1. Louisette Ighilahriz, Algérienne (Paris: Fayard, 2001), 46; also cited in Allison Drew, We are no longer in France: Communists in Colonial Algeria (Manchester University Press, 2014), ch. 7.
2. Marnia Lazreg, Torture and the Twilight of Empire: From Algiers to Baghdad (Princeton University Press, 2008), 161, citing Ighilahriz, Algérienne, 98–104.
3. For discussion of rape as a weapon of war, see Raphaëlle Branche, Isabelle Delpha, John Horne, Pieter Lagrou, Daniel Palmieri, and Fabrice Virgili, ‘Writing the history of rape in wartime’, in Branche and Virgili, eds, Rape in Wartime (Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2012), 1–16.
4. Ighilahriz, Algérienne, cover material.
5. Général Paul Aussaresses, Services Spéciaux: Algérie, 1955–1957 (Paris: Perrin, 2001).
6. Lazreg, Torture, 1, 141.
7. From Kenya and Palestine especially: for very recent accounts, see Huw Bennett Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency (Cambridge University Press, 2012); Matthew Hughes, ‘From law and order to pacification: Britain’s suppression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39’, Journal of Palestine Studies, 39:2 (2010), 6–22.
8. Tony Chafer and Alexander Keese, eds, Francophone Africa at Fifty (Manchester University Press, 2013).
9. Brad Simpson, ‘The United States and the curious history of self-determination’, DH, 36:4 (2012), 681.
10. DDF, 1960, vol. II, no. 308, ‘Note de la Direction d’Afrique-Levant, fin décembre 1960’.
11. Quoted in Brenda Gayle Plummer, In Search of Power: African Americans in the Era of Decolonization, 1956–1974 (Cambridge University Press, 2013), 86.
12. Julian Go, Patterns of Empire: The British and American Empires, 1688 to the Present (Cambridge University Press, 2011), 11.
13. The Zimbabwean case is especially instructive: see Heike L. Schmidt, Colonialism and Violence in Zimbabwe: A History of Suffering (Oxford: James Currey, 2013).
14. Ryan M. Irwin, ‘A wind of change? White redoubt and the postcolonial moment, 1960–1963’, DH, 33:5 (2009), 898, 907–8, quotation at 915.
15. Robert Aldrich, ‘When did decolonization end? France and the ending of empire’, in Alfred W. McCoy, Josep M. Fradera, and Stephen Jacobson, eds, Endless Empire: Spain’s Retreat, Europe’s Eclipse, America’s Decline (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012), 222.