Chapter 1: The English War Correspondent’s Mission
1–3. Gibbs, ‘Battle-Cry “Lusitania”’, in Pease, Illinois in the World War.
Chapter 2: The Australian General’s Plan
4. The percentages are Monash’s, from The Australian Victories in France in 1918. General Pershing, in My Experiences in the World War, noted that two of the fifty-three ‘British’ divisions (including Dominion and colonial troops) were so understrength as to appear on paper only.
5. Monash, War Letters.
6. A. K. Macdougall in an Introduction to the 2015 edition of Monash’s War Letters.
7. From a Foreword to the 1935 edition of Monash’s War Letters.
8. Montgomery, A History of Warfare.
9. Monash, War Letters.
10–13. Monash, The Australian Victories.
14–16. Monash, War Letters.
17–18. Monash, The Australian Victories.
19–20. Monash, War Letters.
21. Fischer, Maestro John Monash.
22. Monash, The Australian Victories.
23–24. Fuller, Tanks in the Great War.
25. Reinforcement figures from Bean, Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918.
26. Monash, The Australian Victories.
27. Cutlack, Foreword to 1935 edition of War Letters.
28–29. Monash, War Letters.
30. Introduction to 2015 edition of The Australian Victories.
31. Pease, Illinois in the World War.
32–36. Monash, The Australian Victories.
37. For many years, neither of the two African-American soldiers involved in the 14 May fight was awarded a single American decoration. Then, in 1998, after a concerted public campaign, both were posthumously awarded Purple Hearts. See Chapter 24 for details of a subsequent award of the Medal of Honor to one of these men.
Chapter 3: The American Colonel’s Orders
38. Sanborn.
39. Cooper, Haig.
40. Pease.
41. Rule, Jacka’s Mob.
42–43. Pease.
44. Cooper.
45. 6 July 1918 letter to General Monash, in Pease, Illinois in the World War.
46. Sanborn.
47–48. Monash, War Letters.
48. Sanborn.
49. Monash, War Letters.
50. Bean, Official History.
51–52. Sanborn.
53. Bean, Official History.
54. Bean, Official History. He didn’t name the war correspondent involved. It would have been either Keith Murdoch or Gordon Gilmour.
55–57. Sanborn.
58. Bean, Official History.
Chapter 4: The Australian Sergeant’s Reluctance
59. Vegetius, ‘Selection and Training of Levies’, De Re Militaria.
60–62. Dando-Collins, Crack Hardy.
63. Tanks gained their title after the British government described them as ‘water tanks’ whilst they were being developed, to fool enemy spies.
64. One of those forced to capitulate was the 14th Battalion’s Private Roy Holloway, from Victoria. Wounded in the foot, an embittered Roy raised his hands as Germans swarmed into his trench after his comrades had departed. His bitterness was directed not so much at the Germans but at his own side – at the tanks that had let him down, and the generals who sent him on this doomed one-way mission in the first place. Even before this battle Roy had lost confidence in the higher-ups. ‘They just fool us about just like we are a lot of school children,’ he’d written home with contempt. With hundreds of other captured survivors of the First Battle of Bullecourt, Roy spent the rest of the war at a POW camp at Soltau in northern Germany, where the severe German commandant kept them on a starvation diet and banned them from lighting fires in winter. Like Ned Searle, Les Holloway’s girlfriend ditched him while he was serving overseas, in Les’s case while he was a POW! Holloway’s words and experiences are in a 31 January 2012 letter to the author by his son Les Holloway.
65. Dando-Collins, Crack Hardy.
66. Fuller.
67. Monash, The Australian Victories.
68. Fuller.
69. Courage recommended using forty-eight tanks, plus three in reserve. This was upped by General Rawlinson to fifty-eight for the operation.
70–71. Monash, The Australian Victories.
Chapter 5: The Objections of General Courage
72. Monash, War Letters.
73. Introduction to 2015 edition of Monash’s War Letters.
74. Monash, The Australian Victories.
Chapter 6: The American Corporal’s Destiny
75. Sanborn.
76. Pease.
77. Sanborn.
Chapter 7: The Blindsiding of General Pershing
78. Pease.
79. Dando-Collins, Crack Hardy.
80–81. Craig Searle to author, 7 June 2017.
82. Monash, War Letters.
83–85. Pershing, My Experiences of the World War.
86. Pease.
87–89. Monash, The Australian Victories.
90–92. Pease.
93. Bean, The Official History.
94–95. Pease.
96. Dando-Collins, Pasteur’s Gambit.
97. Monash, War Letters.
98. Pershing.
99. Cooper.
100. Pershing, and Cooper.
101. Pershing.
102–106. Monash, The Australian Victories.
107. Ibid., and Bean, Official History.
108. Pershing.
109. Monash, The Australian Victories.
110. Bean, Official History. He didn’t identify the war correspondent concerned.
111. Cooper. Haig noted all this in his diary.
112. Monash, The Australian Victories.
113. Monash, War Letters.
114. Bean, Official History.
115. Monash, The Australian Victories.
116. Bean, Official History.
Chapter 8: The Gamble of Two-Gun Harry
117–118. Pease.
Chapter 9: The Countdown to Z Hour on the Fourth of July
119–120. Monash, The Australian Victories.
121. Pease.
122. Dando-Collins, Crack Hardy.
123. Sunday Times, 29 June 1941.
124. Monash, War Letters.
125. Monash, The Australian Victories.
126. General Monash only asked for American infantrymen, not machinegunners.
127. 15th Battalion War Diary.
128. Pease.
129–131. Monash, The Australian Victories.
Chapter 10: The Hell of the Opening Barrage
132. Monash, The Australian Victories.
133–134. Gibbs.
135. Monash: The Australian Victories.
136. 15th Battalion War Diary.
137. Sanborn.
138. Gibbs.
139. Sanborn.
140–141. Pease.
142. Dalziel’s personal account.
143. Pease.
Chapter 11: The Assault on the Left Flank
144. Gibbs.
145. Sanborn.
146. Monash, The Australian Victories.
147. Pease.
148. Pease.
149. Sanborn.
150–152. Pease.
153. Sanborn.
154. Gibbs.
155. Lt.-Col. R. S. McGregor’s letter, 7 July 1918, contained in Pease.
156. Sanborn.
157–159. Pease.
Chapter 12: The Assault in the Centre
160. Pease.
161. Henry Dalziel gave the number of twenty-three German machineguns at Pear Trench, in his account of the battle.
162. Pease.
163. Dalziel’s personal account.
164–166. Pease.
167. Shearer wrote in his diary about tending to Dalziel.
168. Dalziel.
169–170. Gibbs.
171–172. Pease.
173. 15th Battalion War Diary.
174. Pease.
175. Fuller.
Chapter 13: The Consolidation, Morning of the Fourth of July
176–177. Monash, War Letters.
178. Monash, The Australian Victories.
179. Pease.
180. Gibbs.
181–182. Pease.
183. 15th Battalion War Diary.
184–185. Dalziel.
186. Pease.
187. Monash, The Australian Victories.
188. Pease.
189. Gibbs.
Chapter 14: The Reaction of General Pershing
190–191. Pershing.
Chapter 15: The Afternoon of the Fourth of July
192. 15th Battalion War Diary.
193. The 4th Brigade’s war diary mentions the 15th Battalion raid at 2.00 pm, but says it was carried out by an officer and eight other ranks. The 15th Battalion’s war diary, which is likely to be the most accurate, states the raid was carried out by a non-commissioned officer and eight other ranks.
194. Pease.
195. Gibbs.
196. Diary of Sydney Young.
197–200. Gibbs.
201–202. Pease.
203–204. Monash, The Australian Victories.
Chapter 16: The German Counterattacks That Night
205. 15th Battalion War Diary.
206–207. Dalziel.
208. Sanborn.
209. Stars & Stripes, 28 March 1919. It was initially believed that Pope’s brave act took place during the initial assault on 4 July, but American military historians now agree it was during the German counterattack, as described here.
210. Pease.
211. Monash, War Letters.
212–213. Sanborn.
214. Fuller.
Chapter 17: The Immediate Repercussions
215. 15th Battalion War Diary.
216. Pease.
217. Sanborn.
218–219. Pease.
220. Dwight S. Harding, Chicago Tribune, 30 March 1919.
221. Pease.
222. Pershing.
223–226. Pease.
227. Sanborn.
228. Pease.
229. Monash, War Letters.
230–231. Monash, The Australian Victories.
232–233. Monash, War Letters.
Chapter 18: The Lessons of Hamel Applied on 8 August
234. Monash, War Letters.
235–237. Monash, The Australian Victories.
238. Monash, War Letters.
239–240. Monash, The Australian Victories.
241–242. Monash, War Letters.
243–245. Monash, The Australian Victories.
Chapter 19: The 131st Saves the Day at Chipilly Ridge
246. Monash, The Australian Victories.
247. Pershing.
248. Chicago Tribune, 27 January 1919.
249–250. Chicago Tribune, 30 March 1919.
251. Monash, The Australian Victories.
252. Pershing.
Chapter 20: The King Presents Americans with Medals for the Battle of Hamel
253. Monash, The Australian Victories.
254–255. Pershing.
256. Monash, The Australian Victories.
257. Fisher.
258. Pershing.
259. Monash, The Australian Victories.
Chapter 21: The Loophole in General Rawlinson’s Orders
260–268. Monash, The Australian Victories.
269–270. Monash, War Letters.
Chapter 22: The Aussies and Yanks Go Against the Hindenburg Line Together
271. Dando-Collins, Crack Hardy.
272–275. Monash, The Australian Victories.
276. Pershing.
277–281. Monash, The Australian Victories.
282. Pershing.
283. Monash, War Letters.
Chapter 23: The Heroes Return: Ned Searle.
284. Dando-Collins, Crack Hardy.
Chapter 24: The Heroes Return: Thomas Pope
285. 21 June 1989.
Chapter 25: The Heroes Return: Harry Dalziel
286–287. Sydney Morning Herald, 6 July 2016.
Chapter 26: The Heroes Return: Jack Axford
288–289. Sunday Times, 13 August 1950.
290. Sunday Times, 29 June 1941.
291. Sunday Times, 13 August 1950.
Chapter 27: The Heroes Return: Joseph Sanborn
292. Sanborn.
Chapter 28: The Heroes Return: John Monash
293. Monash, War Letters.
294. Paull, Retreat from Kokoda.
295. Montgomery.
296. 2015 edition of Monash’s The Australian Victories.