9, 2016, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/charleston-massacre-dylann-roof-s-mom-had-heart-attack-during-n693776.

4. Khushbu Shah and Eliott C. McLaughlin, “Victim’s Dad Warns Dylann Roof: ‘Your Creator . . . He’s Coming for You,’” CNN, January 11, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/11/us/dylann-roof-sentencing/index.html.

5. Jennifer Berry Hawes, “Calling Attorneys His ‘Political and Biological Enemies,’ Dylann Roof Seeks New Ones for Federal Appeal,” Post and Courier, September 18, 2017, http://www.postandcourier.com/church_shooting/calling-attorneys-his-political-and-biological-enemies-dylann-roof-seeks/article_591c3de4-9c97-11e7-a4b1-0bd8f75abd5a.html.

6. Abigail Darlington, “Dylann Roof Threatened to Kill His Capital Defense Attorney David Bruck ‘If He Gets Out of Jail,’” Post and Courier, April 12, 2017, https://www.postandcourier.com/charleston_sc/dylann-roof-threatened-to-kill-his-capital-defense-attorney-david/article_2912d8de-1fc8-11e7-b5b8-47447277e2dd.html.

7. Kevin Sullivan, “Jury Sentences Dylann Roof to Death for Charleston Church Slayings,” Washington Post, January 10, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2017/01/10/i-still-feel-like-i-had-to-do-it-dylann-roof-tells-jury-deliberating-his-fate-in-church-slayings/?utm_term=.2268fa918756.

8. Sullivan, “Jury Sentences Dylann Roof to Death.”

9. Jelani Cobb, “Inside the Trial of Dylann Roof,” The New Yorker, February 6, 2017, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/06/inside-the-trial-of-dylann-roof.

10. Mike James, “Parkland’s Nikolas Cruz Made Chilling Videos Before Shooting: ‘You’re All Going to Die,’” USA Today, updated May 31, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/05/30/parkland-killer-video-im-going-next-school-shooter/657774002/.

11. James, “Parkland’s Nikolas Cruz Made Chilling Videos,” and Elizabeth Chuck, Alex Johnson, and Corky Siemaszko, “17 Killed in Mass Shooting at High School in Parkland, Florida,” NBC News, updated February 15, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/police-respond-shooting-parkland-florida-high-school-n848101.

12. F. Wesley Shortridge, “Tears: Towards a Biblical Theology,” The Pneuma Review, September 18, 2017, http://pneumareview.com/tears-towards-a-biblical-theology/.

13. The Right Reverend Al Gadsden, et al., “A Call to Prayer from the Bishops in South Carolina,” Anglican Church in North America website, n.d., http://anglicanchurch.net/?/main/page/1053.

14. Associated Press, “McVeigh Labels Young Victims ‘Collateral Damage,’” Los Angeles Times, March 29, 2001, http://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/29/news/mn-44250.

15. Sylvia Moreno, “Nichols Seeks Forgiveness for Okla. City Bombing,” Washington Post, August 10, 2004, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52840-2004Aug9.html.

16. Associated Press,“McVeigh Labels Young Victims.”

17. “McVeigh’s final statement,” The Guardian, June 11, 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/11/mcveigh.usa1.

18. Oklahoma City National Memorial Museum, n.d., https://oklahomacitynationalmemorial.org.

19. “And Jesus Wept—Oklahoma City, OK,” Waymarking.com, n.d., http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMB4R3_And_Jesus_Wept_Oklahoma_City_OK; Simon Jeffery, “The Execution of Timothy McVeigh,” The Guardian, June 11, 2001, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/jun/11/qanda.terrorism; and “Timothy McVeigh Biography,” Biography, n.d., https://www.biography.com/people/timothy-mcveigh-507562.

20. Charles Montaldo, “Profile of Child Killer Susan Smith,” ThoughtCo., updated April 1, 2018, https://www.thoughtco.com/susan-smith-profile-of-child-killer-972686.

21. Harrison Cahill, “Exclusive: Sincerely, Susan: Union Mother Convicted of Murder 20 Years Ago Defends Herself,” The State, July 21, 2015, https://www.thestate.com/news/local/article28050157.html.

22. HLN Staff, “Where Is Susan Smith’s Ex-Husband Now?” HLNTV.com, August 14, 2015, http://www.hlntv.com/slideshow/2013/10/09/david-smith-susan-smith-killed-sons-where-are-they-now/.

23. Nicole Weisensee Egan, “The Susan Smith Murders 15 Years Later ‘It Haunts Me Every Day’,” People, April 5, 2010, https://people.com/archive/the-susan-smith-murders-15-years-later-it-haunts-me-every-day-vol-73-no-13/.

24. “Interview with David Smith,” CNN Larry King Live, March 6, 2002, http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0203/06/lkl.00.html.

25. Steve Helling, “Sex, Drugs and Infractions: Inside Susan Smith’s Life in Prison for Drowning Her Two Sons,” People, September 26, 2017, https://people.com/crime/susan-smith-drowning-sons-inside-life-prison/.

26. Michael Johnson, “C.S. Lewis on the Problem of Forgiveness,” Desiring God, May 26, 2011, https://www.desiringgod.org/articles/c-s-lewis-on-the-problem-of-forgiveness.

27. MSNBC.com staff and wire reports, “15 Years Later, Hear McVeigh’s Confession,” NBC News, n.d., http://www.nbcnews.com/id/36633900/ns/msnbc-documentaries/t/years-later-hear-mcveighs-confession/#.W0suMC2ZPUI.

28. Jim Ryan, “Some Bombing Survivors Offer Forgiveness,” ABC News, June 8, 2001, https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=93148&page=1.

29. Ryan, “Some Bombing Survivors Offer Forgiveness.”

30. MSNBC.com staff and wire reports, “15 Years Later, Hear McVeigh’s Confession.”

31. Todd Morrison, “The Real Danger of Unforgiveness,” Relevant, October 2, 2014, https://relevantmagazine.com/life/real-danger-unforgiveness.

32. Amy Viteri, “‘I Forgive Him,’ Parkland School Shooting Survivor Says,” Local10.com, February 15, 2018, https://www.local10.com/news/parkland-school-shooting/i-forgive-him-parkland-school-shooting-survivor-says-.

33. Robert Barron, “Forgiving Dylann Roof,” First Things, March 2017, https://www.firstthings.com/article/2017/03/forgiving-dylann-roof.

34. Barron, “Forgiving Dylann Roof.”

1. “Simon Wiesenthal Quotes,” AZQuotes, n.d., https://www.azquotes.com/author/15628-Simon_Wiesenthal.

2. Lecia Bushak, “How Forgiveness Benefits Your Health: Forgiving Wrongdoers Can Expand Physical Fitness,” Medical Daily, January 7, 2015, https://www.medicaldaily.com/how-forgiveness-benefits-your-health-forgiving-wrongdoers-can-expand-physical-fitness-316902.

3. “Biography,” Simon Wiesenthal Center, n.d., http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441351, and “The Sunflower Synopsis,” Facinghistory.org, n.d., https://www.facinghistory.org/sunflower-synopsis.

4. Lorie Johnson, “The Deadly Consequences of Unforgiveness,” CBN News, June 22, 2015, http://www1.cbn.com/cbnnews/healthscience/2015/june/the-deadly-consequences-of-unforgiveness.

5. David B. Feldman and Lee Daniel Kravetz, “Grudge Match: Can Unforgiveness Be Bad for Our Health?” Psychology Today, September 17, 2013, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/supersurvivors/201309/grudge-match-can-unforgiveness-be-bad-our-health.

6. Paul Vallely, “The Ultimate Heroism Is Forgiving the Enemy,” Independent, October 14, 2012, https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/the-ultimate-heroism-is-forgiving-the-enemy-8210307.html; “The Railway Man,” History vs. Hollywood, 2014, http://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/railway-man/, and “Stories,” The Forgiveness Project, n.d., http://theforgivenessproject.com/stories/eric-lomax-scotland.

7. Feldman and Kravetz, “Grudge Match.”

8. Kevin Sack and Alan Blinder, “No Regrets from Dylann Roof in Jailhouse Manifesto,” New York Times, January 5, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/05/us/no-regrets-from-dylann-roof-in-jailhouse-manifesto.html.

9. Taylor Marshall, “Top Ten Paradise Lost Quotes,” TaylorMarshall.com, n.d., http://taylormarshall.com/2008/03/top-ten-paradise-lost-quotes.html.

10. Jason M. Breslow, “What Does Solitary Confinement Do to Your Mind?” Frontline, April 22, 2014, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/what-does-solitary-confinement-do-to-your-mind/.

11. George Dvorsky, “Why Solitary Confinement Is the Worst Kind of Psychological Torture,” Daily Explainer, July 1, 2014, https://io9.gizmodo.com/why-solitary-confinement-is-the-worst-kind-of-psycholog-1598543595.

12. “St. Augustine, God shaped void,” Catholic Answers Forums, September 2007, https://forums.catholic.com/t/st-augustine-god-shaped-void/85175.

13. “Charleston Shooter Dylann Roof Moved to Death Row in Terre Haute Federal Prison,” Death Penalty News, April 23, 2017, https://deathpenaltynews.blogspot.com/2017/04/charleston-shooter-dylann-roof-moved-to.html; Alexis Simmons, “Dylann Roof After the Death Penalty Verdict, the Process to Execution,” Live5News.com, updated July 10, 2017, http://www.live5news.com/story/34231742/dylann-roof-after-the-death-penalty-verdict-the-process-to-execution; Avalon Zoppo, “Charleston Shooter Dylann Roof Moved to Death Row in Terre Haute Federal Prison,” NBC News, April 22, 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/charleston-shooter-dylann-roof-moved-death-row-terre-haute-federal-n749671; Harrison Jacobs, “What It’s Like Inside the Terrifying Super-Max Prison Where the Boston Bomber Will Be Executed,” Business Insider, June 24, 2015, http://www.businessinsider.com/what-its-like-inside-terre-haute-2015-6, and Breslow, “What Does Solitary Confinement Do To Your Mind?”

1. Robert Smith Jr., The Oasis of God: From Mourning to Morning (Mountain Home, AR: BorderStone Press, 2014), 11.

2. Michael Wear, “Stop Explaining Away Black Christian Forgiveness,” Christianity Today, June 24, 2015, http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2015/june-web-only/stop-explaining-away-black-christian-forgiveness.html.

3. Jonathan Merritt, “Desmond Tutu’s Four Steps to Forgiving Others: An RNS Interview,” RNS, August 25, 2014, https://religionnews.com/2014/08/25/desmond-tutu-forgiveness-apartheid/.

4. Merritt, “Desmond Tutu’s Four Steps to Forgiving Others.”

5. As quoted in Christina Walker, “When Failure Isn’t an Option: How to Press Forward in Sharing Jesus Even When We Stumble,” Christianity Today, April 2017, https://www.christianitytoday.com/edstetzer/2017/april/when-failure-isnt-option-how-to-press-forward-in-sharing-je.html.

6. “Simon Wiesenthal Quotes,” AZ Quotes, n.d., https://www.azquotes.com/author/15628-Simon_Wiesenthal.

7. “Apartheid,” History, n.d., https://www.history.com/topics/apartheid.

8. “Desmond Tutu,” AZ Quotes, n.d., https://www.azquotes.com/author/14881-Desmond_Tutu?p=2.

9. “Desmond Tutu,” AZ Quotes.

10. Dustin Waters, “Events Commemorating Emanuel AME Tragedy Promote Public Service, Discourse on Race,” Charleston City Paper, June 1, 2017, https://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/TheBattery/archives/2017/06/01/events-commemorating-emanuel-ame-tragedy-promote-public-service-discourse-on-race.

11. Adam Parker, “Emanuel AME Church Celebrates 200th Anniversary with Events, Unveiling of Memorial,” Post and Courier, July 10, 2018, https://www.postandcourier.com/church_shooting/emanuel-ame-church-celebrates-th-anniversary-with-events-unveiling-of/article_cb1179b8-83bf-11e8-8709-5b007e8f9189.html.

12. Parker, “Emanuel AME Church Celebrates.”

13. Natalie Price, “Celebration of Emanuel Nine Held for 3rd Shooting Anniversary,” News 2, June 18, 2018, https://www.counton2.com/news/local-news/celebration-of-emanuel-nine-held-for-3rd-shooting-anniversary/1245415769.

14. Camila Domonoske, “Architect Unveils Design for Emanuel AME Church Memorial,” NPR, July 1, 2018, https://www.npr.org/2018/07/16/629424811/architect-unveils-design-for-mother-emanuel-ame-church-memorial.

15. Domonoske, “Architect Unveils Design.”

16. Domonoske, “Architect Unveils Design.”

1. Paul Chappell, “20 Powerful Quotes About Anger and Forgiveness,” Christian Quotes, https://www.christianquotes.info/top-quotes/20-powerful-quotes-about-anger-and-forgiveness/#axzz5BSdY92qc.

2. C. S. Lewis, “20 Powerful Quotes About Anger and Forgiveness,” Christian Quotes, https://www.christianquotes.info/top-quotes/20-powerful-quotes-about-anger-and-forgiveness/#axzz5BSdY92qc.

3. Rick Warren, “20 Powerful Quotes About Anger and Forgiveness,” Christian Quotes, https://www.christianquotes.info/top-quotes/20-powerful-quotes-about-anger-and-forgiveness/#axzz5BSdY92qc.

4. Ron Stodghill, “In Charleston, Coming to Terms with the Past,” New York Times, November 15, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/20/travel/charleston-south-carolina-past-slave-trade-history.html.

5. “Charleston,” South Carolina Encyclopedia, n.d., http://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/charleston/.

6. CNN Library, “1963 Birmingham Church Bombing Fast Facts,” CNN, September 7, 2018, https://www.cnn.com/2013/06/13/us/1963-birmingham-church-bombing-fast-facts/index.html.

1. “Resolution,” June 2018, https://thesophiainstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Final-Draft-Slavery-Resolution-pdf-version-6.15.2018-1-pm.pdf.

Notes