Note: Full references for all books can be found in the bibliography. See bibliography for a list of abbreviations.
INTRODUCTION
1. Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman, p. 278.
2. Wilson D. Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War, p. 308.
3. Arthur M. Schlesinger, “Our Presidents: A Rating by 75 Historians,” The New York Times Magazine, July 29, 1962, p. 12.
4. Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman, pp. 416–19.
5. Harry Truman, Memoirs; Vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope, paper edition, p. 185.
CHAPTER 1: FDR’S LEGACY
1. “Term IV,” The New York Times, Jan. 21, 1945, p. 63.
2. Bertram D. Hulen, “Shivering Thousands Stamp in the Snow at Inauguration,” The New York Times, Jan. 21, 1945, p. 1.
3. C. P. Trussell, “Truman Hastens to Call Mother,” The New York Times, Jan. 21, 1945, p. 1.
4. Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945, pp. 17–18.
5. Meyer Weisgal, Meyer Weisgal…So Far, p. 218.
6. “Schwartz Says Only 1,500,000 Jews are Left in Europe as a Result of German Murders,” The New York Times, Feb. 17, 1945.
7. Meyer Weisgal, Meyer Weisgal…, p. 217.
8. Martin Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews: A Lifelong Friendship, pp. 27–28.
9. Howard M. Sacher, The History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, pp. 96–99.
10. Herbert G. Feis, The Birth of Israel: The Tousled Diplomatic Bed, p. 13. Theories abound as to what prompted the British government to authorize the Balfour Declaration. Weizmann believed that important British leaders were deeply religious and wanted the biblical injunction of returning the Jews to Palestine to become a reality. Others argued that at the start of the First World War, Britain wanted American intervention, and its leaders hoped that American Jews would help influence public opinion on behalf of intervention. Support of Jewish aspirations in Palestine after the dismantling of the Ottoman Empire at the war’s end, they hoped, would lead the American Jews to offer Britain their support. See James Malcolm, “Origins of the Balfour Declaration: Dr. Weizmann’s Contributions,” National Archives of Great Britain, Kew Gardens, London; FO 371 45383/E8500.
11. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error: The Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann, p. 30.
12. Ibid., pp. 171–72.
13. Nahum Goldmann, The Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann: Sixty Years of Jewish Life, p. 109.
14. Ibid., p. 111.
15. Harlan B. Phillips, ed., Felix Frankfurter Reminisces, pp. 180–85.
16. Samuel Halperin, The Political World of American Zionism, p. 9.
17. Quoted in Abba Eban, My People: The Story of the Jews, 2nd ed., p. 366.
18. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, p. 68.
19. Howard M. Sachar, The History of Israel, p. 134.
20. Herbert G. Feis, The Birth of Israel: The Tousled Diplomatic Bed, pp. 13, 23.
21. Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism, p. 561; also see Abba Eban, My People, p. 366.
22. Howard Sachar, The History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, p. 224.
23. Emanuel Celler, You Never Leave Brooklyn: The Autobiography of Emanuel Celler, p. 117.
24. FDR told this to both Senator Robert A. Taft and Senator Robert F. Wagner. The text of his letters was published in the Zionist magazine New Palestine, Oct. 27, 1944. Also see Stephen Wise’s draft of the letter he asked FDR to publish, CZA Z5/388, Oct. 12, 1944.
25. See, e.g., Arthur D. Morse, While Six Million Died: A Chronicle of American Apathy, and David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1938–1945. For the opposing view, by writers who claimed FDR did all possible for the Jews, see Robert N. Rosen, Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust, and Robert L. Beir with Brian Josephser, Roosevelt and the Holocaust.
26. Meyer Weisgal, Meyer Weisgal, p. 185.
27. Eliahu Elath, Israel and Elath: The Political Struggle for the Inclusion of Elath in the Jewish State, pp. 183, 310.
28. Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena: An Autobiographical Memoir, p. 206.
29. Quoted in Marc Lee Raphael, Abba Hillel Silver: A Profile in American Judaism, p. 79.
30. Ibid., p. 128. Also see: Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 166–67.
31. Marc Lee Raphael, Abba Hillel Silver, p. 94. Also see Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 172–76.
32. Marc Lee Raphael, Abba Hillel Silver, p. 79.
33. Proskauer, quoted in Menahem Kaufman, An Ambiguous Partnership: Nonzionists and Zionists in America, 1938–1948, pp. 148, 160.
34. Zvi Ganin, American Jewry and Israel: 1945–1948, p. 13.
35. Stimson to Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations (Connally), Feb. 7, 1944; FRUS, vol. 5 (1944), p. 563. Also see the discussion in Michael T. Benson, Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel, pp. 56–58.
36. Diary entry, Nov. 15, 1944, in The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., 1943–1946, ed. Thomas M. Campbell and George C. Herring (New York: New Viewpoints/Franklin Watts, 1974), p. 174.
37. Rosenman, quoted in Eliahu Elath, “Samuel Irving Rosenman and his Contribution Before the Establishment of the State of Israel” [Hebrew], Molad, 7, no. 37–38 (Spring 1976): 448–54.
38. “Minutes of Conversation with Judge SR. Washington, DC, April 27, 1944,” CZA, no. 1380.
39. Thomas M. Campbell and George C. Herring, The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius Jr., 1943–1946, pp. 187–88, diary entry of Dec. 2, 1944. Also see Marc Lee Raphael, Abba Hillel Silver: A Profile in American Judaism, pp. 117–29.
40. Abba Hillel Silver, speech of March 21, 1945, in Abba Hillel Silver, Vision and Victory: A Collection of Addresses by Dr. Abba Hillel Silver, 1942–1988, p. 83.
41. “Minutes of Conversation with Judge SR,” April 27, 1944, CZA, no. 1388.
42. Weisgal to Weizmann, Sept. 23, 1944, WA, no. 2521.
43. Neumann to Weizmann, Sept. 28, 1944, WA, no. 2522.
44. Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena: An Autobiographical Memoir, p. 198.
45. David S. Wyman and Rafael Medoff, A Race Against Death: Peter Bergson, America and the Holocaust, pp. 13–14.
46. Material on Bergson is culled from David S. Wyman, Abandonment of the Jews, pp. 90–92; David S. Wyman and Rafael Medoff, A Race Against Death, pp. 13–28; Marc Lee Raphael, Abba Hillel Silver, pp. 93–95; Isaac Zaar, Rescue and Liberation: America’s Part in the Birth of Israel, pp. 19–37; Francisco Gil-White, “The Problem of Jewish Self-Defense,” at www.hirhome.com/israel/leaders1.htm; Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 161–62.
47. Quoted in Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, pp. 175–76.
48. David S. Wyman and Rafael Medoff, A Race Against Death, pp. 39–42.
49. Undated letter on American Jewish Conference stationery, quoted in Isaac Zaar, Rescue and Liberation: America’s Part in the Birth of Israel, pp. 73–74.
50. Diary entry of Oct. 6, 1943, in William D. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R., 1942–1945, p. 209.
51. Minutes of Silver interviews with Rosenman and Bergson, October 12, 1943, WA, no. 2462.
52. Our discussion on the Bergson group is based on David Wyman and Rafael Medoff, A Race Against Death: Peter Bergson, America and the Holocaust, pp. 50–52.
53. See Zvi Ganin, American Jewry and Israel, 1945–1948, p. 6.
54. “Minutes of Conversation,” Judge Samuel Rosenman and Dr. Nahum Goldman, April 27, 1944, Washington, D.C.; Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem, Z5/388.
55. Evan M. Wilson, “The Palestine Papers: 1943–1947,” Journal of Palestine Studies 2, no. 4 (Summer 1973): pp. 34–37.
56. Secretary of State Cordell Hull to President Roosevelt, May 7, 1943, enclosing “Summary of Lieutenant Colonel Harold B. Hoskins’ Report on the Near East,” in Foreign Relations of the United States (hereafter FRUS), vol. 4, 1943, pp. 781–85.
57. Patrick Hurley to FDR, May 5, 1943, FRUS, vol. 4, pp. 776–80.
58. FDR to Robert Wagner, Dec. 3, 1944; in Elliott Roosevelt, ed., FDR: His Personal Letters, vol. 2, 1928–1945, pp. 1559–60.
59. Evan M. Wilson, “The Palestine Papers, 1943–1947,” Journal of Palestine Studies 2, no. 4 (Summer 1973): pp. 37–38.
60. Ibid., p. 39.
61. Nancy MacLennan, “Roosevelt Backs Palestinian Plan as Homeland for Refugee Jews,” The New York Times, March 10, 1944, p. 1.
62. Cordell Hull, Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 1535–36.
63. Thomas M. Campbell and George C. Herring, eds., The Diaries of Edward R. Stettinius, Jr., 1943–1946, p. 170.
64. Herbert L. Feis, The Birth of Israel: The Tousled Diplomatic Bed, p. 16.
65. Diary entry of Oct. 6, 1943, in William D. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R., 1942–1945, p. 209.
66. Campbell and Herring, Stettinius Diaries, p. 170.
67. Ibid., p. 211.
68. Sumner Welles, We Need Not Fail, pp. 29–30.
69. W. C. Lowdermilk, “‘TVA’ Reclamation Project for the Jordan Valley and a Post-war Solution for the Jewish Refugee Problem,” Aug. 10, 1942, Ben Cohen Papers, Box 12, Folder 1, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
70. Ibid.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. “Memorandum by the Secretary of State to President Roosevelt,” Jan. 4, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, The Near East and Africa, p. 678.
74. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone, p. 103.
75. Wise to FDR, Jan. 24, 1945, Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem, Israel; also see Samuel Halperin and Irvin Oder, “The United States in Search of a Policy: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Palestine,” The Review of Politics 24, no. 3 ( July 1962): 336–37.
76. Landis to FDR, Jan. 20, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 680–83.
77. William Eddy to State Department, Feb. 1, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, p. 687.
78. Stettinius to FDR, Jan. 9, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, p. 679.
79. Memo from State Department, Jan. 30, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 684–87.
80. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History: 1929–1969, p. 212.
81. C. L. Sulzberger, “American Interest in Arabia Growing,” The New York Times, Feb. 12, 1945, p. 13.
82. Frank Freidel, Rendezvous with Destiny: A Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt, pp. 593–94.
83. “U.S. Warship Becomes Arab Court in Miniature for Ibn Saud’s Voyage,” The New York Times, Feb. 21, 1945, p. 1.
84. “White House Announcement of New Talks,” The New York Times, Feb. 21, 1945, p. 8.
85. Bohlen, Witness to History: 1929–1969, pp. 211–12.
86. William A. Eddy, FDR Meets Ibn Saud, pp. 31–32.
87. Ibid., p. 34.
88. Bohlen, Witness to History, pp. 211–12; also see p. 33.
89. Eddy, FDR Meets Ibn Saud, p. 34.
90. Bohlen, Witness to History, p. 213.
91. Quoted in Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present, p. 472.
92. Martin Gilbert, Churchill and the Jews: A Lifelong Friendship, p. 65.
93. Ibid., p. 202.
94. “Summary of Reports Sent by Dr. Weizmann,” Jan. 17, 1944; sent by Weizmann to Judge Samuel Rosenman; David Niles manuscripts, Harry S. Truman Library.
95. William A. Eddy to Edward Stettinius, Feb. 22, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 689–90. Ibn Saud had given a private audience to Eddy to keep him informed of what had transpired at the king’s meeting with Churchill.
96. Rabbi Stephen Wise to Chaim Weizmann, March 21, 1945, Chaim Weizmann Archives, Rehovoth, Israel, no. 2575.
97. “Report of President Roosevelt in Person to the Congress on the Crimea Conference,” The New York Times, March 2, 1945, p. 12.
98. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, Years of Decision, p. 3.
99. “Report of President Roosevelt in Person to the Congress on the Crimea Conference,” The New York Times, March 2, 1945, p. 12.
100. Emanuel Celler, You Never Leave Brooklyn, p. 118.
101. Quoted in Melvin R. Urofsky, We Are One!, p. 62.
102. Sumner Welles, We Need Not Fail, p. 30.
103. Rabbi Stephen Wise to Chaim Weizmann, March 21, 1945, Chaim Weizmann Archives, Rehovoth, Israel, no. 2575.
104. Philip J. Baram, The Department of State in the Middle East, 1919–1945, p. 322; also see Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel, pp. 87–88.
105. Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs (Murray) to the Acting Secretary of State, March 20, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 694–95.
106. Lieutenant Colonel Harold B. Hoskins to the Deputy Director of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs (Alling), March 5, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 690–91.
107. Evan M. Wilson, “The Palestine Papers: 1943–1947,” Journal of Palestine Studies 2, no. 4 (Summer 1973): p. 35.
108. Joseph M. Proskauer, A Segment of My Times, pp. 69–70.
109. Memorandum by Joseph Proskauer to the leadership of the American Jewish Committee, April 1945, American Jewish Committee files, YIVO Institute for Jewish Research; American Jewish Historical Society, New York City.
CHAPTER 2: TRUMAN INHERITS A PROBLEM
1. Diary entry of April 12, 1945, in William D. Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R., 1942–1945, p. 333.
2. Ibid., p. 333.
3. Arthur Krock, “End Comes Suddenly at Warm Springs,” The New York Times, April 13, 1945, pp. 1, 3.
4. “Oral History Interview with Judge Samuel I. Rosenman,” Oct. 15, 1968, and April 23, 1969, conducted by Jerry N. Hess, Harry S. Truman Library.
5. “Oral History Interview with Edward D. McKim,” Feb. 19, 1964, conducted by James R. Fuchs, Harry S. Truman Library. Also see David McCullough, Truman, p. 327.
6. Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman, p. 203.
7. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, Years of Decision, p. 2.
8. Quoted in Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1945–1948, p. 4. Donovan quotes from his oral history interview with Lewis Deschler, conducted on Feb. 21, 1972.
9. C. P. Trussell, “Truman Is Sworn in the White House,” The New York Times, April 13, 1945, p. 1.
10. Arthur Krock, “End Comes…,” The New York Times, April 13, 1945, p. 3; Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, Years of Decision, pp. 6–8.
11. Quoted in Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman, p. 232.
12. Trussell, “Truman Is Sworn in the White House.”
13. George McKee Elsey, An Unplanned Life: A Memoir, p. 82; also see Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, p. 4.
14. Roy Roberts, “Truman to Shelve Personal Rule; Senate Will Be His Adviser,” The New York Times, April 15, 1945, p. 6.
15. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, p. 12.
16. Ibid., pp. 14–17, 19.
17. Quoted in Jonathan Daniels, The Man of Independence, p. 263.
18. See the discussion in David McCullough, Truman, pp. 369–72, and Elizabeth Edwards Spalding, The First Cold Warrior, pp. 24–26.
19. Oral history interview with Abraham Feinberg, Aug. 23, 1972, HSTL; Jonathan Daniels, The Man of Independence, p. 263.
20. William Hassett, Off the Record with F.D.R., p. 36.
21. Obituary, The New York Times, June 25, 1973, p. 1.
22. Alonzo Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman, p. 271.
23. Quoted in Zvi Ganin, American Jewry and Israel, 1945–1948, p. 24.
24. Oral history interview with Matthew J. Connelly, conducted by Jerry N. Hess, Aug. 21, 1968, HSTL.
25. Eliahu Elath.
26. Our discussion is based on Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 219; Robert Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, p. 316; and Benjamin V. Cohen, “David Niles Memorial Lecture,” April 27, 1945.
27. Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 220.
28. Eliahu Elath, “Samuel Irving Rosenman and His Contribution Before the Establishment of Israel,” Molad 7, no. 37–38 (Spring 1976): 448–454. Translated from the Hebrew by Tuvia Friling.
29. Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 221.
30. Oral history interview with Judge Samuel I. Rosenman, HSTL, Oct. 15, 1968.
31. Alben W. Barkley, That Reminds Me: The Autobiography of the Veep (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1954), p. 197; Jonathan Daniels, The Man of Independence, p. 298. Barkley is cited in Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, p. 123.
32. Jonathan Daniels, The Man of Independence, pp. 295–96; Alonzo Hamby, Man of the People, pp. 362–64.
33. Wilson D. Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War, pp. 307–32. Miscamble’s deep analysis of Truman’s new foreign policy is the best historical account of the importance of Truman’s postwar leadership.
34. Alonzo Hamby, Man of the People, pp. 12–14; David McCullough, Truman, p. 35.
35. Harry S. Truman, Mr. Citizen, p. 102.
36. Ibid., pp. 103–4.
37. Ibid., p. 14.
38. Eliahu Elath, “Harry S. Truman—The Man and Statesman,” First Annual Harry S. Truman Lecture, May 18, 1977, published by the Harry S. Truman Institute at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, pp. 47–50.
39. Michael Benson, Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel, p. 54.
40. Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, p. 386.
41. John Adams to Abigail Adams, Aug. 14, 1776, quoted in Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 6.
42. “Statements of the Presidents of the United States,” in America and Palestine, ed. Reuben Fink, pp. 87–88.
43. Quoted in Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel, pp. 44–45. Truman’s comments appear in Congressional Record, 76th Congress, 1st session, 1939, vol. 84, pt. 13, appendix, pp. 2231–32. Also see Michael T. Benson, Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel, p. 60, fn. 17.
44. Wise to Truman, Feb. 25, 1941, HSTL, Senate files.
45. “Barkley Praises Palestine Leaders,” The New York Times, May 1, 1941, p. 9; Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena, pp. 152–54.
46. Neumann, In the Arena, p. 154.
47. “68 Senators Back Palestine Refuge,” The New York Times, April 20, 1941, p. 28.
48. “To the Political Dept. Note on the New President of the United States,” April 13, 1945. Weizmann Archives, Rehovoth, Israel.
49. James H. Becker, Chairman, Joint Emergency Committee, to Truman, April 16, 1943, HST Senate File, Box 108, HSTL.
50. Harry S. Truman, “Speech to Be Delivered by Senator Harry S. Truman Before the United Rally to Demand Rescue of Doomed Jews at Chicago Stadium, Chicago Illinois,” April 14, 1943; HST Senate File, Box 108, HSTL.
51. Truman to Andrew L. Somers, Jan. 28, 1942, HSTL, HST Senate File, Box 108, HSTL.
52. David S. Wyman and Rafael Medoff, A Race Against Death, p. 85.
53. The New York Times, Dec. 7, 1942, pp. 14–15.
54. David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, p. 342. Wyman concludes elsewhere that the Bermuda Conference was a “pretense” and “diplomatic hoax” meant only to defuse pressure for rescue: see David S. Wyman, “The American Jewish Leadership and the Holocaust,” in Jewish Leadership During the Nazi Era, ed. R. L. Braham, p. 14.
55. David S. Wyman and Rafael Medoff, A Race Against Death, p. 11.
56. Ibid., pp. 37–38; The New York Times, May 4, 1943, p. 17.
57. Quoted in David S. Wyman and Rafael Medoff, A Race Against Death, p. 37. The authors had access to the FBI’s file on Bergson, “Memorandum for Mr. Ladd, May 13, 1943,” FBI File on Bergson.
58. Ibid., p. 85; Bergson oral history, April 13–15, 1973, interview by David Wyman. Also see Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, p. 189. Grose argues that Truman resigned because he took a “personal slight” to his friend seriously. As a result, he argues, “Truman had become more cautious about associating himself with causes that he was not sure he understood.” He attributes Truman’s decision not to endorse the proposed 1944 resolution of Congress to this new caution.
59. Harry S. Truman to Peter Bergson, May 6, 1943, HSTL, Senate and Vice-Presidential Files. We are indebted to Michael Cohen’s discussion in his book Truman and Israel, pp. 38–43. But we disagree with him on his claim that the “key point was that Truman did not share Bergson’s jaundiced view of the Bermuda Conference” (p. 41), since all advocates of greater immigration rights for the Jews were united in their conclusion that the conference was a farce.
60. Rabbi Stephen Wise to Harry S. Truman, May 20, 1943, HSTL, Senate and Vice-Presidential Files.
61. Harry S. Truman to Rabbi Stephen Wise, June 1, 1943, HSTL, Senate and Vice-Presidential Files. Again, we disagree with Michael Cohen, who argues that Truman’s letter proved that he too favored inaction and was using the war as an excuse for any “lack of meaningful Allied action to save Europe’s doomed Jewish communities” (p. 43).
62. See, e.g., Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel, pp. 46–47.
63. “To the Political Dept. Note on the New President of the United States.” The Jewish Agency memo took the statement from a book, America and Palestine, published by the American Zionist Emergency Council in 1944. Truman used the same statement in letters to various correspondents. The italics in the text are our emphasis.
64. Truman to Wagner, June 1, 1943, HSTL, Senatorial and Vice-Presidential Files.
65. Speech on the floor of the Senate by Senator Bennett Champ Clark, March 28, 1944, in Reuben Fink, America and Palestine, pp. 101–20, quote on pp. 116–17.
66. “Roosevelt Tribute by Free Synagogue,” The New York Times, April 16, 1945, p. 8.
67. “Change Advocated in Palestine Rule,” The New York Times, April 17, 1945, p. 17.
68. Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena, pp. 208–9.
69. Eliahu Elath, Zionism at the UN: A Diary of the First Days, p. 46.
70. Ibid., p. 288.
71. Ibid., p. 300.
72. Secretary of State Edward Stettinius to the President, April 18, 1945, HSTL, Subject File, Box 160.
73. Memo for the AZEC reporting on the meeting, April 23, 1945, CZA Z5/1206.
74. Merle Miller, Plain Speaking, p. 215.
75. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 1, p. 69.
76. Merle Miller, Plain Speaking, pp. 216–17.
77. Eliahu Elath, Zionism at the UN, entry of Tuesday, June 19, p. 292.
78. Grew to Truman, May 1, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 705–6.
79. Grew to Truman, May 14, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, p. 706.
80. Truman to King Abdullah of Trans-Jordan, May 17, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, p. 707; Truman to President Nokrashy, Egyptian Council of Ministers, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 708–9.
81. “Comments with Regard to Some of the Questions Raised by Dr. Lilienthal in his letter of Feb. 16, 1977,” Loy Henderson Papers, Box 11, HSTL.
82. “Memorandum of a Conversation Between the Secretary of State and the British Ambassador (Halifax),” Oct. 19, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 777–79.
CHAPTER 3: FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO POTSDAM
1. Eliahu Elath, Zionism at the U.N., p. 39. Epstein changed his name to Elath after he became the first Israeli ambassador to the United States. To avoid confusion, we will refer to him by the name Elath.
2. Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry, and Israel, p. 25.
3. Eliahu Elath, Zionism at the U.N., p. 40.
4. Chaim Weizmann, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, vol. 11, p. 551.
5. Quoted in Melvin I. Urofsky, We Are One!, p. 97. See also David Ben-Gurion, New Palestine 35 (Israel), May 18, 1945.
6. Ibid. Urofsky, May 7, 1945, p. 72.
7. Ibid., May 2, 1945, p. 36.
8. “Zionists Condemn ‘Liberation’ Group,” The New York Times, May 18, 1945, p. 13.
9. Melvin I. Urofsky, We Are One!, pp. 97–99.
10. “60,000 at Rally Back Zionist Plea,” The New York Times, April 30, 1945, p. 22.
11. Eliahu Elath, Zionism at the U.N., pp. 82–83.
12. Ibid., pp. 84–85.
13. Ibid., pp. 89–90.
14. Ibid., pp. 131–32.
15. Ibid., pp. 250–51.
16. Ibid., p. 81.
17. Ibid., p. 258.
18. Ibid., pp. 59–60.
19. Ibid., pp. 141–42.
20. Ibid., pp. 7–10.
21. Ibid., pp. 165–69.
22. J. C. Hurewitz, The Struggle for Palestine, pp. 227–29.
23. C. L. Sulzberger, “Fires That Flame Behind the Arab Crisis,” The New York Times Magazine, June 17, 1945, pp. 9, 45–46.
24. Hurewitz, The Struggle for Palestine, p. 211.
25. David Niles papers, April 4, 1945, Israel file, Box 29, HSTL.
26. Report of Lord Halifax to the Foreign Office, July 1, 1945, British National Archives, Kew Gardens, London, England, CAB 121/643, vol. 1.
27. Gene Currivan, “Nazi Death Factory Shocks Germans on a Forced Tour,” The New York Times, April 18, 1945, p. 1.
28. “Dachau,” Time, May 7, 1945.
29. Harold Denny, “The World Must Not Forget,” The New York Times Magazine, May 6, 1945, pp. 8, 42.
30. “Congressmen Plan to See More Camps,” The New York Times, April 27, 1945, p. 3.
31. William S. White, “Congress, Press, to View Horrors,” The New York Times, April 22, 1945, p. 13.
32. “Buchenwald Tour Shocking to M.P.’s,” The New York Times, April 23, 1945, p. 5.
33. “The Conflicts of Harry S. Truman: At War with the Experts,” CBS TV, 1964, HSTL, Film Collection.
34. “Shift of 1,000,000 to Palestine Set,” The New York Times, April 13, 1945, p. 30.
35. Eliahu Elath, Zionism at the UN: A Diary of the First Days, p. 294.
36. Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust, pp. 24–36; quote is on p. 33.
37. Melvin I. Urofsky, We Are One!, p. 105.
38. Quoted in Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust, pp. 16–17.
39. Kurt Grossman, “The Jewish DP Problem,” in Harry N. Rosenfeld Papers, box 16, HSTL.
40. This discussion is based on Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust, pp. 34–36; and Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, pp. 28–30.
41. Eliahu Elath, Zionism at the UN, pp. 303–4.
42. “Memorandum by the Director of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs (Henderson),” June 22, 1945; Elath, Zionism at the UN, pp. 712–13.
43. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain: A Personal Account of Anglo-American Diplomacy in Palestine and the Middle East, p. 173.
44. “Memorandum of Conversation, by Mr. Evan M. Wilson,” June 27, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 713–15.
45. American Zionist Emergency Council, Minutes of Meeting held July 12, 1945, “Near Eastern Division of State Department,” confidential, no. 26, CZA, 25/1205.
46. Ibid., “Conference with Acting Secretary of State.”
47. Allen H. Podet, “Anti-Zionism in a Key U.S. Diplomat: Loy Henderson and Zionism at the End of World War II,” Loy Henderson Papers, Israel-Palestinian Folder, box 11, HSTL. Podet’s article was published in American Jewish Archives 30, no. 2 (November 1978).
48. Robert D. Kaplan, The Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite, p. 90.
49. Oral history interviews with Loy W. Henderson, June 14, 1973, and July 5, 1973, HSTL.
50. Our discussion of this historic meeting is based on the indispensable book by Leonard Slater, The Pledge, pp. 21–28. We are indebted to Slater for his thorough and essential account of this event.
51. Quoted in Michael Makovsky, Churchill’s Promised Land: Zionism and Statecraft, p. 144.
52. Ibid., p. 25.
53. Ibid., p. 27.
54. Quoted in Michael Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion: A Biography, p. 127.
55. Marc Lee Raphael, Abba Hillel Silver: A Profile in American Judaism, p. 119.
56. Eliahu Elath, Zionism at the UN, pp. 287–88.
57. Robert F. Wagner, “Palestine—A World Responsibility,” The Nation, Sept. 15, 1945, pp. 247–49.
58. Douglas to Senator Robert A. Taft, May 18, 1945, Robert A. Taft Papers, Box 735, in Folder “Palestine and the Jews,” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
59. Memorandum from Arthur Lourie, Political Secretary, AZEC, May 21, 1945, CZA 25.
60. AZEC, minutes of meeting held July 12, 1945, CZA, 25/1205.
61. Wagner to Truman, July 3, 1945, Official Files, Box 771, HSTL. Truman’s response is scribbled on the first page of the letter.
62. Ibid.
63. Stephen Wise and Herman Shulman, “Memorandum on Palestine,” July 3, 1945, Official Files, Box 771, HSTL.
64. Quoted in Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, p. 31; Proskauer to Truman, July 6, 1945, papers of Jacob Blaustein. (Ganin gained access to this depository from family members in Baltimore, Maryland.)
65. “Palestine: Jewish Immigration,” June 22, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 1, The Conference in Berlin (The Potsdam Conference), pp. 972–74.
66. “Memorandum by President Truman to the British Prime Minister,” July 24, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 716–17.
67. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, p. 436.
68. Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena, p. 210.
69. Attlee to Truman, July 31, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, p. 719.
70. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 4.
71. On Potsdam and Truman’s policy, see: Wilson D. Miscamble, From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War, pp. 172–217.
72. Ibid., pp. 221–23, 235–40.
73. Truman to Momma and Mary, Aug. 17, 1945, in Robert M. Ferrell, ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman, p. 62.
74. “Truman Discloses Plea on Palestine,” The New York Times, Aug. 17, 1945, p. 8.
75. AZEC, Minutes of meeting held August 28, 1945, CZA, Z5/1205.
76. “Memorandum of Conversation by the Director of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs (Henderson),” Aug. 17, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, p. 721.
77. “Memorandum of Conversation by the Deputy Director of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs (Allen),” Aug. 18, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 722–23.
78. Loy W. Henderson to Secretary of State James F. Byrnes, Aug. 20, 1945, State Department Papers, NLT-691, National Archives of the United States, College Park, Maryland.
79. “Roosevelt Pledge to Arabs Alleged,” The New York Times, Aug. 25, 1945, p. 12.
80. “Memorandum Regarding Conversation Between President Roosevelt and the King of Saudi Arabia,” n.d., attached to Rosenman to Truman, Sept. 7, 1945, Samuel I. Rosenman papers, box 4, HSTL.
81. Rosenman to Truman, Sept. 7, 1945, Samuel I. Rosenman papers, box 4, HSTL.
CHAPTER 4: THE PLIGHT OF THE JEWISH DPs
1. Eben A. Ayers, diary entry, Aug. 25, 1944, in Diary 1941–1953, Eben A. Ayers Papers, box 19, HSTL.
2. Abraham J. Klausner, A Letter to My Children from the Edge of the Holocaust, pp. 67–73.
3. Harrison to Truman, n.d., 1945, in David Niles Papers, Box 29, HSTL. All further citations from the Harrison Report are from this document.
4. Oral history interview with Phileo Nash, conducted by Jerry N. Hess on Oct. 13, 1966, HSTL.
5. Eliahu Elath, Harry S. Truman: The Man and Statesman, First Annual Harry S. Truman Lecture, May 18, 1977, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, pp. 25–26. Truman told Elath this in an interview he conducted at his home in Independence, Missouri, in 1961.
6. Truman to Attlee, Aug. 31, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 737–39.
7. Niles is quoted in Elath, Harry S. Truman, p. 27.
8. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 169.
9. “Immigration into Palestine Previous to a Final Decision with Regard to the Future Status of Palestine,” Aug. 29, 1945, Memo from Division of Near Eastern Affairs, Subject File, Box 160, HSTL. A précis of this memo was also issued by State: Gordon P. Merriam to Loy Henderson, Aug. 31, 1945, Subject File, Box 160, HSTL.
10. “Gillette Heads Palestine League,” The New York Times, Aug. 2, 1945, p. 11.
11. Lord Halifax to British Cabinet, Sept. 15, 1945, CAB 121/643, Vol. 1, Public Office Records, Kew Gardens, London, England. Halifax quotes a Jewish Telegraphic Agency Bulletin dated September 13.
12. Harry Shapiro to Chairmen of Local Emergency Committees, Sept. 18, 1945, CZA Z5/1204.
13. William Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East: 1945–1951, pp. 388–89. Louis quotes Yehuda Bauer, who wrote that the Jewish Agency “soon came to regard its proposal of the 100,000 as rather less than wise and was very much afraid that the British might accept it.”
14. “Report of Meeting with James F. Byrnes,” Sept. 22, 1945, in The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series A, vol. 22, May 1945–July 1947, Letter no. 66, pp. 56–57; also see Minutes of Office Meeting, Sept. 24, 1945, CZA A172/3/6.
15. Weizmann to Byrnes, October 3, 1945, in The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series A, vol. 22, May 1945–July 1947, Letter no. 75, p. 65.
16. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951, pp. 49–51; Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, pp. 49–50.
17. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 12.
18. Ibid., pp. 55–56.
19. William Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951, p. 386.
20. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin, pp. 167–68.
21. Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust, pp. 78–79.
22. Report of the Palestine Committee, September 8, 1945, Cabinet Papers, 1946; PRO, Kew Gardens, London; also see Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin, p. 170; also see “Truman Said to Aid Jews on Palestine,” The New York Times, Sept. 23, 1945, p. 17. The Times story reports on the Sept. 8 Labour Palestine Committee’s proposals.
23. Attlee to Truman, Sept. 14, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, p. 739.
24. Attlee to Truman, Sept. 16, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 730–41.
25. Truman to Attlee, Sept. 17, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, p. 741.
26. Quoted in Eliahu Elath, Harry S. Truman, pp. 29–30; quote is on p. 30.
27. Ibid., pp. 30–31. Elath relates what Niles told him years later.
28. “UNO Decision on Palestine Will Be Sought by Britain,” The New York Times, Sept. 24, 1945, p. 1.
29. “Weizmann Rejects Offer on Palestine,” The New York Times, Sept. 25, 1945, p. 13.
30. Quoted in Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, p. 40. Ganin cites Silver’s notes of Sept. 29, 1945, from the Abba Hillel Silver Papers, the Temple, Cleveland, Ohio.
31. Quoted in ibid., p. 197, citing the notes of Blaustein, Sept. 29, 1945, from the Blaustein Papers, Baltimore, Maryland.
32. “Truman Asked to Aid Jewish Immigration,” The New York Times, Sept. 30, 1945, p. 39.
33. “Dewey Backs Plea for Jewish State at Big Rally Here,” The New York Times, Oct. 1, 1945, p. 1.
34. Lord Halifax, Report, Cabinet Distribution, Oct. 4, 1945, PRO, CAB/21/643/ vol. 1.
35. Halifax Report, Amended Distribution, Cabinet Distribution, Oct. 4, 1945, PRO, FO 371, 45/280.
36. “Jews’ Treatment Hit by Barkley,” The New York Times, Oct. 16, 1945, p. 12.
37. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error: The Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann, p. 440.
38. Introduction, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series A: Letters, vol. 22, p. xi.
39. Christopher Sykes, Cross Roads to Israel, pp. 336–37.
40. Introduction, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, vol. 22, Series A, Letters, May 1945–July 1947, p. xi.
41. Weizmann to Ben-Gurion, Oct. 10, 1945, in ibid., letter no. 78, pp. 66–67.
42. Ibid., Introduction, p. xii.
43. “Palestine ‘Pledge’ Denied by Truman,” The New York Times, Sept. 27, 1945, p. 14.
44. Henderson to Byrnes, Oct. 9, 1945, Department of State, Political Files, Oct. 1, 1945–Dec. 12, 1945, Lot 56-D359, NA.
45. Henderson to Byrnes, Oct. 10, 1945, Department of State, Political Files, Oct. 1, 1945–Dec. 12, 1945, Lot 56-D359, NA.
46. Samuel I. Rosenman, “Memorandum for the President,” Oct. 17, 1945, Harry S. Truman Subject File, Box 160, HSTL; also in Samuel I. Rosenman Papers, Box 4, HSTL.
47. Samuel I. Rosenman. “Memorandum,” Oct. 18, 1945, Samuel I. Rosenman Papers, Box 4, HSTL.
48. Samuel I. Rosenman, “Memorandum for the President,” Oct. 23, 1945, Samuel I. Rosenman Papers, Box 4, HSTL.
49. The letters were published verbatim in The New York Times, Oct. 19, 1945, p. 4.
50. “U.S. Bars Decision on Palestine Without Consulting Jews, Arabs,” The New York Times, Oct. 19, 1945, p. 1.
51. AZEC Emergency Council, “Minutes of Meeting Held October 20, 1945,” 25/1205, CZA.
52. “Text of Memorandum submitted by the American Zionist Emergency Council to the State Department…” Oct. 23, 1945, attached to Charles G. Ross to Leo R. Sack, Oct. 31, 1945, in Official File, 204 Miscellaneous (Oct. 1945–1951), Box 771, HSTL.
53. Letter from “Washington correspondent,” Oct. 20, 1945, L35/102, CZA and Chaim Weizmann Archives, Rehovoth, Israel, copy in Weizmann File, HSTL.
54. Elath, memo, Oct. 24, 1945, L35/102, CZA.
55. Lord Halifax to Cabinet, July 1, 1945, CAB 121/643, vol. 1, PRO.
CHAPTER 5: THE SEARCH FOR CONSENSUS
1. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 65.
2. Halifax to Byrnes, Oct. 19, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 771–75.
3. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, 1945–1951, p. 179.
4. British Embassy to the Department of State, Informal Record of Conversation, Oct. 19, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 775–76.
5. “Memorandum of Conversation Between the Secretary of State and the British Ambassador (Halifax),” Oct. 22, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 779–83.
6. Rosenman to Truman, “Memorandum for the President,” Oct. 23, 1945, Samuel I. Rosenman Papers, box 4, HSTL.
7. “Memorandum for the President” (Rosenman to Truman), Nov. 1, 1945, Rosenman Papers, box 4, HSTL.
8. Byrnes to Halifax, Oct. 23, 1945, in FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 785–86.
9. John H. Crider, “Truman Discloses U.S. Palestine Role,” The New York Times, Nov. 14, 1945, p. 13.
10. Paul W. Ward, “Truman Drops Palestine Idea,” The New York Sun, Nov. 14, 1945, p. 1.
11. Crider, “Truman Discloses U.S. Palestine Role.”
12. Albert J. Gordon, “Goldstein Insists on Free Palestine,” The New York Times, Nov. 18, 1945, p. 12.
13. Alvin Rosenfeld, “Survival of Jewry Hinges on Palestine, Weizmann Says,” New York Post, Nov. 21, 1945.
14. Text of address delivered by Chaim Weizmann, Nov. 19, 1945, at the 48th Convention of the Zionist Organization of America, American Jewish Conference papers, American Jewish Historical Society, New York City. Unless otherwise noted, all quotes from Weizmann’s speech are from this source.
15. Quoted in Norman Rose, Chaim Weizmann, p. 407.
16. Excerpts from address delivered by Dr. Abba Hillel Silver, Nov. 18, 1945, at the 48th Convention of the Zionist Organization of America.
17. Eleanor Roosevelt to Truman, Nov. 20, 1945, in Eleanor and Harry: The Correspondence of Eleanor Roosevelt and Harry S. Truman, ed. Steve Neal, pp. 47–48.
18. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt, Nov. 25, 1945, in ibid., pp. 47–48.
19. Truman to Ball, Nov. 24, 1945, President’s Secretary File, Box 184, HSTL. Truman wrote on the letter, “Do not send.” He might have thought twice before letting anyone know his response in such a candid fashion.
20. “Truman Held Firm on Open Palestine,” The New York Times, Dec. 5, 1945, p. 14.
21. Ibid.; c.f., Halifax to FO, Dec. 6, 1945, FO 371, 45403/E9543, PRO, Kew Gardens, London.
22. Halifax to Cabinet, Dec. 4, 1945, FO 371, 45403/E9437, PRO, Kew Gardens, London.
23. Weizmann to Truman, Dec. 12, 1945, Official File, Box 772, HSTL. The paragraphs in the text following this citation are all from this letter.
24. Ibid.
25. Our discussion is indebted to Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, p. 44.
26. Wagner and Taft to Truman, Dec. 6, 1945, Official File, box 771, HSTL; L5/3462, CZA; and Robert A. Taft Papers, LOC. The letter was made public by the senators and published as a pamphlet by Jewish groups in America.
27. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 172.
28. White House Press Release, “Statement by the President,” Dec. 10, 1945, David Niles Papers, box 29, folder 1940–1945, HSTL.
29. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, 1947, p. 25.
30. James G. McDonald, diary entry, April 8, 1933, insert by McDonald in his diary, in Advocate for the Doomed: The Diaries and Papers of James G. McDonald, 1932–1935, ed. Richard Breitman et al., pp. 47–48.
31. Enclosure in letter from Loy W. Henderson to Allen H. Podet, March 29, 1976, Loy W. Henderson Papers, box 11, folder Israel-Palestine, Lectures and Notes, HSTL.
32. Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 126.
33. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, pp. 4–5.
34. Oral history interview with Loy W. Henderson, June 14, 1973, conducted by McKinzie, HSTL; enclosure in letter from Henderson to Podet, March 29, 1976.
35. Leo Rabinowitz to Eliahu Epstein (Elath), Dec. 27, 1945, L35/142, CZA.
36. James G. McDonald, diary entry, Friday, January 18–Wednesday, January 23, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York City.
37. Ibid.
38. Eliahu Epstein (Elath), Dec. 15, 1945, in Confidential Report to members of the Executive Committee of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, Dec. 28, 1945, L35/79, CZA.
39. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, pp. 23–28. Crossman quotes extensively from his own diaries of his work with the committee.
40. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, p. 7.
41. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 32.
42. Ibid., pp. 43–46.
43. Ibid., pp. 42, 48–49.
44. Meyer Weisgal, So Far: An Autobiography, p. 222.
45. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, pp. 23–24.
46. Richard Crossman, diary entry, Jan. 3, 1946, in Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 47.
47. James G. McDonald, diary entry, Jan. 11, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York City.
48. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, pp. 24–28.
49. Richard Crossman, diary entry, Jan. 13, 1946, p. 47.
50. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, p. 31.
51. Ibid., p. 33.
52. Ibid., p. 37.
53. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 66.
54. Richard Sykes, Cross Roads to Israel, p. 343.
55. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 70.
56. James G. McDonald, diary entry, Feb. 1, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
57. James G. McDonald, diary entry, Jan. 30, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
58. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, pp. 84–85.
59. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, p. 79.
60. Ibid., p. 85.
61. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin, p. 168.
62. Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust, pp. 110–12.
63. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, p. 130.
64. Report of Frank Buxton, quoted in ibid., p. 127.
65. James G. McDonald, diary entry, Feb. 17, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
66. Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, pp. 110–11.
67. Ibid., pp. 114, 124, 130.
68. Ibid., pp. 101–4.
69. Ibid., p. 132.
70. David Bernard Sacher, David K. Niles and United States Policy, pp. 21–22. On p. 22, Sacher quotes Niles to Crum, Feb. 20, 1945.
71. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 119.
72. James G. McDonald, diary entry, March 2, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
73. James G. McDonald, diary entry, March 8, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
74. Richard Crossman, diary entry, March 8, 1946, in Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 133.
75. Richard Crossman, diary entry, March 10, 1946, in Crossman, Palestine Mission, pp. 124–37.
76. Richard Crossman, diary entry, March 24, 1946, in Crossman, Palestine Mission, pp. 168–69.
77. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, p. 213.
78. Richard Crossman, diary entry, March 17, 1946; diary entry, March 24, 1946; in Crossman, Palestine Mission, pp. 149, 157.
79. Richard Crossman, diary entry, March 7, 1946, in Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 132.
80. Richard Crossman, diary entry, March 20, 1946, in Crossman, Palestine Mission, pp. 164–65.
81. James G. McDonald diary entry, March 11, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
82. Richard Crossman, diary entry, March 26, 1946, in Crossman, Palestine Mission, pp. 171–72.
83. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, pp. 175–82.
84. James G. McDonald, diary entry, March 12, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
85. The Problem of Palestine, Evidence presented by the Arab Office in Jerusalem to the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, March 1946, Robert A. Taft Papers, March 1946 file, Library of Congress.
86. James G. McDonald, diary entry, March 13, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
87. Richard Crossman, diary entry, March 14, 1946, in Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 142.
88. “Memorandum of the Jewish Resistance Movement to the Anglo-American Committee on Palestine,” March 25, 1946, David Niles Papers, Box 29, HSTL; and John W. Snyder Papers, box 22, HSTL.
89. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, pp. 267–68.
90. Emanuel Celler to Truman, March 20, 1946, Emanuel Celler Papers, Israel-Palestine File, Library of Congress.
91. Quoted in Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust, p. 87.
92. James G. McDonald, diary, Monday, April 1.
93. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, pp. 270–73.
94. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, pp. 180–84.
95. Ibid., pp. 187–89. Crossman reprints the memorandum he wrote at the time.
96. Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, pp. 265–66.
97. The gist of Hutcheson’s comments are taken from the summary and portions of a transcript in Bartley Crum, Behind the Silken Curtain, pp. 267–69; and James G. McDonald, diary, Monday, April 1.
98. Report of the Anglo-American Committee, Chapter 1: Recommendations and Comments; The European Problem, available on the Internet at Jewish Virtual Library, at www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/anglotoc.html. Also see: “The Acting Secretary of State (Acheson) to Certain American Diplomatic and Consular Officers,” April 25, 1946, FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 585–86.
99. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, pp. 192–93.
CHAPTER 6: IMPASSE
1. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 94–95.
2. James G. McDonald to David Ben-Gurion, April 22, 1946, James G. McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
3. Quoted in Michael Cohen, ibid., p. 128. From Ben-Gurion diary, April 22–23, 1946; Ben-Gurion Papers.
4. Quoted in Michael Cohen, Truman and Israel, pp. 127–28; from Ben-Gurion to AZEC, April 22, 1946, David Ben-Gurion Papers, Sde Boker, Israel.
5. Ibid., p. 143. The longhand draft by Silver is in the Silver Papers and his confidential notes of April 28, 1946. Also see Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, p. 63.
6. Acheson to Byrnes, April 30, 1946, FRUS, vol. 8, pp. 588–89. Acheson sent the text of Truman’s statement to Secretary Byrnes. Attached was an addendum saying it should urgently be sent to Ambassador Harriman in London.
7. James Reston, “Truman Comment Arouses Concern,” The New York Times, May 1, 1946, p. 13.
8. Halifax to the Cabinet, May 7, 1946, FO 271 52521/E4175.
9. Francis Williams, Ernest Bevin: Portrait of a Great Englishman, p. 260.
10. Memorandum of Conversation, by the Director of the Office of European Affairs (H. Freeman Matthews), April 27, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 587–88.
11. Minutes of the Meeting of the Prime Ministers, London, April 30, 1946, FO37152520/E4016.
12. Richard Crossman, “War in Palestine?,” The New Statesman and Nation (Great Britain), May 11, 1949.
13. Richard Crossman, Palestine Mission, p. 198.
14. Lawrence Resner, “Truman Said to Plan Start of Jewish Entry ‘Forthwith,’” The New York Times, May 1, 1946, p. 1.
15. Halifax to Foreign Office, May 3, 1946, FO 371 52520/E40551. Halifax encloses Resner’s article, which was obviously a longer unedited version than the one published in The New York Times.
16. James Reston, “Britain Demands We Share Responsibility in Palestine as Prelude to Immigration,” The New York Times, May 1, 1946, p. 1.
17. Abba Hillel Silver, Nahum Goldmann, Eliahu Epstein (Elath), Stephen S. Wise, Louis Lipsky, and Meyer W. Weisgal to Truman, May 2, 1946, HSTL.
18. Copy of telegram sent by Abba Hillel Silver and Stephen Wise to Chairman of Local AZEC chapters, May 9, 1946, CZA L35/142.
19. Memorandum of conversation of Loy Henderson with Arab Foreign Ministers, May 10, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 604–5.
20. The Consul General at Jerusalem (Pinkerton) to the Secretary of State, May 2, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 590–91.
21. The Nation Associates, “The Record of Collaboration of King Farouk of Egypt with the Nazis and their Ally, the Mufti,” Memorandum submitted to the United Nations, June 1948, in Clark Clifford Papers, Box 13, HSTL.
22. A summary of the mufti’s life with links to various sources may be found in the Wikipedia entry: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amin_Al-Hysanyi.
23. J. H. Hilldring to Dean Acheson, May 3, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 591–92.
24. Dean Acheson to Truman, May 6, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 595–96.
25. Truman to Clement Attlee, May 9, 1946, ibid., pp. 596–97.
26. Byrnes to Truman, May 9, 1946, Telegram 2260, FRUS, vol. 7, p. 603; Acheson to Byrnes, May 10, 1946, Telegram 2266, p. 603.
27. Byrnes to Truman, May 9, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 601–3.
28. Attlee to Truman, May 13, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, p. 606.
29. Attlee to Truman, undated, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 612–15. Sent to Secretary Byrnes by British Minister Balfour on May 27 and forwarded by Byrnes to the president on the twenty-eighth.
30. Henderson to Acheson, May 27, 1946, in FRUS, vol. 7, citing 867N.01/52746 in the State Department files.
31. Truman to Attlee, June 5, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 617–18.
32. Attlee to Truman, June 10, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 623–24.
33. Inverchapel to Foreign Office, June 13, 1946, FO 37152529/E 5226.
34. Text of speech by Ernest Bevin at the Labour Party Conference, Bournemouth, June 12, 1946, General Public Statements, FO 371, 52529/E5546. This is a separate document with the same file number as that cited in footnote 55.
35. “Bevin Assailed at Garden Rally,” New York Herald Tribune, June 13, 1946.
36. Niles to Charles Ross, June 13, 1946, quoted in David Bernard Sacher, David K. Niles and United States Policy, p. 33.
37. Quoted in ibid., p. 33, Wise to Niles, June 18, 1946.
38. Inverchapel to Foreign Office, June 13, 1946, FO 371 52529/E 5444, PRO.
39. Nahum Goldmann, Louis Lipsky, Abba Hillel Silver, and Stephen S. Wise to Truman, CZA, L365/121 PRO.
40. Truman to Niles, June 19, 1946, OF, 204 Misc. HSTL.
41. “MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT TO PRIME MINISTER ATTLEE, DATED JUNE 14,” June 14, 1946, State Department Palestine File, Jan. 5, 1946–June 29, 1946, National Archives, College Park, Maryland. Also see: Byrnes to Harriman, June 10, 1946; FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 624–26. Byrnes informs Harriman about a group of experts put together to aid him in the discussions, to be made up of Evan Wilson, the assistant chief of the Office of Near Eastern and African Affairs; W. Cramer from Assistant Secretary Hilldring’s office; and three Army officers.
42. Byrnes telegram, June 23, 1946, cited in a footnote to Harriman to Byrnes, June 27, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 638–39.
43. Attlee to Truman, n.d., 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 639–40. Attlee was actually acting on a threat previously made, when he told the president that since tension was mounting, he feared that “precipitate action on the immigration question would provoke widespread violence.” Attlee to Truman, June 14, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 626–27.
44. “Memorandum by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee,” A. J. McFarland, U.S. Army Secretary, June 21, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 631–33.
45. Matthew Connelly to Niles, June 19, 1946, OF, Box 772, HSTL.
46. Celler to Connelly, June 25, 1946, OF, Box 772, HSTL.
47. Emanuel Celler, You Never Leave Brooklyn, p. 118.
48. Daniel J. Fellman, An American Friendship, p. 42.
49. Alonzo Hamby, Man of the People, p. 61.
50. Robert H. Ferrell, ed., Dear Bess: The Letters of Harry Truman to Bess Truman, Truman to Bess Wallace, Oct. 28, 1917, p. 233.
51. David McCullough, Truman, p. 107.
52. Margaret Truman, Bess W. Truman, pp. 21–26.
53. Alonzo Hamby, Man of the People, p. 85.
54. Maurice Bisgyer, Challenge and Encounter, p. 189.
55. Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 133.
56. David McCullough, Truman, pp. 145–48.
57. Frank Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, pp. 198–207.
58. Samuel Halperin, The Political World of American Zionism, p. 145.
59. Joseph Lelyveld, Omaha Blues: A Memory Loop, pp. 61, 75.
60. Frank Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, p. 204.
61. Memorial Tribute to A. J. Granoff by Daniel Brenner, January 1970, TL, A. J. Granoff Papers.
62. Oral history of A. J. Granoff, April 9 and August 27, 1969, HSTL.
63. Maurice Bisgyer, Challenge and Encounter, pp. 188–89.
64. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, June 14, 1946; also see Frank J. Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, p. 207.
65. The Lelyveld report is printed in Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry, and Israel, pp. 74–75. Ganin cites Lelyveld to Silver, July 1, 1946, AZEC Papers, which were then in New York City.
66. George McKee Elsey, An Unplanned Life, p. 165.
67. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 95, 102.
68. Unpublished dispatch sent to “a prominent newspaper in New York” from a correspondent in Palestine, London, Cairo, and Ankara, in Eliahu Epstein (Elath) to Executive of the Jewish Agency, June 22, 1946, L35/73, CZA.
69. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 103.
70. Ibid., pp. 101–2.
71. Attlee to Truman, June 28, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 639–40.
72. Freda Kirchwey, “Palestine and Bevin,” The Nation, June 22, 1946.
73. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 103.
74. Attlee to the House of Commons, CAB 104/264, July 1, 1946, pp. 1806–7, PRO, Kew Gardens, London.
75. Quoted in Address by Dr. Nahum Goldmann, to a meeting of the National Board of Hadassah at the home of Mrs. Siegried Kremarsky, Oct. 28, 1946, Jewish Agency Files, 1924–1928, Box 6, G4, American Jewish Historical Society, New York.
76. “U.S. Zionists Score Raids,” The New York Times, June 30, 1946, p. 20.
77. Address by Dr. Nahum Goldmann to meeting of the National Board of Hadassah at the home of Mrs. Siegried Kremarsky, Oct. 28, 1946, Jewish Agency Files, 1924–1948, Box 6, G4, American Jewish Historical Society, New York.
78. Truman quoted in Eric Pace, “Abraham Feinberg, Philanthropist for Israel,” the obituary column on Feinberg, The Jerusalem Post, p. 10, Dec. 30, 1994. According to Elinor Borenstein, Eddie Jacobson’s daughter, her father told her that Silver had more than once pounded his fist on Truman’s desk and shouted at him. Quoted in Frank J. Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, p. 209, fn. Abe Granoff’s son, Loeb Granoff, reported that he had heard that Silver pounded on Truman’s desk and that Truman had left strict orders “not to let that son-of-a-bitch into the White House again.” Quoted in Daniel J. Fellman, An American Friendship, interview with Loeb Granoff, July 27, 2004.
79. “Zionists’ Release is Truman’s Hope,” The New York Times, July 3, 1946, p. 1; also see the official press release from the White House, July 2, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 642–43.
80. Truman to Attlee, July 2, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, p. 642.
81. Neumann to Professor Paul Hanna, June 26, 1946, quoted in Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, pp. 121–22. The letter is to be found in the Silver Papers.
CHAPTER 7: CONFLICT BETWEEN ALLIES
1. Herbert L. Matthews, “British Stiffening in Palestine Talks,” The New York Times, July 14, 1946, p. 17.
2. Herbert L. Matthews, “Grady Plane Delayed,” The New York Times, July 12, 1946, p. 8.
3. Matthew J. Connelly to the Jewish Agency, July 18, 1946, OF, Misc., HSTL. The letter, which bore press secretary Connelly’s signature, was actually written by David Niles. See Truman to Niles, July 10, 1946, OF, Misc., HSTL.
4. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 174.
5. Harriman to Byrnes, July 19, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 646–47.
6. Byrnes to Harriman, July 22, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 648–49.
7. Grady to Harriman, in Harriman to Byrnes, July 24, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 651–52.
8. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation, pp. 174–75. The complete terms of the report may be found in Grady to Byrnes, in Harriman to Byrnes, July 24, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 652–67. Also see Summary of the plan prepared by the Near East Division of State, July 1946, Department of State Files, Palestine File, Box 1, NA.
9. Grady to Harriman, in Harriman to Byrnes, July 24, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 651–52.
10. Michael L. Hoffman, “Divided Palestine Is Urged by Anglo-U.S. Cabinet Body, Delaying Entry of 100,000,” The New York Times, July 26, 1946, p. 1.
11. Grady to Henderson, July 24, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, p. 652.
12. Michael L. Hoffman, “Divided Palestine Is Urged by Anglo-U.S. Cabinet Body,” The New York Times, July 26, 1946.
13. Diary of Henry A. Wallace, “Telephone Conversation Between the President and Wallace, July 26, 1946,” in The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, ed. John Morton Blum, pp. 603–4.
14. “Memorandum for President Truman from James G. McDonald,” n.d., James McDonald Papers, Columbia University, New York.
15. “J.M.D.’s Report on his, Wagner’s and Mead’s Conversation with the President on July 27, 1946,” L35/121 CZA. The rest of the discussion is from this document.
16. Truman to McDonald, July 31, 1946, L35/121 CZA.
17. John D. Morris, “Truman ‘Rebuffs’ Palestine Plea,” The New York Times, July 31, 1946, p. 5.
18. Fitzpatrick to Truman, Aug. 2, 1946, Misc. File, HSTL.
19. Edward J. Flynn to Truman, July 30, 1946; enclosing Bernard A. Rosenblatt to Flynn, n.d., 1946, OF, HSTL.
20. Truman to Flynn, n.d., 1946, OF, HSTL.
21. Niles, quoted in Michael Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 135.
22. Matthew Connelly to Truman, July 30, 1946, OF, Box 775, HSTL.
23. Byrnes to Truman, July 29, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 671–72.
24. Wallace Diary, July 30, 1946, in John Morton Blum, ed., The Price of Vision, pp. 606–7.
25. T. E. Bromley to Burrows, relating the story of Miall, the BBC correspondent in London, British Embassy, June 10, 1948, FO/371 68650/E 8350. If such a telegram was sent by Byrnes to Truman, it is not to be found in any of the archives. Most likely, Acheson recalled the events through the prism of his own point of view, which was favorable to Morrison-Grady.
26. Dean Acheson, Memorandum, July 30, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 673–74.
27. Inverchapel to Foreign Office, July 31, 1946, FO 371 52548/ E7325, PRO.
28. James Reston, “U.S. Politics Has Big Role in Decision on Palestine,” The New York Times, Aug. 1, 1946, p. 10.
29. Walter H. Waggoner, “Truman Recalls Palestine Group,” The New York Times, Aug. 1, 1946, p. 1.
30. Inverchapel to Foreign Office, Aug. 1, 1946, FO 371 52548/E7422.
31. Chargé in Egypt (Lyons) to Byrnes, Aug. 2, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 676–77. The message conveys the views of Azzam Bey.
32. Nahum Goldmann, Address to Hadassah National Board, Oct. 28, 1946, Jewish Agency Files, 1924–1945, box 6, AJHS, New York.
33. Nahum Goldmann, The Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann, pp. 131–32. Also see Resolution adopted at meeting of the Executive of the Jewish Agency in Paris, Aug. 5, 1946, CZA L35/121.
34. Nahum Goldmann, Address to Hadassah National Board, Oct. 28, 1946, Jewish Agency Files, 1924–1945, box 6, AJHS, New York.
35. Nahum Goldmann to Assistant Secretary of the Treasury Ed Foley, Aug. 8, 1946, John W. Snyder Papers, Box 22, HSTL.
36. Nahum Goldmann, The Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann, p. 235.
37. Truman to Attlee, Aug. 12, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, p. 682.
38. Ernest Bevin to Clement Attlee, Aug. 14, 1946, FO 371 52552/E7941 #500 E8005. Bevin reported to Attlee about a meeting he had held with Nahum Goldmann. The next set of paragraphs in the text are taken from this report.
39. Acheson to Harriman, Aug. 20, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 687–88.
40. Attlee to Truman, Aug. 19, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, p. 687.
41. Gellman, Charge in the UK, to Secretary of State James Byrnes, Sept. 17, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 692, 696.
42. Gallman to Byrnes, Sept. 23, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 698–99.
43. Clifton Daniel, “Arabs Ask Parley by World on Jews,” The New York Times, Oct. 4, 1946, p. 8.
CHAPTER 8: TRUMAN’S OCTOBER SURPRISE
1. Truman to Bess, Sept. 15, 1946, in Harry S. Truman, Dear Bess: The Letters from Harry to Bess Truman, 1910–1959, ed. Robert H. Ferrell, p. 537.
2. Elath to Goldman, Oct. 9, 1946, Chaim Weizmann Archives; FO 371 CZA, L35/92, PRO.
3. Margaret Truman, Bess W. Truman, p. 223.
4. Hannegan to Truman, Oct. 1, 1946, Crum to Hannegan, n.d., 1946, Subject File, Box 160, HSTL.
5. Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 189.
6. Felix Frankfurter, Felix Frankfurter: Reminiscences, pp. 136–37.
7. Kirchwey, obituary of Lowenthal, The Nation, June 14, 1971, p. 741; cf. obituary of Lowenthal, The New York Times, May 20, 1971, p. 50.
8. “Talk with President Truman, Oct. 3, 1946, 12:20 PM, for about fifteen minutes,” Max Lowenthal Papers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Lowenthal’s memo reflects some confusion on either his or Truman’s part about whether Truman was talking about the Anglo-American Committee or the Morrison-Grady Commission as a basis for solving the problem.
9. Sue Fishkoff, “He Ushered Israel to the White House,” The Jerusalem Post, Dec. 30, 1994, p. 10.
10. Oral interview with Abraham Feinberg, Aug. 31, 1973, by Richard D. McKinzie, HSTL.
11. Inverchapel to Foreign Office, Oct. 3, 1946, FO 371 52560/E9938, PRO.
12. Truman to Attlee, Oct. 3, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 701–3.
13. Statement by the President, Oct. 4, 1946, David Niles Papers, Box 33, HSTL. The statement has been published in many other sources. It may, for example, be found in The New York Times, Oct. 5, 1946, p. 2; Truman to Attlee, Oct. 3, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 701–3.
14. Attlee to Truman, received Oct. 4, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, p. 704.
15. Truman to Attlee, Oct. 4, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, p. 704.
16. “Most Unfortunate,” Time, Oct. 14, 1946.
17. Attlee to Truman, Oct. 4, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 704–5.
18. Inverchapel to Attlee, FO 371 52 5 60/E9987.
19. Perhaps the first and most dogmatic presentation of this may be found in John Snetsinger, Truman, the Jewish Vote, and the Creation of Israel. Truman, for the first time in his presidency, Snetsinger writes, “was on record as supporting the basic Zionist goal.” American Zionists delightedly watched as Thomas E. Dewey and Harry Truman “tried to outbid each other in an attempt to win favor among Jewish voters.” He concludes his book by saying that Truman’s statement was given “to counter apparent Republican inroads among Jewish voters by endorsing the most crucial part of the Zionist program.” He held no firm convictions on the issue, Snetsinger argues. When his policies “were in accord with the Zionists’ program,” he writes, “he was motivated primarily…by political exigencies”; pp. 42, 140.
20. Truman to Attlee, Oct. 10, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 706–8.
21. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 176.
22. George to Truman, Oct. 5, 1946; Truman to George, Oct. 6, 1946, Subject File, Box 160, HSTL; and Presidential Secretary’s File, Box 61, HSTL. Truman had been making efforts to bring DPs to the U.S. In Dec. 1945, he issued a directive mandating preferential treatment for all DPs, especially orphans, within the existing U.S. immigration laws. This resulted in about 27,000 Jewish DPs being resettled in the U.S. He was frustrated in other attempts to get Congress to pass new pro-immigrant legislation, because anti-immigrant sentiment was strong after the war. In the end, between 1945 and 1952, 137,450 Jews were admitted to the U.S. (For more information, see: Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust, pp. 285–87.)
23. Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, pp. 107–8.
24. Ibn Saud to Truman, transmitted to Acting Secretary of State on Oct. 15, 1946; FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 708–9; OF, Box 771, HSTL.
25. Truman to Ibn Saud, Oct. 25, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 714–17.
26. Memorandum on the Jewish People of Europe, enclosed with Edwin W. Pauley to Truman, Oct. 9, 1946, HST Subject File, “Palestine-Jewish Immigration Folder,” Box 161, HSTL.
27. Truman to Pauley, Oct. 22, 1946, HST Subject File, “Palestine-Jewish Immigration Folder,” Box 161, HSTL.
28. Quoted in William Roger Louis, The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951, p. 443.
29. Inverchapel to Bevin, “Jewish Affairs in the United States,” Nov. 22, 1946; FO 371 52571/E 11651, PRO.
30. Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin: Foreign Secretary, p. 333. Also see Bevin’s own report on the New York trip to the cabinet, Nov. 26, 1946, FO800/48/PA/46/131, PRO. Strangely, The New York Times, which had the reputation as “the paper of record,” did not tell its readers anything about the negative reception Bevin received in New York City.
31. New York Post, Nov. 4, 1946.
32. Minutes of meeting between Truman and Bevin at the White House, Dec. 8, 1946, FO 371 61762/E221, PRO.
33. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 177.
34. Memorandum of conversation between Truman and Amir Faisal, Dec. 13, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 729–33.
35. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 177.
36. Quoted in Meyer Weisgal, Meyer Weisgal, p. 241.
37. For discussion of events at the congress, see Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, pp. 442–43, and Joseph B. Schechtman, The United States and the Jewish State Movement, pp. 183–84. Perhaps the best summary of what took place is in Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, pp. 111–18.
38. General Counsel Sholes at Basel to Byrnes, Dec. 30, 1946, FRUS, vol. 7, Addendum, dispatch 517 of Jan. 16, 1947.
39. Truman to Byrnes, Jan. 7, 1947, in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Harry S. Truman, 1947, pp. 12–13.
40. Jan. 3, 1947; Harry S. Truman, 1947 diary, HSTL and www.trumanlibrary.org/diary/index.html.
41. Jan. 8, 1947; Harry S. Truman, 1947 diary, HSTL and www.trumanlibrary.org/diary/index.html
42. Emanuel Neumann, speech to American Zionist Council, “REPORT FROM LONDON,” Statler Hotel, Washington, D.C., Feb. 17, 1947, Zionist Organization of America papers, Box 1, Folder 10, AJHS, New York.
43. Gellman, Chargé in the UK, to Marshall, Jan. 28, 1947, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 1015–17.
44. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 128–29.
45. Ibid., pp. 133–46.
46. Bevin to Marshall, n.d., February 1947, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 1035–37.
47. Pinkerton to Marshall, Jan. 31, 1947, FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 1023–24.
48. Bevin, speech to the House of Commons, Feb. 25, 1947, cited in Memorandum by Mr. William J. McWilliams of the Executive Secretary to Marshall, Feb. 25, 1947; FRUS, vol. 7, pp. 1056–57.
49. Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, pp. 182–83.
50. Clifton Daniel, “British Seem Trapped in Fortress to Visitor Returning to Palestine,” The New York Times, March 1, 1947, p. 4.
51. “Martial-Law Rule Defined by British,” The New York Times, March 2, 1947, p. 2.
52. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 142–43.
CHAPTER 9: UNSCOP
1. British Representative at the UN, Cadogan, to Assistant Secretary General of the UN, Hoo, April 2, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1067–68.
2. Marshall to Truman, April 17, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1070–72.
3. Memorandum of conversation by Acheson with Moshe Shertok and Loy Henderson, April 23, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1073–77.
4. Thirty Members of Congress to Marshall and Austin, April 22, 1947, State Department File, National Archives, College Park, Maryland.
5. Marshall to Congressmen, May 5, 1947, in Congressional Record 23, 80th Congress, 1st Session, pp. A2201–3.
6. Bunche’s work on UNSCOP is chronicled in Brian Urquhart, Ralph Bunche: An American Odyssey, pp. 139–51. Our comments are based on his book.
7. Clayton Knowles, “U.S. Would Allow Zionists U.S. Voice,” The New York Times, May 2, 1947, p. 1.
8. Chaim Weizmann to Selig Brodetsky, Feb. 19, 1947, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, pp. 245–49.
9. Sara Alpern, Freda Kirchwey: A Woman of The Nation, pp. 197–200; quote is on p. 198.
10. “The Mufti’s Henchman,” The Nation, May 17, 1947, pp. 561–62.
11. “The Grand Mufti in World War II,” The Nation, May 17, 1947, pp. 597–99.
12. “3 Arab Delegates Called Axis Aides,” The New York Times, May 12, 1947, p. 3.
13. The Nation issue of May 17, 1947, contains a supplement, “The Palestine Problem: Report at the United Nations—April—May 1947,” an abridged version of the longer memorandum the U.N. delegates received.
14. David K. Niles, “MEMORANDUM FOR THE PRESIDENT,” May 12, 1947; Subject File, Palestine—1945–1947, Box 160, HSTL.
15. Ibid.; also see the typewritten transcript of Truman’s note to Niles, sent as “Memorandum for David K. Niles,” President’s Secretary File, Box 246, HSTL. The manuscripts also have a typed version of this note, prepared by the president’s secretary. In transferring it to type, the secretary, while correcting the president’s incorrectly spelled words, added one word that changes the meaning of a critical sentence. Truman had written, in handwriting, “Terror and Silver are the contributing causes of some, not all of our troubles.” The typed version says, Terror and Silver are the contributing causes of some, if not all, of our troubles.” The word “if” drastically changes the meaning of the sentence.
16. Yaacov Ro’i, From Encroachment to Involvement, p. 37.
17. Andrei Gromyko, speech, May 14, 1947, in General Assembly, 1st Special Session, 77th Plenary Meeting, vol. 1, pp. 127–35. Also see reprint of speech in vol. 1, 127–35. Also see reprint of speech in Yaacov Ro’i, From Encroachment to Involvement, pp. 37–41.
18. Dubrow to Marshall, May 10, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1081–82.
19. Smith’s memo is summarized in Howard M. Sachar, A History of Israel, p. 286.
20. Dean Rusk to Acheson, May 27, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1088–89.
21. Laurent Rucker, “Moscow’s Surprise: The Soviet-Israeli Alliance of 1947–1949,” Working Paper 48, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, p. 20.
22. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 157.
23. Memorandum of conversation of Acheson with Moshe Shertok, Eliahu Epstein, and Loy Henderson, May 29, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1094–96.
24. James Reston, “Britain Prods U.S. to Stop Funds to Defy Palestine Law,” The New York Times, May 20, 1947, p. 1.
25. Gene Currivan, “Zionists Tending to Middle Course,” The New York Times, May 23, 1947, p. 5.
26. Gene Currivan, “Ben-Gurion Favors Palestine Division,” The New York Times, May 23, 1947, p. 12.
27. “Irgun Leader Skeptical of Solution for Palestine Through U.N. Inquiry,” The New York Times, May 21, 1947, p. 12. The article contains the text of an interview with Begin. See also “Zionist Dissidents Reject Partition,” The New York Times, July 13, 1947, p. 15.
28. Statement by the President on June 5, 1947, Clark Clifford Papers, HSTL.
29. Marshall to Certain Diplomatic and Consular Offices, June 13, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 1103.
30. Marshall to Austin, June 13, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1103–5.
31. Epstein to Silver, June 27, 1947, CZA L35/83.
32. “Marshall Reaffirms Policy on Palestine,” The New York Times, July 2, 1947, p. 3.
33. “2 Senators Say U.S. Lags on Palestine,” The New York Times, July 7, 1947, p. 3.
34. Quoted in Joseph B. Shechtman, The United States and the Jewish State Movement, p. 212. Shechtman quotes from the JTA Bulletin, July 17, Aug. 11, 1947.
35. Clifton Daniel, “Zionist Sees U.S. Opposing Terror,” The New York Times, June 12, 1947, p. 10.
36. “2 Senators Say U.S. Lags on Palestine,” The New York Times, July 7, 1947, p. 3.
37. Leonard Slater, The Pledge, pp. 94–96.
38. Gene Currivan, “Haganah Foils Irgun Plot to Bomb British Army Center in Tel Aviv,” The New York Times, June 19, 1947, p. 1.
39. Macatee, Consul General in Jerusalem, to Marshall, June 11, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 1102.
40. “New War on Jews Forecast by Arab,” The New York Times, June 19, 1947, p. 16.
41. Robert St. John, Eban, pp. 17–25. St. John’s biography is the basic study of Eban’s life, and our discussions of Eban are based on this book.
42. Ibid., p. 163.
43. Ibid., p. 167.
44. Clifton Daniel, “U.N. Body Worried on Jews’ Hanging,” The New York Times, June 22, 1947, p. 1. See also Macatee to Marshal, June 23, 1947, FRUS, vol. 6, pp. 1107–12.
45. Jorge García Granados, The Birth of Israel, pp. 51–55.
46. Ibid., pp. 119–25; quote is on p. 123.
47. Clifton Daniel, “Zionist Rules Out Unity in Palestine,” The New York Times, June 18, 1947, p. 13.
48. Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine: How the U.S. Came to Recognize Israel, pp. 110–11.
49. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 166–69.
50. Jorge García Granados, The Birth of Israel, pp. 81–84.
51. Ibid., pp. 31–39.
52. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 171.
53. Jorge García Granados, The Birth of Israel, pp. 90–91.
54. Macatee to Marshall, June 30, 1946, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1113–16.
55. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 171.
56. Ibid., pp. 166–69.
57. Ibid., pp. 169–70.
58. Ben-Gurion, speech excerpted in Macatee to Marshall, July 7, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 1118. Macatee’s report of the committee’s third week is on pp. 1117–20.
59. Quoted in Jorge García Granados, The Birth of Israel, pp. 129–30.
60. Ibid., p. 134.
61. Macatee to Marshall, July 14, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1123–28. Weizmann’s speech is summarized on pp. 1125–26. The entire report of week four is on pp. 1123–28.
62. Macatee to Marshall, July 14, 1947, FRUS, p. 1125.
63. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 173–74.
64. Norman Rose, Chaim Weizmann, pp. 299–300. The authors visited the Weizmann home in 2007, but the accurate description is taken from Rose’s biography.
65. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 177.
66. Macatee to Marshall, July 21, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1128–31.
67. Bevin to Marshall, June 30, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1112–13.
68. I. F. Stone, Underground to Palestine, pp. 15–16; pp. 221–24.
69. Ruth Gruber, Inside of Time: My Journey from Alaska to Israel, pp. 272–89. The following paragraphs in the text are based on Gruber’s book.
70. Quoted in Robert St. John, Abba Eban, p. 168.
71. Ruth Gruber, Inside of Time, pp. 272–89.
72. Jose García Granados, The Birth of Israel, pp. 173–82.
73. Ibid., pp. 183–88.
74. Harry S. Truman, diary, July 21, 1947, President’s Secretary’s File, Box 232, HSTL.
75. “My Day,” syndicated column, Aug. 23, 1947, quoted in Joseph Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone, pp. 113–14.
76. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt, Aug. 23, 1947, President’s Personal File, HSTL.
77. Memorandum by Lovett, Notes on Cabinet Meeting, Aug. 22, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1138–39.
78. Lovett to Embassy, Aug. 22, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1139–40; Lovett to Embassy, Aug. 22, 1947, pp. 1140–41.
79. Douglas to Marshall, Aug. 26, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1141–42.
80. Jorge García Granados, The Birth of Israel, pp. 198–207.
81. Ibid., p. 200. The following paragraphs in the text are based on Garcías’s account. See pp. 216–33.
82. Ibid., pp. 208–15.
83. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 184.
84. Ibid., pp. 202–9.
85. Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 112.
86. Quoted in Brian Urquhart, Ralph Bunche, pp. 149–50.
87. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 222–23; Robert St. John, Eban, p. 174.
88. “Palestine Compromise,” The Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 3, 1947.
89. “A Plan for Palestine,” The Atlanta Constitution, Sept. 2, 1947.
90. “Time to Act in Palestine,” Chicago Sun, Sept. 3, 1947.
91. “Our Palestinian Policy,” St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Sept. 3, 1947.
92. “Make Palestine Justice Real,” The New York Post, Sept. 3, 1947.
93. “The Palestine Report,” The New York Times, Sept. 1, 1947.
94. Arthur Krock, “For a Jewish Homeland: The New York Times, Sept. 3, 1947.
95. I. F. Stone, “The UNSCOP Proposals on Palestine,” P.M., Sept. 4, 1947.
CHAPTER 10: THE FIGHT OVER PARTITION
1. Clifton Daniel, “Arabs Threaten Force if Holy Land Is Split,” The New York Times, Sept. 7, 1947, p. E4.
2. J. C. Hurewitz, The Struggle for Palestine, p. 308.
3. “Palestine Frees 3 in Exodus Crew,” The New York Times, Sept. 9, 1947, p. 2.
4. Samir Rifai to Bevin, Sept. 22, 1947, FO 371 61880/E9354, PRO.
5. Macatee to Marshall, Sept. 2, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1143–44.
6. Clifton Daniel, “Zionists Ask U.N. to Pass New Plan,” The New York Times, Sept. 2, 1947, p. 1.
7. “Irgun Denounces Partition Support,” The New York Times, Sept. 7, 1947, p. 7.
8. Hawkins to Marshall, Sept. 11, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1145–46.
9. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 253–54.
10. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, p. 457.
11. Lourie to Celler, Sept. 8, 1947, enclosing three different drafts of proposed letter to Truman; Emanuel Celler Papers, LOC.
12. Edmund I. Kauffman and Paul Tishman to recipients (Miss Leibel), Sept. 29, 1947, AJHS Papers, Box 42, Folder 10, New York. The role of Freda Kirchwey and the Nation Associates in working for the partition resolution is discussed in Ronald Radosh and Allis Radosh, “Righteous Among the Editors: When the Left Loved Israel,” World Affairs 171, no. 1 (Summer 2008): 65–75.
13. Eleanor Roosevelt to Lessing J. Rosenwald, Oct. 1, 1947; quoted in Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone, p. 116.
14. George Barrett, “Arab War Threat Discounted to U.N.,” The New York Times, Oct. 6, 1947, p. 4.
15. “Role of the Nation Associates in Bringing About First American Statement Favoring UNSCOP Proposal,” October 1947, enclosed in “The Work of the Nation Associates on Palestine,” March 22, 1948, CZA47 L35, 137.
16. Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 116.
17. George E. Jones, “All U.N. Members in Palestine Group,” The New York Times, Sept. 24, 1947, p. 5.
18. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor: The Years Alone, pp. 114–15.
19. Thomas F. Powers, Jr., Excerpts from the Minutes of the Sixth Meeting of the U.S. Delegation to the 2nd Session of the General Assembly, New York, Sept. 15, 1947; FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1147–51; also see Forrest C. Pogue, George Marshall, pp. 345–47.
20. Statement by Marshall to the General Assembly on 9/17/47, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1151–52.
21. Oral history interviews with Loy W. Henderson, conducted June 13 and July 5, 1973, HSTL. The following paragraphs in the text are from this interview.
22. Henderson to Marshall, Sept. 22, 1947, “Certain Considerations Against Advocacy by the U.S. of the Majority Plan,” FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1153–59.
23. Interview with Clark Clifford by Richard Holbrooke and Brian VanDenMark, May 4, 1988, HSTL.
24. Oral history interview with Clark Clifford, HSTL.
25. George McKee Elsey, An Unplanned Life, pp. 133, 141.
26. Oral history interviews with Loy W. Henderson, conducted June 14 and July 5, 1973, HSTL.
27. Memorandum by Hilldring to the Acting U.S. Rep. of the U.N., Herschel Johnson, Sept. 24, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1162–63.
28. Memo prepared by the Department of State, “United States Position with Respect to the Question of Palestine,” FRUS, vol. 5, Sept. 30, 1947, pp. 1166–70.
29. Daniel Mandel, H. V. Evatt and the Establishment of Israel, p. 132.
30. Thomas J. Hamilton, “U.N. to Hear Arabs; ‘Three Noes’ on Palestine Inquiry Report Today,” The New York Times, Sept. 29, 1947, p. 1; “Palestinian Arabs Reject U.N. Plans; Warn of a Battle,” The New York Times, Jan. 30, 1947, p. 1; and “Text of the statement by Jamel el-Husseini before the U.N.,” p. 13.
31. “Text of Statement before the U.N. by Abba Hillel Silver,” The New York Times, Oct. 3, 1947, p. 20; and “Palestine Division Is Accepted in U.N. by Jewish Agency,” The New York Times, Oct. 3, 1947, p. 1.
32. St. John, Eban: A Biography, pp. 178–85.
33. Memorandum by Mr. Gordon Knox to Herschel Johnson, Oct. 3, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1173–74.
34. Eddie Jacobson to Truman, Oct. 3, 1947, Eddie Jacobson Papers, HSTL.
35. Truman to Jacobson, Oct. 8, 1947, Eddie Jacobson Papers, HSTL.
36. Arthur Vanderberg to Robert A. Taft, Oct. 8, 1947, Robert A. Taft Papers, LOC.
37. “State Democrats Ask Palestine Aid,” The New York Times, Oct. 7, 1947, p. 13.
38. Clifton Daniel, “Arab States to Send Troops to the Borders of Palestine,” The New York Times, Oct. 10, 1947, p. 1.
39. Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 183. A slightly different claim was made by Eliahu Elath, who wrote that Truman met at the White House with Lovett, Niles, and Clifford where he confirmed the State Department speech, which made U.S. support for partition public. Quoted in Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 157.
40. Thomas J. Hamilton, “Arabs Are Warned,” The New York Times, Oct. 12, 1947, p. 1.
41. Marshall to Lovett, Oct. 23, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1200–1201.
42. Marshall to Austin, Nov. 12, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1255–56.
43. Johnson and Hilldring to Lovett, in Warren Austin to Marshall, Nov. 18, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1266–68.
44. Memorandum of conversation of Lovett, Oct. 15, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1181–82.
45. Eliahu Elath, Israel and Elath, pp. 4–6. This is the text of the Lucien Wolf Memorial Lecture to the Jewish Historical Society, London, June, 1966.
46. Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation, p. 178.
47. Eliahu Elath, Israel and Elath, pp. 4–6.
48. Ibid., pp. 18–20. The memorandum is on pp. 19–20.
49. Eliahu Elath, Israel and Elath, pp. 20–21.
50. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, pp. 458–59. Also see Robert Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, p. 327.
51. Robert McClintock, memorandum to the file, Nov. 19, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1271–72.
52. Bohlen to Lovett, Nov. 19, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 1271. Bohlen’s memo is attached to the McClintock memo in the file and appears as a footnote on the FRUS page.
53. Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error, pp. 458–59.
54. Herschel Johnson, text of address, The New York Times, Nov. 23, 1947, p. 58.
55. Frank S. Adams, “Britain Mystifies U.N. on Palestine,” The New York Times, Nov. 14, 1947, p. 1.
56. Henderson to Lovett, Nov. 24, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1281–82.
57. Ibid., p. 1282. This appears as a marginal notation to the Henderson letter to Lovett.
58. Memorandum of telephone conversation by Acting Secretary of State Lovett with Johnson and Hilldring, Nov. 24, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1283–84.
59. Gabriel Sheffer, Moshe Sharett, p. 265.
60. Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena, p. 251.
61. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 298–99.
62. Nahum Goldmann, The Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann, pp. 244–45.
63. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 299.
64. Abba Eban, Personal Witness, p. 121.
65. Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena, p. 251.
66. Julius Haber, The Odyssey of an American Zionist, pp. 314–18.
67. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 299.
68. Reports from the British delegation to the United Nations, cited in Michael J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 294.
69. Telegram of U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines O’Neal to Lovett, in Memorandum of Lovett to Truman, Dec. 10, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 1306.
70. Jorge García Granados, The Birth of Israel, pp. 263–65; Sumner Welles, We Need Not Fail, p. 63.
71. Oral history interview with Loy Henderson, June 14, 1973, HSTL.
72. Quoted in Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, p. 145.
73. David Horowitz, State in the Making, p. 300.
74. Quoted in Melvyn Urofsky, We Are One!, p. 145.
75. Dan Kurzman, Genesis 1948, p. 40.
76. Eban A. Ayers, diary, Nov. 29, 1947, HSTL.
77. Memorandum of Acting Secretary of State to Truman, Dec. 10, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1305–7; Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena, pp. 252–53.
78. Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena, p. 250.
79. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 300–301.
80. David Bernard Sacher, David Niles and United States Policy, pp. 71–72.
81. Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, pp. 186–87.
82. Celler to Truman, Nov. 26, 1947, HSTL.
83. Truman to Celler, n.d., 1947, HSTL.
84. Sumner Welles, We Need Not Fail, p. 63.
85. Note accompanying Nov. 20, 1947 memorandum on Nov. 11 cabinet meeting, President Secretary’s File; Cabinet meetings; Box 154, HSTL. See Robert J. Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, pp. 329–30.
86. M. Comay to B. Gering, Dec. 3, 1947, Israel Documents, December 1947–May 1948, pp. 3–13; quotes are on p. 5–6.
87. Oral history interview with Loy W. Henderson, June 14, 1973, HSTL.
88. Niles and Johnson, quoted in Dan Kurzman, Genesis 1948, p. 40.
89. British U.N. Delegation to Foreign Office, Nov. 24, 1947, FO 371 61889, PRO.
90. Marshall to Lovett, Nov. 28, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1289–99.
91. Emanuel Neumann, In the Arena, p. 254.
92. Ruth Gruber, Witness, p. 158.
93. Weizmann to Ginsburg, December 1947, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, vol. 23, Aug. 1947–June 1952, p. 67.
94. “Jubilant Zionists Hold Rally Here,” The New York Times, Dec. 3, 1947, p. 1.
95. Celler to Truman, Dec. 3, 1947, Box 23, Celler Papers, LOC.
96. Frank J. Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, p. 207.
97. Eddie Jacobson, diary, n.d., 1947, cited in Joel Levitch and Laurel Vlock, “The Diary of Eddie Jacobson,” The Washington Post, May 6, 1973.
98. Jacobson to Truman, Dec. 12, 1947; quoted in Frank J. Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, p. 207; “Behind the Scenes of the U.N. Decision,” National Jewish Monthly, January 1948, p. 163.
CHAPTER 11: A “BIG CONSPIRACY” BREWS IN WASHINGTON
1. Abba Eban, Personal Witness, p. 114.
2. Eliahu Epstein to Lillie Shultz, Dec. 4, 1947, CZA L35/76.
3. Henderson to Marshall, Nov. 10, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 1249.
4. “U.S. Embargoes Arms to Mid-East,” The New York Times, Dec. 6, 1947, p. 3.
5. Michael Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 174.
6. Leonard Slater, The Pledge, p. 132.
7. Ibid., p. 128.
8. Elath to Kirchwey, Dec. 12, 1947, CZA L35/76.
9. Gene Currivan, “Arabs Make Roads,” The New York Times, Dec. 5, 1947, p. 1.
10. “Arab States Call Meeting,” The New York Times, Dec. 2, 1947, p. 1.
11. Macatee to Marshall, Dec. 31, 1947, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1322–28.
12. Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, pp. 133–34.
13. David Horowitz, State in the Making, pp. 323–24.
14. “Palestine Will Not View U.S. Troops, Truman Says,” The New York Times, Jan. 16, 1948, p. 4.
15. Michael Bar-Zohar, Ben-Gurion: A Biography, pp. 147–50; quote is on p. 150.
16. Dan Kurzman, Ben-Gurion, p. 276.
17. Leonard Slater, The Pledge, p. 151.
18. George F. Kennan to Marshall and Lovett, Jan. 20, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 545–46. The lengthy memo is attached to Kennan’s letter. It may be found in “Report by the Policy Planning Staff on Position of the United States With Respect to Palestine,” Jan. 19, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 546–54. The discussion of the memo in the text refers to this report.
19. Truman to Marshall, Feb. 22, 1948, FRUS, vol. 6, p. 645.
20. Rusk to Lovett, Jan. 26, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 556–62.
21. James Forrestal, The Forrestal Diaries, ed. Walter Mills, p. 300.
22. James Reston, “Bipartisan Policy on Holy Land Seen,” The New York Times, Jan. 27, 1948, p. 8.
23. Eleanor Roosevelt to Truman, Jan. 29, 1948, Eleanor and Harry, ed. Steve Neal, pp. 123–24.
24. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt, Feb. 2, 1948, Eleanor and Harry, ed. Steve Neal, p. 124.
25. Wadsworth to Truman, n.d. [February 1948], FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 596–99.
26. Memo by Ambassador George Wadsworth to Loy Henderson, Feb. 4, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 592–95.
27. Oral history interview with Oscar R. Ewing, conducted on May 2, 1969 by J. R. Fuchs, HSTL.
28. Ibid.
29. Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 115. Wilson cites an appendix appearing in Ian Bickerton, “President Truman’s Recognition of Israel,” American Jewish Quarterly, December 1968, pp. 229–40.
30. Andie Knutson to Phileo Nash, Aug. 6, 1951, Phileo Nash Papers, HSTL; cited in Michael T. Benson, Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel, pp. 94–95.
31. Truman to Pepper, Oct. 20, 1947, Confidential File, Box 59, HSTL.
32. “Big Aid to Wallace Is Seen in Victory of Bronx Protégé,” The New York Times, Feb. 19, 1948, p. 1.
33. James Reston, “Palestine Issue Put High in Bronx Wallace Victory,” The New York Times, Feb. 20, 1948, p. 14.
34. Truman to Marshall, Feb. 22, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 645.
35. Statement made by Warren Austin before the Security Council, Feb. 24, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 651–54.
36. Statement by Warren Austin to the UN Security Council, Feb. 25, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 657–58.
37. Draft of Ben Cohen’s article, March 1, 1948. Ben Cohen Papers, Box 8, LOC. Attached to it is a note from Felix Frankfurter: “This is very good—many Thanks!” Cohen’s revised article appeared in the New York Herald Tribune, March 16 and 17, 1948.
38. Francis J. Meyers to Truman, March 4, 1948, Subject File, Box 160, HSTL.
39. Truman to Meyers, n.d., Subject File, Box 160, HSTL.
40. “Truman Says Issue Is of Deep Concern,” The New York Times, Feb. 25, 1948, p. 1.
41. Celler to Truman, Feb. 25, 1948, Celler Papers, LOC.
42. Kirchwey to Truman, Feb. 25, 1958, CZA L35/137.
43. Marshall to Truman and Cabinet, March 5, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 678–79.
44. Marshall to Austin, March 5, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 679–81.
45. Marshall to Austin, March 5, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 682–85.
46. Marshall to Austin, March 8, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 697.
47. McClintock to Lovett, March 8, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 697–99.
48. Michael J. Cohen, Truman and Israel, p. 189.
49. Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President, p. 7; interview with David Ginsburg by the authors, Aug. 3, 2006.
50. Memorandum by Clifford, “Proposed Program on the Palestine Problem,” March 6, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 687–89.
51. Memorandum by Clifford to Truman, March 8, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 690–96.
52. Austin to Marshall, March 11, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 707–11.
53. Trygve Lie, In the Cause of Peace, p. 169.
54. Austin to Marshall, March 13, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 712–19; quote is on p. 719.
55. Marshall to Austin, March 16, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 728–29.
56. Memorandum of telephone conversation by McClintock, March 17, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 729–31.
57. McClintock to Humelsine, March 17, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 731–32.
58. Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, p. 188.
59. Vera Weizmann, The Impossible Takes Longer, pp. 221–22; Weizmann to Truman, Feb. 10, 1948, HSTL; Connelly to Weizmann, Feb. 12, 1948, Box 10, Max Lowenthal Papers; Chaim Weizmann, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, vol. 2, p. 85.
60. “Zionist Leaders Turned to Kansas Citian,” The Kansas City Times, May 13, 1965; Eddie Jacobson, “Two Presidents and a Haberdasher—1948, American Jewish Archives 20, no. 1 (April 1968): 3–15.
61. Jacobson to Truman, February 18, 1948, Jacobson Papers, HSTL.
62. Truman to Jacobson, Feb. 27, 1948, Jacobson Papers, HSTL.
63. Daniel J. Fellman, An American Friendship, p. 138.
64. Abba Eban, Personal Witness, p. 134.
65. Jacobson to Josef Cohn, March 27, 1952, A. J. Granoff Papers, Box 2, HSTL. The letter is reprinted in full under the title “Two Presidents and a Haberdasher—1948,” American Jewish Archives 20, no. 1 (April 1968): 3–14. The sections of the text that follow this citation are all drawn from Jacobson’s account in this letter
66. Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, pp. 189–90.
67. Vera Weizmann, The Impossible Takes Longer, pp. 228–29.
68. Statement of Warren Austin before the Security Council of the U.N., March 19, 1948; FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 742–44.
69. Julius Haber, The Odyssey of an American Zionist, p. 323.
70. Statement by Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver to the Security Council, March 19, 1948, Zionist Organization of American Files, American Jewish Historical Society, New York.
71. Entry on Truman’s calendar, March 19, 1948, in Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman, pp. 424–25.
72. “Clifford Sets the Record Straight: Talk delivered before the American Jewish Historical Society and the American Historical Association,” Near East Report, Dec. 29, 1976; Loy Henderson Papers, LOC. Also see Jonathan Daniels, interview with Clark Clifford, Oct. 24, 1949, Jonathan Daniels Papers, HSTL. In this version, Clifford has Truman saying to Weizmann, “He must think I’m a shitass,” rather than a liar, which is what Clifford used when he spoke about it publicly.
73. Truman had done the same thing in 1946, when Secretary of Commerce Henry A. Wallace gave a speech in New York calling for policies friendly to the Soviet Union. Secretary of State James F. Byrnes was in Europe at a meeting of the Council of Foreign Ministers, and Wallace’s speech, which he said the president had approved in advance, harmed Byrnes’s ability to negotiate with the Soviets and to maintain a tough stance with them. Truman responded by saying he had approved only Wallace’s giving a speech, not its contents. He then fired Wallace and sent him back to private life.
74. Clifford, memorandum, March 19, 1948, Box 13, Clark Clifford Papers, HSTL.
75. Clark Clifford, “Recognizing Israel,” American Heritage, April 1977, p. 7.
76. Oral history interview of Clark Clifford by Richard Holbrooke and Brian VanDeMark, May 4, 1988, Richard Holbrooke Papers, HSTL.
77. Jonathan Daniel, notes on his interview with Clark Clifford, Oct. 24, 1949, Jonathan Daniels Papers, HSTL.
78. Charles Ross, memorandum, March 29, 1948, Box 6, Ross Papers, HSTL.
79. Eben A. Ayers, diary entry, March 25, 1948 ( Jan. 1–May 31 Folder) Eben A. Ayers Papers, HSTL; “Clifford Sets the Record Straight,” Near East Report, Dec. 29, 1976, enclosed with Henderson to Norman F. Dacey, n.d., January 1977, in Loy Henderson Papers, Box 11, Folder: Israel-Palestine correspondence, LOC.
80. Statement by President Truman, White House Press Release, March 25, 1948, David Niles Papers, Box 29, HSTL.
81. Truman to Eleanor Roosevelt, March 25, 1948, in Steve Neal, ed., Eleanor and Harry, pp. 133–34.
82. Trygve Lie, In the Cause of Peace, pp. 170–71.
83. “A Land of Milk and Honey,” The New York Times, March 21, 1948, p. E8.
84. New York Herald Tribune, March 21, 1948.
85. P.M., March 21, 1948.
86. T. O. Thackrey, “Betrayal Reaffirmed,” New York Post March 21, 1948.
87. Eddie Jacobson to Josef Cohn, March 30, 1952, A. J. Granoff Papers, Box 2, HSTL.
88. Eliahu Elath, “Samuel Irving Rosenman and his Contribution Before the Establishment of the State of Israel” (Hebrew), Molad 7, no. 37–38 (247–248) (Spring 1976): 448–54. We would like to thank Tuvia Friling for translating this article for us
89. Weizmann to Doris May, March 23, 1948, Letter 128, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series A, August 1947–1952, pp. 91–92.
90. Weizmann to Truman, April 9, 1948, Letter 138, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series A, August 1947–1952, pp. 99–101.
CHAPTER 12: A NEW COUNTRY IS BORN
1. Henderson to Lovett, March 27, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 767–69.
2. Memo Prepared by Dept. of State, April 2, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 778–96.
3. Julian Louis Meltzer, “Arabs Fire Shells at Zionist Village,” The New York Times, April 6, 1948, p. 11; Mallory Browne, “Jew and Arab Meet in U.N. Truce Move,” The New York Times, April 8, 1948, p. 1.
4. “Soviet Charges U.S. Wrecks Partition for Oil and a Base,” The New York Times, March 31, 1948, p. 1.
5. FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 776–78. Shertok’s remarks to the Security Council are printed in an Editorial Note.
6. “Silver Exhorts US to Back Partition,” The New York Times, April 1, 1948, p. 8.
7. Mallory Browne, “Truce Talks Fail; Arab Shuns Agency,” The New York Times, April 9, 1948, p. 1; and “Arab Terms Reported,” The New York Times, April 10, 1948, p. 6.
8. Thomas J. Hamilton, “U.N. Morale Sagging Under Heavy Strains,” The New York Times, April 28, 1948, p. E4.
9. Howard M. Sachar, The History of Israel from the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, pp. 304–5.
10. Abba Eban, Personal Witness, pp. 136–37; Howard M. Sachar, The History of Israel, pp. 305–9.
11. Michael J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers, p. 335.
12. Ibid., p. 337.
13. Wasson to Marshall, April 13, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 817.
14. Dana Adams Schmidt, “34 Jews Are Slain in Hospital Convoy,” The New York Times, April 14, 1948, p. 6.
15. Letter by 81 doctors to Truman, April 21, 1948, American Jewish Historical Society, New York.
16. “Dr. Louis Dublin’s Report on his Meeting with President Truman,” April 22, 1948, box 42, American Jewish Historical Society.
17. Mrs. Samuel W. Halprin, National President, Hadassah, to Joseph C. Satterthwaite, Deputy Director of Near Eastern Division of the State Department, April 26, 1948; enclosing Hadassah Press Release, April 26, 1948, Box 42, Folder 1, American Jewish Historical Society.
18. Text of speech by Austin to U.N. Special Session on Palestine, April 19, 1948, Subject File, Box 160, HSTL.
19. Evan M. Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 138.
20. Trygve Lie, In the Cause of Peace, pp. 171–73.
21. Douglas to Marshall, April 20, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 837.
22. Douglas to Marshall, April 22, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 847.
23. McClintock to Lovett, April 22, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 845–46.
24. Marshall to the U.K., May 5, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 915–16.
25. John C. Ross to Marshall, May 6, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 917–20.
26. Austin to Marshall, May 9, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 949–53.
27. Jacobson to Dr. Josef Cohn, March 30, 1952, published as Eddie Jacobson, “Two Presidents and a Haberdasher—1948,” American Jewish Archives, April 1968, p. 11.
28. Vera Weizmann, The Impossible Takes Longer, p. 231. The authors wish to note that many books and memoirs offer different versions of what happened on the twenty-third and the events surrounding it. We have evaluated all of the different accounts and present it to the best of our ability.
29. Ibid., p. 232.
30. Abba Eban, Personal Witness, pp. 140–41.
31. Ibid., pp. 142–43.
32. “Arab King Warns Palestine Invasion…Is Set,” The New York Times, April 27, 1948, p. 1.
33. Evan Wilson, Decision on Palestine, p. 139.
34. Wasson to Marshall, May 3, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 889–91.
35. John E. Horner, memorandum, May 4, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 898–901.
36. Memorandum for the President, May 11, 1948, attached to proposed State Department resolution to be brought before the United Nations that would call for a truce in Palestine. Clifford scribbled on it “Lovett brought this in May—in high excitement—but this whole scheme flopped at Lake Success and no action was ever taken.” See Eliahu Epstein to Shertok, May 14, 1948, Weizmann Archives, Rehovoth, Israel. Epstein had cabled Shertok that Clifford had telephoned friends in Washington advising that U.S. recognition was imminent, but they needed a request. He had consulted with Cohen and Ginsburg and drafted the request to the president and secretary of state.
37. Shertok to Rusk, May 4, 1948, David Niles Papers, Israel File, HSTL.
38. Rusk to Lovett, May 4, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 894–96.
39. Austin to Marshall, enclosing Rusk to Lovett, May 3, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 886–89.
40. Niles to Clifford, May 6, 1948, cited in Zvi Ganin, Truman, American Jewry and Israel, p. 218.
41. Dean Alfange to Truman, May 5, 1948, Subject File, Box 160, HSTL.
42. Clark Clifford, notes, May 4, 1948, Clark Clifford Papers, Box 13, HSTL.
43. Interview with Clark Clifford by Richard Holbrooke and Brian VanDeMark, “On State Department Antipathy Towards Israel Recognition Debate,” May 12, 1948 Showdown, Lovett vis-à-vis Marshall and Clifford, May 14, 1948; “HST’s Sympathy Toward Jews,” in Richard C. Holbrooke Papers, Chronological File, Feb. 10, 1988, to Nov. 14, 1988, Box 2, HSTL. Richard Holbrooke gave the transcripts of his interviews with Clifford, used for preparation of Counsel to the President, to the Truman Library. Unless otherwise noted, all dialogue and accounts of the meeting are from the Holbrooke Papers and from Clark Clifford with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President, pp. 3–18. According to Max Lowenthal, the meeting was called “at Clifford’s urging”; diary entry of May 12, 1948, Max Lowenthal Papers.
44. Austin to Marshall, May 4, 1948, enclosing Rusk to Jessup, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 897.
45. Unsigned report and letter to Clifford from State Department, May 7, 1948, Clifford Papers, Box 13, HSTL.
46. Rusk to Marshall, May 8 or 7, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 930–35.
47. Report of meeting between Shertok and Epstein with Marshall, Lovett, and Rusk, May 8, 1948, Israel Documents, Document 483, pp. 757–69. The paragraphs on this meeting are based on this summary, prepared by Shertok.
48. Vera Weizmann, The Impossible Takes Longer, p. 231; Dan Kurzman, Ben-Gurion, p. 282; Abba Eban, Personal Witness, p. 144. The story appears in all three books in a slightly different versions. Vera Weizmann based her recollection on her personal diary, which she wrote the day her husband phoned Shertok at the airport.
49. Dan Kurzman, Ben-Gurion, p. 282–85. Kurzman asserts that upon returning to Palestine, Shertok told Ben-Gurion that he favored postponement and Ben-Gurion told him forcefully that he had to change his position. Michael Bar-Zohar, in his biography Ben-Gurion, says only that Shertok had “profound inner disquiet and grave uncertainties” and that during the flight home, he had decided to advocate postponement. When he told Ben-Gurion, the future prime minister told him not to tell the leadership he thought Marshall was right; Michael Bar-Zohar, Ben Gurion: A Biography, pp. 151–52. Sharett’s biographer, Gabriel Sheffer, disputes the accounts by Kurzman and Bar-Zohar, which emanated from Ben-Gurion, and writes, “this version of what went on at that secret meeting should be taken with more than a grain of salt.” Sheffer argues that Shertok always and forcefully urged creation of the new state and rejected Marshall’s advice. He cites as evidence Shertok’s talk to the Mapai Central Committee, in which Shertok said that even during the last days of the U.N. debate he had argued that its creation could not be postponed; Gabriel Sheffer, Moshe Sharett: Biography of a Political Moderate, pp. 325–26, 332.
50. Max Lowenthal, diary entry, May 12, 1948, Max Lowenthal Papers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
51. Oral history interviews with Max Lowenthal, conducted by Jerry N. Hess, Sept. 20, 1967, and Nov. 29, 1967, HSTL.
52. Lowenthal, statement, May 9, 1948, Clark Clifford Papers, Box 13, HSTL. The discussion of Lowenthal’s views is taken entirely from this memorandum.
53. Lowenthal, memorandum, “Palestine: What Are the Alternatives Before the President at This Moment?,” May 11, 1948, Clark Clifford Papers, Box 13, HSTL.
54. Lowenthal, memorandum, May 12, 1948, Max Lowenthal Papers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
55. Interview with Clark Clifford by Richard Holbrooke, Nov. 14, 1988. The discussion of the May 12 meeting is taken from this interview and Clark Clifford’s memoir Counsel to the President.
56. George C. Marshall, memorandum of conversation, May 12, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 972–76.
57. Clark Clifford, “Factors Influencing President Truman’s Decision to Support Partition and Recognize the State of Israel,” in Clifford, Eugene Rostow, and Barbara Tuchman, The Palestine Question in American History, p. 47.
58. The attempt of the State Department to spread British disinformation about purported Soviet infiltration of the Yishuv is discussed in Elihu Bergman, “Unexpected Recognition: Some Observations of a Last-Gasp Campaign in the U.S. State Department to Abort a Jewish State,” Modern Judaism 19 (No. 1, Feb. 1999): pp. 133–71. Bergman writes, “NEA bought into a somewhat desperate British scheme to portray illegal Jewish immigration as a dangerous conduit for introducing a substantial Communist cadre into Palestine, which could later be activated in support of Soviet expansionist aims in the Near East” (p. 156). He describes it as a “Red Scare scenario” meant by the British to capture American attention and change the U.S. policy against recognition (p. 158).
59. Ibid., p. 975.
60. Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President, p. 13.
61. Max Lowenthal, diary entry, May 12, 1948, Max Lowenthal Papers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
62. Max Lowenthal, memorandum, May 15, 1948, on Clifford’s conversation with Lowenthal at his office on the issue of recognition of a new Jewish state, Max Lowenthal Papers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
63. Presidential Press Conference, May 13, 1948, HSTL.
64. Diary entry, May 13, 1949 (sic), Max Lowenthal Papers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Lowenthal inadvertently entered the wrong year for his entry.
65. Arthur Krock, “What Is Meant by ‘De Facto’ Recognition?,” The New York Times, May 20, 1948, p. 28.
66. Author’s interview with David Ginsburg, Aug. 3, 2006, Washington, D.C.
67. Lovett, memorandum of conversations, May 17, 1948, FRUS, vol. 5, pp. 1005–7.
68. Max Lowenthal, memorandum, May 14, 1948, Max Lowenthal Papers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Lowenthal relates what Clifford told him about the events of the previous day.
69. Epstein to Marshall, May 14, 1948, Loy Henderson Papers, Box 11, HSTL.
70. Vera Weizmann, The Impossible Takes Longer, p. 234.
71. David Bernard Sacher, “David K. Niles and United States Policy,” Senior Honors Thesis, Harvard University, 1959, p. 1.
72. Dean Rusk to William N. Franklin, June 13, 1974, in Editorial Note, FRUS, vol. 5, p. 993. Also see Max Lowenthal, memorandum, May 18, 1948, Max Lowenthal Papers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Lowenthal had been told of Austin’s surprise the next day by Ben Cohen.
73. Granoff to Truman, May 15, 1948, Official File, Box 772, HSTL.
74. Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, pp. 193–94.
CONCLUSION
1. Marshall Newton, “Rally Held Here,” The New York Times, May 17, 1948, p. 1.
2. Max Lowenthal, memorandum, May 18, 1948; diary entries, Monday, May 17, and May 20, 1948, Max Lowenthal Papers, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
3. Max Lowenthal, diary entry, May 21, 1948.
4. Frank Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, p. 212.
5. Max Lowenthal, diary entry, May 22, 1948.
6. Anthony Leviero, “Weizmann Visits Truman,” The New York Times, May 26, 1948, p. 1.
7. Vera Weizmann, The Impossible Takes Longer, p. 240.
8. Anthony Leviero, “Weizmann Visits Truman,” The New York Times, May 26, 1948, p. 1.
9. Frank Adler, Roots in a Moving Stream, p. 213.
10. Weizmann to Truman, May 26, 1948, Subject File, Box 160, HSTL.
11. James G. MacDonald, My Mission to Israel, pp. 3–7.
12. Oral history interview with Matthew Connelly, Aug. 21, 1968, HSTL.
13. Eliahu Elath, Israel and Elath, pp. 23–24.
14. Interview with Clark Clifford by Richard Holbrooke, May 4, 1988, Holbrooke Papers, HSTL.
15. Alfred Lilienthal, Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, June 1999, pp. 49–50.
16. Ibid., p. 50.
17. Eliahu Elath, “Harry S. Truman—The Man and the Statesman,” First Annual Harry S. Truman Lecture, May 18, 1977, Hebrew University, p. 48.
18. Quoted in Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President, p. 25; Dan Kurzman, Ben-Gurion, p. 416.
19. David B. Sacher, David K. Niles and United States Policy, p. 96.
20. Truman to Weizmann, Nov. 29, 1948, in Harry S. Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, pp. 197–99.
21. Vera Weizmann to Jacobson, December 1952, Eddie Jacobson Papers, HSTL.
22. Interview with Herb Jacobson by Daniel Fellman, July 26, 2004, in Daniel J. Fellman, An American Friendship, pp. 169–75.
23. Truman to Jacobson, June 30, 1955, Jacobson Papers, HSTL.
24. Truman, address at Jacobson Memorial Dinner, Nov. 26, 1952, Jacobson Papers, HSTL.
25. Daniel J. Fellman, An American Friendship, p. 64.
26. “Eddie Jacobson, Truman Partner,” The New York Times, Oct. 26, 1955, p. 31.
27. Quoted in Joseph B. Schechtman, The United States and the Jewish State Movement, p. 424.
28. Clark Clifford, “Recognizing Israel,” American Heritage, April 1977, p. 11.
29. Clifford, memorandum to the president, Nov. 19, 1947, Clark Clifford Papers, HSTL. Also see Clark Clifford, Counsel to the President, pp. 189–94.
30. Bowles to Clifford, Sept. 23, 1948, Box 12, Clifford Papers, HSTL.
31. Diary of Eban A. Ayers, Sept. 9, 1948, Box 20, Eban A. Ayers Papers, HSTL.
32. The points about Lincoln are made in an essay by Eric Foner, “The President and the Prophet,” which appeared in The Nation, Feb. 5, 2007. He bases his argument on James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Antislavery Politics (New York: Norton, 2007).
33. Eliahu Elath, “Harry S. Truman—The Man and the Statesman,” p. 53.