Acheson, Dean, 99
Adam, Jean Baptiste, 31, 32, 33
Addu Atoll, 56
Afghan war, 9
as a source of oil for the United States, 188–89
“Africa Command” (AFRICOM), 189
Afro-Mauritians (Creoles), 131, 135, 137, 138–39, 140, 143
ti-kreol (“little Creole”) subset of, 139
Alaska, 246–47n31
displacement of Aleutian islanders, 66
Aldabra Affair, 98
Aldabra Island, 79, 85–86, 96, 99–100, 228n12
Alexis, Charlesia, 168
Alexis, Janette, 143, 144, 146, 157–58
American Samoa, 48
Andaman Islands, 56
anthropology/anthropologists, and research concerning empire, 210–11n49
Arab-Israeli War (1973), 121, 246n23
Ascension Island, 50, 53, 184, 245n12, 246–47n31
Ashworth, Frederick L., 63
Attu Island, 66
Aust, Anthony, 92
Bagley, Worth H., 107
Baie du Tombeau, 147
Balad Air Base, 17
Bancoult, Alex, 6, 140, 141, 142, 148, 195
death of his wife by suicide, 153
Bancoult, Eddy, 6, 142, 148, 195
Bancoult, Julien, 5, 6, 127, 195
death of, from sagren (profound sorrow), 149
illness (stroke) of, 132–33
Bancoult, Louis Olivier, 141, 168, 169–70, 175, 177–78, 179, 243n34
on the rights of Chagossians, 191, 195
Bancoult, Marie Rita Elysée, 1, 2, 5–6, 18, 20, 39, 68, 132–33, 141, 167, 168
coconut/copra-processing occupation of, 30–31
on the death of her husband, 149
living conditions of in Cassis, 127–28
social status of, 137
Bancoult, Mimose, 141, 142, 162
Bancoult, Rénault, 6, 148, 195
Bandjunis, Vytautas, 42
Barber, Richard, 197–98, 205n5
Barber, Stuart, 4, 18, 59–60, 61, 68, 69, 182, 184, 197–98, 244n1
and the “Strategic Island Concept,” 4–5, 41–42, 49, 60
Barksdale Air Force Base (Louisiana), 187
“base displacement,” 65–68, 182–83
Benedict, Burton, 134
Benedict, Marion, 134
Bikini Atoll, 16, 63, 246–47n31
compensation paid to the Bikinians by the United States, 221n33
removal of the native Bikinians by the U.S. Navy, 63–64
Bishop, James, 117
Blood, Hilary, 38
Bloomfield, Lincoln P., 177
Bonin-Volcano Islands, 183, 184, 245n12
Boswell, Rosabelle, 135
Bowman, Larry, 21
Brazil, 50
British East India Company, 23
British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), 7, 15, 83, 87, 90–91, 102, 108, 173–74, 178, 180, 244n1
partial payment of its expenses by the United States, 83, 87, 116
refusal of to allow Chagossians back to Diego Garcia, 92–93
ships of (Nordvær and Isle of Farquhar) used in deportation of Chagossians from Diego Garcia, 109, 113, 114–15, 119–20, 160
use of Orders in Council for the formation of, 83–84
BIOT Ordinance No. 1 (1967), 92
BIOT Immigration Ordinance #1 (1971), 112
Bourgois, Philippe, 181
Brewer, William, 116, 118, 234n17
Brooke-Turner, Alan, 91
Brown, George, 86
Brown & Root (later Kellogg Brown & Root [subsidiary of Halliburton]), 8, 12
Burawoy, Michael, 210–11n49
Burke, Arleigh A., 13, 68–69, 182
Burma, 53
Camp Humphreys (Daechuri village, South Korea), 182
Caroline Islands, 63
foreign policy doctrine of (Carter Doctrine), 41, 188–89
Cassis (Port Louis, Mauritius), 126–28
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 2, 9, 46, 73, 181
use of “extraordinary rendition,” 190
Central Intelligence Group, 73
Ceylon, 56
Chafee, John H., 103
Chagos-Agalega Ltd.: lease of Chagos from the United Kingdom, 92
neglect of Chagos by, 93
purchase of Chagos by, 38–39
purchase of Chagos from, 92
British possession of, 23
demographic stability of, 27–28
detachment of from Mauritius, 82–84
deteriorating conditions of, 93
first inhabitants of, 21, 23–24
Franco-Mauritian settlers of, 24, 213n16
as the “Oil Islands,” 3
ownership/purchase of by Chagos-Agalega Limited, 38–39
and the plantation system, 24–27
pre–World War II isolation of, 34–35
steamship transportation among the islands of, 33–34
Chagos Kreol language, 2, 3, 29, 146, 205n1
Chagos Refugees Group (CRG), 136, 168–71, 242n17, 243n26, 243–44n42
lawsuit of against the British Crown, 12, 169–71
lawsuit of against the United States, 12
Chagossian Social Committee (CSC), 168–71
Chagossians, 1, 3, 15–16, 18, 19, 191, 247n38
daily life of, 29, 35–37, 214n35
as a distinct indigenous group, 12, 168
future hope for, 195–96
gradual depopulation of, 92–93
granting of British citizenship to, 172–73, 243n26
guaranteed work for, 35
indigenous drinks of, 36
labor unrest among, 31–33
occupational skills of, 134
plans for resettlement of, 192–94
religious practices of, 29–30
research concerning, 13–15, 207nn24–25, 208nn27–28
and the sega tradition, 36–37
stranding of on Mauritius, 94. See also Chagossians, deportation/expulsion of from Diego Garcia
Chagossians, deportation/expulsion of from Diego Garcia, 8, 10–11, 103–5, 107, 110–11, 113–15, 207n24, 228–29n15, 234–35n20
as an act of racism, 181–83
alcohol abuse among deportees, 153, 154
British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT) ships (Nordvær and Isle of Farquhar) used in the deportation, 109, 113, 114–15, 119–20, 160
bureaucracy involved in, 115–18
compensation of (either land or money) for deportees, 11–12, 119, 146–48, 165–66, 167–68
congressional hearings concerning, 122–25
deaths of deportees from illness and suicide, 130–32, 233n45, 237n22
deteriorating conditions of the deportees, 118–20
discrimination faced by deportees, 137–40, 239n5
dogs killed during 113–14
educational barriers faced by deportees, 141–43
feelings of powerlessness among women deportees, 145
health concerns of deportees, 153–54
housing problems faced by deportees, 146–47, 150–51, 236n5
lack of occupational opportunities for deportees, 134–36, 142, 239n13
overcrowded conditions on the deportation boats, 114–15, 119–20
planning for the removal of from Diego Garcia, 90–92, 101–2
plight of the deportees after reaching Mauritius, 115–16, 129–31
prostitution as a form of employment for deportees, 136, 238n37
rationale of the United States for deportation, 79–80
the “root shock” of displacement, 155–156, 161–63
sense of exclusion (lack of national and other identity) among deportees, 143–46
unemployment among deportees, 131, 133–34, 151. See also Chagossians, resistance of to deportation (lalit chagossien); derasine (deracinated); Ilois (the Islanders); Mauritian Government: and the resettlement of Chagossians; sagren (profound sorrow): dying of
Chagossians, resistance of to deportation (lalit chagossien), 164–66, 177–79
lawsuit against the United States, 171–72, 174
lawsuits against the British Crown, 12, 169–71, 174
legal challenge of to the Orders in Council, 175
and the Rann Nu Diego (“Give Us Back Diego”) campaign, 166–68, 171
in the Seychelles, 171–72, 239n11
support of the Chagos Refugees Group (CRG) for, 168–71
support of the Chagossian Social Committee (CSC) for, 168–71
women as leaders of, 165–66
Chagossians Committee Seychelles, 242n17
Cheri, Sandra, 153–54
Chi Chi Jima (Japan), 218n27
China, 57, 58, 60, 61, 220–21n20
Churchill, George T., 123–25, 171
Clark Air Force Base (Philippines), 66
Clifford, Clark, 100
Cochrane, E. L., Jr., 111
coconuts/coconut oil, 3, 24, 28, 29, 35
shelling of coconuts, 30–31. See also copra
Cocos/Keeling Islands, 80
Cohn, Carole, 97
Cold War, the, 59, 60, 184, 220–21n20
military solutions for, 184–85
colonialism, 210–11n49. See also decolonization
Colson, Elizabeth, 144–45, 156
Committee of Twenty-Four on Decolonization, 91
Congo (Belgian Congo), 116–17
Cook, Robin, 170–71
copra industry in the Seychelles, 134
CORDS (civilian operations and revolutionary development support), 73
Correa, Rafael, 17
Costa Rica, 49
Courtois, Lindor, 23
Coutelais-du-Roche, Mouza, 232n31
Culebra Island (Puerto Rico), 66, 110–11
Curtis, Mark, 181
Daechuri village, South Korea, 182
Dagorne (Monsieur Dagorne), 31, 32, 33
Death without Weeping: The Violence of Everyday Life in Brazil (Scheper-Hughes), 240n15
De Chazal du Mée (former Arthur Anderson affiliate), 171
decolonization, 7, 41, 59, 82, 184, 186
United Nations’ rules concerning, 90–91. See also Committee of Twenty-Four on Decolonization
derasine (deracinated), experience of among Chagossians, 6, 160, 161, 162, 241n30
Desroches Island, 228n12
DG21 consortium, 7
Diego, 32–33
Diego Garcia (island), 1, 2, 21, 38
British possession of, 23
British survey of (1745), 21
as a coaling station, 29
exports of, 29
as “Fantasy Island,” 79
French repossession of, 23
French settlement of, 23
indigenous population of, 5
lack of press coverage concerning U.S./U.K. plans for its indigenous population, 80–81
separation of from Mauritius, 77
Diego Garcia (military base), 2, 18, 19, 216n1, 231n20, 240n23, 244n1
activities available to troops, 7
amount of military investment in, 8
as an “austere” refueling facility for ships, 96
as base for cargo ships “prepositioned” for wartime, 8
budget of as an “austere communications facility,” 103
budget requests for expansion of, 121
and the Carter Doctrine, 188–89
as a CIA “black site” secret prison, 9
construction of Camp Justice, 9
construction/expense of submarine base on, 9
“Exchange of Notes” (U.S./U.K., 1966) for, 86–87
Global Positioning System (GPS) on, 8
growth/expansion of, 8, 120–22
harbor facilities of, 8
limited access to, 14–15
number of military troops on, 6
as part of “strategic triangle” of military bases, 79–80, 225–26n36
proposed initial budgets for, 100, 101
refusal to hire native Chagossians, 140
role of in the Cold War, 183–85
role of in the buildup of military strength in the Middle East, 185
role of in the Iraq War, 9, 189–90
secret agreement (U.S./U.K.) for funding and use of, 86–88
selection of as a military base, 61
surveillance and monitoring systems of, 8
types of planes stationed at, 8, 9
use of during the first Gulf War, 8
use of for rendition flights, 9–10
use of as a traditional tool of empire, 185–86
displacement, forced/involuntary, 128, 132, 134
Dominican Republic, 49
“Downing Street” memorandum (2002), 9
Dulles, John Foster, 76
East Point (capital of Diego Garcia), 38
Egmont Atoll, 21
Eichengruen, Elly, 157
Eichengruen, Erwin, 157
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 58
El Salvador, 49
Emden, 34
dynamics of, 19
European territorial, 246n24
importance of military bases to security of, 42
research concerning, 210–11n49. See also U.S. Empire
Enloe, Cynthia, 245n15
Enthoven, Alain, 96
Eriksen, Thomas H., 139
Estabrook, Robert, 81–82
“ethnographies of empire,” 210–11n49
Exxon-Mobil, 189
Farquhar Island, 228n12
Ferguson, Niall, 43
Ford, Gerald R., 121
Ford administration, response to questions concerning the Chagossian deportation, 122–23
Foreign Affairs, 17
Fort Bragg (North Carolina), 209–10n48, 223n52
declining colonial presence of, 59, 60
French Company of the Indies, 21
Friedman, Hal, 52
Friendly, Alfred, 80
Fullilove, Mindy, 154, 155–56, 162
Germany, 53
Gerson, Joseph, 55
Ghost Plane (Grey), 9
Gifford, Richard, 169, 175, 176, 242n14
Gore-Booth, Paul, 91
Gough, Kathleen, 210–11n49
Greatbatch, Bruce, 108, 113, 114
Greenfield, Jeff, 80
Greenhill, D. A., 91
Gregory, Derek, 208n28
Grey, Stephen, 9
Guadalcanal, 53
Guam, 43, 48, 51, 52, 53, 65, 184, 187, 246–47n31
Guantánamo Bay naval base, 49, 190
Guatemala, 49
Gulf of Guinea, U.S. oil imports from, 188
Hack, Susan, 236n2
Hamilton, Charles, 15
Hamilton, Lee H., 123–25
Harvey, Philip, 12
Hawai‘i, 246–47n31
annexation of, 48
possession of Pearl Harbor by the United States, 65
seizure of Koho‘olawe Island by the U.S. Navy, 65
Hayden, Michael, 10
Hébert, F. Edward, 52
Hilaire, Oscar, 31
Hmong refugees, Sudden Unexpected Death Syndrome among, 156–57
Ho, Enseng, 190
Holloway, James, III, 171
Homefront: A Military City and the American 20th Century (Lutz), 209–10n48
Honduras, 49
Horsman, Reginald, 47
“humanpolitik,” 192
“I Accept My Mizer” (Jean-Roy and Toombo Bancoult), 158–59
“I Am Alone on the Earth” (Mimose Bancoult Furcy), 142–43
“I Was Thirteen Years Old” (Mimose Bancoult Furcy), 161
Ignatieff, Michael, 43
Ignatius, Paul R., 97
Ilois (the Islanders), 3, 29, 81, 115–16, 135–36, 122, 137, 140. See also Chagossians
imperialism, 18, 89, 189, 210–11n49
definition of, 216–17n9
economic, 43
the “imperial present,” 246–47n31
indentured laborers (engages): European, 25
Indian, 27–28, 138. See also Indians, south; Indo-Mauritians
India, 53, 56, 107, 237n23. See also Kisan people
Indian Ocean, 41
Anglo-French competition for control of, 21
British influence in, 56
as a “British lake,” 23
U.S. expansion into, 231n20. See also British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT); specifically listed individual islands
Indian Ocean Task Force, 75–76
as the “Concord Squadron,” 76
Indo-Mauritians, 61, 131, 138–39
International Money Fund (IMF), 43, 46
role of Diego Garcia in, 9, 189–90
Italy, 53
Jackson, Henry, 102
Jacques, Ernestine Marie Joseph, 23
Jagers, Naomi, 197
rebuilding of after World War II, 57
Jeffery, Laura, 171–72
John, Caspar, 68–69
Johnson, Chalmers, 185
Johnson, Lyndon, 81, 86, 221n33, 224n8
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 69, 70, 76, 82, 84
reappraisal of Diego Garcia proposal, 100
Kennan, George, 52
“containment policy” of, 57, 58
Kennedy, Edward, 122
Kennedy, John F., 60–61, 72, 74
approval of for communications base on Diego Garcia, 75
Kili Island, 64
Kitchen, Jeffrey Coleman, 69, 76–78, 80, 82, 83
Koho‘olawe Island (Hawai‘i), 65
Komer, Robert, 13, 72–75, 84, 182, 224n8
“pacification” program of, 73
support of for an Indian Ocean Task Force, 75–76
support of for island bases in the Indian Ocean, 73–74
kuto dekoke, 30–31
Kwajalein Island/Atoll, 51, 64, 219n46, 222n49, 246–47n31
displacement of native peoples from, 67
La Fontaine (Lieutenant La Fontaine), 20, 21, 39
laba (“out there”), 20, 36, 149, 149n, 152, 159
Lake, Anthony, 118
Lalit de Klas (Class Struggle party), 172
Lassemillante, Hervé, 168, 242n13
latristes (feelings of profound sadness), 160–61, 162–63
Legère, Anastasie, 23
Le Leger, Theophile, 23
Levillain, Michel, 23
Levillain, Prudence, 23
Lib Island, 64
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 73
Long-Range Objectives Group (“Op-93”), 41, 61. See also Barber, Stuart
Lutz, Catherine, 58–59, 209–10n48, 210–11n49, 227n64
MacArthur, Douglas, 52
Mahé Island, 128
Maldive Islands, 56
Mandarin, Fernand, 168
Mansfield, Mike, 103
Mardemootoo, Sivarkumen (“Robin”), 12, 169
Marshall Islands, 51, 63, 64, 246–47n31
Martin, Luis Muñoz, 66
Mascarenes, 39
Mauritius (Île de France), 1, 23, 27, 28, 61, 77, 78, 82, 120, 246–47n31
abolition of slavery in (1835), 24, 27
British possession of, 23
British oversight of, 213n17
Chagossians stranded on, 93–94
conditions of transplanted Chagossians in, 126–28, 130
continued French influence in while under British control, 24
deaths of transplanted Chagossians through illness and suicide, 130–32
economic transformation of, 133, 134–36
economy of, 151–52
establishment of export processing zones (EPZs) in, 133, 142
French settlement in, 21
inability of to provide for Chagossian deportees, 115
instability of after gaining its independence, 94
number of Chigossian deportees in prison in, 136
unemployment in, 94. See also Cassis (Port Louis, Mauritius); Cité Ilois; Pointe aux Sables
Mauritian Government, 164, 242n15
attempts of to diversify its economy, 133
British payment to Mauritius for resettlement costs, 119, 146, 165
compensation in land to deported Chagossians, 167
and the resettlement of Chagossians, 115, 118–19, 167, 242n10
Mauritian Militant Party (MMM), 166
McCaffrey, Barry, 9
McCaffrey, Katherine, 66, 67–68
McGranahan, Carole, 54
McKinley, William, 48
McNamara, Robert, 12, 14, 61, 70, 74–75, 84–85, 99, 171
authorization of for payment of Great Britain’s BIOT expenses, 82–83
move of to the World Bank, 100
and plans for a military base on Aldabra, 85–86
and the Systems Analysis branch of the Department of Defense (DOD), 96–97
Mein, Marie Therese, 119–20
Menezes, Fradique de, 188
Micronesia, 51, 52, 53, 63, 67, 184
Midway Island, 48
Miliband, David, 9
military aircraft (U.S.): B-1 bombers, 8, 9, 189
B-2 “stealth” bombers, 8, 9, 189
military bases, 4
“lily pad” bases, 186
forts of (U.S. Army) west of the Mississippi, 47. See also Diego Garcia (military base); Strategic Island Concept; United States, military bases of
Minerve, 23
mizer (miserable abject poverty), 137, 160–61, 162–63
Moorer, Thomas, 14, 69, 102, 107, 121, 171, 182
Morocco, 53
Morris, Roger, 118
Moulinie, Marcel, 110
role of in killing Chagossians’ pet dogs, 113–14
Moulinie, Paul, 92, 108, 228n12
Moulinie and Company, 113, 119, 120, 138, 228n14
request of to BIOT for return of Chagossian workers from Mauritius, 92–93, 229n16
Mozambique, 21
Munasinghe, Viranjini, 239n7
Naipaul, V. S., 129–30
Napoleonic Wars, 23
National Security Council Report 68 (1950 [NSC-68]), 57–58, 99
nationalism, 89
Native Americans, 47, 162, 163
Nauvel, Christian, 174
Newsom, Eric, 171
Nicaragua, 49
Nitze, Paul, 14, 57, 58, 69, 83, 97, 105–6, 182
authorship of National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68), 99
as Deputy Secretary of Defense, 99, 100
justifications of for a military base on Diego Garcia, 84–85, 96
Nixon, Richard Milhous, 103
Noble Energy, 189
Nordvær, 109, 113, 114–15, 119–20, 160
Normand, Pierre Marie Le, 23, 24
North American Treaty Organization (NATO), 46, 57
Norwa (Diego Garcia), 110
Noyes, James, 95
Nubians (Egyptian and Sudanese), 156
as essential to the security of the United States, 60, 121
Okinawa/Okinawans, 89, 183, 184, 222n44, 246–47n31
displacement of Okinawans to Bolivia, 16, 66–67, 222n44
Op-93 (U.S. Navy Long-Range Objectives Group), 41, 61. See also Barber, Stuart
Orders in Council: challenge to the legality of, 175
use of to bar any Chagossians from returning to Diego Garcia, 174–75
use of to form the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT), 83–84
Pakistan, 107
Palmyia Island, 50
Parsons, William S., 63
Pauline, Olivette, 2
Peck, E. H., 82
Peros Banhos, 2, 20–21, 24, 37, 93, 119, 120
Corner Island (L’île du Coin), 2, 37
French claims on (1744), 21
Perry, Matthew Calbraith, 218n27
Persian Gulf, 10, 41, 184, 189–90
Philippines, 42, 48, 51, 52, 55, 246–47n31
and the indigenous Aetas people, 66
Piven, Frances Fox, 182
plantations/plantation system, 24–27, 215n54
benefits of to workers, 35
in the Caribbean, 25–26, 213n23
continuation of after emancipation, 27–28
in different parts of the world, 25
importation of indentured labor from India, 27, 214n28
management system of, 26
and the petite plantation for slave use, 25
post-emancipation wages and housing for workers, 28–30
Pointe aux Sables (Port Louis, Mauritius), 150
Pointe Marianne (Diego Garcia), 110
Polaris missile system, research and development costs of, 87–88
Pona, Joseph, 23
Pona, Pauline, 23
Powell, Colin, 43
Project Phoenix, 73
Puerto Rico, 42–43, 48, 51, 53, 246–47n31. See also Culebra Island (Puerto Rico); Vieques Island
expulsion of Chagossians from Diego Garcia as an act of racism, 181–83
invalidity of biological definitions of race, 68n, 183n, 239n12
Ramgoolam, Seewoosagur, 83, 119, 167
RAND Corporation, 96
Rapid Deployment Force (RDF), 185. See also U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM)
Ravenal, Earl, 97–98, 101, 105
Raz, Guy, 17
rendition, extraordinary, 9
“Report on the Resettlement of Inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago,” 122
Réunion Island (Île Bourbon), 21
Rice, Condoleezza, 9
Ricketts, Claude, 76
Rivero, Horacio, 63, 64, 81, 182, 206n7, 221n22, 244n1
Roche Bois (Port Louis, Mauritius), 160
Rodrigues (dependency of Mauritius), 139
Rogers, William P., 104
Rongelap Atoll, 64
Rongerik Atoll, 63–64
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 49–50
“root shock” of displacement, 155–56, 161–63
effect of on whole populations, 162. See also Fullilove, Mindy
Rumsfeld, Donald Henry, 12
Rusk, Dean, 72, 75, 80, 81, 101, 226n40
Sadness, dying of, 156–60. See also latristes (feelings of profound sadness); nervos
sagren (profound sorrow), 132, 148, 149, 160–61, 162–63, 195
importance of in explaining illness, 6, 155
resemblance of to nervos, 156
as synecdoche, 152–54
Salomon Islands, 21, 24, 38, 93, 119, 120
São Tomé and Príncipe, 188–89
Scheper-Hughes, Nancy, 156, 181, 240–41n15
Scott, Robert, 3, 30, 37, 38, 213n19
description/opinion of the Chagossians, 39–40
Scudder, Thayer, 144, 156, 157
completion of aircraft runway on Diego Garcia, 120–21
construction of military base on Diego Garcia, 112
Seiberling, John, 222n49
Selmour, Josiane, 145
Seychelles, 1, 27, 35, 39, 77, 78, 82, 83, 108, 120, 146, 242n17, 246–47n31
building of airport in, 116
conditions of transplanted Chagossians in, 128–30, 239n11
copra industry in, 134
economic transformation of, 133–34
economy in, 151–52
number of islands in, 5
racism and discrimination in, 138
as a “rundown plantation,” 134
Sheridan, Bernard, 166
Sick, Gary, 181
Six Islands, 24, 27, 38, 213n16
slaves/slavery, 2, 3, 21, 24, 212n7, 213n19
abolition of slavery in Mauritius (1835), 24, 27
and the plantation system, 24–27
Sloan, Frank, 77
Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down (Fadiman), 156–57
Sokolowski, Wojciech, 12
Souillac, Vicompte de, 23
“South Atlantic and Indian Ocean Monroe Doctrine and Force” (Barber), 41, 216n2
South Korea, 89
Soviet Union, 57, 58, 60, 61, 121, 187, 220–21n20
Spanish-American War (1898), 42
Stevens, Ted, 60
Stevenson, John R., 107–8
Stewart, Michael, 82
Stiefel, Tea, 157
Stimson, Henry L., 48
Stoddart, Jonathan (“Jock”), 117–18
Strategic Island Concept, 4–5, 41–42, 49, 60, 68, 69, 184, 185
as protection for “future freedom of military action,” 184
threats to, 90
as a traditional tool of empire, 185–86
Suez Canal crisis, 59
Suriname, 50
Talate, Aurélie Lisette, 164–66, 167, 168, 175
Tawara, 53
Taylor, Charles, 163
Thorneycroft, Peter, 70
Thule (Greenland), 67, 246–47n31
Tigar, Michael, 10–11, 12, 13, 171, 207n23
Toussaint, Auguste, 39
Treaty of Paris (1814), 23
Trinidad and Tobago, 59, 239n7
Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI), 53
Ujelang Atoll, 64
United Kingdom, 11, 12, 75, 194
agreement (“Exchange of Notes”) of with the United States concerning Diego Garcia (1966), 14–15, 179–80
British Navy/Admiralty, 29, 68–69
declining colonial presence of, 59, 60
exchange of military bases for U.S. destroyers (“destroyers for bases”/“lend-lease”), 49–50
lease of Chagos back to Chagos-Agalega Limited, 92
objections to the cost of Chagossian resettlement on Diego Garcia, 177–78
policy of toward the Chagossians, 94–95
presence of in the Indian Ocean, 56
purchase of Chagos from Chagos-Agalega Limited, 92
pursuit of a base on Aldabra Island, 98
rationale of for supporting the Strategic Island Concept, 70–71
responsibility of for Chagossian deportees, 118
role of in deportation of Chagossians from Diego Garcia, 78–79, 107–10, 111, 122–23, 207n24
secret talks with the United States on island bases in the Indian Ocean, 76–78
“special relationship” of with the United States, 89–90
and the Suez Canal crisis, 59
support of for the Strategic Island Concept, 68–69. See also British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT); Orders in Council
United Nations (UN): Article 73 of the UN charter, 91
Declaration 1514 (XV) on “Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples,” 82
rules of on decolonization, 90–91
United States: agreement (“Exchange of Notes”) of with the United Kingdom concerning Diego Garcia (1966), 14–15, 179
annexation of Hawai‘i, 48
arms race with the Soviet Union, 121
colonial possessions of, 53–54
conquering of Native Americans, 47
denial of the U.S. government that an indigenous population existed on Chagos, 230–31n14
expansion of, 47–48
forts of (U.S. Army) west of the Mississippi, 47
immunity of from unlawful government acts, 190–91
militarization of, 58–59
military dominance of relative to the Soviet Union, 60–61, 220n19
military interventions in foreign countries, 49
opposition of to Chagossian resettlement on Diego Garcia, 177
possessions of in the Pacific, 48
purchase of Alaska (1867), 48
responsibility of for the future of the Chagossians, 180–81
secret talks with the United Kingdom on island bases in the Indian Ocean, 76–78
seizure of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam, 48–49
“special relationship” of with the United Kingdom, 89–90
value of its military installations outside the United States, 16. See also United States, military bases of
United States, military bases of, 227n72, 245n17, 246–47n31
acquisition of bases from foreign countries, 49–51
acquisition of bases in the Pacific during World War II, 50–51, 52
acquisition of British military bases in exchange for destroyers (“destroyers for bases”/“lend-lease”), 49–50
in Afghanistan and Iraq, 16–17
in Africa, 189
in the Balkans and the Middle East, 188
in the Caribbean, 50
displacement of native peoples by the United States for base development (“base displacement”), 65–68, 182–83
evolution of the overseas base network, 53–54
fears by the military of revolts against bases, 89, 228n2
and the “forward strategy,” 57–59
“geopolitical attractiveness” of island bases, 187–88, 246n24
illegitimacy of, 194–95
number of U.S. military bases, 42
number of U.S. military bases in countries other than the United States, 16, 42, 216n8
post–Civil War bases, 47–48
post–World War II basing network, 51–53
power of, 54–55
pre–World War II bases, 217n19
“strategic triangle” of, 79–80
view of Pacific island bases as “strategic trust territory,” 53. See also Diego Garcia (military base)
United States Air Force, 85, 86, 121, 187, 231n20
budget of for base on Aldabra, 96
United States Navy, 61, 84, 85, 86, 96, 101, 106, 121, 183, 231n20, 244n1
and the “forward strategy,” 57–58
importance of military bases to, 187–88
lobbying of for military/naval base at Diego Garcia, 102–3
position of on hiring Chagossians, 233–34n54
report on of the progress of Chagossian deportation, 109
seizure of Koho‘olawe Island by. See also Bikini Atoll; Diego Garcia (military base); Seabees
Urbina, Ricardo, 174
U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), 185
U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), 69, 71, 104, 116, 216n8, 231n20
Systems Analysis department of, 96–98, 100–101
U.S. Embassy (Port Louis), concern of over Chagossian deportees to Mauritius, 115–16
U.S. Empire, 17–18, 18n, 185–86, 191–92, 210–11n49
development of, 12
domination of ocean territory, 187–88
and economic forms of “Open Door” imperialism, 186–87
economic power of its military bases, 46
as an “Empire of Bases,” 42
as an empire of economics, 43
as an empire of “invisibility,” 190
and European territorial empires, 246n24
importance of military bases to, 46
as a “liberal empire,” 43
U.S. State Department, 71, 104, 234–35n20
Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, 101–2
Utirik Atoll, 64
Vieques Island, 16
displacement of native peoples from, 66
Vietnam War, 55, 73, 77, 96, 184, 185
Vincattassin, Michel, 166
Vindasamy, Joseph, 160
Vine, David, 12–15, 207nn24–25, 208nn27–28
Virgin Islands, 49
Wake Island, 53
Walker, Iain, 137
Washington, George, 43
Washington Post, 18, 80–81, 112, 122
Weber, Max, 117
“Westfall Act,” 174
Wilson, Woodrow, 49
Winchester, Simon, 15
Winn, Larry, 121–22
Wizards of Armageddon (Kaplan), 96
World Trade Organization, 46
Wright, Jerauld, 221n22
Yavapai people, 156
Yemen, 194
zanfan Chagossien (an individual born in exile to one or two parents born in Chagos), 159
Zumwalt, Elmo Russell, Jr., 13, 97, 101, 111, 121, 182, 232n31, 233–34n54
role of in establishing military/naval base at Diego Garcia, 106–8