Published in the United Kingdom in 2019 by

OXBOW BOOKS

The Old Music Hall, 106-108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JE

and in the United States by

OXBOW BOOKS

1950 Lawrence Road, Havertown, PA 19083

© Oxbow Books and the author 2019

Hardcover Edition: ISBN 978-1-84217-260-5

Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-802-2 (epub)

Kindle Edition: ISBN 978-1-78570-803-9 (Mobi)

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Control Number: 2019931263

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the publisher in writing.

For a complete list of Oxbow titles, please contact:

UNITED KINGDOM

Oxbow Books

Telephone (01865) 241249

Email: oxbow@oxbowbooks.com

www.oxbowbooks.com

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Oxbow Books

Telephone (800) 791-9354, Fax (610) 853-9146

Email: queries@casemateacademic.com

www.casemateacademic.com/oxbow

Oxbow Books is part of the Casemate Group

Front cover: The silver ‘weapon dancer’ pendant from a female inhumation, Birka grave Bj. 571 (photo Gabriel Hildebrand, Swedish History Museum, used by kind permission).