Preface
1. For a particularly gloomy assessment, see Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk, “The Democratic Disconnect,” Journal of Democracy 27:3 (2016): 5; Roberto Stefan Foa and Yascha Mounk, “The Signs of Deconsolidation,” Journal of Democracy 28:1 (2017): 5. For a less pessimistic take, see Erik Voeten, “Are People Really Turning Away from Democracy?,” Journal of Democracy Web Exchange (2017); Pippa Norris, “Is Western Democracy Backsliding? Diagnosing the Risks,” Journal of Democracy Web Exchange (2017) (http://journalofdemocracy.org/online-exchange-“democratic-deconsolidation”).
2. Herbert McClosky and Alida Brill, Dimensions of Tolerance (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1983), 56.
3. James L. Gibson and Richard D. Bingham, “On the Conceptualization and Measurement of Political Tolerance,” American Political Science Review 76 (1982): 608.
4. Samuel A. Stouffer, Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1955); John L. Sullivan, James E. Piereson, and George E. Marcus, Political Tolerance and American Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); James L. Gibson, “Intolerance and Political Repression in the United States: A Half Century after McCarthyism,” American Journal of Political Science 52 (2008): 96.
5. Kelsey Ann Naughton, Nikki Eastman, and Nico Perrino, Speaking Freely: What Students Think about Expression at American Colleges (Philadelphia: Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, 2017). See also Gallup, Free Expression on Campus: A Survey of U.S. College Students and U.S. Adults (Washington, DC: Gallup, 2016).
6. James Madison, “To Thomas Jefferson, Oct. 17, 1788,” in The Writings of James Madison, ed. Gaillard Hunt, vol. 5 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 273. Jefferson was thrilled by Madison’s conversion to the cause, and quickly agreed with him that the chief danger to liberty in the near term was likely to come from legislatures. “The rising race are all republicans.” The tyranny of the executive “will come in its turn; but it will be at a remote period.” The American people who emerged from the Revolution knew enough to distrust the executive, but they needed more reminders that elected legislatures could be oppressive as well. Thomas Jefferson, “To James Madison, March 15, 1789,” in The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, ed. H. A. Washington, vol. 3 (Washington, DC: Taylor & Maury, 1853), 5.
1. “Mrs. Nation Not a Welcome Guest,” San Francisco Chronicle (March 4, 1903), 7; “Bar Carrie from Campus,” San Francisco Chronicle (March 6, 1903), 7; “Students Steal Mrs. Nation’s Hat,” San Francisco Chronicle (March 7, 1903), 7.
2. Unruly behavior was hardly unknown on college campuses in the early twentieth century. For example, Berkeley was in a “state of insurrection” in the fall of 1904 when the upperclassmen objected to the efforts of an instructor in military science to instill a bit of military discipline in his cadets, and the faculty chair of the student affairs committee was sent out to threaten the miscreants with expulsion as they pelted him with clods of grass. The students of Franklin & Marshall College burned a professor in effigy for having disciplined two of the members of the baseball team, causing them to miss games. One day in February 1901 the newswires carried not one but two stories of college presidents forced to call in local law enforcement to quell rioting freshmen on campus. “Students Riot over an Order,” San Francisco Chronicle (November 3, 1904), 1; “Students Burn Professor’s Effigy,” Philadelphia Inquirer (April 10, 1900), 4; “Class Riot at Monmouth,” Chicago Daily Tribune (February 26, 1901), 4.
3. Werner Lorenz, “Ernst J. Cohn,” in Jurists Uprooted, ed. Jack Beatson and Reinhard Zimmermann (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004); “Restores Professor Attacked by Nazis,” New York Times (January 15, 1933), 15; “Breslau Students Firm on Ban on Cohn,” New York Times (January 21, 1933), 7; “Breslau Expects Row on Cohn Today,” New York Times (January 24, 1933), 11; “Riots in Breslau as Cohn Returns,” New York Times (January 25, 1933), 6; “Guard Withdrawn, Cohn Drops Classes,” New York Times (February 2, 1933), 12; “Nazi Clouds over German Universities,” New York Times (March 26, 1933), SM3; “Prussia Dismisses Jewish Educators,” New York Times (April 14, 1933), 1.
4. Paul Horwitz, First Amendment Institutions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 107.
5. “Free Speech Is Not Violated at Wellesley,” Wellesley News (April 12, 2017).
Chapter 1. The Mission of a University
1. Richard Hofstadter, Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (New York: Vintage, 1963), 4.
2. Samuel Butler, The Note-Books of Samuel Butler, ed. Henry Festing Jones (New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., 1917), 179.
3. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1918), 57.
4. Paul Elmer More, A New England Group and Others (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1921), 8.
5. Richard M. Weaver, In Defense of Tradition (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2000), 37.
6. “Sharp Partisan Divisions in Views of National Institutions,” Pew Research Center (July 10, 2017) (http://www.people-press.org/2017/07/10/sharp-partisan-divisions-in-views-of-national-institutions/).
7. See Sandy Baum, “Higher Education Earnings Premium: Value, Variation, and Trends,” Urban Institute, 2014; Kartik Athreya and Janice Eberly, “Risk, the College Premium, and Aggregate Human Capital Investment,” Richmond Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Working Paper 13-02R (2016); Mary C. Daly and Leila Bengali, “Is It Still Worth Going to College?” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter 2014-13 (2014).
8. Truman J. Backus, “Abstract of a Paper on ‘The Philosophy of the College Curriculum,’” Proceedings of the Twenty-First Convocation of the University of the State of New York (Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Company, 1884), 205.
9. Thomas Nelson Haskell, Collegiate Education in Colorado (Denver, CO: Tribune Steam Book and Job Printing House, 1874), 5.
10. Quoted in Laurence R. Veysey, The Emergence of the American University (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), 14. Some contemporary corporate titans echo Carnegie’s assessment of the value of a college education. Beth McMurtrie, “The Rich Man’s Dropout Club,” Chronicle of Higher Education (February 8, 2015).
11. Andrew S. Draper, quoted in Veysey, Emergence of the American University, 64.
12. James Burrill Angell, “Inaugural Address, University of Michigan, 1871,” in Selected Addresses (New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1912), 30–31.
13. Raymond S. Tompkins, “Twelve Decline Their Degrees from Amherst,” Baltimore Sun (June 21, 1923), 1.
14. “U.S. Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos’ Prepared Remarks at the 2017 Conservative Political Action Conference,” February 23, 2017 (https://www.ed.gov/news/speeches/us-secretary-education-betsy-devos%E2%80%99-prepared-remarks-2017-conservative-political-action-conference).
15. William F. Buckley, God and Man at Yale (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1951), xvii, xviii.
16. Herbert Marcuse, “Repressive Tolerance,” in A Critique of Pure Tolerance (Boston: Beacon Press, 1969), 94.
17. Ibid., 85.
18. Ibid., 101.
19. Ibid., 110, 118.
20. Ibid., 123.
21. Brian Leiter, “Justifying Academic Freedom: Mill and Marcuse Revisited,” Social Science Research Network (June 3, 2017).
22. The phrase is from Roger Kimball, Tenured Radicals (New York: Harper & Row, 1990). Before becoming president of the American Association of University Professors, Cary Nelson issued his “manifesto of a tenured radical” in which he elaborated on his “progressive pedagogy” and “agenda of discovery and consciousness-raising” in the classroom, “an agenda determined by my sense of where the country and the profession were culturally and politically, an agenda shaped by the cultural work I thought it was most useful for me to do as a teacher.” Such a stance of “unashamed advocacy” in university teaching may or may not make for an interesting classroom experience, but it provides a rather precarious perch from which to urge the voters and taxpayers of the state of Illinois to preserve Professor Nelson’s freedom to do so. Cary Nelson, Manifesto of a Tenured Radical (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 79–80.
23. Campus Compact, “Presidents’ Declaration on the Civil Responsibility of Higher Education” (https://compact.org/resources-for-presidents/presidents-declaration-on-the-civic-responsibility-of-higher-education/).
24. Robert Maynard Hutchinson, Great Books: The Foundation of a Liberal Education (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1954), 23.
25. Gregory Jay and Sandra E. Jones, “The Grassroots Approach to Curriculum Reform: The Cultures and Communities Program,” in Creating a New Kind of University, ed. Stephen L. Percy, Nancy L. Zimpher, and Mary Jane Brukardt (Bolton, MA: Anker Publishing Company, 2006), 98.
26. Stanley Fish, Save the World on Your Own Time (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
27. Henry A. Giroux, Schooling and the Struggle for Public Life (New York: Taylor & Francis, 2005), 3, 6.
28. Ira Harkavy, “The Role of Universities in Advancing Citizenship and Social Justice in the 21st Century,” Education, Citizenship and Social Justice 1 (2006): 6.
29. “What Starts Here Changes the World—Place” (2002). (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vN5DaivEOuk&index=5&list=PLhpCkvmYnbhDnFyIAWDNDo0MIcUj9yuRm).
30. Henry A. Giroux, Neoliberalism’s War on Higher Education (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014), 43; Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of Solidarity (Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press, 2014), 15; David Randall, Making Citizens (New York: National Association of Scholars, 2017), 9.
31. Gregory Bassham, “Mearsheimer’s Mistakes: Why Colleges Should (and Inevitably Do) Provide Moral Guidance,” Expositions 7 (2013): 33; John J. Mearsheimer, “Teaching at the Margins,” Philosophy and Literature 22 (1998): 195; John J. Mearsheimer, “The Aims of Education,” Philosophy and Literature 22 (1998): 147.
Chapter 2. The Tradition of Free Speech
1. On the multiple values advanced by the First Amendment, see Vincent Blasi, “Holmes and the Marketplace of Ideas,” Supreme Court Review 2004 (2005): 1.
2. Rep. John Nicholas, Annals of Congress, 5th Cong., 2nd Sess. (July 10, 1798), 2141.
3. Rep. Albert Gallatin, Annals of Congress, 5th Cong., 2nd Sess. (July 10, 1798), 2162.
4. Rep. Samuel Dana, Annals of Congress, 5th Cong., 2nd Sess. (July 5, 1798), 2112.
5. Rep. John Nicholas, Annals of Congress, 5th Cong., 2nd Sess. (July 10, 1798), 2140.
6. Gazette of the United States (October 10, 1798), 1.
7. John Cotton, An Exposition on the 13th Chapter of the Revelation (London: Livewel Chapman, 1655), 71.
8. John Locke, A Letter Concerning Toleration (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Co, 1983), 55.
9. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Other Essays (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 7.
10. Ibid., 8.
11. Ibid., 19.
12. Ibid., 20.
13. Ibid., 24.
14. Ibid., 25.
15. Ibid., 33.
16. Ibid., 35–36.
17. Ibid., 34.
18. Ibid., 35.
19. Ibid., 37.
20. Ibid., 42.
21. Ibid., 47.
22. Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 630 (1919).
23. John Milton, Areopagitica and Of Education (Arlington Heights, IL: AHM Publishing, 1951), 50.
24. For a critique of the workings of the marketplace of ideas, see Stanley Ingber, “The Marketplace of Ideas: A Legitimizing Myth,” Duke Law Journal 1984 (1984): 1. For a defense in the context of universities, see Christopher T. Wonnell, “Truth and the Marketplace of Ideas,” University of California Davis Law Review 19 (1986): 669; Joseph Blocher, “Institutions in the Marketplace of Ideas,” Duke Law Journal 57 (2008): 822.
25. Mill, On Liberty, Utilitarianism, and Other Essays, 36.
26. Robert C. Post, Democracy, Expertise, and Academic Freedom (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2012).
Chapter 3. Free Speech on Campus
1. Friedrich Paulsen, The German Universities and University Study (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1906), 228, 230, 243, 244.
2. American Association of University Professors, “Report of the Committee of the American Association of University Professors on Academic Freedom and Academic Tenure,” School and Society 3 (1916): 109, 115, 116.
3. Report of the Committee on Freedom of Expression at Yale, December 23, 1974 (http://yalecollege.yale.edu/deans-office/policies-reports/report-committee-freedom-expression-yale). Notably, a dissenting report was filed by a student member of the committee, who argued that free speech should be suppressed if doing so might advance the “liberation of all oppressed people and equal opportunities for minority groups.”
4. Report of the Committee on Freedom of Expression at the University of Chicago, January 2015 (https://freeexpression.uchicago.edu/sites/freeexpression.uchicago.edu/files/FOECommitteeReport.pdf).
5. Peter Wood, “The University of Chicago’s Flawed Support for Freedom of Expression,” Minding the Campus (October 8, 2015).
6. “Land of the Free?,” Chicago Maroon (January 9, 2015).
7. James F. Phifer, Krzystof Z. Kaaniasty, and Fran H. Norris, “The Impact of Natural Disaster on the Health of Older Adults: A Multiwave Perspective,” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 29 (1988): 75.
8. Allan Young, The Harmony of Illusions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995), 107.
9. For examples of controversies over trigger warnings, see Frank Furedi, What’s Happened to the University? (New York: Routledge, 2017), 146–166.
10. Colleen Flaherty, “Trigger Unhappy,” Inside Higher Ed (April 14, 2014).
11. Scott Jaschik, “Flags and Dissent,” Inside Higher Ed (November 16, 2016).
12. Jess Bidgood, “At Wellesley, Debate over a Statue in Briefs,” New York Times (February 6, 2014).
13. Network of Women Students Australia, “Trigger Warning Policy” (https://nowsa2017.com/trigger-warning-policy-2/).
14. American Association of University Professors, “On Trigger Warnings” (August 2014) (https://www.aaup.org/report/trigger-warnings).
15. Howard Gillman, Mark A. Graber, and Keith E. Whittington, American Constitutionalism, vol. 2 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).
16. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish (New York: Pantheon Books, 1977).
17. “Lehigh Students Study Both Sides of Slavery in Ghana” (https://history.cas2.lehigh.edu/content/lehigh-students-study-both-sides-slavery-ghana).
18. Thomas A. Harris, I’m OK, You’re OK (New York: Harper & Row, 1969).
19. Paula Rothenberg, “About Racism and Sexism: A Case Study,” Journal of Thought 20 (1985): 124.
20. Ibid., 125.
21. Estelle B. Freedman, “Small Group Pedagogy: Consciousness Raising in Conservative Times,” NWSA Journal 2 (1990): 603.
22. Ibid., 609.
23. Ibid.
24. Saundra Gardner, Cynthia Dean, and Deo McKaig, “Responding to Differences in the Classroom: The Politics of Knowledge, Class, and Sexuality,” Sociology of Education 62 (1989): 66.
25. Na’llah Suad Nasir and Jasiyah Al-Amin, “Creating Identity-Safe Spaces on College Campuses for Muslim Students,” Change 38 (2006): 22.
26. See, e.g., Paul Hanselman, Sarah K. Bruch, Adam Gamoran, and Geoffrey D. Borman, “Threat in Context: School Moderation of the Impact of Social Identity Threat on Racial/Ethnic Achievement Gaps,” Sociology of Education 87 (2014): 106; Mary C. Murphy, Claude M. Steele, and James J. Gross, “Signaling Threat: How Situational Cues Affect Women in Math, Science, and Engineering Settings,” Psychological Science 18 (2007): 879; Ted Matherly and Anastasiya Pocheptsova Ghosh, “Is What You Feel What They See? Prominent and Subtle Identity Signaling in Intergroup Interactions,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 30 (2017): 828.
27. Lamiya Khandaker, “Why Hate Speech Is Not Free Speech in an ‘Inclusive Excellence’ Community,” [Connecticut] College Voice (March 3, 2015).
28. Susan Svrluga, “Someone Wrote ‘Trump 2016’ on Emory’s Campus in Chalk. Some Students Said They No Longer Feel Safe,” Washington Post (March 24, 2016).
29. Matthew Pratt Guteri, “On Safety and Safe Spaces,” Inside Higher Ed (August 29, 2016).
30. Ibid.
31. Catherine Piner, “Michigan State Opens a Women-Only Study Space to Men after a Title IX Complaint,” Slate (July 29, 2016); Michael Levenson, “Harvard Dean Stands Firm against Single-Sex ‘Final Clubs,’” Boston Globe (February 25, 2017); Zahra S. Hamdani, “Accommodations for Muslim Students at Universities,” University Business (July/August 2012); Michael Paulson, “Colleges and Evangelicals Collide on Bias Policy,” New York Times (June 9, 2014).
32. Bill Chappell, “‘You Should Be Outraged,’ Air Force Academy Head Tells Cadets about Racism on Campus,” NPR.org (September 29, 2017) (http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/09/29/554458065/you-should-be-outraged-air-force-academy-head-tells-cadets-about-racism-on-campu).
33. Ian Dunt, “Union Apologises for Censoring Atheist ‘Spaghetti Monster’ Poster,” Politics.co.uk (February 12, 2014) (http://www.politics.co.uk/news/2014/02/12/university-apologises-for-censoring-atheist-spaghetti-monste); Hemant Mehta, “London School of Economics Apologizes for Censoring Atheists Who Wore ‘Jesus & Mo’ Shirts,” Patheos.com (December 19, 2013) (http://www.patheos.com/blogs/friendlyatheist/2013/12/19/london-school-of-economics-apologizes-to-atheists-who-wore-jesus-mo-shirts/).
34. Ian Dunt, “Safe Space or Free Speech? The Crisis around Debate at UK Universities,” Guardian (February 6, 2015) (https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/feb/06/safe-space-or-free-speech-crisis-debate-uk-universities).
35. Matthew Pratt Guteri, “On Safety and Safe Spaces,” Inside Higher Ed (August 29, 2016); Robert Boost Rom, “‘Safe Spaces’: Reflections on an Educational Metaphor,” Journal of Curriculum Studies 30 (1998): 405.
36. Rom, “‘Safe Spaces,’” 406.
37. Ibid., 406, 407.
38. Claire Ballentine, “Freshmen Skipping ‘Fun Home’ for Moral Reasons,” Duke Chronicle (August 21, 2015).
39. “A Right to Speak and to Hear: Qur’an Controversy” (http://exhibits.lib.unc.edu/exhibits/show/academic_freedom/summer-readings/quran-controversy).
40. Katherine Farrish, “Dispute over Book Selection Prompts Debate at Connecticut College,” Hartford Courant (July 12, 1992).
41. John Newsome, “SC Legislators to State Universities: Assign Gay Material, See Your Money Cut,” CNN (March 9, 2014) (http://www.cnn.com/2014/03/09/politics/university-budget-cuts-gay-literature-south-carolina/index.html).
42. Lee C. Bollinger, “Seven Myths about Affirmative Action in Universities,” Willamette Law Review 38 (2002): 541.
43. American Association of University Professors, “On Trigger Warnings.”
44. Ulrich Baer, “What ‘Snowflakes’ Get Right about Free Speech,” New York Times (April 24, 2017).
45. Eugene Volokh, “No, Gov. Dean, There Is No ‘Hate Speech’ Exception to the First Amendment,” Washington Post (April 21, 2017) (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2017/04/21/no-gov-dean-there-is-no-hate-speech-exception-to-the-first-amendment/?utm_term=.6f73065df031).
46. Kevin Phillips, “‘Hate Speech Is Not Protected by the First Amendment,’ Portland Mayor Says. He’s Wrong,” Washington Post (May 30, 2017) (https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/05/30/hate-speech-is-not-protected-by-the-first-amendment-oregon-mayor-says-hes-wrong/?utm_term=.af7eb0e53563).
47. Lauren Carroll, “CNN’s Chris Cuomo: First Amendment Doesn’t Cover Hate Speech,” Politifact.com (May 7, 2015) (http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/statements/2015/may/07/chris-cuomo/cnns-chris-cuomo-first-amendment-doesnt-cover-hate/).
48. Jacob Sollum, “Violent Charlottesville Protester Claims ‘Free Speech Does Not Protect Hate Speech,’” Reason.com (August 14, 2017) (http://reason.com/blog/2017/08/14/violent-charlottesville-counterprotester).
49. Scott Jaschik, “Study Casts Doubts on Student Support for Free Speech,” Inside Higher Ed (September 19, 2017) (https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/09/19/study-casts-doubts-student-support-free-speech).
50. Christian Legal Society Chapter of University of California, Hastings College of Law v. Martinez, 130 S.Ct. 2971, 2994n26 (2010).
51. R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377, 386 (1992).
52. Virginia v. Black, 538 U.S. 343, 360–361 (2003). See also Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705 (1969); Elonis v. United States, 135 S.Ct. 2001 (2015).
53. Matal v. Tam, 137 S.Ct. 1744, 1763 (2017).
54. Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 371 (1927).
55. “Chiefly about People,” Western Christian Advocate (January 28, 1903): 18.
56. Mary Harris Jones, Autobiography of Mother Jones (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr & Company, 1925), 145.
57. Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 572 (1942).
58. City of Chicago v. Terminiello, 332 Ill. App. 17, 26, 38, 49 (1947).
59. Terminiello v. Chicago, 337 U.S. 1, 4 (1949).
60. On the spread and persistence of campus speech codes, Jon B. Gould, Speak No Evil (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
61. Mari J. Matsuda, “Public Response to Racist Speech: Considering the Victim’s Story,” Michigan Law Review 87 (1989): 2357.
62. Lawrence Douglas, “The Force of Words: Fish, Matsuda, MacKinnon, and the Theory of Discursive Violence,” Law and Social Inquiry 29 (1995): 169.
63. Michel Foucault, The Archeology of Knowledge and the Discourse on Language (New York: Pantheon Books, 1972), 229.
64. Bryan Turner, “Obituaries and the Legacy of Derrida,” Theory, Culture & Society 22 (2005): 132.
65. Patricia Hill Collins, “The Tie That Binds: Race, Gender and US Violence,” Ethnic and Racial Studies 21 (1998): 923.
66. Bennett Carpenter, “Free Speech, Black Lives and White Fragility,” Duke Chronicle (January 19, 2016).
67. Lennard Davis, “A Meditation on Violent Language: Professor’s Impassioned Tweets vs the University Memo,” Huffington Post (October 30, 2014).
68. Tyler Gillespie, “How Students Made an Off-Campus Protest a Movement,” Nation (April 13, 2017).
69. Brad Evans and Henry A. Giroux, “The Violence of Forgetting,” New York Times (June 20, 2016).
70. Brad Evans and Henry A. Giroux, “Self-Plagiarism and the Politics of Character Assassination: The Case of Zygmunt Bauman,” Truthout.org (August 30, 2015) (http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/32560-self-plagiarism-and-the-politics-of-character-assassination-the-case-of-zygmunt-bauman?tmpl=component&print=1).
71. Jazz Keyes, “Sticks and Stones: Dismantling Black-on-Black Verbal Violence,” Ebony (March 21, 2017).
72. Adam Haslett, “Donald Trump, Shamer in Chief,” Nation (October 4, 2016).
73. Jason Rochlin and Sarah Wolstoncroft, “Republicans at CSUF Accused of Hate Speech for Students for Quality Education Parody Instagram Account,” Daily Titan (May 7, 2017).
74. Alexander Nazaryan, “White Painter Loses Art Show over Cultural Appropriation Debate,” Newsweek (May 5, 2017).
75. A Book Named “John Cleland’s Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure” v. Attorney General of Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413, 419 (1966).
76. R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, Minnesota, 505 U.S. 377, 401 (1992).
77. Harry Kalven Jr., “The New York Times Case: A Note on the ‘Central Meaning of the First Amendment,’” Supreme Court Review 1964 (1964): 217; Harry Kalven Jr., “The Metaphysics of the Law of Obscenity,” Supreme Court Review 1960 (1960): 11.
78. Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 26 (1971).
79. Doe v. University of Michigan, 721 F. Supp. 852, 858, 866 (E.D. Mich., 1989).
80. Matsuda, “Public Response to Racist Speech,” 2357.
81. https://www.dickinson.edu/download/downloads/id/4882/bias_incident_protocol_2015pdf.pdf
82. “Free Speech University Rankings 2017,” Spiked Online (http://www.spiked-online.com/free-speech-university-rankings/results#.WSkd6ty1tdj).
83. Nico Hines, “University College London’s Nietzsche Club Is Banned,” Daily Beast (June 5, 2014) (https://www.thedailybeast.com/university-college-londons-nietzsche-club-is-banned).
84. “LSE Apologises to Students Asked to Cover Jesus and Muhammad T-shirts,” Guardian (December 20, 2013); Lauren Gorton, Charlie Spargo, and Marcus Johns, “Charlie Hebdo Cartoon Banned from Refreshers’ Fair,” Mancunion (January 30, 2015).
85. “Pro-Life Group Banned from Scottish University’s Freshers’ Fair,” Catholic Herald (September 10, 2014) (http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/news/2014/09/10/pro-life-group-banned-from-scottish-university-freshers-fair/).
86. Matsuda, “Public Response to Racist Speech,” 2336, 2360.
87. Alexander Tsesis, Destructive Messages (New York: New York University Press, 2002), 136, 173.
88. Shannon Gilreath, “‘Tell Your Faggot Friend He Owes Me $500 for my Broken Hand’: Thoughts on a Substantive Equality Theory of Free Speech,” Wake Forest Law Review 44 (2009): 570.
89. Baer, “What ‘Snowflakes’ Get Right about Free Speech.”
90. Noah Berlatsky, “Why Do Mainstream Pundits Keep Getting Student Protest So Wrong?,” Pacific Standard (October 11, 2017).
91. Susan Svrluga, “Princeton Protestors: Why We Need Safe Spaces, and Why Honoring Woodrow Wilson Is Spitting in Our Faces,” Washington Post (December 4, 2015).
92. Quoted in Donald Alexander Downs, Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 110.
93. Ruth Serven and Ashley Reese, “In Homecoming Parade, Racial Justice Advocates Take Different Paths,” Columbia Missourian (October 10, 2015).
94. Claire E. Parker, “Law School Activists Occupy Student Center,” Harvard Crimson (February 17, 2016).
95. Mary Mogan Edwards, “Occupation Ends at Ohio State University’s Bricker Hall after Arrests, Expulsion Threatened,” Columbus Dispatch (April 7, 2016).
96. Martin Luther King Jr., “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” in Keith E. Whittington, American Political Thought (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016), 600.
97. Quoted in Downs, Restoring Free Speech and Liberty on Campus, 5.
98. Peter Beinart, “A Violent Attack on Free Speech at Middlebury,” Atlantic (March 6, 2017).
99. Michael Bodley and Nanette Asimov, “UC Berkeley Cancels Right-Wing Provocateur’s Talk amid Violent Protest,” SFGate (February 2, 2017); Chris Perez and Gina Daldone, “Protesters Storm NYU over Conservative Speaker’s Seminar,” New York Post (February 2, 2017).
100. Emily Fagan and Myles Sauer, “Protesters Crash Effective Altruism Debate,” Martlet (March 6, 2017); Scott Jaschik, “Who’s Intolerant?,” Inside Higher Ed (December 12, 2016).
101. Samuel Breslow, “Students Blockade Athenaeum to Protest Conservative Speaker,” Student Life (April 7, 2017).
102. Scott Jaschik, “Anti-Israel Protests Disrupts Film at UC Irvine,” Inside Higher Ed (May 23, 2016).
103. Eugene Volokh, “UC Santa Barbara Professor Steals Young Anti-Abortion Protestor’s Sign, Apparently Assaults Protestors, Says She ‘Set a Good Example for Her Students,’” Washington Post (March 20, 2014).
104. Jeremy Bauer-Wolf, “ICE Agent at Northwestern Shut Out of Class,” Inside Higher Ed (May 18, 2017).
105. Jeremy Bauer-Wolf, “ACLU Speaker Shouted Down at William & Mary, Inside Higher Ed (October 5, 2017).
106. Colleen Flaherty, “Classroom, Interrupted,” Inside Higher Ed (October 11, 2017).
107. Dave Renton, Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and Britain in the 1940s (New York: Macmillan Press, 2000), 140–143; Dave Rich, The Left’s Jewish Problem (London: Biteback Publishing, 2016); Noah Lucas, “Jewish Students, the Jewish Community, and the ‘Campus War’ in Britain,” Patterns of Prejudice 19 (1985): 27.
108. “Petition Urges Cardiff University to Cancel Germaine Greer Lecture,” Guardian (October 23, 2015).
109. Andrew Kugle, “Berkeley Student Arrested after Destroying College Republican Signs,” Washington Free Beacon (March 6, 2017); Antonella Artuso, “Protesters Crash Controversial U of T Prof’s Appearance,” Toronto Sun (March 17, 2017).
110. Kate Mansfield, “Islamic Society Students Disrupt University Lecture on Blasphemy and Make ‘Death Threat,’” Daily Express (December 4, 2015).
111. John Patrick Leary, “Bodies on the Gears at Middlebury,” Inside Higher Ed (March 7, 2017).
112. Linus Owens, Maya Goldberg-Safir, and Rebecca Flores Harper, “Divisiveness Is Not Diversity,” Inside Higher Ed (March 17, 2017).
113. Ibid.
114. Fagan and Sauer, “Protesters Crash Effective Altruism Debate.”
115. Leary, “Bodies on the Gears at Middlebury.”
116. See Russel B. Nye, Fettered Freedom (Lansing: Michigan State College Press, 1949); Clement Eaton, The Freedom-of-Thought Struggle in the Old South (New York: Harper & Row, 1964).
117. Thomas I. Emerson, The System of Freedom of Expression (New York: Vintage, 1970), 338.
118. Glasson v. City of Louisville, 518 F.2d 899, 905 (6th Cir., 1975).
119. Terminiello v. City of Chicago, 337 U.S. 4–5 (1949).
120. Monica Wang, Joey Ye, and Victor Wang, “Students Protest Buckley Talk,” Yale Daily News (November 9, 2015).
121. Josh Logue, “Rush to Revoke (or Not),” Inside Higher Ed (October 28, 2015).
122. Philip Rucker and Rosalind S. Helderman, “At Time of Austerity, 8 Universities Spent Top Dollar on Hillary Rodham Clinton Speeches,” Washington Post (July 2, 2014); Gromer Jeffers Jr. and Sue Ambrose, “UNT President Opposed Donald Trump Jr.’s $100,000 Speech, but Donors Prevailed,” Dallas Morning News (October 9, 2017); Claude Brodesser-Akner, “‘Snooki’ Bill Capping N.J. College Speaking Fees Could Soon Go to Christie,” NJ.com (March 23, 2017); Jake New, “$135,000 for Commencement Speech?,” Inside Higher Ed (April 2, 2015).
123. Brian Fraga, “Notre Dame Picks Pence for Commencement Speaker,” National Catholic Register (March 9, 2017); “After Protest, Jim Webb Declines to Accept Naval Academy Award,” Navy Times (March 29, 1017); Emma G. Fitzsimmons, “Condoleezza Rice Backs Out of Rutgers Speech after Student Protests,” New York Times (May 3, 2014); Rosanna Xia, “War Criminal or Role Model? Madeleine Albright as Scripps College Commencement Speaker Hits a Nerve,” Los Angeles Times (May 9, 2016).
124. Jeremy Bauer-Wolf, “Commencement Controversy of a Different Sort,” Inside Higher Ed (April 5, 2017); Amanda Hess, “Elite College Students Protest Their Elite Commencement Speakers,” Slate (May 13, 2014).
125. Heather Schwedel, “Your Definitive Guide to Totally Unobjectionable Commencement Speaker Picks,” Slate (May 10, 2016); Colleen Flaherty, “Disinvitation Season Begins,” Inside Higher Ed (February 14, 2017).
126. Harry Enten, “The Disappearance of Conservative Commencement Speakers,” FiveThirtyEight (May 28, 2014); Michael Gryboski, “Liberals Attempted to Censor College Speakers Twice As Often As Conservatives, Study Finds,” Christian Post (February 8, 2017); Matt Pearce, “Campus Throwdown: Students Are Forcing Out Graduation Speakers,” Los Angeles Times (May 15, 2014).
127. Adam Clark, “Steven Van Zandt to Rock Rutgers as 2017 Grad Speaker,” NJ.com (February 8, 2017).
128. Jordan Sargent, “Big Sean Is Turning Princeton Students into Idiots,” Gawker (April 29, 2015).
129. Drew Jaffe, “Commencement Speaker Draws Criticism,” Occidental Weekly (April 26, 2016).
130. Coalition at Oxy for Diversity and Equality, “An Open Letter to Jonathan Veitch,” Facebook (April 28, 2016) (https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1164592903574603&id=626950517338847).
131. Richard Pérez-Peña, “In Season of Protest, Haverford Speaker Is Latest to Bow Out,” New York Times (May 13, 2014).
132. Susan Snyder, “Haverford College Commencement Speaker Lambastes Students,” Philly.com (May 18, 2014).
133. Andrew Kreighbaum, “DeVos Booed throughout Speech at Bethune-Cookman,” Inside Higher Ed (May 10, 2017); “Bethune-Cookman University Graduates 374 Students for Spring Commencement” (http://www.cookman.edu/newsInfo/newsroom/newsReleases/2016/bethune-cookman-university-graduates-374-students-for-spring-commencement.html).
134. Liam Stack, “Notre Dame Students Walk Out of Mike Pence Commencement Address,” New York Times (May 21, 2017). See also Jacob T. Levy, “Why Walking Out Is Better Than Shouting Down,” Chronicle of Higher Education (May 25, 2017).
135. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, “Disinvitation Report 2014: A Disturbing 15-Year Trend” (May 28, 2014) (https://www.thefire.org/disinvitation-season-report-2014/).
136. Healy v. James, 408 U.S. 169, 187, 192, 189 (1972).
137. Rosenberger v. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia, 515 U.S. 819, 829 (1995).
138. OSU Student Alliance v. Ray, 699 F.3d 1053, 1057 (9th Cir., 2012).
139. Gay Student Services v. Texas A&M University, 737 F.2d 1317 (5th Cir., 1984); University of Southern Mississippi Chapter of the Mississippi Civil Liberties Union v. University of Southern Mississippi, 452 F.2d 564 (5th Cir., 1971).
140. Elizabeth Redden, “Pro-Palestinian Group Banned on Political Grounds,” Inside Higher Ed (January 18, 2017).
141. Bazaar v. Fortune, 476 F.2d 570, 580 (5th Cir., 1973).
142. Gay Alliance of Students v. Matthews, 544 F.2d 162, 168 (4th Cir., 1976).
143. Gay Lesbian Bisexual Alliance v. Pryor, 110 F.3d 1543 (11th Cir., 1997).
144. Matthew Kelly, “SGA’s Decision Not to Recognize Young Americans for Liberty Group Creates National Backlash,” Wichita State Sunflower (April 8, 2017).
145. Robby Soave, “Pomona College Students Say There’s No Such Thing As Truth, ‘Truth’ Is a Tool of White Supremacy,” Hit & Run Blog, Reason.com (April 17, 2017).
146. “Wellesley Statement from CERE Faculty re: Laura Kipnis Freedom Project Visit and Aftermath,” Foundation for Individual Rights in Education, Fire.com (March 20, 2017).
147. “Free Speech Is Not Violated at Wellesley,” Wellesley News (April 12, 2017).
148. “Wellesley Statement from CERE Faculty re: Laura Kipnis Freedom Project Visit and Aftermath.”
149. Eugene Volokh, “Texas Legislator Shouted Down at Texas Southern University Law School,” Washington Post (October 10, 2017); Jeremy Bauer-Wolf, “Free Speech Tour Halted at American University,” Inside Higher Ed (September 29, 2017).
150. Aaron Hanlon, “What Stunts Like Milo Yiannopoulos’s ‘Free Speech Week’ Cost,” New York Times (September 24, 2017); Hannah Natanson and Derek G. Xiao, “At Harvard, Free Speech Likely Costs Thousands,” Harvard Crimson (October 12, 2017); Robin Hattersley-Gray, “University of Utah Might Bill Students for Controversial Speaker Security,” Campus Safety (October 10, 2017); Paige Fry, “State of Emergency Declared Ahead of UF White Nationalist Speech,” Palm Beach Post (October 17, 2017).
151. Nick Roll, “UVA Releases Assessment on White Nationalist March,” Inside Higher Ed (September 12, 2017).
152. Cliff Pinckard, “Lawyer Threatens to Sue Ohio State University over Richard Spencer Event,” Cleveland.com (October 18, 2017); Chris Joyner, “Are Georgia Colleges Ready for Alt-Right Rallies?,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution (April 20, 2017); Annalisa Merelli, “The University of Florida Is Allowing Richard Spencer to Speak Because It Has To,” Quartz (October 17, 2017).
153. Courts have often found that the ability of universities, particularly state universities, to restrict access to campus by members of the general public who wish to express themselves is somewhat limited. See, e.g., State of New Jersey v. Schmid, 84 N.J. 535 (N.J., 1980); Board of Trustees of the State University of New York v. Fox, 492 U.S. 469 (1989); McGlone v. Bell, 681 F.3d 718 (6th Cir., 2012); Bloedorn v. Grube, 631 F.3d 1218 (11th Cir., 2011); Brister v. Faulkner, 214 F.3d 675 (5th Cir., 2000).
154. American Association of University Professors, “1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure” (https://www.aaup.org/file/1940%20Statement.pdf).
155. Quoted in Matthew W. Finkin and Robert C. Post, For the Common Good (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 31, 4, 64.
156. Robert O’Neil, Academic Freedom in the Wired World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 1–8.
157. John R. Silber, “Poisoning the Wells of Academe,” Encounter 43 (August 1974): 37.
158. Sandra Y. L. Korn, “The Doctrine of Academic Freedom,” Harvard Crimson (February 18, 2014).
159. https://new.oberlin.edu/petition-jan2016.pdf
160. “Students Demand Power over Hiring after Job Offer to ‘Racist’ White Professor,” Claremont Independent (April 21, 2017).
161. Conor Friedersdorf, “The New Intolerance of Student Activism,” Atlantic (November 9, 2015).
162. Tom Bartlett, “Star Scholar Resigns from Northwestern, Saying It Doesn’t Respect Academic Freedom,” Chronicle of Higher Education (August 26, 2015); Peter Schmidt, “Northwestern U. Is Accused of Violating Academic Freedom,” Chronicle of Higher Education (March 3, 2017).
163. Colleen Flaherty, “White Is the Word,” Inside Higher Ed (January 18, 2017).
164. Scott Jaschik, “Who Is Being Political?,” Inside Higher Ed (February 19, 2015); Rick Seltzer, “Silencing Advocacy That Irritates State Leaders,” Inside Higher Ed (February 28, 2017); Nick Roll, “UNC Board Bars Litigation by Law School Center,” Inside Higher Ed (September 11, 2017).
165. Molly Corbett Broad, “We All Could Lose in UVa Case,” Inside Higher Ed (July 29, 2010); Scott Jaschik, “Off Limits,” Inside Higher Ed (March 5, 2012); Greg Grieco, “Professors Association: Defend Academic Freedom,” Philly.com (February 2, 2017).
166. AAUP Committee A, quoted in Finkin and Post, For the Common Good, 142–143.
167. Scott Jaschik, “Fireable Tweets,” Inside Higher Ed (December 19, 2013); Erik Voeten, “Kansas Board of Regents Restricts Free Speech for Academics,” Washington Post (December 19, 2013); Colleen Flaherty, “Protected Tweet?,” Inside Higher Ed (September 23, 2013).
168. Ellie Bothwell, “University of British Columbia Chair Resigns over Academic Freedom Case,” Times Higher Education (October 19, 2015).
169. Peter Schmidt, “Professors Fault Virginia Tech’s Tepid Defense of Colleague Caught Up in Free-Speech Controversy,” Chronicle of Higher Education (November 25, 2013).
170. Salaita had written, for example, that “I wish all the fucking West Bank settlers would go missing,” that “if Netanyahu appeared on TV with a necklace made from the teeth of Palestinian children, would anyone be surprised,” that “Zionists” bore responsibility for “eagerly conflating Jewishness and Israel” and thus “transforming ‘anti-Semitism’ from something horrible into something honorable since 1948.” Quoted in Cary Nelson, “An Appointment to Reject,” Inside Higher Ed (August 8, 2014).
171. Christine Des Garennes, “Updated: Wise Explains Salaita Decision, Gets Support from Trustees,” Champaign News-Gazette (August, 23, 2014).
172. Nelson, “An Appointment to Reject.”
173. Hank Reichman, “Bérubé on Salaita,” Academe Blog (August 7, 2014) (https://academeblog.org/2014/08/07/berube-on-salaita/).
174. Corey Robin, “Reading the Salaita Papers,” Crooked Timber (September 3, 2014) (http://crookedtimber.org/2014/09/03/reading-the-salaita-papers/).
175. Conor Friedersdorf, “Stripping a Professor of Tenure over a Blog Post,” Atlantic (February 9, 2015).
176. Colleen Flaherty, “Looking into Tweets,” Inside Higher Ed (April 18, 2017).
177. Colleen Flaherty, “Texas A&M Softens Tone toward Professor,” Inside Higher Ed (May 18, 2017).
Chapter 4. Ideological Ostracism and Viewpoint Diversity on Campus
1. David Glenn, “Senator Proposes an End to Federal Support for Political Science,” Chronicle of Higher Education (October 7, 2009).
2. See, e.g., Neil Gross, Why Are Professors Liberal and Why Do Conservatives Care? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013); Daniel B. Klein and Charlotta Stern, “Professors and Their Politics: The Policy Views of Social Scientists,” Critical Review 17 (2005): 257; Christopher F. Cardiff and Daniel B. Klein, “Faculty Partisan Affiliations in All Disciplines: A Voter-Registration Study,” Critical Review 17 (2005): 237; Stanley Rothman, S. Robert Lichter, and Neil Nevitte, “Politics and Professional Advancement among College Faculty,” Forum 3 (2005); Jon A. Shields and Joshua M. Dunn Sr., Passing on the Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 2016); Samuel J. Abrams, “The Contented Professors: How Conservative Faculty See Themselves within the Academy” (2016) (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Samuel_Abrams/publication/312229229_The_Contented_Professors_How_Conservative_Faculty_See_Themselves_within_the_Academy/links/58778fea08ae6eb871d152c6/The-Contented-Professors-How-Conservative-Faculty-See-Themselves-within-the-Academy.pdf).
3. Ernest O. Melby, “Proving the Critics’ Case,” Inside Higher Ed (August 26, 2005); “Debating Party Parity in Faculty Population,” Duke Magazine (June 1, 2004); Grover Furr, “‘Left’ Professorate? If It Only Were …,” H-HOAC Discussion Logs (November 19, 2004) (http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-hoac&month=0411&week=c&msg=j15TAqkdMYr/Z5vq/wu7yA&user=&pw=); Jennifer Jacobson, “Conservatives in a Liberal Landscape,” Chronicle of Higher Education (September 24, 2004).
4. Allison Stanger, “Understanding the Angry Mob at Middlebury That Gave Me a Concussion,” New York Times (March 13, 2017); Wendy M. Williams and Stephen J. Ceci, “Charles Murray’s ‘Provocative’ Talk,” New York Times (April 15, 2017).
5. Scott Jaschik, “Middlebury Professor Sorry for Co-Sponsoring Murray Talk,” Inside Higher Ed (April 26, 2017).
6. Scott Jaschik, “Torture and Tenure,” Inside Higher Ed (April 14, 2008).
7. Christopher Edley, Jr., “The Torture Memos and Academic Freedom” (April 10, 2008) (https://www.law.berkeley.edu/article/the-torture-memos-and-academic-freedom/).
8. Brian Leiter, “Freedom to Be Wrong,” New York Times (August 20, 2009).
9. “Thought Crimes Watch: Comparing Trans-Racialism to Transgenderism Verboten!” Leiter Reports (May 1, 2017) (http://leiterreports.typepad.com/blog/2017/05/thought-crimes-watch-comparing-trans-racialism-to-transgenderism-verboten.html#more).
10. “Open Letter to Hypatia” (https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1efp9C0MHch_6Kfgtlm0PZ76nirWtcEsqWHcvgidl2mU/viewform?ts=59066d20&edit_requested=true).
11. “Nora Berenstain on Rebecca Tuvel and Hypatia,” GenderTrender (April 29, 2017) (https://gendertrender.wordpress.com/nora-berenstain-on-rebecca-tuvel-and-hypatia/); Lindsay McKenzie, Adam Harris, and Fernanda Zamudio-Suarez, “A Journal Article Provoked a Schism in Philosophy; Now the Rifts Are Deepening,” Chronicle of Higher Education (May 6, 2017).
12. Kelly Oliver, “If This Is Feminism …,” Philosophical Salon (May 8, 2017) (http://thephilosophicalsalon.com/if-this-is-feminism-its-been-hijacked-by-the-thought-police/).
13. Jesse Singal, “This Is What a Modern-Day Witch Hunt Looks Like,” New York Magazine (May 2, 2017); José Luis Bermúdez,, “Defining ‘Hate’ in the Tuvel Affair,” Inside Higher Ed (May 5, 2017); “The Defamation of Rebecca Tuvel by the Board of Associate Editors of Hypatia and the Authors of the Open Letter,” Leiter Reports (May 1, 2017) (http://leiterreports.typepad.com/blog/2017/05/the-defamation-of-rebecca-tuvel-by-the-board-of-associate-editors-of-hypatia-and-the-open-letter.html); Oliver, “If This is Feminism …”.
14. McKenzie, Harris, and Zamudio-Suarez, “A Journal Article Provoked a Schism in Philosophy.”
15. Colleen Flaherty, “A Dangerous Withdrawal,” Inside Higher Ed (October 9, 2017).
16. Chris Quintana, “Drexel Puts Professor on Leave after Tweet about Las Vegas Draws Conservative Ire,” Chronicle of Higher Education (October 10, 2017).
17. Anemona Hartocollis, “A Campus Argument Goes Viral. Now the College Is under Siege,” New York Times (June 16, 2017).
18. Cardiff and Klein, “Faculty Partisan Affiliations in All Disciplines,” 247; James Lindgren, “Measuring Diversity: Law Faculties in 1997 and 2012,” Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 39 (2016): 89; John O. McGinnis, Matthew A. Schwartz, and Benjamin Tisdell, “The Patterns and Implications of Political Contributions by Elite Law School Faculty,” Georgetown Law Journal 93 (2005): 1167; Adam Bonica, Adam Chilton, Kyle Rozema, and Maya Sen, “The Legal Academy’s Ideological Uniformity” (2017) (https://ssrn.com/abstract=2953087).
19. Bonica, Chilton, Rozema, and Sen, “The Legal Academy’s Ideological Uniformity.”
20. “San Francisco Affirmative Litigation Project” (https://law.yale.edu/studying-law-yale/clinical-and-experiential-learning/our-clinics/san-francisco-affirmative-litigation-project).
21. “Death Penalty Clinic” (https://www.law.berkeley.edu/experiential/clinics/death-penalty-clinic/about-the-clinic/).
22. Steven M. Teles, The Rise of the Conservative Legal Movement (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008); Amanda Hollis-Brusky, Ideas with Consequences (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
23. Randy Barnett, “Our Letter to the Association of American Law Schools,” Washington Post (February 25, 2017).
24. Far better that such political backlash take the form of legislative efforts to secure general free speech protections than that of legislative micromanaging of university policies and personnel, but better still if universities deflected such efforts by securing free speech on their own. Collen Flaherty, “Tennessee Free Speech Bill Signed into Law,” Inside Higher Ed (May 11, 2017). In the early 2000s, the conservative activist David Horowitz promoted an “Academic Bill of Rights” that would have required by law that universities make hiring decisions so as to promote “a plurality of methodologies and perspectives” and include in course syllabi “dissenting sources and viewpoints.” Such ham-handed efforts to politically intervene in how scholarship is pursued and taught is ultimately subversive of maintaining institutions dedicated to free inquiry in accord with professional scholarly standards, but it should not be surprising if conservative students, activists, and politicians question how well universities are adhering to their stated mission of open inquiry when the range of scholarship seems stunted. Scott Jaschik, “More Criticism of ‘Academic Bill of Rights,’” Inside Higher Ed (January 9, 2006).
25. Jeremiah B. Wills, Zachary W. Brewster, Jonathan R. Brauer, and Bradley Ray, “Political Ideological Distance between Sociology Students and Their Instructors: The Effects of Students’ Perceptions,” Sociation Today 11 (2013); Susan Bullers, Melissa Reece, and Christy Skinner, “Political Ideology and Perceptions of Bias among University Faculty,” Sociation Today 8 (2010); Stanley Rothman, S. Robert Lichter, and Neil Nevitte, “Politics and Professional Advancement among College Faculty,” Forum 3 (2005); April Kelly-Woessner and Matthew Woessner, “My Professor Is a Partisan Hack: How Perceptions of a Professor’s Political Views Affect Student Course Evaluations,” PS 39 (2006): 495.
26. John K. Wilson, The Myth of Political Correctness (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995); Eric Alterman, “Who’s behind the Right-Wing Assault on Public Universities,” Nation (September 1, 2016); Christopher Mele, “Professor Watchlist Is Seen as Threat to Academic Freedom,” New York Times (November 28, 2016).
27. Robert Maranto and Matthew Woessner, “Why Conservative Fears of Campus Indoctrination Are Overblown,” Chronicle of Higher Education (July 31, 2017); Scott Jaschik, “Tolerant Faculty, Intolerant Students,” Inside Higher Ed (August 20, 2008); Scott Jaschik, “Stop Blaming Professors,” Inside Higher Ed (June 10, 2014).