Index

A

Abbasid Empire, 31
Abd ar-Rahman II, 59–60
Abraham, journey from Ur to Canaan, xxii, 3
Adams, John, 114
Agnon, Shmuel Yosef, 70
aid organizations, 17–18
Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 41, 109
Alexander the Great, 27
Alexandria, 82
Alliance Israélite Universelle (AIU), 17–18
alt-right, 115
Amsterdam, Netherlands, 36, 63, 68
Anti-Defamation League, global survey (2014), 99
Anti-Judaism (Nirenberg), 99
Anti-Semite and Jew (Sartre), 99
antisemitism, 19, 20–21, 41–42, 98–101, 107–11
accusations against Jews, 103–104
antisemitism in, 109
world domination, perception of Jewish ambitions for, 108–11
uncleanliness allegations against Jews, 103–104
ongoing, 115
and survival of the Jews, xxii, xxiv, xxvi
Arab League, 42
Arab population in Palestine (Palestinians), 85–86, 88–89
Arabic language, 58–59, 60
Aramaic language, 50, 52
Arch of Titus, 12
Arendt, Hannah, xxiii, 65–66, 67, 76
Aristotle, 73
Ark of the Covenant, 5
Ashkenaz, 13, 56
Ashkenazic Jews, 32–33, 34
rivalry with Sephardic Jews, 47–48
Yiddish language, 58
“Ask the Rabbi” webpage, xxi
assimilation, xxiv–xxvi, 8, 23, 46, 101
Assyrians, 7
Augustine, St., 77
autonomy, 79–80, 93–4, 96–97

B

Babylonia (Iraq), 11, 31
exile to, 7–8
rivalry with Palestine, 46–47
Talmudic academies, 55
Babylonians, 7
Baghdad, 31, 59
Baron, Salo, xxiv
Bayezid II, 112
Beer, Beer Isaac, 93
Begin, Menachem, 96
Beilis, Mendel, 104
Ben-Gurion, David, 86–87
bene Yisra’el (children of Israel), flight to Egypt, 3–4
Benjamin of Tudela, 31–32
Berlin, 64–65, 69
Biur (Mendelssohn), 64
Black Death, 34
blood libel, 103–104, 112–13
Boleslaus, Duke of Greater Poland, 78
Book of Beliefs and Opinions (Saadya Gaon), 58–59

C

Cairo Geniza, 60–61
Canaan
Abraham’s journey to, xxii, 3
Jacob’s children, journey to, 4
Chabad, xxi
Chabon, Michael, 80
China, 31
Chmielnicki massacres (1648–1649), 37
Chosen People, xxi
Christianity, 29–30
affinity with Jews, 112
Church Fathers, 76–77
conversion to, 20, 40–41, 94
notion of superiority over Jews, 102–103
and Rabbinic Judaism, 53–54
rise of, 53, 61
tolerance of Jews, 77–78
Christians, interaction with, 13–14
Chrysostom, John, 54
Churchill, Winston, 115
Clermont-Tonnerre, Count, 74, 80, 93
Coburg Pentateuch, 57
Cohen, Gerson, xxv
Cohen, Steven, 96
collective responsibility, 16–18
comedy, Yiddish language, 68
commerce, 104–108
communication, and support, 17
community, 61, 76–80
Congress of Vienna (1815), 94
Constantine, 30
Constantinople, 35
Constitution of Medina, 83
conversion of Jews
in Spain, 35, 46
to Christianity, 20, 40–41, 94
forced, 62
Hasmonean practice, 26
conversos, 62
Córdoba, Spain, 59–60
Council of Four Lands, 78–79
court Jews, 90–93
cultural autonomy, 79–80
cultures, 45–72
customs (minhagim), 46
Cyrus the Great, 8, 26

D

Darwin, Charles, 20
David, King, 5, 7, 81
Dearborn Independent (Ford), 109–10
Deborah the Judge, 13
deicide, accusations of, 54, 77
Der Stürmer (The Stormer), 107, 108
dhimmi, 83
diaspora, 10–15, 18, 62
Sephardic, 35–36
Diasporism, 18, 79–80
dina di-malkhuta dina (the law of the kingdom is the law), 14
distinctiveness of Judaism from other religions, 102–103
Dohm, Christian Wilhelm, 113
Dreyfus Affair, 84, 109
Dubnow, Simon, xxii–xxiii, 18
Duehring, Karl Eugen, 109

E

Edict of Expulsion, 31, 34–36, 62
education, 60–61
Edward I, King, 33
Egypt, 11
flight to freedom of Jacob’s children, 3–4
Eisen, Arnold, 96
El Greco, 105
emancipation of Jews, 74–75, 94–95
Enlightenment movement, 40, 63, 64–65
Epistle to Yemen (Maimonides), 17
equality, 83–84
Europe
eastern, 67, 78–79
expulsion of Jews, 33–34
migration to, 28
Exiles, 7, 10, 15, 25, 29
covenant, xxi, 45

F

family organization, 4
Farhud, 42
Farrakhan, Louis, 104
Ferdinand and Isabella, 62
Fixer, The (Malamud), 104
Flaccus, 82
Ford, Henry, 109–10
France
attitude to Jews, 84–85
National Assembly, 74
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), 94, 108
Frederick II, 112–13
Freud, Sigmund, 66–7, 115
Friedländer, David, 65
Fulda, Germany, 112–13

G

Galatians, 53
genealogy, 4
genes, Jews, 21
Geniza (Cairo), 60–61
Gentiles
antisemitism, 98–99, 101
interaction with, xxv, 13, 16, 45
“Judeophobia”, 75
Geonim, 17, 31
German language, 64
Gershom, Rabbenu, 13
Gobineau, Arthur de, 20
gods, worship of, 5
Goebbels, Joseph, 90
Golden Age in Spain, 114–15
Goldman, Rabbi Moshe, xxi
Gordon, Y.L., 70
Gospel of Matthew, 105
Great Revolt (66–70 ce), 28, 54
Greek culture, 27, 51–2
Greek diaspora, 10–11
Greek language, 51–52
Gregory the Great, Pope, 77
Guide for the Perplexed (Maimonides), 59

H

Ha-Levi, Judah, 15
halakhah (way or path), 11, 17
Hannah, 13
Hanover, Nathan, 37
Hanukah, 26
Haredim, 43, 48, 50, 58
Hasidism, 37–38
Haskalah movement, 64, 69
Hasmonean (Maccabean) Revolt (167 bce), 26
Hebrew Bible, 3
Book of Genesis, xxi
Book of Exodus, 3, 5, 25
Book of Joshua, 4
Book of Samuel, 25
Book of Jeremiah, 25
Book of Obadiah, 30
Book of Zechariah, 45
Second Book of Kings, 25
composition, 9
Greek translation, 51
origins, 9
study of, 9
Hebrew language, 4, 17, 64, 69–71
Hebrew poetry, 15
Heine, Heinrich, 40
Herod, King, 26, 52
Herzl, Theodor, 18, 70, 85
Hitler, Adolf, 19, 20–1, 41, 85, 108, 109
Holocaust, xxiv, 41–42, 76, 101
Holy Temple, 5, 7
Second Temple, 8–9, 26, 52
destruction, 11, 12, 28–29, 53, 82
see also Holy Temple, 81
building, 81
homeland, return to, 75
Hourwitz, Zalkind, 94

I

Iberian Peninsula, forced conversions, 62
ibn Ezra, Abraham, 60
ibn Nagrela Solomon ibn Gabirol, Samuel, 60
ibn Shaprut, Hasdai, 60
identity, 2
collective, 17
through the Hebrew Bible, 9
from mothers, 12, 24
nation, 16–19
racial, 19–22
as a tribe, 2–7
Idumean tribe, 26
individuals
autonomy, 93–94
emphasis on, 91–93
prominent, 66–67, 89–90, 95–96
innovators, Jewish, 66–67
International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem (Ford), 109
Islam, rise of, 30
Muslim rule, 14–15, 30
toleration of Jews, 83
Israel, xxii
ancient kingship, 81
foundation (1948), 11, 42–43, 70, 75, 87–88
Holocaust survivors in, 42
Jewish population, 24
Israelites
flight to freedom, 3–4
numbers, 25–26

J

Jeremiah, 7
Jerusalem, 26–27, 28
destruction of (587–586 bce), 7–8
Jerusalem (Mendelssohn), 64
Jesus Christ, 102–103
Jewish-Christians, 53
Jewishness
inescapability, 67
sense of shame, 66
Jonas, Regina, 56
Josephus, 28, 52, 102
Judah, separation from Israel, 6, 7
population, 25
Judensau (Jewish sow), 103
Judeo-Arabic language, 59, 60

K

Kafka, Franz, 66
kehilah (community), 13, 78–79, 80
kingship, 5
kohanim (priests), 7
Krochmal, Nachman, 18

L

languages, xxv, 4, 17, 50–2, 58–59, 60, 64, 67–71
Law of Return, 24
League of Antisemites, 108
literacy
importance of, xxiii, 9–10
in the Middle Ages, 57
literary salons in Berlin, 64–65
literature, 58–59
anti-Semitic, 100
on cultural autonomy, 79–80
Hebrew, 70–71
Yiddish, 67–68
“longest hatred”, 111
Lublin, Poland, 78–79
Lueger, Karl, 99
Lurianic Kabbalah, 35, 37
Lyotard, Jean-François, 98

M

Mahler, Gustav, 66
Maimonides, 15, 17, 59, 62
Malamud, Bernard, 104
Manetho, 102
Marr, Wilhelm, 19, 108
Marx, Karl, 95, 104–105
“On the Jewish Question” (Marx), 104
matrilineal descent, 12, 24
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 108
Meir, Golda, 89
members of the tribe (MOTs), 2
Mendelssohn, Moses, 63–64, 93–94
Merchant of Venice, The (Shakespeare), 105–106
Merneptah stele, 3–4
Messiah, coming of, 75
Middle Ages, 13–14
Mishnah, 55
Mizrachi Jews, 47–48
mobility of the Jews, xxii, xxiv, 11, 43–44
money and greed, accusations against Jews, 104–108
monotheism, 5, 48–9, 50, 53
monotheistic revolution, 48, 53, 61
Montefiore, Moses, 17
Morsi, Muhamad, 104
Moses, 3, 102
Muhammad, 83
music, 71

N

names, for Jews, 1, 7, 8
Napoleon Bonaparte, 84
Naqqash, Samir, 71
Nasi Mendes, Doña Gracia, 91, 92
nation, 16–19, 69–70, 79–80
Nazism, 19, 20–21, 23–24, 41–42, 76, 107, 108
Nebuchadnezzar, King, 7
Nirenberg, David, 99
numbers of Jews, 23–24, 28see also populations

O

“On the Jewish Question” (Marx), 104
Operation Shylock (Roth), 79–80
Oppenheimer, Joseph Süß, 90
Oral Law, 49–50, 54, 55
Orthodox Jews, 49
Ostrer, Harry, 21
Ottoman Empire, 35

P

Pact of Umar, 83
Palestine, 33, 35
Arab population in, 85–86, 88–89
partition into Jewish and Arab states, 86–87
rivalry with Babylonia, 46–47
Zionists’ desire for Jewish state, 18, 85–86
Paris Sanhedrin, 84
Paul of Tarsus, 53
perceptions of Jews, 98–115
persecution of Jews, 17–18, 82, 84–85 see also antisemitism
Pew Research Center, 101, 114
Portrait of Jewish Americans (Pew Research Center), 101
Philo of Alexandria, 10–11, 51, 82
pilgrims, 81
Pinsker, Leon, 74–75
Pinto, Isaac de, 47
Pirke Avot, 49
Poland, 78–79
political history of the Jews, 73–74
political rights of Jews, 74, 77–8, 80, 94–95
polygamy, ban on, 13
populations of Jews, 23–24, 28
ancient Israelites, 25–26
Israeli, 42–43
in the Middle Ages, 29–34
in the modern age, 38–44
United States, 43
urban, 26–29, 31
poverty, 61
Prague, expulsion order, 17
prayer, advent of, 8
Promised Land, 10, 15
Protestant Reformation, 36
Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 100, 108, 109
Ptolemy, King, 51
Pumbedita, Babylonia, 31, 55

R

Rabbinic Judaism, 53–54
Rabin, Yitzhak, 96
rabbis, early, 11, 26, 29, 37
Raceracial identity, 19–22
racial kinship, 67
Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Yitshaki), 56–58
Rawidowicz, Simon, 97
Rehoboam, 6, 7
ritual murder accusations against Jews, 103–104
Roman Empire, 11, 28
Roman period, 12
Roth, Philip, 79–80
Russia, 79
Russia Empire, 41

S

Saadya Gaon, 58–59
Safed, 35
Samuel, Mar, 14
Sanhedrin, 29, 84
Sartre, Jean-Paul, 99
Saul, King, 5, 81
Schechter, Solomon, 61
Scholem, Gershom, 1
secular revolution, 63–64
Sephardim, 30
Sephardic diaspora, 35–36, 62
Sephardic Jews, rivalry with Ashkenazic Jews, 47–48
Dutch Sephardic Jews, 36
Shabtai Zevi, 36–37, 62
Shakespeare, William, 105–106
shame, sense of, 66
Shtadlanim (intercessors), 91
Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 68
Six-Day War (1967), 89
occupation, 89
social acceptance of Jewishness, 66
social media, 43–44
soldiers, Israelite, 25
Solomon, King, 5–7, 81
Sombart, Werner, 106
sovereignty
political sovereignty, 75
first period, ancient, 81–82
as a goal, 82
of self, 96–97
state, 81, 96
Soviet Union, 79
Spain, 30–31, 34, 59–60, 90
expulsion of Jews from, 31, 34–36
forced conversions, 62
Spanish Inquisition, 46, 62
Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch), xxiv, 62–64, 98
state, 81–89
Statute of Kalisz, 78
Sura, Babylonia, 55, 59
survival of Jews, xxi–xxvi, 23, 29, 100–101
synagogues, early, 8

T

Tacitus, xxiv, 102
Histories, The (Tacitus), 102
Talmud, 16, 47, 52, 55, 56, 113
Talmudic academies, 55
tefillin (phylactories), 56
Ten Commandments, 5, 49
Theological-Political Treatise (Spinoza), 63, 98
Toldot Yeshu (The History of Jesus), 102
toleration of Jews, 83
Torah see Hebrew Bible
Toynbee, Arnold, xxv
tribal identities, 2–7
Tsenah u-renah (Go forth and see), 67

U

Ukraine, 37
Umayyad Empire, 59–60
United Nations General Assembly, 86
United States, xxii, 22
Jewish community, 24, 80
population of Jews in, 43
Yiddish language in, 68
urban environments, 26–29, 31
Urban II, Pope, 33

V

Varnhagen, Rahel, 65–66
Vespasian, 54–55

W

Wagner, Richard, 12, 13, 32, 46, 51, 67, 95
Washington, George, 113–14
women
historical roles, 12, 13, 32, 46, 51, 67, 95
as rabbis, 56
running literary salons, 64–65
transmission of customs, 46
women’s rights, 95
World Zionist Organization, 85

Y

Yemen, 17
YHWH, 48
Yiddish language, 58, 67–68
Yiddish Policemen’s Union, The (Chabon), 80
Yohanan ben Zakkai, 54–55

Z

Zionism, 10, 15, 18, 70, 75, 85–87