1. Murdered King Candaules, married his widow, and succeeded him as king of Lydia (c. 685–657 B.C.). The story is in Book II of Plato’s Republic.

1. Traditionally believed to have been the colleague of Lucius Junius Brutus as first consul after the expulsion of King Tarquin the Proud (509 B.C.).

1. The mythical Romulus was deified under the name of this god of the Sabines worshipped from a very early date on the Quirinal Hill.

1. According to another version the whole proceedings were intended by Dionysius (I, c. 430–367, or II, 367–345 B.C.) of Syracuse as a jocular test of their friendship.

2. By Lucius Mummius in 146 B.C.

3. Subjected to Athens 456, population expelled 431 B.C.

1. Marcus Junius Pennus and Gaius Papius were tribunes in 126 and 65 B.C. respectively. The most famous expulsion of aliens, directed by the consuls Crassus and Scaevola in 95 B.C., is here distinguished from the other occasions by Cicero, but was a blunder which probably helped to provoke the Italian cities to revolt in the Social (Marsian) war.

2. Before the battle of Salamis, 480 B.C.

1. The pirates off south-eastern Asia Minor, suppressed by Pompey in 67 B.C., had revived during the Civil Wars; Antony was believed to have mobilized them against Brutus and Cassius. The ‘allies’ to whom Cicero refers are the people of Massilia and King Deiotarus of Galatia (pp. 142f.).