11. Walter LaFeber, The New Empire: An Interpretation of American Expansion, 1860–1898 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1963), 39–149; Joseph A. Fry, "Phases of Empire: Late Nineteenth Century U.S. Foreign Relations," in Charles W. Calhoun, ed., The Gilded Age: Essays on the Origins of Modern America (Wilmington, Del., 1996), 261–72.