Index

• Accountability, 34–37
  • algorithmic, 218
  • civic technologies in action and, 175–176
  • evolution of, 171–174
  • mechanisms of, 174–175
  • New Public Management (NPM) doctrine and, 172–174
  • -oriented design, 218–224
  • rude, 174
  • social, 87–89, 174–175
• Actor network theory (ANT), 15
• Actors in infrastructure legibility, 49–50
• Adopt-a-Highway programs, 51–52
• Aesthetics of transactionalization, 217
• Affordances, 16
• Algorithm awareness, 217–218
• Alphaville, 175–176
• Alÿs, Francis, 101
• Ambient displays, 224
• Apple, 60
• Arnstein, Sherry R., 202
• ARO cooperative, 132, 148–149
• Atari, 95
• Awareness of infrastructure, 34–37

• Basel Action Network (BAN), 58, 88–89, 90
• Basel Convention, 77, 88
• Bateson, Gregory, 6
• Berkowitz, Ben, 178
• Bias, data interpretation and, 214–215
• Big Data, 2, 45, 213–214
• Birkbeck, Christopher, 108
• Bitcoin, 216–217
• Bloomberg, Michael, 168
• Borden, Ed, 157
• “Bottle bills
• Bowker, Geoffrey, 15, 31, 181, 185–186
• Boyle, Richard, 172
• Brandeis, Louis D., 50–51
• Brazil. See Local waste systems
• Britter, Rex, 24
• Brown, Paul, 170
• Brown, Phil, 39
• Builders’ and users’ perspectives on infrastructure, 32–33

• Calvino, Italo, vii, viii
• Cameron, David, 205
• Castells, Manuel, 107, 108
• Chadwick, Edwin, 9
• Chavis, Benjamin F., Jr., 27
• Chen, Martha, 107
• CHWMEG, 91
• Citizens as watchdogs, 36
• Citizen science, 39–40
• CitizensConnect, 170, 174, 177–178
  • design paradigm, 187–195
  • digital and human interface, 198–199
  • interface effects on submitted reports, 192–194
  • “other” general category of issues submitted to, 182–184
  • prioritization of requests, 194–195
  • reporting categories, 186
  • social presence and operational transparency, 189–191
  • urban problems addressed by, 179–182
• City Beautiful Movement, 9
• Civic society role in waste policy
• Civic technologies, 165–166
  • in action, 175–176
  • critiques of, 201–206
  • media, 10–11
  • participation as compliance in, 202
  • world of informational objects created by, 208
• Clapp, Jennifer, 78
• Clean Air Act, 35, 36–37
• Clean Water Act, 35, 37
• Code for America, 160–161
• Co-design, 14
• Co-governance, participation as, 204–205
• Collection strategies, 129
• Commodities model of formalization, 108
• Community-based Enterprise (CBE) models, 108
• Community right to know, 35–36
• Compliance, participation as, 202
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), 36
• Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Information System (CERCLIS), 27–28, 42
• ConnectedBits, 170, 178
• Consequences in infrastructure legibility, 50
• Conversation design, 13–14
• COOCARES cooperative, 132
• COOPAMARE cooperative, 126, 127, 131, 140, 141–143
  • collection strategies, 128–129
  • route documentation, 127, 128
• Cooperatives. See Recycling cooperatives
• COOP-RECICLÁVEL cooperative
• COORECARES cooperative, 145–146
• COOREPLAST cooperative, 132, 145–146
• Crawford, Susan, 171–172
• Critical making approach, 55
• Crowdsourcing, simple, 155
• CRUMA cooperative, 127, 131, 143–144
• Cryptocurrencies, 216–217
• Cukier, Kenneth, 45
• Customer relationship management (CRM), 169, 211

• Data formats and visual representation, 212–215
• Dataization of the waste system, 209–212
• Datum, 7
• Decentralization versus ideal of integrated infrastructure, 161–163
• Deepwater Horizon oil spill, 40
• Deming, William, 110
• Design
  • accountability-oriented, 218–224
  • data formats and visual representations, 212–215
  • of infrastructural systems, 13–15
  • legibility and, 15–17
  • paradigms of feedback systems, 187–195
  • participatory, 14, 125–127
  • politics of interface, 197–198
  • seamful, 16, 223
  • seamless, 16
• De Soto, Hernando, 107
• Developing countries
  • failure of industrial waste management in, 103–105
  • informal waste management, 101–103
• Digital public space, 222
• Digital technology
  • role in formalization, 121–122
  • in social accountability projects, 174
• Disease, spread of, 9–10
• Distances
  • growing waste, 75–83
  • and location of disposal affecting diversion rates, 84
  • toxic waste shipped longest, 83–84
• Dodge, Martin, 7, 198
• Donath, Judith, 189
• Douglas, Mary, 2
• Drucker, Johanna, 7
• Dubberly, Hugh, 13–14
• Dulcinéia, Maria, 130–131
• Dylan, Bob, 95

• Economic conceptualizations of infrastructure, 33–34
• Einstein, Albert, x
• Electric street lighting systems, 30
• Ellard, Colin, 84
• Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act (EPCRA), 35
• Environmental forensics, 38–39
• Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 3, 27, 89
  • database of facilities subject to environmental regulations, 66
  • environmental impact of transportation and, 79–80
  • identification of potentially hazardous wastes, 36
  • Waste Reduction Model (WARM), 77
• Epidemiology, popular, 39
• E-Stewards certification program, 90
• European Union, 3, 77
• E-waste, 58, 66, 147
  • life-cycle assessment, 112
  • tracking, 133–134
• Experiencing of infrastructure, 29–31
• Extended producer responsibility (EPR) policies, 14, 111–114
  • information flows in forward and reverse logistics systems and, 113–114
  • National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW) and, 118–119
  • politics of, 112–113

• Facebook, 218
• FedEx, 59
• Feedback, participation as, 203
• FixMyStreet, 170
• Floridi, Luciano, 7
• Forage Tracker experiment, 98–99, 122–123
  • bottom-up perspective, 211
  • collection strategies, 129
  • e-waste tracking, 133–134
  • failures and lessons, 139–140
  • information collection practices in cooperatives and associations, 123–124
  • participatory design workshops on information management, 125–127
  • privacy, 134–136
  • real-time scheduling apps, 130–131
  • Recife cooperatives and associations, 132–133
  • route documentation, 127, 128
  • safety and interface issues, 136
  • top-down perspective, 211–212
  • truck collection, 129–130
• Foraging theory, 122
• Forensics, environmental, 38–39
• Formalization
  • data requirements for, 119
  • efforts in Brazil, 103–105, 117–122
  • language and, 109
  • models, 108–109, 119–120
  • role of digital technology in, 121–122
  • supporting recycling cooperatives, 115–116
  • theories of, 107–109
  • through monitoring systems, 109–111
• Foucault, Michel, 44
• Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 51, 154, 171
• Fresh Kills Landfill, 8
• Frischmann, Brett, 34

• Gabrys, Jennifer, 14
• Gaebler, Ted, 172, 173
• Gamification, 202
• Garbage trucks, 49–50, 80
• Garbologists, 95
• Gibson, J. J., 16
• Girod, Lewis, 61
• Global Positioning System (GPS), 10, 17, 47, 58–59, 85
  • in modern sensors, 59–60
  • participatory design workshops on information management using, 125–126
  • problems of inferring causality using traces from, 74–75
• Godard, Jean-Luc, 175–176
• Goldsmith, Stephen, 171–172
• Google, 60
  • Adwords, 46
  • Flu Trends, 214–215
  • Maps, 169, 194
• Gordon, Eric, 174
• Governance, 177–178
  • accountability-oriented design and, 218–224
  • infrastructure, 34–37
  • in infrastructure legibility, 50–51
  • participation as co-, 204–205
• Graham, Steve, 162–163, 164, 218
• Grassroots science, 40
• Greeley, Samuel, 3
• Green Dot program, 112
• Greenfield, Adam, 157–158, 165
• Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions, 77–78, 80–82
• Greenpeace, 58
• Guttenberg, Karl-Theodor zu, 154
• GuttenPlag Wiki, 154–155

• Hamilton, Kevin, 217–218
• Handbook of Solid Waste Management, 4
• Haque, Usman, 157
• Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS), 88
• Hart, Keith, 107
• Hawkins, Gay, 3
• Hazardous Waste Data Management System (HWDMS), 27–28
• Hearn, Mike, 216
• Heidegger, Martin, 16
• Hemingway, Ernest, 8
• Hering, Rudolf, 1, 3
• Hermant, Emile, 30
• Hood, Christopher, 173
• Hossain, Naomi, 174
• Hughes, Thomas P., 32, 161–162

• IBM, 165
• Iceberg theory of waste systems, 8–10
• Image of the City, The, 43
• Informal recycling and extended producer responsibility, 111–114
• Informal value chain, 105–107
• Informal waste management, 101–103. See also Local waste systems
  • context-oriented data initiatives and projects, 114–115
  • efforts to formalize, 103–105
  • theories of formalization and, 107–109
• Information
  • collection practices in cooperatives and associations, 123–124
  • defined, 6–8
  • design, 13
  • flows in forward and reverse logistics systems, 113–114
  • management, participatory design workshops on, 125–127
  • as meaningful data, 7
  • privacy of collectors, 134–136
  • problem of waste systems, 4–5
  • stickiness of context of data, 213–214
  • as text and trace, spatial, 46–47
• Infrastructural inversion, 207
• Infrastructure
  • awareness, accountability, and governance, 34–37
  • in the background in smart cities, 164–165
  • black boxes of, 31
  • conceptualizations of, 28–29, 32–34
  • decentralization versus ideal of integrated, 161–163
  • definitions of, 31–32
  • economic conceptualizations and their consequences for monitoring of, 33–34
  • experiencing, 29–31
  • legibility, 11–12, 163–164
  • legibility, conceptualizing, 41–47
  • legibility, elements of, 47–52
  • legibility and transactionalization of, 215–218
  • monitoring, 110
  • perspectives of builders and users, 32–33
  • systems design, 13–15
  • user-driven paradigms, 158–166
  • visibility of, 30–31
• Integrated infrastructure versus decentralization, 161–163
• Interaction design, 13
• Internet of Things (IoT), 157
• Interpol, 89
• Invisibility, 30–31
  • legibility and, 42–43
• Invisible Cities, viii

• Jacob, Nigel, 170, 174
• Jensen, Casper, 111

• Kabadiwalla Connect, 99
• Kelty, Chris, 161
• Kempton, Willett, 8
• Kepes, Gyorgy, 43
• Key performance indicators (KPIs)
• King, Stephen F., 170
• Kitchin, Robert, 7, 198
• Kuznetsov, Stacey, 161

• Landfills, growing distance to, 76–78
• Large Technological Systems (LTS), 32–33
• Latour, Bruno, 15, 30
• Law enforcement, tracking in, 89–90
• Lazer, David, 214
• Lee, David, 75, 99
• Legibility
  • from above, 44
  • from below, 43–44
  • conceptualizing infrastructure
  • context-oriented data initiatives and projects in local, 114–115
  • defining, 42–43
  • design and, 15–17
  • elements of infrastructure, 47–52
  • of infrastructure services, 163–164
  • simplification in, 44–46
  • spatial information as text and trace and, 46–47
  • transactionalization of infrastructure and, 215–218
• Liboiron, Max, 50
• Life-cycle assessment (LCA), 50, 77, 79–80
  • e-waste, 112
• Lindblom, Charles, 12
• Linux kernel, 159–160, 161, 223
• Local unwanted land uses (LULUs), 9
• Local waste systems
  • context-oriented data initiatives and projects, 114–115
  • development drivers for, 105
  • efforts to formalize waste picking in, 103–105
  • formalization supporting recycling cooperatives, 115–116
  • formalization theories and, 107–109
  • informal waste management in, 101–103
• Location-based technology, 10–11
• Loschiavo dos Santos, Maria Cecilia, 99
• Loukissas, Yanni, 115
• Love Canal incident, 36
• Lynch, Kevin, 18, 43, 47, 210

• MacBride, Samantha, 79, 205
• Maniates, Michael, 202
• Marvin, Simon, 162–163, 164
• Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, 45
• Meaningful data, information as, 7
• Melosi, Martin, 9
• Miasma theory, 9
• Mihailidis, Paul, 174
• Mitchell, Bill, 25, 164
• Mobro 4000, 8
• Mongkol, Kulachet, 172–173
• Monitoring
  • formalization through, 109–111
  • infrastructure, 33–34
• Morozov, Evgeny, 158
• Municipal solid waste (MSW), 38, 51

• National Policy on Solid Waste (NPSW), 102, 110–111, 113, 118–119
• New Public Management (NPM) doctrine, 172–174
• Nielsen, Jacob, 204
• Norman, Donald, 16, 219
• Noveck, Beth, 160
• NYC311, 180–181
• Nye, David, 30

• Obama, Barack, 160
• O’Brien, Daniel, 180
• Offenhuber, Dietmar, vii–viii
• Olbrich, Jürgen O., ix–x
• Open311, 170–171, 180, 181
• Open source software (OSS), 158–161
• OpenStreetMap, 170–171
• Operational transparency and social presence, 189–191
• Operation Green Fence, 91
• O’Reilly, Tim, 159
• Osborne, David, 172, 173
• Osgood, Chris, 170
• Ostrom, Elinor, 34
• O Verde é a Nossa Vida association, 133, 147–148
• Oversight, participation as, 203–204

• Pachube, 157–158
• Pangaro, Paul, 13–14
• Pardo, Jose Luis, 2–3
• Participation
  • as co-governance and self-organization, 204–205
  • as compliance, 202
  • as feedback, 203
  • as oversight, 203–204
• Participatory design, 14, 125–127
  • criticisms of, 205–206
• Paulos, Eric, 161
• Perceptual Form of the City, 43
• Peta Jakarta, 155
• Picking, waste, 101–103
  • collection strategies, 129
  • context-oriented data initiatives and projects, 114–115
  • efforts to formalize, 103–105, 117–122
  • formalization models for, 120
  • formalization supporting recycling cooperatives, 115–116
  • formalization theories and, 107–109
  • informal value chain and, 105–107
  • professional aspirations, 121
• Politics
  • of extended producer responsibility, 112–113
  • of interface design, 197–198
• Popular epidemiology, 39
• Porter, Richard, 2
• Portes, Alejandro, 107, 108
• Port Import/Export Reporting Service (PIERS) database, 89
• Private sector goods, 34
• Process in infrastructure legibility, 49
• Pró-Recife cooperative, 132, 133, 136, 146–147
• Prud’homme, Remy, 33
• Public Lab, 40
• Public sector goods, 33–34

• Race and toxic wastes, 27–29
• Radio-frequency identification (RFID) chips, 59, 60
• Rams, Dieter, 16
• Rasiej, Andrew, 169
• Rathje, Bill, 95, 98
• Ratti, Carlo, 17
• Raymond, Eric, 159
• Reagan, Ronald, 37
• Real-time fleet management, 133
• Real-time flow maps, 49
• Real-time scheduling apps, 130–131
• Recycling, 4–5
  • certification programs, 91
  • context-oriented data initiatives and projects, 114–115
  • CRT glass, 82–83, 88
  • extended producer responsibility and informal, 111–114
  • in the Global South, 101–102
  • Operation Green Fence in China, 91
  • policies to incentivize, 78–79
  • rate metrics, 50
  • systems failure in developing countries, 103–104
  • versus valorization, 106–107
• Recycling cooperatives
  • collection strategies, 128–129
  • data management challenges for, 137–139
  • economic situation of, 120–121
  • formalization models for, 119–120
  • information collection practices in associations and, 123–124
  • in Pernambuco, Brazil, 132, 133, 136, 145–149
  • real-time scheduling apps, 130–131
  • near Recife, Brazil, 132–133
  • route documentation, 127, 128
  • near São Paulo, Brazil, 127–131, 141–144
  • supported by formalization
• Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 35–36, 37, 38, 76–77, 89, 90
• Riegler, Alexander, 46
• Right to know, 35–36, 51
• Route documentation, 127, 128
• Rude accountability, 174
• Ruscha, Ed, x
• Ruth, Matthias, 39
• Rymond, Eric, 155

• Saarinen, Eero, 13
• Santos, Silva, 130–131
• Scavenging
  • formalization models and, 108
  • informal value chain and, 105–107
  • as substantial part of waste management, 101
• Schedler, Andreas, 154
• Scheinberg, Anne, 108
• Schübeler, Peter, 205
• Schudson, Michael, 176
• Scott, James C., 18, 43, 44–45, 47, 210
• Scrap materials
  • commodity prices for, 70
  • scavenging of, 101
• Seamful design, 16, 223
• Seamless design, 16
• Seattle waste system, 54–55, 62. See also Trash Track project, MIT
• SeeClickFix, 52, 170, 177–179
  • design paradigm, 187–195
  • digital and human interface
  • interface effects on submitted reports, 192–194
  • prioritization of requests, 194–195
  • reporting categories, 186
  • social presence and operational transparency, 189–191
  • top-down perspective, 212
  • urban problems addressed by
• Seeing Like a State, 44
• Self in infrastructure legibility, 51–52
• Self-organization, participation as, 204–205
• Senseable City Lab, MIT, 17, 18, 24
• Service design, 13
• Service model of formalization
• “Seven Lives of Garbage, The
• Simplification of information
• Smart cities, 164–165
• Social accountability, 174–175
  • tracking as tool for, 87–89
• Social construction of technology (SCOT), 15
• Social presence and operational transparency, 189–191
• Sourcemap, 5
• Sparrow, Malcolm, 167–168
• Spatial information as text and trace, 46–47
• Splintering urbanism, 162–163
• Stappers, Pieter Jan, 219
• Star, Susan Leigh, 15, 181, 185–186
• Sterling, Bruce, 53
• Structure in infrastructure legibility, 48–49
• Superfund program, 36
• Supply chains
  • global, 5
  • removal chains, 25
• System image, 16

• Thomas, Valerie, 58
• 311 systems
  • brief history of, 166–169
  • early online systems, 169–170
  • open data and open, 170–171
• Tile (localization product), 60
• Tobler, Waldo, 210
• Torrance, Morag, 33
• Torvalds, Linus, 159
• Townsend, Anthony, 165
• Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) program, 34–35, 42
  • community right to know and
• Toxic wastes
  • long distance shipping of, 83–84
  • race and, 27–29
• Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States, 27
• Tracking. See also Trash Track project, MIT
  • as an evaluation and education tool for municipal services, 91–92
  • e-waste, 133–134
  • in law enforcement, 89–90
  • as social accountability tool, 87–89
  • for voluntary monitoring programs, 90–91
• Transactionalization of infrastructure, 215–218
• Transportation, waste
  • evaluating the environmental impact of, 79–83
  • growing distances, 75–83
  • toxic, 83–84
  • Waste Reduction Model (WARM) and, 77–78
• Trash Track project, MIT, 24–25, 53–54, 86–87, 98–99
  • battery life and, 61
  • bottom-up perspective, 210–211
  • characterizing traces by transportation distance, 71–74
  • contextualizing growing waste distances, 75–83
  • data cleaning, 62–63
  • external data sets for contextualizing results of, 66–69
  • identifying visited facilities in traces, 69–70
  • location of disposal affecting diversion rates and, 84
  • problems of inferring causality in, 74–75
  • results discussion, 83–84
  • role of the public in, 56–57
  • self-reporting location sensors, 55, 57–58, 60–61
  • top-down perspective, 211
  • traces, 63–66
  • tracking as social accountability tool and, 87–89
  • volunteers, 55–57
  • waste tracking technologies and, 58–61
• Twitter, 41

• United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, 27
• Urbanism, splintering, 162–163
  • categories, 185–186
• Urban problems
  • civic feedback systems for, 52, 170, 174, 177–179
  • defined, 179–182
  • designer as regulator in feedback systems for, 195–199
  • design paradigms of feedback systems for, 187–195
  • “other” issues and implicit themes in, 182–186
  • politics of interface design for, 197–198
  • prioritization of requests, 194–195
  • social presence and operational transparency in dealing with, 189–191
• User-driven infrastructure paradigms, 158–161
  • civic technologies in the foreground in, 165–166
  • decentralization versus ideal of integrated infrastructure in
  • legibility of infrastructure services and, 163–164
  • smart cities and, 164–165
• Ushahidi, 174

• Valorization
  • recycling versus, 106–107
  • as substantial part of waste management, 101
• Value chain, informal, 105–107
• Visibility, 30–31
  • accountability-oriented design enabling public discourse by managing, 222–223
  • legibility and, 42–43
• Visualization practices, 212–215
• Voluntary monitoring programs, tracking for, 90–91

• Waste
  • defined through context, 2
  • derogatory descriptions of, 1–2
  • process of becoming, 2–3
  • race and toxic, 27–29
  • traded as commodity, 4–5
  • viewed as information, 2
• Waste management
  • developing countries and failure of industrial, 103–105
  • informal, 101–103
• Waste Reduction Model (WARM), 77–78, 80–82
• Waste systems
  • alternative practices of reading, 37–41
  • contextualizing growing waste distances in, 75–83
  • dataization of, 209–212
  • development drivers for local, 105
  • iceberg theory of, 8–10
  • information problem of, 4–5
  • as not monolithic, 53
  • Seattle, 54–55
• Waste tracking technologies, 58–61
• Watchdogs, citizens as, 36
• Weberman, Al, 95, 98
• Wecyclers project, 99
• WeFixNYC, 169–170
• Weiser, Mark, 15
• Wifi hotspots, 223–224
• Wikipedia, 159, 160
• Winner, Langdon, 15
• Winthereik, Britt, 111
• Woolgar, Steven, 52
• World Bank, 174
• World Geodetic System, 47

• Zabaleen, 104–105
• Zilk, Helmut, 31
• Zinnbauer, Dieter, 220
• Zuckerman, Ethan, 49