Introduction
1. Global Cosmetics Products Market Expected to reach USD 805.61 billion by 2023—Industry Size & Share Analysis. March 13, 2018. Reuters, https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/venture-capital/article?id=30351.
2. According to the Orbis Study referenced in the note above, “by 2050, the population over 60 years of age is expected to reach 2.09 billion. The life expectancy for women is predicted to rise from 82.8 years in 2005 to 86.3 years in 2050. Whereas for men, the expected increase for men in the corresponding period is from 78.4 to 83.6 years. Notably, the share of elderly people for cosmetic products is on rise.”
3. In Read My Lips: A Cultural History of Lipstick by Meg Cohen Ragas and Karen Kozlowski (Chronicle Books, 1998), the authors explain how ancient Egyptian papyrus show images of women applying rouge lipstick.
4. Cosmetics and Personal Care Products in the Medicine and Science Collections: Make-up. Smithsonian Institution, https://www.si.edu/spotlight/health-hygiene-and-beauty/make-up.
5. Teresa Riordan, Inventing Beauty: A History of the Innovations that Have Made Us Beautiful. (New York: Broadway, 2004).
6. John Updike, “Makeup and Make-Believe: Max Factor’s Life of Beautification,” The New Yorker, August 25, 2008, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/09/01/makeup-and-make-believe.
7. Cheryl Wishover, “100 Years of Maybelline Ads Show How Little Has Changed in Beauty,” Fashionista, May 12, 2015, https://fashionista.com/2015/05/maybelline-100-year-anniversary.
8. The Estée Story. Elcompaines.com, https://www.elcompanies.com/en/who-we-are/the-lauder-family/the-Estée-story.
9. About Us. Sephora.com. October 20, 2019.
Chapter 1
1. Sephora Holdings S.A. Cenage, Encyclopedia.com, October 12, 2019, https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/sephora-holdings-sa.
2. Sephora Holdings S.A. Cenage.
3. Sujata, Rao, Ritvik Carvalho, “Dashboard of a Downturn: Global Recession Signals,” Reuters.com, June 21, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-recession-charts/dashboard-of-a-downturn-global-recession-signals-idUSKCN1TM1DS.
4. About Us, Boots UK, http://www.boots-uk.com/about-boots-uk/.
5. Sephora Holdings S.A, Cenage, Encyclopedia.com, October 12, 2019, https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/sephora-holdings-sa.
6. Bendicte Espinay, “Le groupe LVMH achete la chaine de perfumeries Marie-Jeanne Godard,” LesEchos.fr, May 29, 1998, https://www.lesechos.fr/1998/05/le-groupe-lvmh-achete-la-chaine-de-parfumeries-marie-jeanne-godard-793007.
7. Sephora Holdings S.A., Cenage, Encyclopedia.com, October 12, 2019, https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/sephora-holdings-sa.
Chapter 2
1. Julie K. L. Dam, “Looks Matter,” People, November 8, 1999, https://people.com/archive/looks-matter-vol-52-no-18/.
2. Dam.
3. Dam.
4. Dam.
5. Dam.
6. Victoria Colliver, “U.S. Judge Backs Suit vs. Macy’s,” sfgate.com, February 2, 2000, https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/U-S-judge-backs-suit-vs-Macy-s-3076880.php.
7. Colliver.
8. Colliver.
9. Colliver.
10. “Sephora Cosmetics Co. Settles Suit,” Apnews.com, June 14, 2000.
11. Julie K. L. Dam, “Looks Matter.”
12. “Chafik Gasmi,” Fiamitalia.it, https://www.fiamitalia.it/en/designers/chafik-gasmi.
13. “Chafik Gasmi.”
14. Julie K. L. Dam, “Looks Matter.”
15. Dam.
16. Sephora Holdings S.A.
17. Sephora Holdings S.A.
18. “Jacques Levy is Appointed CEO of Sephora Europe,” Businesswire.com, June 3, 2003, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20030603005571/en/Jacques-Levy-Appointed-CEO-Sephora-Europe.
19. “Sephora Collection,” Sephora.com, https://www.sephora.com/brand/sephora-collection.
20. “NPD Reports Strong Sales of StriVectic-SD, Despite Low Awareness; New Study Shows Women Using Stretch Mark Cream Primarily on Their Faces,” Businesswire.com, July 19, 2004, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20040719005020/en/NPD-Reports-Strong-Sales-StriVectin-SD-Awareness-New.
21. “LVMH Passionate Annual Report 2004.” lvmh.fr, March 9, 2005, https://www.lvmh.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ra2004_complet_gbr.pdf.
22. “LVMH Passionate.”
23. “LVMH Passionate.”
24. “J.C. Penney teams up with Sephora,” Nbcnews.com, April 11, 2006, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12270549/ns/business-us_business/t/jc-penney-teams-sephora/#.XbW7QS2ZN0u.
25. Craig Guillot, “Find Success with the Store-Within-a-Store Trend,” Insights, January 12, 2018, https://insights.samsung.com/2018/01/12/find-success-with-the-store-within-a-store-trend/.
26. Guillot.
27. “J.C. Penney teams up with Sephora.”
28. Craig Guillot, “Find Success with the Store-Within-a-Store Trend.”
29. Katie Rosseinsky, “Sephora Sadly Won’t Be Coming to the UK After All,” Grazia Daily, March 6, 2019, https://graziadaily.co.uk/beauty-hair/makeup/sephora-uk-update-london/.
30. Laura Capon. “Sephora is No Longer Shipping to the UK,” cosmopolitan.com, July 20, 2018, https://www.cosmopolitan.comuk/beauty-hair/makeup/a22495023/sephora-no-longer-shipping-to-the-uk-france/.
31. Capon.
32. “LVMH Passionate About Creativity Annual Report 2006,” lvmh.rf, February 14, 2007, https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/infanu/30082/iaLVMHa2006ieng.pdf.
33. LVMH Passionate.
34. LVMH Passionate.
35. LVMH Passionate.
36. Alex McEachern, “Loyalty Case Study: Sephora’s Beauty Insider,” July 28, 2017, https://blog.smile.io/loyalty-case-study-sephoras-beauty-insider-vib.
37. “Beauty Insider Frequently Asked Questions,” Sephora.com, https://www.sephora.com/beauty/loyalty-program.
38. Alex McEachern, “Loyalty Case Study: Sephora’s Beauty Insider.”
39. McEachern.
40. McEachern.
41. McEachern.
Chapter 3
1. Roger C. Altman, “The Great Crash,” Foreign Affairs, February 23, 2009.
2. “LVMH Passionate About Creativity: Annual Report 2008,” February 5, 2009, https://www.lvmh.fr/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/ra-lvmh-en.pdf.
3. “Jacques Levy, former CEO of Sephora died at 62,” Premium Beauty News, January 4, 2012, https://www.premiumbeautynews.com/en/jacques-levy-former-ceo-of-sephora,3694.
4. Christopher de Lapuente Appointed Global President and CEO of Sephora, BusinessWire.com, March 9, 2011, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110309006073/en/Christopher-de-Lapuente-Appointed-Global-President-CEO.
5. Natalie Robehmed, “How Rihanna Created $600 Million Fortune—And Became the World’s Richest Female Musician,” Forbes.com, June 4, 2019, https://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2019/06/04/rihanna-worth-fenty-beauty/#4ed4831f13de.
6. Pete Born, “LVMH Signs Rihanna to Create a Makeup Brand,” WWD.com, April 14, 2016, https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/color-cosmetics/lvmh-rihanna-makeup-brand-10409670/.
7. Natalie Robehmed, “How Rihanna Created $600 Million Fortune.”
8. Robehmed.
9. Robehmed.
10. Jeremy Harris, “In Conversation: Rihanna,” New York Times Style Magazine, May 19, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/05/20/t-magazine/rihanna-fenty-louis-vuitton.html.
11. “Calvin McDonald Named President and CEO of Sephora Americas; Succeeds David Suliteanu Who Will Step Down after 13 Years to Become CEO of Kendo Brands, an LVMH Incubator of New Beauty Brands,” Businesswire.com, October 24, 2013, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20131024006415/en/Calvin-McDonald-Named-President-CEO-Sephora-Americas.
12. “Calvin McDonald.”
13. “Calvin McDonald.”
14. “Calvin McDonald.”
15. Julie Bornstein, Daniel McGinn, “How Sephora Reorganized to Become a More Digital Brand,” Harvard Business Review, June 26, 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/06/how-sephora-reorganized-to-become-a-more-digital-brand.
16. Bornstein.
17. Bornstein.
18. Bornstein.
19. Bornstein.
20. Bornstein.
21. Bornstein.
22. Bornstein.
23. Bornstein.
24. “LVMH Passionate About Creativity: Annual Report 2016,” Lvmh.fr, https://r.lvmh-static.com/uploads/2017/01/lvmh_financial-documents-_va.pdf.
25. “LVMH Passionate.”
26. “LVMH Passionate.”
27. “Sephora Announces Innovation Lab to Usher in the Future of Retail,” PRNewswire.com, March 5, 2015, https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/sephora-announces-innovation-lab-to-usher-in-the-future-of-retail-300046332.html.
28. “Sephora Announces.”
29. “Sephora Announces.”
30. “Sephora Announces.”
31. “Sephora Announces.”
32. “Sephora Announces.”
33. “Sephora Announces.”
34. “Sephora Announces.”
35. “Sephora Announces.”
36. “How Sephora Wins at Omnichannel,” Pyments.com, March 11, 2015.
37. “How Sephora.”
38. “How Sephora.”
39. “How Sephora.”
40. “How Sephora.”
41. Priya Rao, “Sephora Head of Omnichannel Retail Mary Beth Laughton: ‘We Need to Over-deliver,’” Glossy.co, December 12, 2018, https://www.glossy.co/new-face-of-beauty/sephora-head-of-omnichannel-retail-mary-beth-laughton-we-need-to-over-deliver.
42. Rao.
43. Rao.
44. Rao.
45. Bree Gonzales, “Sephora Customer Alleges Virtual Artist Kiosks Don’t Inform Customers in Writing of Biometrics Collection,” Cookcountyrecord.com, December 12, 2018, https://cookcountyrecord.com/stories/511659209-sephora-customer-alleges-virtual-artist-kiosks-don-t-inform-customers-in-writing-of-biometrics-collection.
46. Gonzales.
47. Gonzales.
48. Gonzales.
49. Adam Schwartz, “New Attack on the Illinois Biometric Privacy Act,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, October 4, 2018, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2018/04/new-attack-illinois-biometric-privacy-act.
50. Priya Rao, “Sephora Head of Omnichannel Retail Mary Beth Laughton: ‘We Need to Over-deliver.”
51. Rao.
52. Rao.
53. Rao.
54. Elizabeth Segran, “Sephora Picks 24 Influencers for its Coveted #SephoraSquad Program,” Fast Company, March 29, 2019, https://www.fastcompany.com/90326765/sephora-brings-25-influencers-into-its-coveted-sephorasquad-program.
55. Segran.
56. #Lipstores, Apple Podcast Preview, https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/lipstories/id1370728732.
57. Maddie Iribarren, “Sephora Brings Beauty to the Google Home Hub,” Voicebot.ai, November 8, 2018, https://voicebot.ai/2018/11/08/sephora-brings-beauty-to-the-google-home-hub/.
58. Iribarren.
59. Iribarren.
60. Iribarren.
Chapter 4
1. Susan Saulny, “Cosmetics Retailer Is Accused of Discrimination,” the New York Times, November 8, 2003, https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/08/nyregion/cosmetics-retailer-is-accused-of-discrimination.html.
2. Saulny.
3. Saulny.
4. Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse, University of Michigan Law School, April 2, 2008, https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=8535.
5. Daniel Wiessner, “Sephora Discriminated Against Asian Customers, Law Suit Claims,” Reuters.com, November 19, 2014, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lawsuit-sephora-idUSKCN0J31Z020141119.
6. Georgina Caldwell, “Sephora Settles in Asian Customer Discrimination Class Action,” GlobalCosmeticsNews.com, May 30, 2017, https://www.globalcosmeticsnews.com/sephora-settles-in-asian-customer-discrimination-class-action/.
7. Caldwell.
8. Ann Bucher, “Sephora Beauty Insider Class Action Settlement,” TopClassActions.com, February 22, 2017, https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/closed-settlements/496914-sephora-beauty-insider-class-action-settlement/.
9. Cindy Diaz, “A Viral Video Shows a Sephora Employee Being Accused of Racially Profiling Customers,” Insider.com, August 11, 2017, https://www.insider.com/sephora-employee-accused-of-racially-profiling-customers-2017-8.
10. Hollie Silverman, “SZA Accusation Prompts Sephora to Close All Locations Wednesday for Diversity Training,” CNN.com, June 3, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/03/business/sephora-diversity-training/index.html.
11. Silverman.
12. Joan Verdon, “We’re Closing for Diversity Training. But Not Because of The SZA Tweet,” Forbes.com, June 5, 2019, https:/www.forbes.com/sites/joanverdon/2019/06/05/sephora-says-it-planned-store-closings-months-before-szas-tweet/#4dc366931d36.
13. Verdon.
14. Verdon.
15. Verdon.
16. Verdon.
17. Verdon.
18. Melissa Hoffman, “PR Fail? Sephora Denies Doing the Right Thing for the Right Reasons,” Prnewsonline.com, May 6, 2019, https://www.prnewsonline.com/sephora-pr-fail.
19. Hoffman.
20. Hoffman.
21. Kiki Meola, “Leslie Jones Slams Sephora Ban After Friends Left in Tears, Challenges the Store’s Inclusivity Training,” UsMagazine.com, June 6, 2019, https://www.usmagazine.com/stylish/news/leslie-jones-slams-sephora-ahead-of-inclusivity-training/.
22. Amy Capetta, “A Woman Claims She Got Herpes from Sephora Lipstick.” Self.com, November 3, 2017, https://www.self.com/story/woman-claims-she-got-herpes-from-sephora-lipstick-samples.
23. Capetta.
24. Capetta.
25. Abc.com Staff, “Sephora Settles Suit from Woman Who Says She Contracted Herpes from Lipstick Sample,” Abc13.com, April 4, 2019, https://abc13.com/fashion/sephora-settles-suit-saying-woman-got-herpes-from-lipstick-sample/5233541/.
26. Abc.com Staff, “Sephora Settles Suit from Woman Who Says She Contracted Herpes from Lipstick Sample.”
27. Abc.com Staff.
28. Company Statements, “Company Responses: Makeup Testers,” Cbc.ca, March 16, 2018.
29. Garenne Bibgy, “Web Accessibility Lawsuits Set to Increase Under Trump,” Dynomapper.com, January 25, 2018, https://dynomapper.com/blog/27-accessibility-testing/443-web-accessibility-lawsuits-set-to-increase-under-trump.
30. Paul Tassin, “Sephora Class Action Says Blind Customers Unable to Shop Online,” Top Class Actions, February 17, 2017, https://topclassactions.com/lawsuit-settlements/lawsuit-news/491662-sephora-class-action-says-blind-customers-unable-shop-online/.
31. “Marett v. Sephora USA, Inc. New York Southern District Court,” Pacemonitor.com, April 11, 2017, https://www.pacermonitor.com/public/case/20510828/Marett_v_Sephora_USA,_Inc.
32. Garenne Bibgy, “Web Accessibility Lawsuits Set to Increase Under Trump.”
33. Chloe Foussianes, “What is Olivia Jade Giannulli Doing Now?” TownandCountryMag.com, August 14, 2019, https://www.townandcountrymag.com/leisure/arts-and-culture/a28690057/.
34. Scott Stump, “Sephora Drops Partnership with Lori Loughlin’s Daughter Olivia Jade,” Today.com, March 14, 2019, https://www.today.com/style/lori-loughlin-s-daughter-olivia-jade-gianulli-loses-sephora-makeup-t150388.
35. Zack Friedman, “Lori Laughlin Pleads Not Guilty to Bribery,” Forbes.com, November 2, 2019.
36. “Brooke Shields Slaps Charlotte Tilbury, Sephora, Nordstrom, and Co. with Lawsuit Over “‘Brook S.’ Eyebrow Pencil,” TheFashionlaw.com, May 9, 2019, http://www.thefashionlaw.com/home/brooke-shields-slaps-charlotte-tilbury-with-lawsuit-over-brooke-s-eyebrow-pencil.
37. “Brooke Shields.”
38. “Brooke Shields.”
39. “Brooke Shields.”
40. Haley Blum, “Sephora pulls Kat Von D lipstick over ‘degrading’ name,” USAToday.com, November 8, 2013, https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2013/11/08/sephora-pulls-kat-von-d-lipstick-over-offensive-name/3474443/.
41. Blum.
Chapter 5
1. Stephanie Crets, “Beauty Retailers Grow US Online Sales 24 percent,” DigitalCommerc360.com, December 26, 2018, https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/article/beauty-ecommerce-sales/.
2. Crets.
3. Wiseguyreports.com, “Global Beauty Supplements Market 2019: Key Players, Trends, Demand, Segmentation, Opportunities Forecast to 2024,” Reuters.com, April 15, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/brandfeatures/venture-capital/article?id=99891.
4. “Global Beauty.”
5. “Global Beauty.”
6. Arturo Garcia, “CBD Beauty Industry: How Big is the Potential Market Really?” Born2Invest, March 31, 2019, https://born2invest.com/articles/cbd-beauty-industry-potential-market/.
7. Garcia.
8. Garcia.
9. Garcia.
10. Garcia.
11. Nia Warfield, “Men Are a Multibillion Dollar Growth Opportunity for the Beauty Industry,” CNBC.com, May 18, 2019, https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/17/men-are-a-multibillion-dollar-growth-opportunity-for-the-beauty-industry.html.
12. Warfield.
13. Warfield.
14. Warfield.
15. Warfield.
16. Warfield.
17. Warfield.
18. “Ayurvedic Market 2018 Global Analysis, Opportunities and Forecast to 2023,” Marketwatch.com, October 31, 2018, https://www.marketwatch.com/press-release/ayurvedic-market-2018-global-analysis-opportunities-and-forecast-to-2023-2018-10-31.
19. “Ayurvedic Market.”
20. Kia Kokalitcheva, “How Sephora is Helping Budding Female Entrepreneurs,” Fortune.com, September 9, 2016.
21. Kokalitcheva.
22. “Sephora Continues to Build a Community of Female Beauty Founders with Announcement of Fourth Sephora Accelerate Cohort,” Businesswire.com, March 18, 2019, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190318005383/en/Sephora-Continues-Build-Community-Female-Beauty-Founders.
23. “Sephora Continues.”
24. “Sephora Continues.”
25. “Sephora Continues.”
26. “Sephora Continues.”
27. “Sephora Continues.”
28. “Sephora Continues.”
29. “Sephora Continues.”
30. “Sephora Continues.”
31. SephoraStands.com.
32. SephoraStands.com.
33. SephoraStands.com.
34. SephoraStands.com.
35. SephoraStands.com.
36. SephoraStands.com.
37. “12 Coachella 2019 Brand Activations You Can’t Miss,” Mediakix.com, https://mediakix.com/blog/coachella-brand-event-activations-influencers/.
38. Alexandra Mondalek, “Instagram’s New Beauty-Partnerships Team Will Cater to a Growing Community,” Glossy.co, May 7, 2018, https://www.glossy.co/new-face-of-beauty/instagrams-new-beauty-partnerships-team-will-cater-to-a-growing-community.
39. Stephanie Montes, “SEPHORiA House of Beauty 2019 is the Coachella of Beauty & I Got To Experience It,” Elitedaily.com, October 14, 2019, https://www.elitedaily.com/p/sephoria-house-of-beauty-2019-is-the-coachella-of-beauty-i-got-to-experience-it-18754429.
40. Press Release, “Sephora Is Expanding Its Footprint Across the U.S. with 35 New Locations in 2019,” Businesswire.com, March 11, 2019, https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20190311005162/en/Sephora-Expanding-Footprint-U.S.-35-New-Locations.
41. “Sephora is Expanding.”
42. Orangetwist.com, https://orangetwist.com/sephora-orangetwist/.
43. Press Release, “Sephora Announces Launch of First Credit Card,” Businesswire.com, March 14, 2019.
44. Mary Curran Hackett, The Capital One Story. New York: HarperCollins Leadership, 2020.
45. Alison DeNisco Rayome, “How Sephora is Leveraging AR and AI to Transform Retail and Help Customers Buy Cosmetics,” TechRepublic.com, February 15, 2018, https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-sephora-is-leveraging-ar-and-ai-to-transform-retail-and-help-customers-buy-cosmetics/.
46. Rayome.
47. Rayome.
48. Rayome.
49. “U.S. Prestige Beauty Industry Sales Grow 6 Percent in 2018, Reports The NPD Group,” NPD.Com, January 29, 2019, https://www.npd.com/wps/portal/npd/us/news/press-releases/2019/u-s--prestige-beauty-industry-sales-grow-6-percent-in-2018--reports-the-npd-group/.
50. “U.S. Prestige.”
51. Anna Nicolaou and Aimee Keane, “Retail: Is the beauty industry ‘Amazon-Proof’?” Financial Times, May 7, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/acfe1924-4de9-11e8-8a8e-22951a2d8493.
52. Nicolaou.
53. Harriet Agnew and Hannah Copeland, “For Sephora, the Store is Core to Its Beauty,” FT.com, July 25, 2019, https://www.ft.com/content/530db1bc-ae06-11e9-8030-530adfa879c2.
54. Agnew.
55. Agnew.
56. Agnew.
Conclusion
1. Jenny Fine, “Exclusive: Jean-Andre Rougeot Named CEO of Sephora Americas,” WWD.com, 8 January 8, 2019, https://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/sephora-ceo-jean-andre-rougeot-1202950723-1202950723/.
2. Fine.
3. Fine.
4. Fine.
5. “The Sephora Shopper (2015),” Thebenchmarkingcompany.com.
6. Denise Herich, “What is the Sephora Shopper Seeking,” Gcimagazine.com, September 20, 2015, https://www.gcimagazine.com/marketstrends/consumers/women/What-is-the-Sephora-Shopper-Seeking-328432351.html.
Business Lessons
1. Julie K. L. Dam, “Looks Matter.”