Ames, Herbert Brown, 65, 68, 72, 74
Amyot, Guillaume, 124–5
Anglo-American union: as consequence of diplomatic rapprochement of United States and Britain, 42; as a model of international cooperation, 48–9, 52–4; as a response to conflict between races, 51–2, 54; underlying racial kinship of, 41–2, 46, 8. See also under citizenship
annexationism, 42–3, 95, 115, 121, 139
Armour, Edward Douglas, 77
Ashley, William James, 22–3, 65–8
Australia: and Anglo-American union, 11, 37, 41; citizenship and naturalization in, 85n14, 148, 150; constitution of, 61; federation movement in, 48; and historiography of British Empire, 8; White Australia policy, 52
Bagehot, Walter, 64
Beaverbrook, Lord (Max Aitken), 103
Bell, James, 52
Bennett, Richard Bedford, 148
bicameralism, 72
bilingualism (French and English), 26, 35, 148
Blackstone, William, 138
Blanchard, Percy, 76
Bouchette, Errol, 36
Boulton, Charles Arkoll, 73
Bourinot, John George, 65, 69–73, 76, 92
British North America Act (1867): as the basis of a Canadian nationality, 75, 162; and comparisons to the United States constitution, 76–8; as the culmination of pre-Confederation constitutional development in British North America, 67–9; description as the Constitution of Canada, 58, 74–5, 79–80; and jurisdiction over naturalization, 156–7; lack of common civic education requirements under, 99–100; as part of the British constitution, 76–8
Brown, F. Clement, 115
Bunster, Arthur, 140–1
Bryce, George, 68
Bryce, James, 88
Canada: constitution reform in, 61–3; foreign relations of, 38, 155, 157; immigration to, 30, 103–4, 132–3, 141; independence of, 24–7; name of, 95; northern character of, 32; pessimism over the future of, 25–6; as a political nationality: 5–6, 21, 25–9, 56, 70, 90, 112, 143; provincial identities in, 84–5, 94–7, 99; as a racial category: 30–6, 92
Canada v. Malsufuro, 145
Cartier, George-Étienne, 5, 28, 70
Cartwright, John R., 65
Chapleau, Joseph Adolphe, 68
Chinese head tax (1885), 133, 144
citizenship: Anglo-American, 86, 88–9, 139–40; and civic education, 97–105; as a distinct Canadian status, 26, 89–94, 156–7; imperial scope of, 83, 85–8; moral aspects of, 101; rhetorical construction of, 83; status of women and, 102, 132; statutory definition of in Canada, 133. See also under naturalization
Clark, Daniel, 28–9
Clement, William Henry Pope, 65, 71–2, 77–9, 104–5
Coffin, William, 144
Colby, Charles Carroll, 65
Collins, Joseph Edmund, 96
Colonial and Imperial Conferences, 46n149, 155–6
Confederation: celebration of, 117–18, 123, 159–60; and imperial federation, 23, 36–7; intellectual context of, 9–10; as a national founding moment: 6–7, 24; as part of an emerging Anglo-American union: 42, 48–9, 53–4; political debates on, 4–6, 25. See also British North America Act (1867)
Confederation Group (poets), 28n36, 92n43
Constitution Act (1791), 47, 68
constitutions: British, 75–7, 80; definitions of, 60–1; as a national symbol, 61; part of racial lineage, 70; popular interest in, 73–4; protection of rights under, 74; as a rhetorical idiom, 58–61; social scientific study of, 64–7; unwritten nature, 63, 76–7, 79–80
Costley, John, 30–1
Cross, W.H., 34
Cunningham, Granville C., 153–4
Cunningham v. Homma, 146
Darwinism: as basis of competition among races, 51; impact on nineteenth century thought, 11–12; influence on constitutional scholarship, 66
Dicey, Albert Venn, 77–9, 88, 140
Dominion Educational Association, 100, 104
Dougall, John Redpath, 42–3
Douglas, W.A., 100
Draper, William Henry, 135–6, 138
Dresser, John A., 99
Drummond, Andrew, 54
Dufferin, Lord (Frederick Temple Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood), 142
Duncan, Sara Jeannette, 116
Dunkin, Christopher, 4–5
Edgar, James, 119–20
Empire Day, 108
Ewart, John Skirving, 156
federalism: as a basis of racial unity, 50–1, 53–4; and constitutional scholarship in Canada, 64–5, 74; nineteenth century developments in Europe, 37; political debates over, 95–6
Fisher, Roswell, 115
Fitzpatrick, Charles, 143
Fleming, Sandford, 33
Forbes, J. Gordon, 147
Foster, George, 85
Foster, William, 28
franchise: and concerns about democratic expansion, 71–2, 100; expansion of, 12–13, 38, 91; and naturalization, 155; racial discrimination, 33, 144, 146; relation to citizenship, 131–2
Freeman, Edward Augustus, 41, 64, 88
French Canadians: and concerns about assimilation, 44, 47, 93–4; ethnological descriptions of, 33–6; loyalty of, 115, 118, 120, 124–5; in magazines in Canada, 15; in nineteenth century constitutional narratives, 68–70, 104. See also bilingualism
Gooch, John, 64
Grant, David, 145–6
Grant, George Monro: advocacy of imperial federation, 19, 40, 48–50, 52–3, 55, 90; and criticism of Goldwin Smith, 45–6, 89; description of British constitution, 76; support for bilingualism, 35; views on human rights, 144
Greater Britain, 8, 11, 37, 39, 42. See also imperial federation
Green, Thomas Hill, 86
Griffin, Martin Joseph, 115
Hamilton, Pierce Stevens, 24–5
Harper, John Murdoch, 99–100
Harvey, Moses, 13
Haultain, Arnold, 23
Hobson, John, 14
Holgate, John, 125
Hopkins, John Castell, 37, 77, 89–90, 106, 119, 122–3
Houston, William, 65, 67–8, 71, 79
Howland, Oliver Aiken, 46–50, 52–4, 76, 92
Hoyles, Newman, 152
imperial federation: constitutional basis of, 76–7; and debates over Canada’s future, 37–8; and idea of nationality, 24, 39–40; and ideas of citizenship, 85–90, 153–4; as an outcome of Confederation, 37; role of United States in, 42, 49–50
Imperial Federation League, 39–40, 42, 49, 77, 85, 87
imperialism: in Europe, 14; as a form of nationalism in Canada, 7–8; and militarism, 87; proponents of, 18. See also imperial federation
Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire, 102
Indigenous people: constitutional traditions of, 63; descriptions of in Canadian magazines, 11, 30, 32–3, 98; and loyalty to British crown, 115
Jenkins, Edward, 37
Jones, Eliza, 33
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 62, 65
Kingsford, Rupert, 42
Klotz, Otto, 154
Komagata Maru, 149
Laurier, Wilfrid, 41, 124–5, 149
Lefroy, Augustus Henry Frazer, 65, 77–8, 87, 150
LeMoine, James MacPherson, 36
LeSueur, William Dawson, 15, 112–14, 116, 124, 128, 139
Lighthall, William Douw, 90, 95
Longley, James Wilberforce, 89, 109, 122–3, 128
Lorne, Marquess of (John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll), 116
loyalty: as allegiance to crown, 111, 124; changing meaning of, 117; as civic relationship, 113–18; parliamentary resolutions on, 123–7; political aspects of, 110–11, 120–3; religious character of, 112–13
Lucas, Edward Alexander, 145
Macdonald, Edward, 148
Macdonald, John Alexander, 38n91, 122, 124, 153
Macfarlane, Thomas, 50
Machar, Agnes Maule (pseud. Fidelis), 101
Maclean, Kate Seymour, 102
Macpherson, Robert George, 143–4
McDonald, James, 140–1
McGill, William, 116
McIntyre, William, 97
McLennan, C.P., 117–18
McNeill, Alexander, 126
Meek, Edward, 35, 53, 67, 79–80
Millar, John, 104–5
Mills, David (MP), 50–2, 54, 142
Mowat, James Gordon, 1–16
Mulock, William, 124–6
Mulvey, Thomas, 156
Munro, Frank, 139
Munro, J.E.C., 65
Murray, Margaret Polson, 102
nationalism: developing popularity in nineteenth century, 14, 21; distinction between civic and ethnic, 29, 5; in historiography, 8; as an imagined community, 83; role of citizenship education in fostering, 98
nationality: imperialist views of, 39–40; and language, 35; as a political association, 4–6, 21, 25–9, 55–7, 69–70; and race, 24, 29–36, 40; relation to citizenship, 82, 90–1; and religion, 44; scientific study of, 22–4, 26, 31–2
nationality law. See naturalization
naturalization: and allegiance to crown, 116, 134–5; assessments by courts, 141, 145–8; imperial status, 149–51; jurisdictional limits, 151–7; in nineteenth century study of international law, 140; and oaths of allegiance, 142–3, 145; pre-Confederation development, 135–6; principle of indelible allegiance, 134–9; relationship to citizenship, 131–4; relationship to immigration, 132; and requirements of good character, 146–8; restrictions of based on race, 140–1, 144–7, 149–51; revocation of status by government, 148
Norris, William: advocacy of Canadian independence, 25–7, 29, 56, 161; criticisms of naturalization laws, 153; and French language rights, 35; idea of loyalty to Canada, 118; understanding of citizenship, 91, 106, 113
O’Hagan, Thomas, 75
O’Sullivan, Dennis, 65, 68, 71, 73–4, 79
Pâquet, Anselme, 5
Parkin, George, 87
partyism, 126
Patterson, William, 104
Pearson, Charles, 51–2
peoplehood: as a basis of Canadian unity, 89–93, 96; as a rhetorical construction, 84. See also citizenship
provincial rights movement, 72, 96. See also federalism
Quebec Secession Reference (1999), 63, 162
Quong Wing v. The King, 146
race: as a basis of citizenship, 86–9; as a basis of constitutional development, 70, 80; connection to ideas of loyalty, 115–16; as a distinction between British subjects, 27, 149–51; exclusion from naturalization based on, 143–6, 150; relation to self-government, 27, 40, 46; “scientific” study of, 31, 34; and whiteness, 27, 29–32, 51–2, 141
Re Cabulak, 146
Reference re Secession of Quebec, 63, 162
Re Fukuichi Aho, 145
Re Munshi Singh, 150
Re Thirty-Nine Hindus, 150
Re Webster et al., 141, 143, 145
Robertson, William, 103
Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, 143–5
Russell, N.H., 22
Ryerson, Egerton, 114
Sanborn, John, 162
Scott, Frederick George, 55
Seeley, John Robert, 39
Shortt, Adam, 23
Smith, Goldwin: accusations of disloyalty, 109, 120–3, 125; advocacy of continental union, 43–6, 48; anxieties about social changes, 3–4, 23, 159–60; criticism from imperial federationists, 45–6, 48–50, 55–6; criticism of Canadian constitutional scholars, 79; idea of common Anglo-American citizenship, 45, 88–9, 139; views of French Canadians, 34–5, 44, 125
social gospel movement, 101
South African War (1899–1902), 87n23, 127
Takahashi, K.T., 144
Technological innovation: role in facilitating imperial unity, 10, 18, 37
Todd, Alpheus: constitutional scholarship of, 65, 72; views of loyalty, 112–15, 117, 124, 128, 139
Travis, Jeremiah, 65
Treaty of Washington (1871), 38
Troop, Carter, 96
Tuttle, Charles, 116
United Empire Loyalists, 32, 109–10, 114
United States: Canadian perceptions of, 32, 41, 78, 115, 153; civic education in, 103; constitution of, 59–61, 77–9; Declaration of Independence, 47, 53, 84; definition of allegiance in, 138; naturalization requirements in, 148
Victoria (queen), 108, 116, 124, 141
voting rights. See franchise
Watson, John, 49
Wheeler, Gerald John, 65
Wild, Joseph, 54
Wiman, Erastus, 42
Woodrow, James, 35