Notes

Introduction

1. Jules Laforgue, Berlin: The City and the Court (Turtle Point, 1996), 166; William Binns, “Science, Theology, and the Evolution of Man,” Modern Review 1 (April 1880): 261; Augustus D. Waller, “Emil du Bois-Reymond. 1818–1896,” Year-Book of the Royal Society of London 6 (1902): 225; “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” The New International Encyclopædia (Dodd, Mead, 1906), 6: 489; Frank G. Brooks, “Charles Wardell Stiles,” Systematic Zoology 13, no. 4 (1964): 221.

2. Owen Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (Canto, 1993), 184.

3. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, My Recollections, 1848–1914 (Chatto and Windus, 1930), 224.

4. EdBR to JC, Bielefeld, 23 March 1877, 30 March [18]84, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

5. Raoul Pictet, “Emile du Bois-Reymond,” Journal de Genève 68, no. 17 (1897), 2.

6. EB to EdBR, 22 January 1865, Brücke letters, 1: 140–141.

7. Søren Kierkegaard, Diary (Philosophical Library, 1960), 95.

8. Robert G. Frank Jr., “Instruments, Nerve Action, and the All-or-Nothing Principle,” Instruments, ed. Albert Van Helden and Thomas L. Hankins, Osiris, 2nd ser., 9 (1994): 208–235; Erwin Neher and Bert Sakmann, “The Patch Clamp Technique,” Scientific American 266, no. 3 (1992): 44–51.

9. Paul F. Cranefield, “Carl Ludwig and Emil Du Bois-Reymond: A Study in Contrasts,” Gesnerus 45, no. 3 (1988): 271–282.

10. Reden, 2: 47.

11. The Education of Henry Adams (Modern Library, 1996), 389.

12. Reden, 1: 321.

Chapter 1

1. James J. Sheehan, German History, 1770–1866 (Clarendon, 1989), 55–56, 116–117, 485–486.

2. Gordon A. Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 1640–1945 (Clarendon, 1955), 9–36, 116.

3. Alexis de Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution (Doubleday, 1955), 229, quoted by John R. Gillis, The Prussian Bureaucracy in Crisis 1840–1860 (Stanford University Press, 1971), 6.

4. Amos Elon, The Pity of It All (Metropolitan Books, 2002), 43.

5. Julius Bab and Willi Handl, Wien und Berlin (Oesterheld, 1918), 201.

6. Heinrich Heine, Journey to Italy (Marsilio, 1998), 8–9.

7. Reden, 2: 301–320.

8. Félix du Bois-Reymond was born 22 August 1782 in St. Sulpice. Eugénie Rosenberger, Félix Du Bois-Reymond, 1782–1865 (Meyer and Jessen, 1912).

9. Its official name (after 1818) was Königliches medizinisch-chirugisch Friedrich- Wilhelms-Institut.

10. Reden, 1: 51–83.

11. Félix-Henri du Bois-Reymond, Kadmus oder allgemeine Alphabetik vom physikalischen, physiologischen und graphischen Standpunkt (Dümmler, 1862); “German Literature,” Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art 13, no. 338 (1862): 452.

12. Family tree, Dep. 5 K. 2.

13. Du Bois-Reymond, “Erman,” 520–521.

14. Reden, 2: 332.

15. Jugendbriefe, 9.

16. Alfred E. Hoche, Jahresringe (Lehmanns, 1940), 84–85.

17. W[alter] H. Bruford, The German Tradition of Self-Cultivation (Cambridge University Press, 1975).

18. Karl August Varnhagen von Ense, marginalia in Henrich Steffens, Die gegenwärtige Zeit und wie sie geworden (Reimer, 1817), 780, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preußischer Kulturbesitz, Haus Potsdamer Straße, Handschriftenabteilung, Bibl. Varn., Nr. 960; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, William Meister’s Apprenticeship and Travels (Chapman and Hall, 1899), 1: 327–329.

19. Anthony Grafton, “Polyhistor into Philolog: Notes on the Transformation of German Classical Scholarship, 1780–1850,” History of Universities 3 (1983): 159–192.

20. Rosenberger, Félix, 273.

21. The siblings included Julie (b. 1816), Emil (b. 1818), Gustave (b. 1823), Félicie (b. 1825), and David-Paul Gustave (Paul) (b. 1831).

22. Rosenberger, Félix, 306–307.

23. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Journal de mon voyage à Dresde, 1829” (22 July—29 August 1829), Dep. 5 Kapsel 8 Nr. 1.

24. Du Bois-Reymond, “Dresde.”

25. EB to EdBR, 12 January 1860, Brücke letters, 1: 111.

26. Horace Mann, “Report of 1843,” Annual Reports of the Secretary of the Board of Education of Massachusetts for the Years 1839–1844 (Lee and Shepard, 1891), 230–418; Käte Silber, Pestalozzi (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1965).

27. Johann Bernhard Basedow, Elementarwerk mit den Kupfertafeln Chodowieckis u. a. (1774; Olms, 1972).

28. Félix du Bois-Reymond worked as Civiladjutant to General-Major Ernst von Pfeul, the governor of Neuchâtel.

29. “Journal de notre voyage à Neufchâtel” (11 June 1830–29 October 1831), Dep. 5 Kapsel 8, hereafter “Neuchâtel.”

30. Dep. 5 M. 9. “Without drawing, there can be no writing.” Pestalozzi, quoted in Mann, “Report,” 328.

31. 23 June 1830, “Neuchâtel.”

32. Minette du Bois-Reymond, “Tagebuch der Reise nach Neuchâtel” (11 June 1830–9 November 1830), Dep. 5 K. 7 Nr. 2.

33. 8 July 1830, “Neuchâtel.”

34. 22 August 1830, “Neuchâtel.”

35. Félix-Henri du Bois-Reymond, Considérations sur la prospérité, la situation politique, et la constitution de la principauté et canton de Neuchâtel et Valengin (Fivaz, 1831), 3.

36. 28 September 1830, “Neuchâtel.”

37. Christmas Day, 1830, “Neuchâtel.”

38. Christmas Day, 1830, “Neuchâtel.”

39. 28 September 1830, “Neuchâtel.”

40. Christmas Day, 1830, “Neuchâtel.”

41. EdBR to E. Amez Droz, 23 February 1893, in Rosenberger, Félix, 388–90.

42. 5 July 1831, “Neuchâtel.”

43. Almost certainly César-Henri Monvert (1784–1848), then governor to Count Albert de Pourtalès, who became Prussia’s ambassador to Paris.

44. Probably Leopold Buch’s Einige Bemerkung über die Alpen (n.p., 1831).

45. Richard J. Evans, Death in Hamburg (Clarendon, 1991).

46. Emil du Bois-Reymond, Response to Rudolf Virchow, “Ansprache an Herrn Geh. Rath du Bois-Reymond bei der Feier seines 50jährigen Doctorjubiläums am 12. Februar 1893,” Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 30, no. 8 (1893): 198–199.

47. “Zeugniß der Reife des Französischen Gymnasiums,” Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 1 Bl. 3–4.

48. Hippolyte Taine, Notes on England (Holt and Williams, 1872), 134.

49. FdBR to EdBR, 16 September [1838], Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

50. Reden, 2: 161.

51. MdBR, 5 October 1830, “Tagebuch”; Rosenberger, Félix, 263–264; Jugendbriefe, 72, 114. Félix never advanced beyond the rank of Privy Counselor.

52. EdBR to JC, Berlin, 24 March 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

53. Rosenberger, Félix, 263.

54. Ibid. Julie married Otto Rosenberger, spa doctor and grandson of the philosopher Johann Georg Hamann (1730–1788).

55. Dep. 5 K. 2 Nr. 2.

56. EdBR to his parents, 11 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3; HF to EdBR, 20 August 1836, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 47–48; CK to EdBR, 3 and 27 July 1836, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 99–100.

57. EdBR to Chamisso, 4 February 1837, Nachlaß Chamisso, K. 6 Nr. 22; EdBR to CL, 17 February 1852, TGS, 72.

58. HF to EdBR, 25 and 26 August 1836, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 49–53.

Chapter 2

1. Emil du Bois-Reymond, response to Rudolf Virchow, “Ansprache an Herrn Geh. Rath du Bois-Reymond bei der Feier seines 50jährigen Doctorjubiläums am 12. Februar 1893,” Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 30, no. 8 (1893): 199.

2. James Martineau to Rev. J. H. Thom, Berlin, February 25, 1849, quoted in David Newsome, The Victorian World Picture (Rutgers University Press, 1997), 98.

3. Fred Eugene Leonard, “Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, and the Development of Popular Gymnastics (Vereinsturnen) in Germany,” American Physical Education Review 10 (March 1905): 10.

4. Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, quoted in Hans-Ulrich Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte (Beck, 1987), 2: 288.

5. CK to EdBR, 13 February 1838, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 112; Du Bois-Reymond, response to Rudolf Virchow, 199.

6. Heinz Grünert, “Marx studiert ‘Anthropologie’: Henrich Steffens und sein Beitrag zur Anthropologie de frühen 19. Jahrhunderts,” Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde, Dresden 44 (1990): 21–35; Søren Kierkegaard, Berliner Tagebücher (Philo, 2000), 10.

7. Ernst P. Hamm, “Shipwrecked Romanticism? Henrich Steffens and the Career of Naturphilosophie,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 31, no. 3 (2000): 509–536.

8. Henrich Steffens, Grundzüge der philosophischen Naturwissenschaft (Verlage der Realschulbuchhandlung, 1806), 192–193.

9. Reden, 1: 635.

10. CK to EdBR, 3 and 24 April 1837, 9 June 1837, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 101–103; EdBR to his parents, 17 June 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

11. CK to EdBR, 24 July 1837, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 106–107.

12. CK to EdBR, 17 December 1837, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 109–110.

13. CK to EdBR, 13 February 1838, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 111–112.

14. Du Bois-Reymond, response to Rudolf Virchow.

15. The offering conflicted with Steffens’ psychology. Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Universitätsbibliothek, Universitätsarchiv, Amtliches Verzeichniß des Personals und der Studierenden auf der Königl. Friedrich-Wilhelm Universität zu Berlin auf das Sommerhalbejahr von Ostern zu Michaelis 1837 (Nauck, 1837).

16. Gert Schubring, “The Rise and Decline of the Bonn Natural Sciences Seminar,” in Science in Germany, ed. Kathryn M. Olesko, Osiris, 2nd ser., 5 (1989): 57–93.

17. EdBR to his parents, 10 April 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

18. EdBR to his parents, 19 April 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

19. EdBR to his parents, 21 April 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

20. EdBR to his parents, 22 and 25 April 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

21. FdBR to EdBR, 23 April 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

22. FdBR to EdBR, 29 April 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

23. EdBR to his parents, 28 April 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

24. EdBR to his parents, 1 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

25. Ibid.

26. FdBR to EdBR, 6 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

27. FdBR to EdBR, 4 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3. Johann Joseph von Littrow, Kurze Anleitung zur gesammten Mathematik (Gerold, 1838).

28. EdBR to his parents, 13 May 1838, 17 June 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

29. EdBR to his parents, 29 June 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

30. EdBR to his parents, 25 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

31. HF to EdBR, 22 February 1839, 12 March 1839, 19 January 1841, 16 November 1841, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 61–62, 63, 72–73, 82–83.

32. EdBR to his parents, 19 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

33. Ibid. He blamed Goethe, Schiller, Rückert, and Uhland. Friedrich Rückert was an Orientalist and poet. His Kindertotenlieder (1834) were set to music by Gustav Mahler. Ludwig Uhland was a politician and a poet.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. EdBR to his parents, 11 May 1838, 20 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3. Philipp August Boeckh (1785–1867) was Professor Ancient Literature at the University of Berlin. Moritz August von Bethmann-Hollweg (1795–1877) was an expert on Roman law. He served as Kultusminister 1858–1862. Immanuel Hermann Fichte (1796–1876) was son of the philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte and godfather to Hermann Helmholtz.

37. EdBR to his parents, 12 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

38. EdBR to his parents, 11 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

39. EdBR to his parents, 15 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

40. EdBR to his parents, 9 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

41. EdBR to his parents, 24 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

42. FdBR to EdBR, 3 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

43. “Holy Nepomuck / You who adorn Prague Bridge / We’re coming to say hello—smack! / And fall to your feet—nonsense! / Holy Nepomuck murmur murmur etc.” EdBR to his parents, 28 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

44. EdBR to his parents, 11 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

45. EdBR to his parents, 16 June 1838; FdBR to EdBR, 9 June 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

46. EdBR to his parents, 19 June 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

47. EdBR to his parents, 24 April 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3. Emil was responding to the pamphlet Der Sturm auf dem Rhein (Rein, 1838). On the “Cologne Troubles,” see Ernst Rudolf Huber, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte seit 1789 (Kohlhammer, 1988), 2: 185–255.

48. EdBR to his parents, 26 May 1838, 4 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

49. EdBR to his parents, 16 June 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

50. EdBR to his parents, 15 and 16 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

51. Director Nicolovius to EdBR, 27 June 1838, Dep. 5 Nr. 216 Bl. 65–66; EdBR to his parents, 12 and 19 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3. Louis Benjamin Francoeur, Cours complet des mathematiques pures (Bachelier, 1837); Gabriel Lamé, Cours de physique de l’école polytechnique (Meline, Cans, 1837–38); G. W. Bischoff, J. R. Blum, H. G. Bronn, K. C. von Leonhard, and F. S. Leuckart, eds., Naturgeschichte der drei Reiche (Schweizerbart, 1832–1849); Carl Ludwig Wildenow, Anleitung zum Selbststudium der Botanik (n.p., 1822).

52. André-Marie Ampère and Jacques Babinet, Exposé des nouvelles découvertes sur l’électricité et le magnétisme (Méquignon-Marvis, 1822); Friedrich von Müller, Goethe in seiner practischen Wirksamkeit (Hoffmann, 1832); EdBR to his parents, 31 May 1838, 5 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

53. EdBR to his parents, 20 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

54. Group letter to EdBR, 22 June 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

55. EdBR to his parents, 10 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

56. EdBR to his parents, 1 and 18 June 1838, 2, 12, 21, and 26 July 1838, 12 and 21 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

57. EdBR to his parents, 12 and 18 May 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3. Du Bois-Reymond was fond of citing the final couplet: “Es können die Eblis die uns hassen / Vollkommnes nicht vollkommen lassen.”

58. EdBR to his parents, 2 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

59. FdBR to EdBR, 29 June 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

60. FdBR to EdBR, 3 July 1838; EdBR to FdBR, 3 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3. In 1832 the paleontologist Agassiz became professor at the new College of Neuchâtel. Edward Lurie, Louis Agassiz (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).

61. EdBR to his parents, 13 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

62. EdBR to his parents, 3 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

63. FdBR to EdBR, 3 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

64. FdBR to EdBR, 3 July 1838, 3 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

65. EdBR to his parents, 11 and 25 July, 9 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

66. Alexander von Humboldt, Views of Nature, or Contemplations on the Sublime Phenomena of Creation (Bohn, 1850).

67. EdBR to his parents, 13, 21, and 26 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3; Toby A. Appel, The Cuvier-Geoffroy Debate (Oxford University Press, 1987).

68. Justius Christian Loder to Paulus, 8 August 1805, in Ärzte-Briefe aus Vier Jahrhunderten, ed. Erich Ebstein (Springer, 1920), 54–55; Friedrich Wöhler to Jöns Jacob Berzelius, 31 March 1825, cited in Dietrich von Engelhardt, “Natur und Geist, Evolution und Geschichte. Goethe in seiner Beziehung zur romantischen Naturforschung und metaphysischen Naturphilosophie,” in Goethe und die Verzeitlichung der Natur, ed. Peter Matussek (Beck, 1998), 72; Johann Goethe to Friedrich August Wolf, 31 August 1806, quoted in Robert J. Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life (University of Chicago Press, 2002), 453; AH to Varnhagen, 4 May 1841, Briefe von Alexander von Humboldt an [Karl August] Varnhagen von Ense aus den Jahren 1827 bis 1858 (Brockhaus, 1860), 96; Karl Gutzkow, Götter, Heiden, Don-Quixote (Hoffmann and Campe, 1838), 448; Reden, 1: 364.

69. EdBR to his parents, 23 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

Chapter 3

1. EdBR to parents, 9 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

2. Heinrich Rose, Handbuch der analytischen Chemie (Mittler, 1829).

3. EdBR to parents, 2 August 1838; FdBR to EdBR, 20 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

4. EdBR to parents, 9 and 21 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

5. FdBR to EdBR, 17 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

6. F[elix] H[enri] Bodz Reymond, Staatswesen und Menschenbildung umfassende Betrachtungen über die jetzt allgemein in Europa zunehmende National- und Privat-Armuth, ihre Ursachen und ihre Folgen, die Mittel ihr abzuhelfen, und besonders ihr vorzubeugen (Logier, 1837–1839).

7. MdBR to EdBR, 20 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

8. EdBR to parents, 26 August 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

9. HF to EdBR, 5 January 1841, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 70–71.

10. Chenxi Tang, The Geographic Imagination of Modernity (Stanford University Press, 2008).

11. Reden, 2: 594–598.

12. Hans Neumann, Heinrich Wilhelm Dove (Krumbharr, 1925).

13. Repertorium der Physik, ed. Heinrich Wilhelm Dove and Ludwig Moser (Veit, 1837–1849). Recalibrating the devices took a lot of time, which may explain why he favored exploration over exactitude in his experimental style. Kathryn M. Olesko, Physics as a Calling (Cornell University Press, 1991), 95.

14. August Wilhelm von Hofmann, “Gustav Magnus” (14 December 1870), in Zur Erinnerung an vorangegangene Freunde (Vieweg, 1888), 1: 43–194; Hermann L. F. von Helmholz, “Zum Gedächtniss an Gustav Magnus” (6 July 1891), in Vorträge und Reden (Vieweg, 1896), 2: 35–57; Dieter Hoffmann, ed., Gustav Magnus und sein Haus (Verlag für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaft und Technik, 1995).

15. Repertorium, 1: 152–174, 6: 124.

16. Toni Pierenkemper and Richard Tilly, The German Economy During the Nineteenth Century (Berghahn, 2004).

17. Reden, 1: 89.

18. Emil du Bois-Reymond, Rede gehalten am Sarge Edward Hallmann’s am 27. Februar 1855 (Schade, 1855).

19. Jugendbriefe, 14.

20. Jugendbriefe, 4–7, 38.

21. George Sarton, “Second Preface to Volume XXIII: The History of Science versus the History of Medicine,” Isis 23, no. 2 (1935): 316.

22. Jugendbriefe, 23–25; CK to EdBR, 22 March 1839, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 115–116.

23. “Hallmann’s Leben,” 95–98.

24. “Hallmann’s Leben,” 98.

25. Ibid.

26. Jugendbriefe, 38.

27. Carl von Erlach to EdBR, 16 October 1848, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 38–40.

28. Reden, 1: 651.

29. Jugendbriefe, 26.

30. Jugendbriefe, 63; Theodor Schwann, Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Übereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Tiere und Pflanzen (Sander, 1839).

31. Theodor Schwann, “Vorläufige Mittheilung betreffend Versuche über Weingährung und Fäulniß,” Annalen der Physik und Chemie 41 (1837): 184–193; [Friedrich Wöhler and Justus Liebig], “Das enträthselte Geheimniß der geistigen Gährung,” Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie 29 (1839): 100–104.

32. Jugendbriefe, 17–21.

33. Henry Mayhew, German Life and Manners as Seen in Saxony at the Present Day (Allen, 1864), 289–290.

34. Jugendbriefe, 15–17.

35. Jugendbriefe, 18.

36. Jugendbriefe, 218.

37. Jugendbriefe, 18–19.

38. Jugendbriefe, 19.

39. Jugendbriefe, 20.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Jugendbriefe, 21.

43. Jugendbriefe, 52; Proverbs 26: 11.

44. Jugendbriefe, 65.

45. Jugendbriefe, 13–17, 22–23.

46. Jugendbriefe, 25.

47. Claudia Huerkamp, Der Aufstieg der Ärzte in 19. Jahrhundert (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1985), 45–50.

48. Jugendbriefe, 27–31, 33–35.

49. Reden, 1: 135–317. Cf. Laura Otis, Müller’s Lab (Oxford University Press, 2007).

50. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 140.

51. Martin Müller, Über die philosophischen Anschauungen des Naturforschers Johannes Müller (Barth, 1927), 9–15.

52. Johannes Müller, Zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gesichtssinnes des Menschen und der Thiere nebst einem Versuch über die Bewegungen der Augen und über den menschlichen Blick (Cnobloch, 1826).

53. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 149.

54. Johannes Müller, Von dem Bedürfniss der Physiologie nach einer philosophischen Naturbetrachtung, reprinted in Biologie der Goethezeit, ed. Adolf Mayer-Abich (Hippokrates, 1949), 256–281; Johannes Müller, Über die phantastischen Gesichtserscheinungen, ed. Martin Müller (Barth, 1927); Müller, Gesichtssinnes.

55. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 150.

56. Müller, “Bedürfniss.”

57. Müller, Gesichtserscheinigungen, 65.

58. Hermann Helmholtz, “On Thought in Medicine” (1877), in Popular Lectures on Scientific Subjects (Longmans, Green, 1881), 222–223.

59. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 151.

60. Peter B. Medawar, The Art of the Soluble (Methuen, 1967).

61. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 159.

62. Ibid., 159–160.

63. Ibid., 170–171.

64. Walter Artelt, “Drei Briefe Johannes Müllers aus den Jahren 1832 und 1833,” Medizinhistorisches Journal 1 (1966): 120.

65. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 181.

66. Manfred Stürzbecher, “Zur Berufung Johannes Müllers an die Berliner Universität,” Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel- und Ostdeutschlands 21 (1972): 192.

67. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 183.

68. JM to Kultusministerium, 1834, in Axel Genz, Die Emanzipation der naturwissenschaftlichen Physiologie in Berlin, medical dissertation, Magdeburg, 1976, 8.

69. Genz, dissertation, 7; Rudolf Köpke, Die Gründung der königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin (Dümmler, 1860), 269.

70. Du Bois-Reymond, “Unterricht,” 634–635.

71. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 184–211.

72. Ibid., 190.

73. Ibid., 188.

74. Ibid., 187.

75. Edwin Clarke and L. S. Jacyna, Nineteenth-Century Origins of Neuroscientific Concepts (University of California Press, 1987), 124–125, 132–133.

76. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 197–198.

77. Ibid., 135–137. See also Nicholas Jardine, “The Mantle of Müller and the Ghost of Goethe: Interactions Between the Sciences and Their Histories,” in History and the Disciplines, ed. Donald R. Kelley (University of Rochester Press, 1997), 297–317.

78. Du Bois-Reymond, “Müller,” 204–205. Du Bois-Reymond’s presentation of Müller parallels Alexander von Humboldt’s presentation of Columbus.

79. Ibid., 204, quoting Luke 15: 7. Jardine perceptively noted that characterization of Müller as “the Erasmus of the Reformation of Physiology” implied that du Bois-Reymond was the Luther. “Mantle,” 303.

80. Jugendbriefe, 13, 27, 35, 39, 41.

81. Friedrich Bidder, “Vor hundert Jahren im Laboratorium Johannes Müllers,” Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift 81 (1934): 61–62.

82. Jugendbriefe, 35, 39, 42; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Vergleichende osteologische Studien (1839–40),” SD 3k 1841 (3) Bl. 1–10.

83. Jugendbriefe, 81.

84. Jugendbriefe, 39, 41, 43.

85. John Frederick William Herschel, Popul. Astronomie (Voß, 1838).

86. Jugendbriefe, 49, 51, 55.

87. CB to EdBR, 20 November 1838, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 3–4.

88. CB to EdBR, 9 March 1839, 25 June 1839, 30 January 1840, 26 June 1840, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 5–19.

89. CB to EdBR, 7 November 1840, 19 November 1840, 2 December 1840, 7 April 1842, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 20–31.

90. Jugendbriefe, 42, 45–46, 52–55, 59.

91. Jugendbriefe, 34; Carl Bogislaus Reichert, De embryonum arcubus dic dictis branchialbus, inaugural dissertation, Berlin, 1836.

92. CR to EdBR, 16 February 1838, 17 September 1838, SD 3c 1840 (4) Bl. 9–11; Carl Bogislaus Reichert, Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte des Kopfes der nackten Amphibien nebst den Bildungsgesetzten des Wirbelthier-Kopfes in Allgemeinen und seinen hauptsächlichsten Variationen durch die einzelnen Wirbelthier-Klassen (Bornträger, 1838).

93. CR to EdBR, 17 September 1838, SD 3c 1840 (4) Bl. 8.

94. Carl Bogislaus Reichert, Das Entwicklungsleben im Wirbelthier-Reich (Hirschwald, 1840).

95. Johanna Bleker, “Biedermeier Medizin—Medizin der Biedermeier? Tendenzen, Probleme, Widersprüche 1830–1850,” Medizinhistorisches Journal 23 (1988): 5–22.

96. Everett Mendelsohn, “Physical Models and Physiological Concepts: Explanation in Nineteenth Century Biology,” British Journal for the History of Science 2 (1965): 201–219; Karl E. Rothschuh, “Von der Histomorphologie zur Histophysiologie,” in Jan Evangelista Purkyně 1781–1869, ed. Vladislav Kruta (Universita Jan Evangelisty Purkinje, 1971), 179–211.

97. Theodor Schwann, Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Übereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Tiere und Pflanzen (Sander, 1839), 175–177, 188, 190.

98. Erwin Heinz Ackerknecht, Rudolf Virchow (University of Wisconsin Press, 1953), 70–73.

99. Jugendbriefe, 72.

100. Jugendbriefe, 35.

101. Reichert, Entwicklungsleben, vii–viii.

102. Jugendbriefe, 98–99.

103. Jugendbriefe, 37, 66. On Pistor, see Jörg Zaun, Instrumente für die Wissenschaft (Engel, 2002), 48–64.

104. Jugendbriefe, 38, 43, 47, 54, 60, 64, 71, 80.

105. Jugendbriefe, 36, 63, 68–70, 72, 79, 84.

106. Jugendbriefe, 63, 66–74, 74–77.

107. Jugendbriefe, 71, 75, 70.

108. Jugendbriefe, 46, 63, 70, 79, 85.

Chapter 4

1. E[mil] S[chiff], “Emil du Bois-Reymond’s fünfzigjähriges Doktorjubiläum,” Neue Freie Presse, Nr. 10239, 23 February 1893, feuilleton; Carlo Matteucci, Essai sur les phénomènes électriques des animaux (Carillian, Goery & Dalmont, 1840); Emil du Bois-Reymond, UTE, 1: v.

2. UTE, 1: 31–107, 2, Pt. 1: 209–241; Jean Louis Prévost and Jean Baptiste André Dumas, “Sur les phénomènes qui accompagnent la contraction de la fibre musculaire,” Journal de physiologie experimentale et pathologique 3 (1823): 301–338; Jugendbriefe, 71.

3. Jugendbriefe, 85–86.

4. Jugendbriefe, 85.

5. Martin Barry, “Researches in Embryology,” Phil. Trans. 128 (1838): 301–341, 129 (1839): 307–380, 130 (1840): 529–593; L. Stephen Jacyna, “The Romantic Programme and the Reception of the Cell Theory in Britain,” Journal of the History of Biology 17, no. 1 (1984): 13–48.

6. Carl Bogislaus Reichert, “Über den Furchungs-Process der Batrachier-Eier,” Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin (1841): 523, 525, 539–541; Jugendbriefe, 63, 88.

7. Jugendbriefe, 89.

8. Owen Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (Canto, 1993), 156–157; Jugendbriefe, 86.

9. Jugendbriefe, 88, 93. The reference is to Goethe’s play Torquato Tasso (1790).

10. Jugendbriefe, 82–83, 91–93, 100–102.

11. Jugendbriefe, 88–90.

12. UTE, 1: xvix–xviii.

13. Jugendbriefe, 90, 93.

14. UTE, 1: vii–viii; Jugendbriefe, 95.

15. Reden, 1: 634–635, alluding to Jacob Burckhardt’s portrait of Renaissance universality in The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (Penguin, 2004), 103.

16. S[chiff], “Doctor-Jubiläum.”

17. Jugendbriefe, 95.

18. Ernst Brücke, “Über die stereoskopischen Erscheinungen und Wheatstone’s Angriff auf die Lehre von den identischen Stellen der Netzhäute,” Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin (1841): 459–476; Jugendbriefe, 87.

19. Friedrich Jacobs, quoted in Anthony J. La Vopa, “Specialists Against Specialization: Hellenism as Professional Ideology in German Classical Studies,” in German Professions, 1800–1950, ed. Geoffrey Cocks and Konrad H. Jarausch (Oxford University Press, 1990), 40–41.

20. Jugendbriefe, 92.

21. Owsei Temkin, “The Idea of Descent in Post-Romantic German Biology,” in The Double Face of Janus (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 390–415.

22. John V. Pickstone, “How Might We Map the Cultural Fields of Science? Politics and Organisms in Restoration France,” British Journal for the History of Science 37 (1999): 347–364.

23. Here, as with Helmholtz, the role of Kant has been overstated. Michael Heidelberger, “Force, Law, and Experiment: The Evolution of Helmholtz’s Philosophy of Science,” in Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth Century Science, ed. David Cahan (University of California Press, 1994), 461–497; Gregor Schiemann, Hermann von Helmholtz’s Mechanism (Springer, 2009), 77–90; Edward Jurkowitz, “Helmholtz’s Early Empiricism and the Erhaltung der Kraft,” Annals of Science 67, no. 1 (2010): 39–78.

24. René-Joachim-Henri Dutrochet, “Nouvelles observations sur l’endosmose et l’exosmose, et sur la cause de ce double phénomène,” Annales de chimie et de physique 35 (1827): 400; Jugendbriefe, 98–99.

25. Jugendbriefe, 98.

26. Jugendbriefe, 99.

27. Jugendbriefe, 100–103.

28. Jugendbriefe, 104–106; UTE, 1: 458–460.

29. UTE, 1: 31–107.

30. Jugendbriefe, 108.

31. “Über die Lebenskraft,” 1–8, 11–13; cf. Johann Christian Reil, Von der Lebenskraft (1796; Barth, 1910); Hermann Lotze, “Leben. Lebenskraft,” Handwörterbuch der Physiologie mit Rücksicht auf physiologische Pathologie, ed. Rudolph Wagner (Vieweg, 1842), 1: i–lviii.

32. Robert Fox, “The Rise and Fall of Laplacian Physics,” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 4 (1974): 89–136.

33. Kenneth L. Caneva, “Ampère, the Etherians, and the Oersted Connection,” British Journal for the History of Science 13 (1980): 121–138; M. Norton Wise, “German Concepts of Force, Energy, and the Electromagnetic Ether: 1845–1880,” in Conceptions of Ether, ed. G. N. Cantor and M. J. S. Hodge (Cambridge University Press, 1981).

34. André-Marie Ampère, Essai sur la philosophie des sciences, ou exposition analytique d’une classification naturelle de toutes les connaissances humaines (Bachelier, 1834), x.

35. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Vorläufiger Abriß einer Untersuchung über den sogenannten Froschstrom und über die elektromotorischen Fische,” Annalen der Physik und Chemie 58, no. 1 (1843): 1n1.

36. UTE, 1: 59–102.

37. Karen J. Fleckenstein, “The Rheoscopic Frog and the Study of Animal Electricity,” Medical Instrumentation 17, no. 3 (1983): 235–236.

38. UTE, 1: 251–259. In defense of the galvanometer it might be said: “You must remember this: a twitch is just a twitch, a cry is just a cry. The fundamental laws apply—as frog legs die.”

39. UTE, 1: 203, 206, 217–227.

40. UTE, 1: 217, 222–223, 227–233.

41. Jugendbriefe, 110; JM to EdBR, 14 November 1842, SD 3k 1826 (2) Bl. 10.

42. Carlo Matteucci, “Mémoire sur l’électricité animale,” Annales de chimie et de physique, 2nd ser., 56 (10 September 1834): 442–443; idem, “Sur le courant électrique ou propre de la grenouille; second mémoire sur l’électricité animale, faisant suite à celui sur la torpille,” Annales de chimie et de physique, 2nd ser., 68 (1838): 104–105; idem, “Deuxième mémoire sur le courant électrique propre de la grenouille et sur celui des animaux à sang chaud,” Annales de chimie et de physique, 3rd ser., 6 (1842): 301–309.

43. Abriß, §31; UTE, 1: 119–120, 518–519, 541.

44. Carlo Mattuecci, [Report on muscle contraction current read by J. M. Dumas on 24 October 1842], Comptes rendus 15 (24 October 1842): 797–798; idem, “Electro-Physiological Researches.—First Memoir. The Muscular Current,” Phil. Trans., part I (5 June 1845): 294.

45. Abriß, §11–15; UTE, 1: 116, 121, 498–518.

46. Emil du Bois-Reymond, On Animal Electricity, ed. Henry Bence-Jones (Churchill, 1852), 170.

47. UTE, 1: 538–539.

48. Abriß, §25; §43–44.

49. [Claude Servais Mathias] Pouillet, “Mémoire sur l’électricité des fluides élastiques, et sur une des causes de l’électricité de l’atmosphère,” Annales de chimie et de physique, 2nd ser., 35 (30 May 1825): 401–420; Abriß, §52–60.

50. Abriß, §63.

51. UTE, 1: 678–683.

52. UTE, 2, Pt. 1: 11–30.

53. UTE, 2, Pt. 1: 87–92.

54. EdBR to CL, 22 April 1848, TGS, 14; UTE, 2, Pt. 1: 35–50.

55. UTE, 2, Pt. 1: 50–51.

56. UTE, 2, Pt. 1: 26.

57. Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795–1876), a friend of Humboldt’s, was a naturalist; Peter Theophil Riess (1804–1883) was a physicist.

58. UTE, 1: 456.

59. Müller, Handbuch, 1: 617.

Chapter 5

1. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Minute du mémoire sur le courant de la grenouille et les poissons électriques,” Berlin, 8 January [18]43, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 11 M. 2; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Quae apud veteres de picibus electris exstant argumenta,” medical dissertation, Berlin, 1843; see also Armelle Debru, “The Power of Torpedo Fish as a Pathological Model to the Understanding of Nervous Transmission in Antiquity,” Comptes rendus Biologies 329, no. 5–6 (2006): 298–302.

2. Jugendbriefe, 112.

3. [Heinrich August] Hacker and [Anton Friedrich] Hohl, “Die Staatsprüfung in Berlin und die medicinischen Facultäten in den Provinzen des Königreichs Preußen,” Medicinischer Argos 2, no. 2 (1840): 529–536.

4. Jugendbriefe, 113, 115. Joseph Meyer, Jacob Henle’s assistant, was du Bois-Reymond’s family doctor.

5. AH to EdBR, [6 March 1843], Humboldt letters, 67–68; Jugendbriefe, 113–115.

6. Alexander von Humboldt, Rede, gehalten bei der Eröffnung der [7.] Versammlung deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte in Berlin, am 18ten September 1828 (Druckerei der Königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1828).

7. Jugendbriefe, 115; AH to EdBR, [10 March 1843], Humboldt letters, 68–70.

8. The founders were Wilhelm Beetz, Gustav Karsten, and Carl Hermann Knoblauch (physicists), Heinrich Wilhelm Heintz (a chemist), and Brücke and du Bois-Reymond. “Urkunde der Physikalischen Gesellschaft. Wahl zum ordentl. Mitglied am 14. Januar 1845,” SD 3k 1841 (3) Bl. 59; “Entwurf der Satzung für die physikalische Gesellschaft mit Bitte um Genehmigung,” 5 January 1845, GStA I/77 Tit. 662 Nr. 2 Bl. 16v–20v.

9. UTE, 1: 129–130.

10. Dieter Düding, “The Nineteenth-Century German Nationalist Movement as a Movement of Societies,” in Nation-Building in Central Europe, ed. Hagen Schulze (Leamington Spa, 1987).

11. Henrich Steffens, “Über die Bedeutung eines freien Vereins für Wissenschaft und Kunst, vorgelesen in der philomantischen Gesellschaft am 25. Juli 1817,” in Schriften (Max, 1821), 1: 148–166.

12. The governmental exhibition ran between August and October of 1844, attracting more than 250,000 visitors and 3,040 firms.

13. Laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 4–7; Jugendbriefe, 115–118; David E. Barclay, Frederick William IV and the Prussian Monarchy, 1840–1861 (Clarendon, 1995), 108, 115–116.

14. UTE, 1: ix, xii, xix. Cf. EdBR to AH, 20 May 1845, Humboldt letters, 74–75.

15. UTE, 1: xx–xxii; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Elektrophysiologie,” Fortschritte der Physik im Jahre 1845 1 (1847): 507.

16. Jugendbriefe, 120. Matteucci had not been able to find originals of his work. Nicomède Bianchi, Carlo Matteucci e L’Italia del suo tempo (Bocca, 1874), 95–96.

17. Jugendbriefe, 120–121.

18. Jugendbriefe, 119–120, 124.

19. Hermann Helmholtz, in E[mil] S[chiff], “Emil du Bois-Reymond’s fünfzigjähriges Doktorjubiläum,” Neue Freie Presse, Nr. 10239, 23 February 1893, feuilleton; Jugendbriefe, 119.

20. Jugendbriefe, 127.

21. Paul F. Cranefield, “The Organic Physics of 1847 and the Biophysics of Today,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Applied Sciences 12 (1957): 407–423. Du Bois-Reymond referred to Brücke, Helmholtz, and himself as “the three friends.” EdBR to HBJ, 3 May 1858, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 54–55.

22. Wolfram Siemann, The German Revolution of 1848–49 (St. Martin’s, 1998), 65.

23. Zwei große Naturforscher des 19. Jahrhunderts, ed. Estelle du Bois-Reymond (Barth, 1927), 13.

24. Jugendbriefe, 128–129; EdBR to Félicie du Bois-Reymond, 22 September 1848; EdBR to his parents, 20 September 1849, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

25. Jugendbriefe, 131–132; Wolfgang Schreier, “Gustav Magnus und die Physikalische Gesellschaft zu Berlin—ein ambivalentes Verhältnis?” in Gustav Magnus und sein Haus, ed. Dieter Hoffmann (Verlag für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik, 1995), 61–64.

26. Fanny Lewald, “Berlin, April 11, 1848,” in Recollections of 1848 (Berghahn Books, 1997), 90.

27. Jugendbriefe, 118; Theodor Fontane, Autobiographische Schriften (Aufbau, 1982), 2: 38.

28. Jugendbriefe, 128; EdBR to CL, 22 April 1848, ZGN, 11; EB to EdBR, 11 April 1848, Brücke letters, 1: 5.

29. EB to EdBR, 9 December 1848, 6 February 1849, Brücke letters, 1: 17, 19–20; EdBR to CL, 4 January 1848, 9 February 1849, TGS, 6, 21–23; HH to EdBR, 21 December 1846, DeF, 75–78; Hermann von Helmholtz, Über die Erhaltung der Kraft, ed. Christa Kirsten (Physik, 1983).

30. EdBR to CL, 22 April 1848, TGS, 9; Jugendbriefe, 130.

31. “Das Du Bois-Reymond-Bankett,” Neue Freie Presse, Abendblatt, Nr. 6883, 25 October 1883; Kremer, ed., Letters, xv.

32. Kathryn M. Olesko and Frederic L. Holmes, “Experiment, Quantification and Discovery: Helmholtz’s Early Physiological Researches, 1843–50,” in Hermann von Helmholtz and the Foundations of Nineteenth Century Science, ed. David Cahan (University of California Press, 1994); Henning Schmidgen, Die Helmholtz-Kurven (Merve, 2009); Jugendbriefe, 130; EdBR to Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann, 17 October 1850 SD 3k 1841, Bl. 327–328; EdBR to CL, 2 August 1852, TGS, 74.

33. UTE, 1: l; Jugendbriefe, 130; EdBR to CL, 22 April 1848, 2 September 1848, TGS, 13, 18. I refer to UTE, 2, part 1 (1849) as “the second volume” and UTE, 2, part 2 (1860) as “the third volume.”

34. Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 3 S. 49; UTE, 1: l-liv; Emil du Bois-Reymond, GA, 1: xviii; UTE, 2, part 2: 502.

35. Carlo Matteucci, “Sur le courant électrique des muscles des animaux vivants ou récemment tués,” Comptes rendus 16 (23 January 1843): 197–200.

36. Antoine César Becquerel, “Note relative au developpement de l’électricité dans l’acte de la contraction musculaire,” Comptes rendus 28 (28 May 1849): 663–664.

37. Carlo Matteucci, “Expériences sur les phénomènes de la contraction induite (Lettre à M. Dumas),” Annales de chimie et de physique, 3rd ser., 15 (September 1845): 70.

38. UTE, 2, part 1: 103, 24–25.

39. UTE, 1: xv.

40. UTE, 2, part 1: 289–389.

41. UTE, 1: 302, 678; UTE, 2, part 1: 320–328.

42. UTE, 2, part 1: 390–423.

43. UTE, 2, part 1: 300–303.

44. UTE, 2, part 1: 430–431, 563–564.

45. UTE, 2, part 1: 473–475; EdBR to CL, 4 January 1848, TGS, 4–6.

46. 3.17 miles, to be exact. UTE, 2, part 1: 507.

47. HH to his wife, 21 May [18]47, Kremer, ed., 6–7. Du Bois-Reymond could wind a hundred turns in half an hour. EdBR to CL, 4 January 1848, TGS, 4–6.

48. UTE, 2, part 1: 490–491.

49. UTE, 2, part 1: 492, 495.

50. UTE, 2, part 1: 508–509, 512.

51. UTE, 2, part 1: 519.

52. UTE, 2, part 1: 521.

53. EdBR to CL, 4 January 1848, TGS, 5; John Burdon Sanderson, “The Physiological Action of Light,” Medical and Surgical Reporter 29, no. 14 (1873): 242–43; UTE, 2, part 1: 56–57, 522, 550, 559–604.

Chapter 6

1. Jugendbriefe, 126–127.

2. EdBR to CR, 2 December 1849, SD 3k 1841 (3); EdBR to Schulze, 10 April 1849, GStA, I/92 Nr. 9 Bl. 313–315; EdBR to CL, 9, 16, and 25 February 1849, TGS, 21–23, 25–28; CL to EdBR, 20 February 1849, TGS, 26–27; CK to EdBR, 3 March 1849, SD La 1859 (9) Bl. 15–16.

3. Ladenberg to EdBR, 25 July 1849, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 1 Bl. 27–28.

4. EdBR to Ministry of Education, 4 April 1849, SD 3k 1841 (3) Bl. 169–171; AH to EdBR, [9 April 1849], 15 April 1849; [4 May 1849], Humboldt letters, 82–85; AH to Ladenberg, 17 April 1849, Nachlaß Humboldt, kl. K. 2 Nr. 9; Friedrich Wilhelm to EdBR, 18 April 1849; Ladenberg to EdBR, 30 April 1849, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, M. 1 Bl. 23–26; EdBR to CL, 17 May 1849, 7 August 1849, TGS, 32–34, 44–45.

5. EdBR to Schulze, 10 April 1849, GStA, I/92 Nr. 9 Bl. 313–315.

6. UTE, 2, part 2: 245, 277.

7. UTE, 2, part 2: 278–288, 295–296. Initial success came on 3 August 1846. Laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 7 S. 24–27.

8. UTE, 2, part 2: 295–296.

9. EdBR to Ministry of Education, 4 April 1849, SD 3k 1841 (3), Bl. 169–171.

10. Jugendbriefe, 126.

11. AH to EdBR, [12 May 1849], Humboldt letters, 88–89; François Arago, “Extrait d’une lettre de M. de Humboldt à M. Arago,” Comptes rendus 28 (30 April 1849): 570.

12. AH to François Arago, 17 May 1849, Comptes rendus 28 (21 May 1849): 643; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Nouveaux détails sur les expériences de M. E. du Bois Reymond concernant l’électricité développée par le fait de la contraction musculaire,” Comptes rendus 28 (21 May 1849): 641–143; “Scientific Gossip,” Athenaeum, no. 1138, 18 August 1849, 842.

13. César Mansuète Despretz, “Note relative à l’électricité développée dans la contraction musculaire, etc.,” Comptes rendus 28 (28 May 1849): 653–658; Antoine César Becquerel, “Note relative au développement de l’électricité dans l’acte de la contraction musculaire,” Comptes rendus 28 (28 May 1849): 663–664.

14. Léon Foucault, “Académie des sciences: séances des 21 et 28 mai,” Journal des débats, 1 June 1849, feuilleton. Cf. F[rançois] Moigno, “Bulletin du monde scientifique,” La Presse, no. 4722, 4 June 1849, 3.

15. AH to EdBR, 4 June 1849, Humboldt letters, 93.

16. UTE, 2, part 2: 311.

17. AH to EdBR, 6 June 1849, Humboldt letters, 94; Alexander von Humboldt, “Note sur les expériences de M. Du Bois-Reymond,” Comptes rendus 29 (2 July 1849): 8–9.

18. AH to EdBR, [9 July 1849], Humboldt letters, 95; Léon Foucault, “Académie des sciences: séance du 9 juillet,” Journal des débats, 12 July 1849, feuilleton; UTE, 2, part 2: 312.

19. Du Bois-Reymond’s treatise cost eight thaler, or about $800 in current figures.

20. Laura Otis, Müller’s Lab (Oxford University Press, 2007), 78; Eugénie Rosenberger, Félix Du Bois-Reymond, 1782–1865 (Meyer & Jessen, 1912), 282–283.

21. EdBR to Frau Johannes Müller, 4 April 1850, reprinted in Wilhelm Haberling, “du Bois-Reymond in Paris 1850,” Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift 52, no. 6 (1926): 251–252; Maurice Crosland, “From Prizes to Grants in the Support of Scientific Research in France in the Nineteenth Century: The Montyon Legacy,” Minerva 17 (1979): 365–380; Elizabeth Crawford, “The Prize System of the Academy of Sciences 1850–1914,” in The Organization of Science and Technology in France, 1808–1914, ed. Robert Fox and George Weisz (Cambridge University Press, 1980), 283–307.

22. EdBR to JC, 23 December 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Guillaume Guizot to EdBR, 8 April 1850, Dep. 5 K. 52 Bl. 4 Nr. 1; Monday, 18 March [1850], Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 7 Nr. 2, hereafter “Travel Diary”; Thursday, 28 March [1850], Travel Diary; EdBR to his parents, 22 June 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

23. EdBR to CL, 9 April 1850, TGS, 58; Monday, 1 April [1850], Travel Diary.

24. EdBR to JC, 15 May 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to Frau Johannes Müller, 4 April 1850; Thursday, 28 March [1850], Travel Diary.

25. Sunday, 7 April [1850], 11 April [1850], Travel Diary; Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 7 Nr. 3 Bl. 1–72.

26. Monday, 25 March [1850], 26 March [1850], Travel Diary; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Note sur la loi du courant musculaire, et sur la modification qu’éprouve cette loi par l’effet de la contraction,” Comptes rendus 30 (25 March 1850): 349–352.

27. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Note sur la loi qui préside à l’irritation des nerfs, et sur la modification du courant musculaire par l’effet de la contraction,” Comptes rendus 30 (8 April 1850): 406–409; du Bois-Reymond, “Elektrophysiologie,” Fortschritte der Physik im Jahre 1845 1 (1847): 516.

28. Leon Foucault, “Académie des sciences,” Journal des débats, 12 April 1850, feuilleton; EdBR to CL, 9 April 1850, TGS, 57–58.

29. “M. Becquerel fait l’important.” Thursday, 11 April [1850], Travel Diary; EdBR to CL, 26 August 1850, TGS, 60; EdBR to HH, 25 August 1850, DeF, 98–100; UTE, 2, part 2: 356.

30. UTE, 2, part 2: 354; EdBR to CL, 26 August 1850, TGS, 60.

31. UTE, 2, part 2: 356.

32. Rosenberger, Félix, 286; Saturday, 13 April [1850], 26 April [1850], Travel Diary.

33. EdBR to his parents, 7 May 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

34. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Réponse à la réclamation de priorité de M. Matteucci,” Comptes rendus 30 (29 April 1850): 512–515; du Bois-Reymond, “Seconde réponse à la réclamation de priorité de M. Matteucci,” Comptes rendus 30 (6 May 1850): 563–566; du Bois-Reymond, “Troisième réponse à M. Matteucci,” Comptes rendus 31 (22 July 1850): 91–96; EdBR to Permanent Secretary (Arago), 6 May 1850, Académie des sciences, Archives.

35. EdBR to HH, 25 August 1850, DeF, 100; François Moigno complained of du Bois-Reymond’s “cold welcome” by the Académie. “Bulletin du monde scientifique,” La Presse, no. 5053, 5 May 1850, 3.

36. Claude Servais Mathais Pouillet et al., “Rapport sur les mémoires relatifs aux phénomènes électrophysiologiques présentés à l’Académie par M. E. du Bois-Reymond (de Berlin),” Comptes rendus 31 (15 July 1850): 37.

37. Pouillet, “Rapport,” 44.

38. According to Foucault, Pouillet had done an excellent job of “curbing the natural impulses of a man who thinks he found the secret of life or at least the definite theory of nervous agency and muscular contraction.” Léon Foucault, “Académie des sciences: séances des 8 et 15 juillet,” Journal des débats, 21 July 1850, feuilleton.

39. EdBR to his family, 7 May 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

40. Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton, “A Strange Story,” Harper’s Weekly, 5 October 1861: 638. Du Bois-Reymond later joked with Bulwer-Lytton about “the French philosopher.” EdBR to JC, 8 April 1866, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

41. EdBR to HH, 25 August 1850, DeF, 100.

42. Reden, 2: 392; EdBR to his parents, 22 June 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HH, April 1852, 3 August 1852, DeF, 129, 136; EdBR to CL, 17 February 1852, TGS, 71; Laboratory notebooks, 8 August 1852, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 8 S. 59; EdBR to HBJ, 13 April 1852, 23 June 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 3–5, 7–9; UTE, 2, part 2: 362.

43. Reden, 1: 362.

44. For example, the Professor of Medicine at the University of Paris doubted whether nerves conducted electricity at all. Alfred Vulpian, Leçons sur la physiologie générale et comparée du système nerveux (Baillière, 1866), 90–104.

45. Claude Bernard, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine (Dover, 1957), 150; Bernard, Cahier des notes, 1850–1860, ed. Mirko Grmek (Gallimard, 1965), 128–129, 146–147, 173–174.

46. Ivan M. Sechenov, Autobiographical Notes, ed. Donald B. Lindsley (American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1965), 105–108; G. M. Beard, “The State of Science in Paris and London. A Review of a Professional Visit Abroad,” The Medical Record 4 (March 1869–February 1870): 485–487; Sergei Ivanovich Tschiriew to EdBR, 4 December [1879], SD 3k 1880 (8), Bl. 4–11; Harry W. Paul, The Sorcerer’s Apprentice (University of Florida Press, 1972), 10.

47. Claude Bernard only credited the discipline of electrophysiology to du Bois-Reymond in 1872 in a footnote. De la physiologie générale (Hachette, 1872), 42n45.

48. Maurice Crosland, “The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century,” Minerva 16 (1978): 73–192. Magendie and Rayer awarded Bernard the Montyon Prize four times. Paul Elliott, “Vivisection and the Emergence of Experimental Physiology in Nineteenth- Century France,” in Vivisection in Historical Perspective, ed. Nicolaas A. Rupke (Croom Helm, 1987), 69.

49. The difference in age between du Bois-Reymond and his referees at the Académie was evidence of “a complete generation gap during which the French produced no biologist of note.” John Farley, “The Initial Reactions of French Biologists to Darwin’s Origin of Species,” Journal of the History of Biology 7, no. 2 (1974): 283.

50. Honoré de Balzac, La Peau de chagrin (1831; Gallimard, 1974), 320–321.

51. Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation (Greenwood, 1979), 52–71.

52. CL to JH, 2 June 1850, Astrid Dreher, Briefe von Carl Ludwig an Jacob Henle aus den Jahren 1846–1872, inaugural dissertation, Ruprecht-Karl-Universität [Heidelberg], 1980, 95; Ch[arles Fréderic] Martins, “Expériences de M. Dubois-Reymond sur l’électricité animale,” L’Illustration, journal universel 15, no. 381 (1850): 383–384; EdBR to his family, 22 June 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HH, 16 January 1853, DeF, 138.

53. Christine Blondel, “Animal Electricity in Paris: From Its Initial Support, To Its Discredit and Eventual Rehabilitation,” in Luigi Galvani International Workshop, ed. Marco Bresadola and Giuliano Pancaldi (Università di Bologna, 1999), 187–209.

54. Stendhal, Rome, Naples, and Florence (Braziller, 1960), 117–118.

55. Reden, 2: 606, 1: 672.

56. Heinrich Heine, “Florentine Nights” (1835), in The Prose Writings of Heinrich Heine, ed. Havelock Ellis (Scott, 1887), 231.

Chapter 7

1. EdBR to his parents, 5 August 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 8–9; EdBR to HH, 25 August 1850, DeF, 98–100; GK to EdBR, 30 November 1851, SD La 1859 (9) Bl. 43–44; Karl Otto von Raumer quoted by Edgar Feuchtwanger, Imperial Germany, 1850–1918 (Routledge, 2001), 12; Christian Baron von Bunsen quoted by John R. Gillis, The Prussian Bureaucracy in Crisis 1840–1860 (Stanford University Press, 1971), 180; Jugendbriefe, 134.

2. EdBR to his parents, 5 August 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 8–9; Jugendbriefe, 134; EdBR to HH, 7 September 1850, DeF, 103.

3. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Fortsetzung der Untersuchungen über thierische Elektrizität,” Bericht über die zur Bekanntmachung geeigneten Verhandlungen der Königl. Preuß. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin [Monatsberichte] (30 June 1851), 392.

4. “Fortsetzung,” 380–384.

5. “Fortsetzung,” 396, 387–388.

6. EdBR to HH, 19 March 1850, 25 August 1850, DeF, 92–94, 98–100; UTE, 2, part 2: 32.

7. UTE, 2, part 2: 84.

8. UTE, 2, part 2: 83.

9. UTE, 2, part 2: 84, 86.

10. UTE, 1: 553–684, esp. 658; Tafel VI, figs. 74, 75.

11. GA, 2: 126–127; UTE, 1: 655, 2, part 2: 93–98.

12. UTE, 2, part 2: 130; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Zur Kenntniss der Hemikrania. Aus einem in der Gesellschaft für Natur- und Heilkunde am 1. März 1859 gehaltenen Vortrage,” Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin (1860): 461–468; UTE, 2, part 2: 17n2.

13. EdBR to HH, 19 March 1850, DeF, 94.

14. EdBR to HH, 25 August 1850, DeF, 99.

15. EdBR to his parents, 5 August 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 8–9.

16. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Über die chemische Reaction des Muskelfleisches,” Fortschritte der Physik in den Jahren 1850 und 1851 6/7 (1855): vii; du Bois-Reymond, “Über die angeblich saure Reaction des Muskelfleisches,” Monatsberichte der Königl. Preuß. Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (1859): 288–324; du Bois-Reymond, “De Fibrae muscularis Reactione, ut Chemicis visa est, acida,” Habilitationsschrift, Berol. Prostat Georg Reimer, 1859.

17. Karl E. Rothschuh, “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” DSB 3 (1970): 200. David Cahan regards du Bois-Reymond’s specialization as an indication of his modernity. Private communication, 28 August 2003.

18. [Gustav Karsten], Von der Stellung der Naturwissenschaften, besonders der physikalischen an unseren Universitäten (Akademische Buchhandlung, 1849); GK to EdBR, 13 January 1849, SD La 1859 (9) Bl. 14; Gustav Karsten, Vorschläge zur allgemeinen deutschen Maass-, Gewichts- und Münz-Regulierung (Deckersche geheime Ober-Hofbuchdruckerei, 1848).

19. GK to EdBR, 8 June 1851, 25 October 1851, SD La 1859 (9) Bl. 39–42; HH to EdBR, 3 February 1852, DeF, 116; Hermann Helmholtz, “Die Resultate der neueren Forschungen über thierische Elektricität,” in Wissenschaftliche Abhandlung (Barth, 1882–1895), 2: 886–923.

20. HH to EdBR, 22 May 1853, DeF, 142; EdBR to HH, 30 May 1853, DeF, 142–144; GK to EdBR, 16 February 1853, 12 May 1886, SD La 1859 (9) Bl. 45–47.

21. CL to EdBR, 1 January 1850, TGS, 52; Helmholtz, “Resultate,” 915–923; Helmholtz, “Goethe’s Scientific Researches” (1853), in Science and Culture, ed. David Cahan (University of Chicago Press, 1995), 12.

22. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Der Gummibaum. 1850,” in Deutsche Dichter und Denker der Gegenwart (Wasmuth, 1884), 75.

23. CL to JH, 3 November 1851, in Astrid Dreher, Briefe von Carl Ludwig an Jacob Henle aus den Jahren 1846–1872, inaugural dissertation, Ruprecht-Karl-Universität, Heidelberg, 1980, 105–109.

24. EdBR to HH, 18 March 1851, DeF, 107; EdBR to his parents, 13 October 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 9; HH to his wife, 6 August [18]51, in Richard L. Kremer, ed., Letters from Hermann von Helmholtz to His Wife, 1847–1859 (Steiner: 1990), 47.

25. EdBR to his parents, 5 August 1850, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 8–9.

26. Ehrenburg objected, “The Academy already has an anatomist and a physiologist; that’s enough.” Müller replied, “Are you the physiologist? I’m certainly not.” Adolf von Harnack, Geschichte der Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Reichsdruckerei, 1900), 1, part 2: 830n.

27. Nicolaas A. Rupke, introduction to Alexander von Humboldt, Cosmos (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 1: vi.

28. EdBR to CL, 7 August 1849, TGS, 44. As du Bois-Reymond came to realize, popularizers of science “persist in the public mind as monuments of human progress long after the waves of oblivion have surged over the originators of the soundest research.” Reden, 2: 354.

29. EdBR to HH, 18 March 1851, DeF, 106; Rosenberger, Félix, 287; Reden, 1: 42, 25 March [1850], Travel Diary. Rose Chéri, née Rose-Marie Cizos, was the model for Coralie in Balzac’s Lost Illusions.

30. HH to EdBR, 11 April 1851, DeF, 112; Ferdinand Helmholtz to EdBR, 19 April 1851, in Leo Koenigsberger, Hermann von Helmholtz (1906; Dover, 1965), 72–73.

31. R. Steven Turner, Review of Marita Baumgarten, Professoren und Universitäten im 19. Jahrhundert: Zur Sozialgeschichte deutscher Geistes- und Naturwissenschaftler, American Historical Review 104, no. 1 (1999): 266–267.

32. Minna Claude, Diary, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 4 M. 5, hereafter “Minna’s Diary”; Jean-Pierre Blancpain, Les Allemands au Chili (1816–1945) (Böhlau, 1974); Marti Lamar, “Doing Business in the Age of Revolution: The Major Import-Export Merchants of Chile,” in State and Society in Spanish America During the Age of Revolution, ed. Victor M. Uribe-Uran (Scholarly Resources, 2001).

33. The first is a Methodist hymn; the second is by Ann Taylor, sister of Jane, who wrote “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star.”

34. 24 July 1842, 22 and 27 March 1844, 8 June 1845, 25 July 1845, 26 October 1846, 26 January 1847, 24 March 1847, 24 May 1847, Minna’s Diary.

35. EdBR to JC, 26 August 1849, Minna’s Diary; EdBR to JC, 11 May 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. Albert moved to Valparaiso in 1859. Blancpain, Allemands, 820–821.

36. 5 October 1845, Minna’s Diary, Introduction, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. Claude’s brothers Charles (12) and Richard (7) were sent to boarding school in Liverpool.

37. EdBR to JC, 6 December 1852, 25 February 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to his parents, 25 June 1851, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 11.

38. EdBR to his parents, 20 September 1849, 1 August 1851, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 1–2, 6–9; EdBR to CL, 5 August 1851, TGS, 66; EdBR to HH, 16 May 1851, DeF, 113–114; Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann to EdBR, 15 October 1850, 28 December 1850, 29 May 1850, 2 June 1851, SD 3k 1837 (2) Bl. 13–20; EdBR to Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann, 2 April 1849, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Handschriftsammlung, 119/29; laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 7 S. 71; K. 10 Nr. 8 S. 28.

39. Except for “a pair of beautiful eyes, a beautiful complexion, and soft black hair,” du Bois-Reymond didn’t think to call her pretty at all. EdBR to JC, 6 December 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. He probably fell for her: “. . . beauty without love once made me so miserable. . . .” EdBR to GL, 8 March 1853, BSB, Ana 377, II.B., Bl. 3.

40. EB to EdBR, 5 February 1850, Brücke letters, 1: 30–31; EdBR to CL, 17 February 1852, TGS, 71; EdBR to HH, 18 March 1851, 16 May 1851, 9 February 1852, DeF, 107, 113, 123.

41. EdBR to his parents, 4 July 1851, 1 August 1851, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 13–17.

42. EdBR to CL, 31 March 1851, TGS, 63–66, 64, English in original; EdBR to FdBR, 4 July 1851, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 13–16; Reden, 2: 573–576.

43. EdBR to FdBR, 4 July 1851, EdBR to MdBR, 1 August 1851, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 13–17.

44. He stopped experimenting for the week of 2–9 August 1851. Laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 8 S. 36–37; EdBR to CL, 5 August 1851, TGS, 66.

45. EdBR to FdBR, 1 August 1851, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 17.

46. EB to EdBR, 22 February 1849, Brücke letters, 1: 20–21; HH to EdBR, 14 October 1849, DeF, 86; CL to EdBR, 11 August 1851, TGS, 69.

47. Gerald L. Geison, Michael Foster and the Cambridge School of Physiology (Princeton University Press, 1978), 13–47.

48. Jugendbriefe, 24 April 1840, 51–56; EdBR to JC, 27 June 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HBJ, 17 November 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 19–21.

49. Hermann Knoblauch to EdBR, 6 July 1850, SD F1d 1847 (1) Bl. 15–16; John Tyndall, “Formative Influences,” Forum 9 (1890): 483–496; James R. Friday, Roy M. MacLeod, and Philippa Shepherd, John Tyndall, Natural Philosopher, 1820–1893 (Mansell, 1974), 3–18; Thomas Archer Hirst, 4 May 1851, Hirst Diary; JT to MF, 26 May 1851, The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, ed. Frank A. J. L. James (Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1996), 4: 296–297; JT to EdBR, 17 August 1851 (#2425), Tyndall papers; EdBR to JC, 2 April 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

50. HBJ to EdBR, Nov 1851, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 105–106; EdBR to HBJ, Berlin, 17 November 1851, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 1; EdBR to JC, 15 December 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5, 18–20 December, Laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 8 S. 52; Henry Bence Jones, An Autobiography, ed. A[rchibald] B[ence] B[ence]-J[ones] (privately printed, 1929), 28.

51. EdBR to CL, 17 February 1852, TGS, 72.

52. HBJ to EdBR, 25 December 1852, 6 and 19 March 1852, 5 April 1852, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 109–110, 113–114, 116–119.

53. HBJ to EdBR, 6 March 1852, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 113–114; AH to Sir Roderick I. Murchison, 17 April 1852, Edinburgh University Library, Special Collections, Gen 1426/200.

54. EdBR to CL, 17 February 1852, TGS, 72; EdBR to HBJ, 1 March [18]52, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 1–3.

55. EdBR to HBJ, 1 March [18]52, 13 April 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 1–5; EdBR to HH, Mitte April 1852, DeF, 129.

56. Kgl. Hannoversches Universitäts-Curatorium to EdBR, 29 July 1846; Kgl. Hannoversches Ministerium der geistlichen und Unterrichts-Angelegenheiten to EdBR, 10 March 1852, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, M. 1 Bl. 21–22, 29–31; Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 7 Nr. 2 (“Travel Diary”); EdBR to JC, 12 September 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

57. MF to William Robert Grove, 4 May 1852, Correspondence, 4: 382; “Topics of the Week,” Literary Gazette, no. 1844, 22 May 1852, 435; Monday 17, Saturday 22, Sunday 23 [May], Travel Diary; HBJ to EdBR, 28 May 1854, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 182–183; Brian G. Gardiner, “Edwin Forbes, Richard Owen, and the Red Lions,” Archives of Natural History 20, no. 3 (1993): 349–372; Hannah Gay and John W. Gay, “Brothers in Science: Science and Fraternal Culture in Nineteenth Century Britain,” History of Science 35 (1997): 425–447; “The Royal Society,” Morning Chronicle, no. 26649, 24 May 1852; “Royal Geographical Society,” Times, 28 May 1852, 8; Simon Schaffer, “The Leviathan of Parsonstown: Literary Technology and Scientific Representation,” in Inscribing Science, ed. Timothy Lenoir (Stanford University Press, 1998); David N. Livingstone, The Geographical Tradition (Blackwell, 1993), 157–176.

58. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “On Muscles,” Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 4 Bl. 1–27.

59. Bernard H. Becker, Scientific London (Appleton, 1875), 45–46.

60. Claude du Bois-Reymond, “Scientific Anecdotes,” Dep. 5 K. 12 Nr. 304 Bl. 13r–14r.

61. Review of Emil du Bois-Reymond, Animal Electricity, Medical Times and Gazette 5, no. 106 (1852): 42.

62. EdBR to JC, 29 May 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

63. EdBR to HBJ, 31 May 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 5; EdBR to JC, 2 March 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

64. EdBR to HBJ, 7 June 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 6–7, quoting Robert Burns.

65. HBJ to EdBR, 12 June 1852, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 126–127.

66. EdBR to HBJ, SD 3k 1852 (4) 7 June 1852, 23 June 1852, Bl. 6–9; EdBR to HH, 3 August 1852, DeF, 137–138; EdBR to CL, 2 August 1852, TGS, 73–74.

67. See note 23 above. EdBR to HH, 3 August 1852, DeF, 137–138; EdBR to CL, 6 February 1852, TGS, 70; JH to EdBR, 28 March 1852, SD 3c 1844 (4); EdBR to HH, 20 June 1852, 16 July 1852, DeF, 131–132, 134–135; Arleen Tuchman, Science, Medicine and the State in Germany (Oxford University Press, 1993), 124–128.

68. EdBR to HBJ, 31 July 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 13–19.

69. Heinz Schröer, Carl Ludwig (Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1967), 39, 52, 120–129; Ernst Theodor Brücke, Ernst Brücke (Springer, 1928), 53–66, 111–114; Leo Koenigsberger, Hermann von Helmholtz (Vieweg, 1902), 1: 177–183; Niklaus Egli, Der “Prix Montyon de physiologie expérimentale” im 19. Jahrhundert (Juris, 1970).

70. FdBR to JC, 12 June 1852, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3 M. 219 Bl. 1.

71. EdBR to HBJ, 23 June 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 7–9.

72. EdBR to JC, 27 June 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

73. The legendary café of the stolen Manet. 5 May 1850, Travel Diary; EdBR to HBJ, 12 July 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 10–13; EdBR to JC, 15 July 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

74. HBJ to EdBR, 29 June 1852, 6 August 1852, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 128–129, 132–133.

75. EdBR to HBJ, 31 July 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 13–19.

76. EdBR to CL, 2 August 1852, TGS, 73; EdBR to JC, 15 July 1852, 26 January 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

77. EdBR to JC, 27 July 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

78. EdBR to JC, 12 November 1852, 12 August 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

79. EdBR to JC, 12 August 1852, 12 and 17 September 1852, 9 October 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

80. FdBR to EdBR, 19 August 1852, MdBR to EdBR, 29 August 1852, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3 Bl. 2–4.

81. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “On a New Effect Produced on Muscles by the Electric Current,” Reports of . . . the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 22nd Meeting, Belfast, September 1852: 78–80; JT to EdBR, 21 May 1874 (#2441), Tyndall papers; EdBR to JC, 8 September 1852, 11 May 1853, 11 May 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

82. EdBR to JC, 17 December 1852, Sylvester Abend, 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

83. Carl Schorske, Fin-de-siècle Vienna (Vintage Books, 1981).

84. E.g., Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes (Hutchinson, 1987).

85. E.g., Ute Frevert, ed., Bürgerinnen und Bürger (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1988); Martina Kessel, “The ‘Whole Man’: The Longing for a Masculine World in Nineteenth-Century Germany,” Gender & History 15, no. 1 (2003): 1–31.

Chapter 8

1. This section draws from my essay “Marriage and Science in Nineteenth Century Berlin: Emil du Bois-Reymond’s Correspondence with Jeannette Claude,” in La Mediazione matrimoniale, ed. Bruno P. F. Wanrooij (Georgetown University and Edizioni di Storia e Letteratura, 2004).

2. EdBR to JC, 8, 12, and 16 September 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

3. EdBR to HBJ, 7 August 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 19; EdBR to JC, 21 and 27 September 1862, 1 and 4 October 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

4. EdBR to JC, 29 September 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

5. EdBR to JC, 6, 13, 18, and 28 October 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

6. EdBR to JC, 13 October 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

7. EdBR to JC, 23 and 25 September, 4, 26, 28, and 30 October 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

8. EdBR to JC, 14 October 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. Ludwig Conrad Bethmann (1812–1867) found the original manuscript of the chronicle of Sigebert of Gembloux, a medieval historian opposed to the papacy.

9. EdBR to JC, 12 November 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

10. EdBR to CL, 26 November 1852, TGS, 76; EdBR to JC, 9 October 1852, 29 November 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HH, 16 January 1853, DeF, 138–139, 28 November 1852, Hirst Diary; EdBR to HBJ, 17 November 1852, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 19–22.

11. EdBR to JC, 9, 16, and 25 February 1853, 3 March 1853, 2 April 1853, 8 July 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5, 24 October 1852, 21 and 28 November 1852, 12 and 19 December 1852, 2 January 1853, 6 and 13 February 1853, Hirst Diary.

12. HBJ to EdBR, 7 November 1852 (#2428), Tyndall papers; Henry Bence Jones, An Autobiography, ed. A[rchibald] B[ence] B[ence]-J[ones] (Crusha: privately printed, 1929), 29–30.

13. HBJ to EdBR, 12 February 1853 (#2430), Tyndall papers, 20 February 1853, Hirst Diary; HBJ to EdBR, 1 and 31 May 1853, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 153–157; Bence Jones, Autobiography, 30.

14. EdBR to CL, 2 August 1852, TGS, 73. The author of the tract was identified as “Redivivus.”

15. HBJ to EdBR, 28 December 1852, 1 May 1853, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 139–141, 153–155. In absolute terms, Germany spent three times as much as England on science during the 1850s; in terms of their budgets, six and a half times as much. Frank R. Pfetsch, Zur Entwicklung der Wissenschaftspolitik in Deutschland 1750–1914 (Duncker & Humblot, 1974), 337.

16. HBJ to EdBR, 9 March 1853, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 145–146; EdBR to HBJ, 14 March 1854, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 25–27; EdBR to CL, 19 May 1854, TGS, 82–83; [Emil du Bois-Reymond], “On the Intensity and Quantity of Electric Currents,” The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine, 4th ser., 5 (January–June 1853): 363–367.

17. Reden, 1: 51–83; CL to EdBR, 30 October 1853, EdBR to CL, 15 November 1853, TGS, 80–82. This section borrows from my essay “Matteucci and du Bois-Reymond: A Bitter Rivalry,” Archives Italiennes de Biologie 149, no. 4 (2011): 29–37.

18. Tyndall, Review of On Animal Electricity, 226; Tyndall, “Rise, Progress, and Present Condition of Animal Electricity,” British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review 25 (1854): 126–141; MF to EdBR, 15 January 1850, The Correspondence of Michael Faraday, ed. Frank A. J. L. James (Institution of Electrical Engineers, 2008), 4: 116–117; Carl Matteucci, Lettre de Charles Matteucci à Mr. H. Bence Jones, F.R.S. &. &., éditeur d’une brochure intitulée On Animal Electricity ou extrait de découvertes de Mr. du Bois-Reymond (Le Monnier, 1853).

19. CM to MF, 19 February 1853, Correspondence, 4: 488; MF to CM, 3 March 1853, Correspondence, 4: 493–495.

20. John Morley, Voltaire (Appleton, 1872), 53–54; EdBR to JC, 25 September [1852], Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

21. HBJ to EdBR, 3, 9, and 25 March 1853, 1 and 31 May 1853, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 142–149, 153–157; 24 March 1853, Laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 8 S. 63–64; EdBR to AD, 24 January [18]76, Dohrn letters, 80.

22. Du Bois-Reymond also knew Italian, although he blamed it for ruining his English. EdBR to HBJ, 17 November 1853, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 19–22.

23. EdBR to JC, 21 May 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

24. Emil du Bois-Reymond, On Signor Carlo Matteucci’s Letter to H. Bence Jones, M.D., F.R.S. &c., Editor of an Abstract of Dr. du Bois-Reymond’s Researches in Animal Electricity (Churchill, 1853).

25. Except in France, where Léon Foucault continued to champion Matteucci. “Académie des sciences. Revue scientifique,” Journal des débats, 24 August 1856, feuilleton, 1.

26. EdBR to HBJ, 11 February 1857, 19 March [1857], SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 41–43; Matteucci, Cours, viii–xi; HH to EdBR, 15 May 1864, EdBR to HH, 24 May 1864, HH to EdBR, 5 June 1864, DeF, 208–212; CM to HH, 17 May 1864, 9 June 1864; CM to the Editor of the Medical Times, 17 May 1864, HH to CM, draft, n.d., HH to the Editor of the Medical Times, draft, BBAW, Archiv, Nachlaß Helmholtz, Nr. 529, 302; HBJ to EdBR, 15 June 1853, 23 November 1853, 28 September 1868, Private, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 158, 174–175, 394–395; EdBR to parents, 13 September 1862, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 32–33.

27. EdBR to JC, 29 November 1852, 17 December 1852, 2, 13, and 14 January 1853, 17 March 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

28. EdBR to JC, 14 January 1853, 2 April 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. Du Bois-Reymond’s single room was later expanded to three. This was Berlin’s physiological laboratory for more than 20 years. “E. du Bois-Reymond†,” National-Zeitung, 29 December 1896, GstA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 13, 1894–1897, Bl. 291.

29. EdBR to JC, 27 December 1852, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. “Aalmutter” is the ninth word in Grimm’s dictionary, not the Conversations-Lexicon.

30. EdBR to JC, 26 January, 9 February 1853, 27 April 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

31. EdBR to JC, 6 December 1852, 14 January 1853, 3 and 16 February 1853, 10 March [1853], Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; MC to JC, 30 October [18]53, Dep. 5 Nr. 296 Bl. 31.

32. EdBR to JC, 26 January [1853], 9 February 1853, 15 May 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to GL, 8 March 1853, BSB, Ana 377, II.B, Bl. 4.

33. EdBR to JC, 26 January [1853], Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

34. Paul Heyse, Jugenderinnerung und Bekenntnisse (Cotta, 1912), 1: 35; EdBR to JC, 2 February 1853, 4 June 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

35. EdBR to JC, 4 June 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

36. EdBR to JC, 23 December 1852, 20 January 1853, 2 February 1853, 4, 11 and 15 May 1853, 11 and 23 July 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. See also Michael Snodin and Maurice Howard, Ornament (Yale University Press, 1996), 147.

37. Quoted in Gunilla-Friederike Budde, Auf dem Weg ins Bürgerleben (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994), 275; Marie Gräffin von Bothmer, German Home Life (Appleton, 1876).

38. William Hazlitt, “On Vulgarity and Affectation” (1822), in Table Talk (Dutton, 1965), 168; Bothmer, Home, 231–232; EdBR to JC, 13 and 26 January 1853, 9 February 1853, 27 March 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

39. EdBR to JC, 6 and 15 December 1852, 19 and 20 January 1852, 9 February 1853, 6 March 1853, 21 May 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. English in original. Cf. The Habits of Good Society (Carleton, 1858; Low, 1882), 307; Walter L. Arnstein, “A German View of English Society: 1851,” Victorian Studies 16, no. 2 (1972): 186.

40. EdBR to JC, 2 and 16 February 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. Cf. Habits, 197–198; Philippe Perrot, Fashioning the Bourgeoisie (Princeton University Press, 1994), 87–142.

41. EdBR to JC, 17 November 1852, 6 and 23 December 1852, 22 January 1853, 16, 22 and 25 February 1853, 3 and 27 March 1853, 2 and 27 April 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

42. EdBR to JC, 17 November 1852, 4 November 1852, 6 December 1852, Sylvester Abend 1852, 6, 14 and 22 January 1853, 9 February 1853, 24 March 1853, 2 April 1853, 4 June 1853, 9 July 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

43. EdBR to JC, 4 January 1853, 9 and 22 February 1853, 3, 10 and 17 March 1853, 4 May 1853, 4 June 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

44. EdBR to JC, 21 May 1853, 4 and 29 May 1853, 4 June 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

45. E[mil] S[chiff], “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Neue Freie Presse, Nr. 6878, 20 October 1883, feuilleton, 1–3; EdBR to JC, 9 December 1852, 22 April 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; HH to his wife, [18 August 1856], Kremer, ed., 163–165.

46. EdBR to JC, 14 January 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. Cf. EdBR to HH, 16 January 1853, DeF, 138; EdBR to GL, 8 March 1853, BSB, Ana 377, II.B, Bl. 3.

47. EdBR to JC, 11 July 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

48. EdBR to CL, 15 November 1853, TGS, 81–82; HBJ to EdBR, 21 July 1853, 5, 10, 13 and 15 August 1853, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 160–171; EdBR to HH, 30 May 1853, DeF, 142–144, 143; HH to his wife, 20 August 1853, Kremer, ed., 110; “Births, Deaths, Marriages, and Obituaries,” Liverpool Mercury, no. 2531, 26 August 1853, 675; 29 [August 1853] (#1090), Hirst Diary.

49. EdBR to JC, 4 May 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

50. EdBR to JC, 22 and 23 December 1852, 19 January 1853, 23 May 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

51. HBJ to EdBR, 21 July 1853, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 160–161; EdBR to JC, 23 July 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; HH to his wife, 29 August [18]53, 8 September [18]53, Kremer, ed., 119–125, 128–129.

52. HH to his wife, 29 August [18]53, Kremer, ed., 120.

53. CL to EdBR, 12 October 1854, TGS, 85.

54. 29 [August 1853] (#1090), Hirst Diary.

55. HH to his wife, 8 September [18]53, Kremer, ed., 128; EdBR to CL, 15 November 1853, TGS, 81–82; EdBR to JC, 1 October 1852, 12 September 1853, 29 August 1858, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

56. EdBR to CL, 19 May 1854, TGS, 82–83; EdBR to JC, 29 September 1854, 2 October 1854, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to his father, 26 July 1854, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HBJ, 15 July 1854, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 30.

57. EdBR to CL, 19 May 1854, TGS, 82–83.

58. EdBR to HBJ, 10 August 1854, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 30–32.

59. EdBR to HH, 26 December 1854 (#49), DeF, 152–154; Raumer to EdBR, 27 September 1855, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 1 Bl. 35–36; GstA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 1, 1844–1857, Bl. 222–246.

60. EdBR to HBJ, 14 October 1854, SD 3k 1852 (4). Peter Riess ventured that the Ministry had decided to teach him a lesson regarding the tone of his petition: “On ne fait pas la leçon lorsqu’on veut faire une demande.” EdBR to his father, 26 August 1854, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5 Bl. 19–20.

61. HBJ to EdBR, 26 September 1854, 24 October 1854, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 187–189, 209–211; EdBR to HBJ, 14 October [1854], SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 32–35.

62. HBJ to EdBR, 18 November 1854 SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 193–195.

63. HH to his wife, 6 [August 1853], Kremer, ed., 103; EdBR to HH, 26 December 1854, DeF, 152–154; EdBR to HBJ, 17 December 1854, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 35–36.

64. EdBR to HBJ, 17 December 1854, 26 December 1854, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 35–36.

65. HH to EdBR, 5 November 1854, HH to EdBR, 23 December 1854, DeF, 150–152; Leo Koenigsberger, Hermann von Helmholtz (Vieweg, 1902), 1: 227–229. Helmholtz had felt estranged from du Bois-Reymond since their trip to England. CL to HH, 26 April [18]54, Herbert Hörz, Physiologie und Kultur in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Basilisken-Presse, 1994), 279–280.

66. EdBR to HH, 26 December 1854, DeF, 152–154.

67. EdBR to HH, 21 June 1854, 16 August 1854, DeF, 149.

68. Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre, ed. Richard J. Dunn (Norton, 2001), 325; EdBR to CL, 27 December 1854, TGS, 86–87.

69. HBJ to EdBR, 8 January 1855, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 201–202.

70. EdBR to HBJ, 23 January 1855, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 37–38.

71. AH to EdBR, [13 March 1855], Humboldt letters, 139–140; Koenigsberger, 1: 249–251; EdBR to HH, 16 March 1855, HH to EdBR, 22 March 1855, DeF, 154–156.

72. JT to EdBR, 16 April 1855 (#2432), Tyndall papers; EdBR to his father, 1 May 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 21–22; Classified advertisement, Daily News, no. 2783, 20 April 1855, 675.

73. D. F. H., “The Late Professor Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Glasgow Medical Journal 47 (January–June 1897): 120; 3 May [1855], Hirst Diary; EdBR to his father, 1 May 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 21–22.

74. EdBR to JC, April 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. English in original.

75. EdBR to JC, 8 May 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EB to EdBR, 12 July 1855, Brücke letters, 1: 74–76; EdBR to HBJ, 8 April 1855, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 39–40; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “On a Method of Exhibiting Fine Galvanometric Experiments to a Large Audience; Extracted from a Letter from M. du Bois-Reymond to M. Magnus,” London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science 11, no. 70 (1856): 109–111; “Science Notes,” Pall Mall Gazette, no. 9914, 4 January 1897.

76. EdBR to JC, 15 May 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. The Athenaeum dismissed On Animal Electricity as impenetrable. As did Thomas Henry Huxley, “On the Present State of Knowledge as to the Structure and Functions of Nerve,” Proceedings of the Royal Institution 2 (1854–1858): 432–437.

77. EdBR to JC, 12 May 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Henry Foster Baxter, “An Experimental Inquiry Undertaken with the View of Ascertaining Whether Any Force Is Evolved During Muscular Contraction Analogous to the Force Evolved in the Fish, Gymnotus, and Torpedo,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 7 (10 May 1855): 378–379.

78. Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Modern Library, 1996), 201; Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy and Other Writings, ed. Stefan Colini (Cambridge University Press, 2002), 229; Hippolyte Taine, Notes on England (Holt & Williams, 1872), 314–323.

79. EdBR to JC, 3, 20, and 21 May 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5, misquoting Psalm 102: 6.

80. Taine, Notes, 226; Thomas Henry Huxley to Henrietta Anne Huxley, 3 September 1854, in Adrian Desmond, Huxley: From Devil’s Disciple to Evolution’s High Priest (Perseus, 1997), 202–203; HBJ to EdBR, 8 January 1855, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 201–202; EdBR to JC, 26 May [1855], Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

81. Taine, Notes, 276; EdBR to JC, 8, 15, 17, 26, and 29 May [1855], 3 June [1855], Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

82. EdBR to his father, 26 June 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 23–24.

83. EdBR to JC, 8 and 15 July 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; The Journals of George Eliot, ed. Margaret Harris and Judith Johnston (Cambridge University Press, 1998), 24, 45; HBJ to EdBR, 8, 24, and 25 June 1855, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 217–223; EdBR to CL, 1 October 1855, TGS, 89–90.

84. EdBR to HBJ, 11 Sept 1863, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 71–72.

85. EdBR to HBJ, 22 August 1856, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 40–41; EdBR to his father, 5 October 1856, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 25–26.

86. EdBR to HH, 27 April 1856, DeF, 158–159; CL to EdBR, 5 and 18 January 1857, TGS, 94–95; EdBR to HBJ, 19 March [1857], SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 41–43; EdBR to GL, 1 January 1856, BSB, Ana 377, II.B., Bl. 2.

87. EdBR to his father, 14 April 1856, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 24; EdBR to HBJ, 19 March, 13 June 1857, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 41–45.

88. EdBR to HBJ, 25 July 1857, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 45–46.

89. EB to EdBR, 2 May 1857, Brücke letters, 1: 92–93; EdBR to HBJ, 13 June 1857, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 43–45; HH to EdBR, 18 May 1857, EdBR to HH, 24 May 1857, DeF, 167–171. Du Bois-Reymond salary was 163 thaler at this time. EB to HH, 1 June 1857, Hörz, Physiologie und Kultur, 379. 1 thaler = 1.75 gulden = 1.5 Austrian gulden after 1857.

90. EdBR to HH, 24 May 1857, DeF, 170.

91. EdBR to GL, 1 January 1856, BSB, Ana 377, II.B, Bl. 1; HBJ to EdBR, 19 June 1857, 28 November 1866, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 248–250, 375–377; EdBR to HBJ, 25 July 1857, 10 August 1857, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 45–47.

92. Robert Wilhelm Bunsen to Baden Ministry of the Interior, 28 May 1857, Dean of Medicine to Faculty Senate, 5 June 1857, quoted in Tuchman, Science, 143; Rudolf Virchow to Alfred Escher, 19 September 1855, Die Universität Zürich, 1833–1933, und ihre Vorläufer, ed. Ernst Gagliardi, Hans Nabholz, Jean Strohl (Verlag der Erziehungsdirektion, 1938), 548–549; CL to EdBR, 20 February 1849, TGS, 26–27; HH to EdBR, 26 May 1857, 14 and 26 July 1857, DeF, 171–175. Du Bois-Reymond attracted all of seven students to his seminar in 1857. EdBR to GL, 11 April 1857, BSB, Ana 377, II.B, Bl. 3.

93. HH to EdBR, 5 March 1858, DeF, 176–178; Tuchman, Science, 146–150, 158–162.

94. EdBR to HH, 15 March 1858, DeF, 178–179.

95. EdBR to HBJ, 1 December 1857, 31 January 1858, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 48–53; HBJ to EdBR, 5 December 1857, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 255–257; EdBR to HH, 24 November 1857, n.d., DeF, 47–49, 181–182.

96. EdBR to HH, 28 April 1858, DeF, 185.

97. EdBR to HBJ, 3 May 1857, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 53–54; HBJ to EdBR, 20 May 1858, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 264–266; National-Zeitung, 2 May 1858, quoted in Johannes Müller (Groos, 1899), 19–20; EdBR to HH, 6 May 1858, DeF, 185–186; Mitscherlich to EdBR, 31 May 1858, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 1 Bl. 44–45; Ernst Haeckel to Anna Sethe, Berlin, [11 June 1860], Ernst Haeckel, Anna Sethe, ed. Heinrich Schmidt (Reißner, 1931), 77; EdBR to his father, July 1858, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5 Bl. 27–28; EdBR to JC, 5, 8, and 18 July 1858, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

98. EdBR to JC, 26 July 1858, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

99. Rudolph Wagner, Review of Gedächtnissrede auf Johannes Müller, Archiv für Naturgeschichte 28, no. 2 (1862): 43–48; Review of Emil du Bois-Reymond, Eulogistic Oration on John Müller, British and Foreign Medico-Chirugical Review 54 (April 1861): 109–132; Berthold Auerbach, Briefe an seinen Freund Jakob Auerbach (Rütten & Loening, 1884), 2: 359.

100. EdBR to HBJ, 25 April 1859, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 62; EdBR to HH, 14 July 1858, DeF, 187–188; EdBR to his father, July 1858, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5 Bl. 27–28.

101. HH to EdBR, 15 April 1858, DeF, 182–184; EdBR to HBJ, [July 1858], SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 54–55; Medical Faculty to Raumer, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 2, 1858–1862, Bl. 3v–7v.

102. Tuchman, Science, 153; EdBR to his father, ibid; EdBR to Raumer, 29 May 1858, Raumer to EdBR, 9 July 1858, 26 July 1858, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 10 Nr. 11 Bd. 6, 1836–1858, Bl. 236–238, 246–247.

103. EdBR to his father, ibid.

104. HH to EdBR, 14 and 21 July 1858, DeF, 188–192.

105. EdBR to JC, 18 and 29 July 1858, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

106. EdBR to JC, 19 July 1858, 29 July 1858, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

107. EdBR to HBJ, 10 August 1857, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 46–47; GA, 2: 601–736; Sven Dierig, “Urbanization, Place of Experiment and How the Electric Fish Was Caught by Emil Du Bois-Reymond,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 9, no. 1 (2000): 5–13; HBJ to EdBR, 5 December 1857, 6 January 1858, 20 May 1858, 19 July 1858, 7 and 19 August 1858, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 255–260, 264–266, 269–270, 272–274, 278–279; EdBR to JC, 22 July 1858, 9 and 12 August 1858, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5, 8, 14, and 16 August 1858, laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 10 S. 6–7; “Prusse. Berlin, 17 août,” Journal des débats, 20 August 1858, 2.

108. EdBR to HH, 20 October 1858, DeF, 192; Raumer to EdBR, 14 October 1858, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 1 Bl. 48–49; EdBR to Raumer, 15 October 1858, royal decree, 9 October 1858, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 2, 1858–1862, Bl. 71v–71r; Bl. 72v–76r; HBJ to EdBR, 19 June 1857, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 248–249; George Saintsbury, Corrected Impressions (Heineman, 1895), 179.

109. EdBR to JC, 27 July 1852, 17 December 1852, 5 January 1853, 14 January 1853, 27 March 1853, 20 June 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Ernst Haeckel, Anna Sethe, 74.

110. EdBR to JC, 20 January 1853, 25 February 1853, 21 May 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

111. Arnold, Culture, 229.

112. EdBR to JC, 9 and 11 July 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

Chapter 9

1. Rudolf Köpke, Die Gründung der königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin (Dümmler, 1860), 271–273; Reden, 1: 633, 645n15; “E. du Bois-Reymond†,” National-Zeitung, 29 December 1896; Immanuel Munk, “Zur Erinnerung an du Bois-Reymond,” Deutsche Medicinische Wochenschrift 23, no. 1 (1897): 18; Axel Genz, Die Emanzipation der naturwissenschaftlichen Physiologie in Berlin, medical dissertation, Magdeburg, 1976, 31; EB to HH, 13 October 1858, Herbert Hörz, Physiologie und Kultur in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Basilisken-Presse, 1994), 383–384; Ivan M. Sechenov, Autobiographical Notes, ed. Donald B. Lindsley (American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1965), 67–68; EdBR to Mühler, 4 May 1869, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 19 Nr. 16, 1868–1874, Bl. 42–45; EdBR to Falk, 31 May 1872, GStA, ibid., Nr. 18 Bd. 1, 1871–1873, Bl. 94–96; EdBR to CL, 18 May 1871, TGS, 108–109.

2. EdBR to Raumer, 21 April 1856, Raumer to Cashier, 13 June 1856, EdBR to Raumer, 3 April 1858, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 10 Nr. 11 Bd. 6, 1836–1858, Bl. 195, 198–199, 230–235; EdBR to Raumer, 15 October 1858, GStA, ibid., Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 2, 1858–1862, Bl. 71, 2 November 1858, GStA, ibid., Tit. 10 Nr. 11 Bd. 7, 1858–1867, Bl. 6–8; CL to EdBR, 14 March 1858, TGS, 96–97; EdBR to HH, 11 November 1858, DeF, 194.

3. His daughter Lucy. EdBR to CL, 7 November 1858, TGS, 97–98; EdBR to HBJ, 14 March 1859, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 56–59.

4. University rectors to Bethmann-Hollweg, 15 December 1858, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 10 Nr. 11 Bd. 7, 1858–1867, Bl. 14; EdBR to Bethmann-Hollweg, 30 December 1858, GStA, ibid., Bl. 9–10; EB to EdBR, 4 December 1858, Brücke letters, 1: 106–107; EdBR to Geheimrath [Bethmann-Hollweg], 13 January 1859, GStA, ibid., Bl. 22–23.

5. Bethmann-Hollweg to CR, 29 January 1859, 8 March 1859, GStA, ibid., Bl. 12–13; Bethmann-Hollweg to Patow, 29 March 1859, GStA, ibid., 24; Köpke, Gründung, 271–273; Genz, “Emanzipation,” 33; EdBR to Bethmann-Hollweg, 27 March 1859, GStA, ibid., 35–36; Bethmann-Hollweg to EdBR, 9 April 1859, GStA, ibid., Bl. 27. On the assistant’s mental illness, see GStA, ibid., Bl. 184–190, 250–266.

6. EdBR to JC, 11 April 1866, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; W. Bruce Fye, “Why a Physiologist?—The Case of Henry P. Bowditch,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 56 (1982): 23; William Coleman, “The Cognitive Basis of the Discipline: Claude Bernard on Physiology,” Isis 76 (1985): 57; JB to EdBR, 9 March 1859, 30 April 1860, 9 September 1862, SD 3b 1851 (1) Bl. 5–6, 25–27, 36–38; EdBR to HH, 10 August 1863, DeF, 205.

7. EdBR to HBJ, 14 March 1859, 25 April 1859, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 56–59, 61–63; EdBR to HH, 24 May 1864, DeF, 210–211; EdBR to CL, 9 May 1865, TGS, 103–104; EdBR to HH, 8 January 1866, DeF, 218–219; EB to EdBR, 19 June 1865, Brücke letters, 1: 142–143; EdBR to his parents, 3 July 1862, 12 August 1862, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 31–32; EdBR to HH, 16 May 1866, DeF, 221.

8. EdBR to HH, 25 March 1862, DeF, 200–203; Frank Lorenz Müller, Our Fritz (Harvard University, 2011), 149–190; Martin Philippson, Das Leben Kaiser Friedrichs III (Bergmann, 1900), 305; EdBR to HBJ, 25 April 1859, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 61–63; EdBR to his parents, 11 June 1859, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 29; HH to EdBR, 30 January 1883, DeF, 264; EdBR to TM, 20 February [18]83, Nachlaß Mommsen, Bl. 35; Friedrich III to EdBR, 17 November 1885, Dep. 5 Nr. 277; Anna von Helmholtz to HH, 7 March 1875, Anna von Helmholtz, ed. Ellen von Siemens-Helmholtz (Verlag für Kulturpolitik, 1929), 1: 194; EdBR to JC, 24 March 1879, note, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; “Foreign Intelligence,” John Bull, no. 3044, 12 April 1879, 227; Ellen du Bois-Reymond, “El Arenal. Unser verlorenes Paradies, 1859–1922,” Dep. 5 K. 12 Nr. 299 Bl. 28; Princess Catherine Radziwill, My Recollections (Isbister, 1904), 124–125; EdBR to AD, 15 September [1879], Dohrn letters, 166–169, 8 August 1867, 28 June 1881, laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 15 S. 53, 89; Granville Stanley Hall, Aspects of German Culture (Osgood, 1881), 31; Hall, Life and Confessions of a Psychologist (Appleton, 1923), 209–210; EdBR to TM, 18 March 1888, Nachlaß Mommsen, Bl. 53–54; Reden, 2: 627–630; EdBR to Empress Friedrich Victoria, [July 1888], Dep. 5 Nr. 246 Bl. 2.

9. Wilhelm Trendelenburg, “Sechzig Jahre Berliner Physiologische Gesellschaft. Bericht, gehalten in der Sitzung der Berliner Physiologischen Gesellschaft vom 24. Januar 1936,” Klinische Wochenschrift 15, no. 9 (1936): 311–316; Anne-Katrin Ziesak, Walter de Gruyter Publishers, 1749–1999 (de Gruyter, 1999), 121–122; GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 3 Nr. 1 Bd. 3, 1836–1869, Bl. 239, 267–271; Nachlaß Schulze, I/92 Nr. 1 Bd. 4, 1870–1890, Bl. 7, 68, 119–120; Bd. 5, 1890–1900, Bl. 23; Max Lenz, ed., Geschichte der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin (Waisenhaus, 1910–1918), 3: 486–487; EdBR to JC, Berlin, 25 June 1882, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to RV, 5 August 1882, Rudolf Virchow und Emil du Bois-Reymond, ed. Klaus Wenig (Basilisken-Presse, 1995), 101–102; “Die Berliner Rektoratswahl,” Berliner Tageblatt, 5 August 1888, no. 392, GStA, I/92, Nachlaß Schulze, Nr. 1 Bd. 4, 1870–1890, Bl. 191; “Virchow als Rektor,” Vossische Zeitung, Nr. 356, Abend-Ausgabe, Beilage, Berlin, 2 August 1892, GStA, I/92, Nachlaß Schulze, Nr. 1 Bd. 5, 1890–1900, Bl. 48, 52.

10. EdBR to GL, 11 April 1857, BSB 377, II.B, Bl. 3–4; EdBR to RV, 7 January 1866, Briefe, 76–77. The breakdown was Privatum, Publicum, and for lectures in private, Privatissimum. He lectured on physiology twice a week in summer and four times a week in winter. Walter K. Sibley, “Notes on Some German Universities. II—The University of Berlin. The Physiological Institute.—Professor du Bois-Reymond,” British Medical Journal 1 (12 April 1890): 856; R[ené] du Bois-Reymond, ed., Emil du Bois-Reymond’s Vorlesungen über die Physik des organischen Stoffwechsels (Hirschwald, 1900); “Findings of Contemporary Science,” K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11; “Lectures on Physiology,” SD (Ost), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, M. 1–5; Charley Mohr, ed., Compendium der Physiologie für die medizinischen Prüfungen (Hartung, 1901).

11. Hermann Helmholtz, “On the Aim and Progress of Physical Science” (1869), in Science and Culture, ed. David Cahan (University of Chicago Press, 1995), 207; “Chronique allemande. Émile du Bois-Reymond; sa carrière, son éloquence, les legends qui entouraient son nom,” Bibliothèque universelle et Revue suisse 5, no. 14, 102ème année (February 1897): 404; Nicholas Murray Butler, The Rise of a University (Columbia University Press, 1937), 2: 341–342; EdBR to HH, 25 March 1862, 29 November 1864, DeF, 200–203, 213; S. S. Epstein, “Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896),” Westermanns illustrierte deutsche Monats-Hefte 82 (1897): 315; Carl A. Ewald, “Emil du Bois-Reymond †,” Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 34, no. 1 (1897): 1–3; Paul Grützner, “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” ADB 48 (1908): 118–126; Isidor Kastan, Berlin, wie es war (Mosse, 1925), 135–136; Peter Ruff, Emil du Bois-Reymond (Teubner, 1981), 72–73; EdBR to AD, 17 November 1884, Dohrn letters, 256; “Lettres, Sciences et Arts,” Journal des débats, 28 December 1896, 3.

12. “Royal Institution Lectures,” Illustrated London News, 14 April 1866; Paul Heger, “Emil du Bois-Reymond. Conférence donnée à l’Association des Étudiants en medicine de l’Université libre de Bruxelles, le 26 mars 1897,” Révue de l’Université de Bruxelles 2 (1896–1897): 581; Paul Börner, quoted in Adolf Kohut, “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Moderne Geistesheroen (Ißleib, 1886), 28; Isidor Rosenthal, “Emil du Bois-Reymond. Ein Lebensbild,” Nord und Sud 6 (1878): 153–166; Max Verworn, “Zum Gedächtnis Emil du Bois-Reymonds,” Leopoldina 54, no. 11 (1918): 78–80.

13. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 4r–4v. Du Bois-Reymond is referring to Wagner’s attack on the morality of materialism in “Menschenschöpfung und Seelensubstanz,” Amtlicher Bericht über die Ein und Dreißigste Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte zu Göttingen im September 1854 (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1860), 15–22, to Quatrefages’ attack on physicalist physiology in Physiologie comparée (Baillière, 1862), 3–4, and to Agassiz’s attack on the “repulsive poverty [of Darwin’s] material explanation” in Methods of Study in Natural History (Ticknor and Fields, 1863), iv.

14. Henry Vizetelly, Berlin Under the New Empire (Greenwood, 1968), 2: 90–91, 38–39; Reden, 1: 492; EdBR to HBJ, 4 March 1860, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 64–68.

15. Reden, 1: 365–367; Rosenthal, “Lebensbild,” 166n; Schultz, “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” 300; EdBR to HH, 9 December 1863, DeF, 205–207; William James to Henry Pickering Bowditch, 12 December 1867, The Correspondence of William James, ed. Ignas K. Skrupskelis and Elizabeth M. Berkeley (University Press of Virginia, 1992–2004), 4: 233; Robert G. Frank Jr., “American Physiologists in German Laboratories, 1865–1914,” in Physiology in the American Context, 1850–1940, ed. Gerald L. Geison (American Physiological Society, 1987), 31; Sigmund Freud to Eduard Silberstein, 24 January 1875, The Letters of Sigmund Freud to Eduard Silberstein, 1871–1881, ed. Walter Boehlich (Belknap, 1990), 84; Charles Lyell to Charles Darwin, 16 January 1865 (#4746), DCP; Alexander Bain, Autobiography (Longmans, Green, 1904), 379; Theodore M. Porter, Karl Pearson (Princeton University Press, 2004), 76; J. F. F[ulton], “Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, O.M., 1857–1952,” Journal of Neurophysiology 15, no. 3 (1952): 170; R. Miles and C. C. Miles, “Eight Letters from G. Stanley Hall to H. P. Bowditch with Introduction and Notes,” American Journal of Psychology 41, no. 2 (1929): 328; Herbert B. Adams, “The Study and Teaching of History,” Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society 1 (1898): 73–84; Geraldine Wojno Kiefer, Alfred Stieglitz and Science, 1880–1910, PhD dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1990, 69–71; Emil du Bois-Reymond, Wissenschaftliche Vorträge, ed. James Howard Gore (Ginn, 1896), vi; Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, My Recollections, 1848–1914 (Chatto & Windus, 1930), 211n; Georges Pouchet, “L’Enseignement supérieur des sciences en Allemagne,” Revue des deux mondes 83, no. 39 (1869): 430–449.

16. D. F. H., “The Late Professor Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Glasgow Medical Journal 47 (January–June 1897): 120; Emil Fischer, Aus meinem Leben (Springer, 1922), 160; Wilhelm Wundt, Erlebtes und Erkanntes (Kröner, 1921), 109; Kohut, “du Bois-Reymond,” 28; Friedrich Trendelenburg, Aus heiteren Jugendtagen (Springer, 1924), 120; Munk, “Erinnerung,” 19; Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hertz, Lebenserinnerungen (Cohen, 1920), 135; Ewald, “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” 2; EdBR to AD, 4 February [18]76, Dohrn letters, 83; Schiff, “du Bois-Reymond,” 72; Epstein, “du Bois-Reymond”; Verworn, “Gedächtnis”; Julius Bernstein, “Emil du Bois-Reymond†. Nachruf. Vorgetragen in der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle am 23. Januar 1897,” Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 12, no. 7 (1897): 87–92.

17. Olshausen to EdBR, 22 October 1861, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 1 Tit. 7 Nr. 38 Bd. 1, 1861–1874, Bl. 14–16; Lenz, Geschichte, 2, part 2: 338; EdBR to HH, 25 April 1867, DeF, 224–226; “Gymnasium oder Realgymnasium für den Mediziner?” Schwäbischer Merkur (Stuttgart), 16 November 1877, K. 5 M. 3 Nr. 10.1; EdBR to JC, Berlin, 16 December 1891, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Carl Ludwig Schleich, Besonnte Vergangenheit (Rowohlt, 1923), 160–161; Karl Martin Tychow, “Berliner Größen im medizinischen Staatsexamen,” Die Medizinische Welt 1, no. 44 (1927): 1548; Erich Hoffmann, Wollen und Schaffen (Schmorl & von Seefeld, 1948), 117–118; Max Breitung, “Eine Erinnerung an Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Deutsche Medizinal-Zeitung 18, no. 6 (1897): 149–150; Paul Rosenstein, Narben bleiben zurück (Kindler & Schiermeyer, 1954), 38.

18. EdBR to HBJ, 31 October/7 November [18]59, 11 September 1863, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 63–64, 71–72; Berlin police to EdBR, 15 June 1868, EdBR to Mühler, 16 June 1868, 6 August 1868, University to Mühler, 13 November 1868, Mühler to EdBR, 29 December 1868, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 19 Nr. 16, 1868–1874, Bl. 5–4, 35–38; EdBR to Falk, 31 May 1872, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 19 Nr. 18 Bd. 1, 1871–1873, Bl. 94–96; Genz, “Emanzipation,” 34–35; Sven Dierig, Wissenschaft in der Machinenstadt (Wallstein, 2006), 62–65.

19. R[ené] du Bois-Reymond, ed, Über Diffusion; Emil du Bois-Reymond, GA; Carl Sachs, “Beobachtungen und Versuche am südamerikanischen Zitteraale (Gymnotus electricus), Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medizin (1877): 69–95; Sachs, Aus den Llanos (Veit, 1879); Sachs, Dr. Carl Sachs’ Untersuchungen am Zitteraal, Gymnotus electricus (Veit, 1881); Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Lebende Zitterrochen in Berlin. Erste Mittheilung,” SB 1 (1884): 181–242; du Bois-Reymond, “Lebende Zitterrochen in Berlin. Zweite Mittheilung. Über den Unterschied von centripetalen und centrifugalen Nervenfasern,” SB 2 (1885): 691–750; EdBR to HH, 25 March 1862, DeF, 202; Christoph von Campenhausen, “Elektrophysiologie und physiologische Modellvorstellungen bei Emil du Bois-Reymond,” in Naturwissen und Erkenntnis im 19. Jahrhundert, ed. Gunter Mann (Gerstenberg, 1981), 99; Karl E. Rothschuh, “Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896) und die Elektrophysiologie der Nerven,” in Von Boerhaave bis Berger, ed. Karl E. Rothschuh (Fischer, 1964), 85–105.

20. Du Bois-Reymond quoted by A[ugustus] D[esiré] W[aller], “Emil du Bois-Reymond. 1818–1896,” Year-Book of the Royal Society of London 6 (1902): 224.

21. GA, 1: 145–227, 266–283; du Bois-Reymond, “On the Time Required for the Transmission of Volition and Sensation Through the Nerves,” Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution 4, no. 44 (1866): 575–593; “Festschrift Herrn Emil du Bois-Reymond zur Feier fünfundzwanzigjährigen Wirkens am 15. October 1883 überreicht von seinen ehemaligen Schülern,” Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medizin 1883; Gustav Fritsch, “Das physiologische Institut,” in Geschichte der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin, ed. Max Lenz (Waisenhaus, 1910–1918), 3: 160–161; P[eter] W. Ruff and H. Choinowski, “Eine Festgabe für Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematsch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe 16, no. 5 (1967): 839–846; H. Jürgen Marseille, “Das physiologische Lebenswerk von Emil du Bois-Reymond. Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Schüler,” medical dissertation, Münster, 1968; Peter Schneck and Winfried Schultze, Emil du Bois-Reymond, 1818–1896 (Weinert, 1996); Vladimir A. Abašnik, “Emil Heinrich Du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896) und die Char’kover Universitätsmediziner,” in Naturwissenschaft als Kommunikationsraum zwischen Deutschland und Rußland im 19. Jahrhundert, ed. Ortrun Riha (Shaker, 2011), 202–218.

22. Ralf Dahrendorf, Society and Democracy in Germany (Norton, 1979).

23. Michael Krüger, Körperkultur und Nationsbiludung (Hofmann, 1996), 185–219; Hugo Rothstein, Die Barrenübungen (Schröder & Kayser, 1862).

24. Emil du Bois-Reymond, Über das Barrenturnen und über die sogenannte rationelle Gymnastik (Reimer, 1862), 14, 19, 32.

25. EdBR to his parents, 3 July 1862, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 31; W. A. Stecher, “The German System of Physical Education,” Proceedings for the Advancement of Physical Education at Its Seventh Annual Meeting Held in Philadelphia (7–9 April 1892): 145; Emil du Bois-Reymond, Herr Rothstein und der Barren (Reimer, 1863), 1; Reden, 2: 111–113.

26. Georges Pouchet, “L’Enseignement supérieur des sciences en Allemagne,” Revue des deux mondes 83, 39e année (1869): 435.

27. EB to EdBR, 24 January 1863, Brücke letters, 1: 129–130; du Bois-Reymond, Barrenturnen, 23–24; Geoffrey Wawro, Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792–1914 (Routledge, 2000), 31, 79. I am indebted to Christopher Gracey for this insight.

28. Tim Otto, “Ludimar Hermann (1838–1914) und Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896). Ein Streit um die vitalisierende Kraft der Elektrizität,” M.A. thesis, Technische Universität, Berlin, 1995; Joachim Hans Schawalder, Der Physiologe Ludimar Hermann (1838–1914) (Juris, 1990), 8–9; EdBR to HH, 26 October 1856, 18 February 1865, DeF, 163, 216–217.

29. Ludimar Herrmann, Grundriss der Physiologie des Menschen (Hirschwald, 1863); Otto, “Streit,” 90; Schawalder, Hermann, 11–12; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Gegen Ludimar Hermann,” Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 11 M. 9. Bl. 1–7.

30. Ludimar Hermann, Untersuchungen über den Stoffwechsel der Muskeln (Hirschwald, 1867); Hermann, Weitere Untersuchungen zur Physiologie der Muskeln und Nerven (Hirschwald, 1867); Paul Diepgen, TGS, 156n225, my translation.

31. EdBR to HH, 25 April 1867, 1 June 1867, HH to EdBR, 2 June 1867, DeF, 224–227; du Bois-Reymond, GA, 2: 319–363, 566–591; Otto, “Streit,” 90–91; GA, 2: 344–345.

32. GA, 2: 351.

33. GA, 2: 357–359.

34. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Contra Hermann,” 6 November–14 December 1867, laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 13 S. 48–56; HBJ to EdBR, 6 January 1868, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 388–390.

35. LH to EdBR, 5 January 1868, 15 March 1868, in Otto, “Streit,” 91.

36. Ludimar Hermann, Untersuchungen zur Physiologie der Muskeln und Nerven (Hirschwald, 1868); HH to EdBR, 20 April 1868, EdBR to HH, 25 April 1868, DeF, 228–230; CL to President of the University of Zurich Search Committee, 2 August 1868, Schawalder, Hermann, 12–13; CL to Althoff, Leipzig, 6 July 1884, GStA, Nachlaß Althoff B, I/92 Nr. 124 Bd. 1, Bl. 117–118; EdBR to CL, 17 July 1868, TGS, 104–105.

37. Otto, “Streit,” 91–93; “Physiology,” The Academy 1, no. 5 (1870): 131.

38. EB to EdBR, 23 May 1853, Brücke letters, 1: 58–59; EdBR to CL, 18 December 1859, TGS, 101; “Gegen Ludimar Hermann”; HBJ to EdBR, 18 July [1870], SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 415–416, 24 August 1886, laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 16 S. 106.

39. Emil du Bois-Reymond, “On Secondary Electromotive Phenomena in Muscles, Nerves, and Electrical Organs” (1883), in Translations of Foreign Biological Memoirs. I. Memoirs on the Physiology of Nerve, of Muscle and of the Electrical Organ, ed. John Burdon Sanderson (Clarendon, 1887), 223; EdBR to AD, 14 January 1882, Dohrn letters, 227–228; GA, 2: 700, 11 May–7 August 1888, 12 May–12 October 1891, 10 July 1893, July–20 August 1894, laboratory notebooks, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 17 S. 73–82; Nr. 18 S. 53–58, 75, 91–92; GA, 2: 420–423; Reden, 2: 49; Ernst-August Seyfarth, “Julius Bernstein (1839–1917): Pioneer Neurobiologist and Biophysicist,” Biological Cybernetics 94, no. 1 (2006): 2–8; Armando De Palma and Germana Pareti, “Bernstein’s Long Path to Membrane Theory: Radical Change and Conservation in Nineteenth-Century German Electrophysiology,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 20, no. 4 (2011): 306–337.

40. George Eliot, “How We Encourage Research” (1878), in The Writings of George Eliot (AMS, 1970), 20: 46, 52.

41. George Henry Lewes, Diary, 21–23 and 27–28 March 1870, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University; George Henry Lewes to Mrs. John Willim, 28 March 1870, The George Eliot Letters, ed. Gordon S. Haight (Oxford University Press, 1955), 5: 83; Michael Foster, A Textbook of Physiology (Macmillan, 1890), 3: 109–111. For the response to du Bois-Reymond in Oxford, see Burdon Sanderson, ed., Translations; for Manchester, see Ludimar Hermann, Elements of Human Physiology (Smith, Elder, 1875); for Paris, see Sergei Ivanovich Tschirjew, “Electricité animale,” Journal de l’anatomie de la physiologie normales et pathologiques de l’homme et des animaux 15 (1879): 189–193; Sergei Ivanovich Tschirjew to EdBR, 2 March [1879], SD 3k 1880 (8) Bl. 12–13; for St. Petersburg, see Sergei Ivanovich Tschirjew to EdBR, 17 September [1878], SD 3k 1880 (8) Bl. 1–3.

42. I[sidor] Rosenthal, “Emil du Bois-Reymond. Zu seinem 50jährigen Doctojubiläum,” Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 30, no. 7 (1893): 174–175; Reden, 2: 610–615, 2: 15.

43. Albert Guttstadt, Die naturwissenschaftlichen und medicinischen Staatsanstalten Berlins (Hirschwald, 1886), 263; EdBR to HH, 11 February 1871, DeF, 250–251; EdBR to Knerk, 15 April 1865; EdBR to Mühler, 7 July 1868, 1 November 1868, 4 May 1869, 5 November 1869, 26 June 1871, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 19 Nr. 16, Bl. 18–19, 13–15, 24–25, 42–45, 57, 77–78; CL to HH, 31 January [18]69, Herbert Hörz, Physiologie und Kultur in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Basilisken-Presse, 1994), 330; EdBR to Mühler, 19 January 1870, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 19 Nr. 16, 1868–1874, Bl. 60–61; EdBR to HH, 4 April 1870, HH to EdBR, 7 April 1870, EdBR to HH, 15 May 1870, HH to EdBR, 17 May 1870, EdBR to HH, 14 and 23 June 1870, DeF, 236–242; EdBR to JC, 3, 10, and 22 June 1870, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; HH to EdBR, 14 February 1871, DeF, 251–252; Mühler to Camphausen, 3 June 1871, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 19 Nr. 18 Bd. 1, 1871–1873, Bl. 71–72; EdBR to Mühler, 26 June 1871, GStA, ibid., Nr. 16, 1868–1874, 77–78; EdBR to JC, 27 July 1871, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Mühler to HH, 21 July 1871, GStA, ibid., Bl. 75; EdBR to AD, 11 October [18]71, Dohrn letters, 8; EdBR to HBJ, 29 October 1871, quoted in HBJ to [George] Pollock, 21 January 1872, Upsalla University Library, The Waller Manuscript Collection, Waller Ms gb-01000.

44. Camphausen to Mühler, 27 June 1871, 8 September 1871, Selchow to Mühler, 24 November 1871, GStA, ibid., Nr. 18 Bd. 1, 1871–1873, Bl. 73–74, 4–5, 11–13; Extract of cabinet meeting, 26 December 1871, ibid., Bl. 16; EdBR to HBJ, 5 February 1872, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 91–93; Horace, Epistles, 2, part 2.

45. EdBR to Falk, 31 May 1872, 6 April 1872, GstA, ibid., Bl. 94–96, 58; EdBR to CL, 7 April 1872, TGS, 109–110; Rector and Senate of the University of Berlin to Falk, 20 April 1872, GstA, ibid., Bl. 61–63; EdBR to CL, 27 April 1872, TGS, 110; Anna von Helmholtz to her mother, 18 June 1872, Anna von Helmholtz, ed. Ellen von Siemens-Helmholtz (Verlag für Kulturpolitik, 1929), 1: 180; Rector and Senate to Kaiser, 17 June 1872, GstA, ibid., Bl. 138–142, reprinted in Dierig, Wissenschaft, 75–80; EdBR to HBJ, 13 August 1872, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 93–94.

46. Falk to Bismarck, 22 June 1872; Falk to EdBR, 18 August 1872, GstA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 19 Nr. 16, 1868–1874, Bl. 80, 79; EdBR to HH, 5 and 19 September 1872, DeF, 254–256; EdBR to HBJ, 19 December 1872, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 96–99a; EdBR to HH, 26 February 1873, DeF, 257; Dierig, Wissenschaft, 235–237, 260; EdBR to HBJ, 3 March [18]73, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 99a–100; EdBR to JC, Berlin, 18 June 1873, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to CL, 17 June 1878, TGS, 119; Deutsches-Reich, “A New Life in the Berlin University,” New York Observer and Chronicle 53, no. 48 (1875): 381; Georges Pouchet, “Rapport sur une mission en Allemagne pour étudier les collections d’anatomie comparée,” Archives des mission scientifiques et littéraires 7 (1881): 99.

47. Henri Fazy to EdBR, 1 January 1874, Nachlaß Emil du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 3. Bl. 3; EdBR to Falk, 26 January 1874, ibid., Bl. 4–5; EdBR to Falk, 6 February 1874, GstA, ibid., Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 6, 1874–1877, Bl. 6; EdBR to JC, 23 August 1863, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; CL to EdBR, 10 October 1876, TGS, 117; EdBR to Falk, 10 August 1876, GstA, ibid., Bl. 195–202; Falk to Camphausen, 23 August 1876, ibid., Bl. 171–173; E. Schubert, “Die Physiologie an der Berliner Universität zwischen Universitätsgründung und Ende der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft 1945,” Charité-Annalen, N.F., 7 (1987): 259; Reden, 1: 645.

48. Hall, Aspects, 19; “E. du Bois-Reymond†,” National-Zeitung, 29 December 1896; Léon Frédéricq, “L’Enseignement de la physiologie à l’Université de Berlin,” Revue de Belgique 38 (1881): 129–130.

49. Paul Heger, “Emil du Bois-Reymond. Conférence donnée à l’Association des Étudiants en medicine de l’Université libre de Bruxelles, le 26 mars 1897,” Révue de l’Université de Bruxelles 2 (1896–97): 580–581; Hall, Aspects, 68; Heinrich Boruttau, Emil du Bois-Reymond (Rikola, 1922), 57. He often stayed after class for an hour answering questions. E[mil] S[chiff], “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Neue Freie Presse, Nr. 6878, 20 October 1883, feuilleton, 1–3.

50. EdBR to CL, 17 June 1878, TGS, 119; EdBR to AD, 14 January 1882, Dohrn letters, 227; Reden, 1: 643; Gustav Fritsch, “Das physiologische Institut,” in Geschichte der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin, ed. Max Lenz (Waisenhaus, 1910–1918), 3: 162.

51. EdBR to JC, 11 May [18]75, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to Kultusminister, 14 August 1880, 15 November 1881, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 10 Nr. 11 Bd. 9, 1878–1883, Bl. 177–178, 212–213; Guttstadt, Staatsanstalten, 275–276; EB to EdBR, 24 October 1882, Brücke letters, 1: 241; Reden, 1: 315–316; Hall, “Vivisection,” 31.

52. Karl E. Rothschuh, “Emil Heinrich du Bois-Reymond,” DSB 4 (1971): 200; Reden, 1: 421–430, 2: 152; Bernardino Fantini, The History of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (Stazione Zoologica “A. Dohrn,” 1999); Adolf von Harnack, Geschichte der Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Reichsdruckerei, 1900), 1.2: 997–998, 1005–1006, 1037–1041, 2: 559–563; Conrad Grau, Die Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Spektrum, 1993), 175, 184–185; Jürgen Kocka, ed., Die Königlich Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin im Kaiserreich (Akademie, 1999), 103–118, 300, 309–311; Victor Tissot, Voyage au pays des milliards (Schultz, 1877), 175.

53. Occasionally he went too far. In a speech to the Academy of Sciences celebrating Wilhelm I’s birthday he reminded his sovereign that the true tradition of Prussia was enlightened liberalism. The king said to him afterward, “Dubois, one more word and I would have walked out.” Reden, 1: 354; Friedrich Zillessen, “Emil du Bois-Reymond †,” Der Bär 23 (1897): 65–67.

54. Ambassador Aaron A. Sargent considered him one of the leading liberal professors. “At the Wigwam,” Daily Evening Bulletin (San Francisco) 58, no. 147, 26 September 1884; Arend Buchholtz, Ernst von Bergmann (Vogel, 1911), 453. Others thought him reactionary. See Friedrich Nietzsche, Unfashionable Observations (Stanford University Press, 1995), 5–10, 220–225; Georg Brandes, Berlin als deutsche Reichshauptstadt (Colloquium, 1989), 159–165.

55. Charles Lowe, ed., Bismarck’s Table-Talk (Grevel, 1895), 275–276; Germania, Nr. 191, Zweites-Blatt, 20 August 1884, 2, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 8, 1883–84, Bl. 248; “Eugen Richter contra Fürst Bismarck,” Berliner Zeitung, Nr. 67, 1 September 1884, GStA, ibid., Bl 249; EdBR to JC, 15 October [18]84, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Anon., Kosener Zeitung, 5 November 1884, GStA, ibid., Bd. 9, 1884–1887, Bl. 80; “A German Quarrel,” Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art 58, no. 1516 (1884): 627–628; “Le docteur Schweninger,” Journal de Genève 55, 13 November 1884; EdBR to JC, 15 October [18]84, note, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Medical Record 26 (8 November 1884): 522; EdBR to RV, 24 November 1884, Briefe, 114; Arthur von Brauer, Im Dienste Bismarcks (Mittler, 1936), 146; EB to EdBR, 30 November 1884, Brücke letters, 1: 255; “Bulletin de l’Étranger. Allemagne,” Le Temps, 7 November 1884.

56. StB, 23rd Session, 23 February 1885, 27th Session, 25 February 1885, 28th Session, 26 February 1885; National-Zeitung, Morgen Ausgabe, Zweites Beiblatt, 9 November 1892; Volkszeitung, 10 November 1892, GStA, ibid., Bd. 12, 1890–1894, Bl. 170–171.

57. Mark Twain, The Chicago of Europe, and Other Tales of Foreign Travel, ed. Peter Kaminsky (Sterling, 2009), 191–203; G., “Le 10e congrès international de médicine,” Journal des débats, 15 August 1890, 2; EdBR to JC, 4 December 1889, 4 August 1890, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

58. EdBR to HH, 26 May 1880, DeF, 260; Anna von Helmholtz to Ellen von Siemens- Helmholtz, 21 October 1883, Anna von Helmholtz, 1: 273; S. Guttmann “Zum 50jährigen Doctorjubiläum von Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Deutsche medicinische Wochenschrift 19, no. 6 (1893): 121; S[chiff], “Emil du Bois-Reymond’s fünfzigjähriges Doctor-Jubiläum”; Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 5 Bl. 1–15; Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 1 Bl. 65–66; K. 1 M. 5 Bl. 1–15; GStA, I/89 Geheimes Zivilkabinett, jüngere Periode, Nr. 19951 Bl. 1v–6v; Sitzung des Staatsministeriums, 24 January 1893, Nr. 109, 4 January 1896, Nr. 217, Protokolle des Preußischen Staatsministeriums, Acta Borussica, N. F., 8/I, 125, 227; EdBR to Joseph Lovering and Josiah Parsons Cooke, 28 April 1886, Archives, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Series I-B-1, general records, letterbooks, bound letterbooks, vol. 8, 1880–1887, page 08-146.

59. EdBR to JC, 25 and 30 August [18]78, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to AD, 15 October 1880, 14 January 1882, Dohrn letters, 196–198, 227–228. He called himself “Zeitbankerott.” EdBR to Emil Kunstmann, 27 February 1893, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, Biblioteka Jagiellonska, acc. ms. 1926.39.

60. Janet Browne, Charles Darwin (Knopf, 1995–2002); Sergei Ivanovich Tschirjew to EdBR, 15 October 1879, SD 3k 1880 (8) Bl. 31–32; EdBR to AD, 4 February [18]76, Dohrn letters, 83.

61. EdBR to HBJ, 11 March [18]73, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 100–101.

62. EdBR to CL, 27 October 1864, TGS, 102; EdBR to his parents, 11 June 1859, 3 July 1859, 18 August 1860, 5 July 1862, 12 August 1862, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5 Bl. 29–32; “Du Bois-Reymond (Emil),” “Physiologie,” Conversations-Lexikon, 11th ed., 5: 544–545, 11: 696; Rosenthal, “Lebensbild,” 154; Eugenie Rosenberger, Félix Du Bois-Reymond, 1782–1865 (Meyer & Jessen, 1912), 287; UTE, 1: lv–lvi.

63. Chìao-yün-shan-jen, Dschung-Kuei (Kiepenheuer, 1923); René du Bois-Reymond, Eislaufkarte der Havel (Reimer, 1905); Alard du Bois-Reymond, Erfindung und Erfinder (Springer, 1906); “Eine Kriegsgefangenenliste,” Tagesbote, Nr. 455, Brünn, 29 September 1915, 4; Bernard Duchatelet, ed., Romain Rolland et la N.R.F. (Éditions Albin Michel, 1989), n152.

64. Du Bois-Reymond thought that women would benefit from learning science and allowed them to audit his lectures from behind a curtain. Reden, 2: 194; Karl E. Rothschuh, “Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896). Werden, Wesen, Wirken,” in Naturwissen und Erkenntnis im 19. Jahrhundert, ed. Gunter Mann (Gerstenberg, 1981), 14; EdBR to CL, 15 January 1856, TGS, 92–93; MC to JC, 4 December 1853, Dep. 5 Nr. 296 Bl. 38; Romain Rolland, De Jean Christophe à Colas Breugnon (Éditions du Salon Carré, 1946), 39–40.

65. EdBR to HBJ, 14 October 1854, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 32–35; Alexander Smith, Poems (Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 1853), 185; EdBR to JC, 27 April 1853, 4 and 11 May 1853, 20 June 1853, 4 June 1878, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to JC, 17 April 1874, 18 June 1882, 23 June [18]88, 13 October 1890, 16 December 1891, 22 June 1895, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HBJ, 4 March 1860, 23 July 1860, 11 September 1860, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 68, 70, 72; EdBR to CL, 27 November 1875, TGS, 114–115; MC to JC, 20 November 1853, 20 December 1853, Dep. 5 Nr. 296 Bl. 34–37, 42.

66. EdBR to JC, Berlin, 31 July 1874, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; MC to JC, 30 December 1853, 1, 8, 20, and 28 January 1854, 12 February [1854], Dep. 5 Nr. 296 Bl. 46–53.

67. Ellen du Bois-Reymond, “El Arenal. Unser verlorenes Paradies, 1859–1922,” Dep. 5 K. 12 Nr. 299 Bl. 25, 51, 86, 130; Anna von Helmholtz to her mother, 6 January 1871, Anna von Helmholtz, 1: 158; EdBR to HBJ, 19 June 1859, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 60; EdBR to parents, 3 July 1862, 12 August 1862, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 31–32; EdBR to JC, 1 June [18]73, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

68. EB to EdBR, 16 June 1860, Brücke letters, 1: 112–113; EdBR to JC, 27 June 1865, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Rolland, Journal, 39–40; “El Arenal,” 33–38, 94; Iris Runge, Carl Runge und sein wissenschaftliches Werk (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1949), 47; Adolph Kohut, “Drei Briefe von Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Die Gegenwart 51, no. 10 (1897): 148–150; “Three Noted Professors: Curtius, du Bois-Reymond, and Treitschke of Berlin,” New York Times, 26 July 1896.

69. EdBR to JC, 2 August 1866, 20 March 1880, 25 June 1882, note, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to Falk, 31 May 1872, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 19 Nr. 18 Bd. 1, 1871–1873, Bl. 95; EdBR to RV, 7 January 1866, Briefe, 76–77; Reden, 1: xxxiv; EdBR to HBJ, 14 March 1859, 13 November [18]70, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 56–59, 77–80; Mrs. Henry S. Mackarness, A Trap to Catch a Sunbeam (Munroe, 1849); “El Arenal,” 195; EdBR to CL, 27 November 1875, TGS, 114–115; René du Bois-Reymond to editor, Athenaeum, no. 3613, 23 January 1897, 124; EdBR to Verwalter der Königlichen Schlösser, 5 June 1856, in [Siegfried] Placzek, “Aus meiner medizinischen Autographenmappe,” Medizinische Klinik 12, no. 14 (1916): 378–379.

70. EdBR to JC, 21 and 29 September 1854, 23 August 1863, 1 and 4 September 1863, 6 July 1883, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HBJ, 14 October 1854, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 32–35. “Man ist auch in Arkadien geboren,” he joked. EdBR to AD, 22 November [18]72, Dohrn letters, 30.

71. EdBR to [Carl Vogt], 4 December 1873, Nachlaß Emil du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 3. Bl. 1–2; EdBR to PR, 29 August 1881, 12 November 1881, SD F2e 1853 (2) Bl. 222–225; Rudolf Vierhaus, ed., Das Tagebuch der Baronin Spitzemberg (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1963), 140; Wilhelm von Waldeyer-Hartz, Lebenserinnerungen (Cohen, 1920), 135; Count Paul Vasili [Princess Catherine Radziwill], Berlin Society (Green, 1884), 142–144, 153–154, 199, 204–205; EdBR to JC, 29 August 1863, 7 and 24 April 1866, 23 August [18]78, 18 September [18]78, 24 March 1879, 20 March 1880, 22 March [18]84, 11, 12, and 13 September [18]89, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

72. EdBR to JC, 22 December 1852, 28 April 1855, 5 June 1866, 26 July 1871, 20 May 1873, 19 June 1890, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EB to EdBR, 15 November 1883, Brücke letters, 1: 251–252. Henry Vizetelly considered 2,000 thaler, or £300, the bare minimum a professional could expect to live on. Berlin, 1: 166.

73. EdBR to Falk, 27 May 1878, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 6, 1874–1877, Bl. 72–75; Kultusminister to EdBR, 30 June 1879, GStA, ibid., Tit. 10 Nr. 11 Bd. 9, 1878–1883, Bl. 134; EdBR to AD, 25 June 1879, 15 Oct 1880, Dohrn letters, 154–156, 196–198; “Calendarium der Vorträge 1877, 1879, 1880, 1882, 1883, 1884, 1885,” Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 8 M. 2 Nr. 1; EdBR to JC, 26 July 1871, 30 August [18]78, 1 August [18]81, 28 July [18]84, 7 August [18]84, 17 May 1893, 17 July 1893, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Constantin Goschler, Rudolf Virchow (Köln: Böhlau, 2002), 110–111; Gustav Fritsch to Kultusminster, 2 April 1897, GStA, ibid., Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 14, 1897–1903, Bl. 4. René du Bois-Reymond saw his children’s books in a peddler’s wagon.

74. The Journals of George Eliot, ed. Margaret Harris and Judith Johnston (Cambridge University, 1998), 34; Rosenberger, Félix, 213; [22] April 1866 (#1783), Hirst Diary; EB to EdBR, 20 November 1868, Brücke letters, 1: 154–155; JT to EdBR, 18 February 1870 (#2437), Tyndall papers; EdBR to JC, London, 24 April 1866, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to JC, 1 September [18]78, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to AD, 25 June 1879, Dohrn letters, 154–155; “Le 10e congrès internationale de médicine,” Journal des débats, 15 August 1890, 2; “Lilienthal Soaring Machine,” New York Times, 24 March 1894; EdBR to CL, 17 June 1878, 28 September 1894, TGS, 119–120.

Chapter 10

1. Heinrich Spiero, Julius Rodenberg (Paetel, 1921), 91; Klaus Groth, Hundert Blätter (Perthes, Besser und Mauke, 1854); Fritz Mauthner, “Emile du Bois-Reymond. Friedrich der Große und der Gymnotus electricus. Festrede, gehalten an irgendeinem 30. Januar,” in Ausgewählte Schriften (Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1919), 1: 13–17; Emil du Bois-Reymond, Wissenschaftliche Vorträge, ed. James Howard Gore, vi.

2. Robert Paul, “German Academic Science and the Mandarin Ethos, 1850–1880,” British Journal for the History of Science 17, no. 1 (1984): 1–29; Andreas W. Daum, Wissenschaftspopularisierung in 19. Jahrhundert (Oldenbourg, 2002), 468–471.

3. Friedrich Meinecke, The Age of German Liberation, 1795–1815, ed. Peter Paret (University of California Press, 1977); Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair (University of California Press, 1961); Reden, 2: 144.

4. Charles B. Paul, Science and Immortality (University of California Press, 1980); Jochen Zwick, “Akademische Erinnerungskultur, Wissenschaftsgeschichte und Rhetorik im 19. Jahrhundert: Über Emil du Bois-Reymond als Festredner,” Scientia poetica 1 (1997): 120–139; Reden, 2: 477, 610–615.

5. Kuno Francke, Glimpses of Modern German Culture (Dodd, Mead, 1898), 21; EdBR to JC, 24 June 1895, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Reden, 2: 570.

6. This paragraph first appeared in my essay “The Ascent of Man? Emil du Bois-Reymond’s Reflections on Scientific Progress,” Endeavor 24, no. 3 (2000): 129–132.

7. Fr[iedrich] Dannemann, “Aus Emil du Bois-Reymonds Briefwechsel über die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften,” Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 18 (1919): 272–273; Reden, 2: 1–45, 213–242, 321–352, 427–428; Review of Emil du Bois-Reymond, Friedrich II. in englischen Urteilen, Athenaeum, no. 2907, 14 July 1883, 41–42; Review of [Albert, 4th] Duc de Broglie, Frédéric II. et Marie-Thérèse, Edinburgh Review 322 (April 1883): 423; François Moigno, “La Prusse et Voltaire,” Les Mondes 9, no. 24 (1870–71): 1–2.

8. Reden, 1: 338; Peter Paret, Art as History (Princeton University Press, 1988), 58.

9. It was the silver anniversary of the royal couple.

10. Reden, 1: 319–348, 356–369, 509–539, 2: 353–389, 426–491, 135.

11. Reden, 1: 481; EdBR to HH, 9 December 1863, HH to EdBR, 26 February 1864, DeF, 205–208; EdBR to HBJ, 24 July 1863, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 70–71; HBJ to EdBR, 20 September 1863, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 326–328; EdBR to JC, 11 April [1866], Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HH, 25 April 1867, DeF, 224–226; HBJ to EdBR, 28 November 1866, 26 June 1869, 27 July 1866, 27 January 1867, 8 February 1865, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 375–377, 403–405, 372–374, 381–383, 335–337.

12. EdBR to HBJ, 12 October 1870, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 72–75; Reden, 2: 393–420.

13. EdBR to HH, 27 June 1870, 15 July 1870, DeF, 243–245; Reden, 2: 419n1.

14. Reden, 2: 397–398, 404, 414, 418, 1: 422; Wolfgang Hardtwig, “Von Preußens Aufgabe in Deutschland zu Deutschlands Aufgabe in der Welt: Liberalismus und borussianisches Geschichtsbild zwischen Revolution und Imperialismus,” in Geschichtskultur und Wissenschaft (DTV, 1990), 103–160.

15. Reden, 2: 398–99. Cf. Achille-Léon-Victor, 3rd Duc de Broglie, “Discours de réception à l’Académie française (3 April 1856),” in Écrits et discours (Didier, 1863), 3: 499–500.

16. Reden, 2: 400, 413.

17. Reden, 2: 402, 412.

18. Reden, 2: 412–416, 418.

19. K., “Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften,” National-Zeitung, Morgenausgabe, 27, Nr. 147, 28 March 1874. See also “Der 4. August 1870 in Berlin,” National-Zeitung, Abend-Ausgabe, 48, Nr. 473, 3 August 1895; “Über den deutschen Krieg,” Suddeutsche Presse, Nr. 210, 8 September 1870; [“Du Bois-Reymond,”] Rhein- und Ruhrzeitung, Erstes Blatt, Nr. 25, 21 September 1870; “Dubois-Reymond über den deutschen Krieg,” Die Presse 23, Nr. 259, 19 September 1870; “Über den deutschen Krieg,” Basler Nachrichten 26, Nr. 205, 31 August 1870.

20. Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 3. M. 2 Nr. 24 Bl. 1–3, 6–14, 18, 22–25; Lothar Bucher to EdBR, 30 August 1870, SD 2l 1855 (9), Bl. 6–7; Heinrich August Friedrich, Graf von Itzenplitz to EdBR, 20 August 1870, SD 2l 1862 (10); Friedrich von Raumer to EdBR, 29 August 1870, SD 2f 1823 (4); Franz Cornelius Donders, 20 August 1870, SD 3g 1847 (2), Bl. 5; Max Schultze to EdBR, 7 September 1870, SD 3c 1860 (5), Bl. 107–108; Justus Liebig to EdBR, 25 August 1870, SD Gl 1824 (4); HH to EdBR, 17 October 1870, DeF, 247; EB to EdBR, 28 September 1870, Brücke letters, 1: 161; Carl Anton Ewald to EdBR, 22 September 1870, SD 3cl 1880 (12), Bl. 13–14; HBJ to EdBR, 28 August 1870, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 417–419.

21. Augusta to EdBR, 17 August 1870, SD 2k 1864 (2), Bl. 5–6; A. W. Brühl, Chamberlain to Princess Carl, 24 December 1870, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 3 M. 2 Nr. 24 Bl. 4–5; Frederick III, The War Diary of the Emperor Frederick III, 1870–1871, ed. A. R. Allinson (Stokes, 1926), 142–143; EdBR to JC, 8 August 1870, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; HBJ to EdBR, 9 and 17 November [1870], SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 426–427; “The German War,” Morning Post, no. 30202, 26 September 1870; Otto Fürst von Bismarck to EdBR, 6 October 1870, SD 1 1871 (4). Bismarck read the final section to King Wilhelm in the Homburg military headquarters on 7 or 8 August 1870.

22. “French Cæsarism,” Times, no. 26863, 23 September 1870. A friend of Bence Jones said it “was the best thing she had ever read & she made Gladstone read it.” HBJ to EdBR, 20 February 1871, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 433–435.

23. Queen Victoria to Crown Princess Vicky, 13 September 1870, Your Dear Letter, ed. Roger Fulford (Scribner, 1971), 299; Trübner’s American and Oriental Literary Record 6, no. 61 (1870): 1.

24. “A German University Address,” Pall Mall Gazette, 27 September 1870, 10; “Political and Social,” Examiner, no. 3286, 21 January 1871; “Literary Review,” John Bull, no. 2620, 25 February 1871, 134–136; “Continental Literature in 1870. Germany,” Athenaeum, no. 2253, 31 December 1870, 867; EdBR to HBJ, 13 February 1871, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 83–89.

25. Thomas Grimm, “Les Frontières de la France,” Le Petit journal, no. 2911, 21 December 1870, 1; E[lme-Marie] Caro, “La morale de la guerre. Kant et M. de Bismarck, Revue des deux mondes 40, no. 90 (1870): 591; Saint-René Taillandier, “Frédéric-Guillaume IV et le Baron de Bunsen. II. La fondation du nouvel empire d’Allemagne,” Revue des deux mondes 106, 43e année (1873): 786; Fr[ançois] Moigno, “Responsabilité des savants allemands,” Les Mondes 9, no. 24 (1870–71): 146–148; Eug[ène] Yung, Review of “Der Deutsche Krieg,” Journal des débats, 23 September 1870, 1; Louis Figuier, “Sciences,” La Presse, 19 September 1871; Henry Favre, “Nos Ennemis: Le second Faust de Goethe et la dernière guerre,” Revue de parlement (Revue universelle), 3ème année, 8 (1873), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 3 M. 2 Nr. 20; [Eugène Yung and Émile Alglave], “Paris, 23 septembre 1870,” La Revue des cours littéraires 7, no. 42 (1870): 657–658; Le Figaro, no. 206, 25 July [1870], Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 3 M. 2 Nr. 1; “Occasional Notes,” Pall Mall Gazette, no. 1700, 26 July 1870; Victor Tissot, Voyage au pays des milliards (Dentu, 1877), 265–266; Jules Claretie, La Guerre nationale, 1870–1871 (Lemerre, 1871), 24, discussing Le Rhin (1842) by Victor Hugo; Françisque Sarcey, “Courrier de Paris,” Le Temps, no. 3523, 21 October 1871; Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, Chateaubriand et son groupe littéraire sous l’Empire: cours professé à Liège en 1848-1849 (Garnier Frères, 1861), 2: 210-213.

26. Owen Chadwick, The Secularization of the European Mind in the Nineteenth Century (Canto, 1993), 134; Timothy Lenoir, “Social Interests and the Organic Physics of 1847,” in Science in Reflection, ed. Edna Ullmann-Margalit (Kluwer, 1988), 173, which borrows the phrase, as well as the argument of class betrayal, from Kurt Bayertz, “‘Siege der Freiheit, welche die Menschen durch die Erforschung des Grundes in der Dinge errangen’: Wandlungen im politischen Selbstverständnis deutscher Naturwissenschaftler des 19. Jahrhunderts,” Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 10, no. 3 (1987): 171, which borrows in turn from Lambert Zoh, E. H. Dubois Reymond (1818–1896): sa pensée scientifique et ses implications, PhD dissertation, Université de Nancy II, 1986, 208–216.

27. Graf Nesselrode to EdBR, 4 September 1870, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 3 M. 2 Nr. 24 Bl. 19–20; Lothar Bucher to EdBR, 2 September 1870, SD 2l 1855 (9) Bl. 9; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Anrede an die Königin Augusta an der Spitze des Senats,” 4 September 1870, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 3 M. 2 Nr. 24 Bl. 21; EdBR to HBJ, 21 November 1870, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 80–82; EdBR to JC, 13 August 1870, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; HH to EdBR, 17 October 1870, DeF, 247; EB to EdBR, 28 September 1870, Brücke letters, 1: 161; Michael Jeismann, Das Vaterland der Feinde (Klett-Cotta, 1992), 241–295; Florian Buch, Große Politik im neuen Reich (Kassel University Press, 2004), 195–205, 228–242; EdBR to Berthold Auerbach, 15 March 1871, Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach, HS002722088.

28. Jules Auguste Troubat, Souvenirs du dernier secrétaire de Sainte-Beuve (Calmann Lévy, 1890), 319–320; Ernest Renan to EdBR, 10 August 1869, SD 2d 1863 (17); Jean-Marie Carré, Les Écrivains français et le mirage allemande, 1800–1940 (Paris, Boivin, 1947), xii; Claude Digeon, La Crise allemande de la pensée française, 1870–1914 (Presses universitaires de France, 1959), 160–164; Pierre Paul Savage, “Die Reichsgründung 1871 aus französischer Sicht,” Zeitschrift für Religions- und Geistesgeschichte 22, no. 1 (1970): 45–57; Eve Sourian, Madame de Staël et Henri Heine (Didier, 1974), 51–56; Friedrich Meinecke, “Kultur, Machtpolitik und Militarismus,” in Deutschland und der Weltkrieg, ed. Otto Hintze, Friedrich Meinecke, Hermann Oncken, and Hermann Schumacher (Teubner, 1915), 628; Ludwig Bamberger, Bismarcks großes Spiel, ed. Ernst Feder (Societäts-Verlag, 1932), 483.

29. Hans Kohn, “Romanticism and the Rise of German Nationalism,” Review of Politics 12 (1950): 460; Duding, Nationalismus, 82, 107; Jeismann, Feinde, 27–103; HBJ to EdBR, 13 April 1867, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 384–385; EdBR to HH, 25 April 1867, DeF, 224–226.

30. Reden, 1: 429; Jeismann, Feinde, 144–145; H. F., “Many Causes for a Quarrel with France,” New York Times, 2 September 1894, 1; EdBR to JC, 23 October 1870, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HBJ, 24 October 1870, 11 November 1870, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 75–77.

31. EdBR to HBJ, 21 November 1870, 6 December 1870, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 80–83; Reden, 1: 429–430; “Medical News,” Lancet 1, no. 2475 (1871): 177; Emil du Bois-Reymond to Charles-Nicolas Houel, 15 November 1878, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 5 M. 4. Bl. 4; “Congres international d’anthropologie et d’archéologie préhistorique,” Le Temps, no. 4868, 13 August 1874, 3; “Madeleine,” Vossische Zeitung, 28 May 1895, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 13, 1894–1897, Bl. 99; EdBR to Theodor Barth, editor, “Politische Wochenübersicht,” Die Nation 12, no. 37 (1895): 525–526.

32. EdBR to Académie des sciences, Comptes rendus 87, no. 1 (1878): 41–42; EdBR to Alfred Dove, 28 November 1874, SD 3k 1841 (3) Bl. 85–87; EdBR to PR, 29 August 1881, SD F2e 1853 (2) Bl. 222–223; EdBR to Georges Pouchet, 5 October 1881, SD 3k 1841 (3) Bl. 167–168; EdBR to JT, 28 November 1881 (#2472), Tyndall papers; Reden, 2: 275; Emil Alglave to EdBR, SD 2h 1868 (15) Bl. 2–26; [Raoul Pictet], “Le congrès médical international,” Journal de Genève 66, no. 130, 10 August 1890, 2; G., “Le 10e congrès international de médicine,” Journal des débats, 15 August 1890, 2; EdBR to TM, 22 October 1895, Nachlaß Mommsen, Bl. 96; EdBR to Charles Richet, 28 January 1881, Revue scientifique 6 (5 February 1881): 188–189; “Chronique,” Le Temps, no. 7230, 6 February 1881, 2; “Le congrès des électriciens,” La Presse, no. 256, 17 September 1881, 1–2; EdBR to Georges Pouchet, 18 September 1881, SD 3k 1841 (3) Bl. 163–164; EdBR to Désiré-Magloire Bourneville, 7 July 1883, SD 3k 1841 (3) Bl. 80–81; EdBR to AD, 14 January 1882, 30 October [18]79, Dohrn letters, 227–228, 172–173.

33. Frederick III, 31 December 1870, War Diary, 241.

34. John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, Essays on Freedom and Power, ed. Gertrude Himmelfarb (Beacon, 1948), 166–195; Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges, L’Alsace est-elle allemande ou française? Réponse à M. Mommsen (Dentu, 1870), 10; Reden, 1: 655–656.

35. Reden, 1: 658–660, 665, 668.

36. Reden, 1: 669–676, 2: 287; Dannemann, “Briefwechsel,” 273–274.

37. Marcel Stoetzler, The State, the Nation, and the Jews (University of Nebraska Press, 2008); EdBR to TM, 14 November 1880, Nachlaß Mommsen, Bl. 14.

38. EdBR to his parents, 10 April 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3; EdBR to CL, 22 April 1848, TGS, 9; EdBR to his father, 4 July 1851, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5 Bl. 13; Jugendbriefe, 92; EdBR to CL, 7 April 1872, TGS, 109–110; EdBR to AD, 28 August 1879, Dohrn letters, 166–169; EdBR to JC, 22, 23, 27, and 28 August, 7 and 9 September, [18]78, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Berthold Auerbach, Briefe an seinen Freund Jakob Auerbach (Rütten & Loening, 1884), 2: 359–363.

39. Eugen K. Dühring, Die Judenfrage als Racen-, Sitten- und Culturfrage (Karlsruhe: Reuther, 1881); Reden, 2: 142–143, 168, 280; EdBR to JC, 25 October [18]83, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; I[sidore] Singer, Briefe berühmter christlicher Zeitgenossen über die Judenfrage (Frank, 1885), 3–4; Henry Vizetelly, Berlin Under the New Empire (Greenwood, 1968), 2: 27; Dorothee Brantz, “Stunning Bodies: Animal Slaughter, Judaism, and the Meaning of Humanity in Imperial Germany,” Central European History 35, no. 2 (2002): 167–194; Richard Beyler, Alexei Kojevnikov, and Jessica Wang, “Purges in Comparative Perspective: Rules for Exclusion and Inclusion in the Scientific Community under Political Pressure,” Osiris, 2nd series, 20 (2005): 29; Wiener Library, Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland, MF Doc 57, NB 107, microfiche 367; Hauptstelle Kulturpolitisches Archiv an das Amt Wissenschaft, 19 September 1940, Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde, DBFU, NS 15/158a, Bl. 237. I thank Uwe Hoßfeld for bringing this reference to my attention.

40. EdBR to JC, 30 August [18]78, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Reden, 1: 567–629. My translations are based on Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Civilization and Science. An Address Delivered Before the Scientific Lectures Association of Cologne. Translated from the German by J. Fitzgerald, A. M., and Carefully Revised by the Author,” Popular Science Monthly 13 (July 1878): 256–275, 385–396, 529–539.

41. The following draws from my “Ascent of Man?” Endeavor 24, no. 3 (2000): 129–132; Reden, 1: 567–569.

42. Reden, 1: 570–573.

43. Reden, 1: 573–582.

44. Reden, 1: 588–591.

45. Reden, 1: 593–594, 596, 598–601, with allusions to Goethe, Hegel, Hamlet, and Dante’s last sight in Paradiso.

46. Thomas Babington Macaulay, Review of Leopold Ranke, The Ecclesiastical and Political History of the Popes of Rome (1840), in Works of Lord Macaulay (Longmans, Green, 1898), 9: 287–292; Reden, 1: 601.

47. Reden, 1: 602–603.

48. Reden, 1: 603–605; HBJ to EdBR, 25 January 1867, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 381–83; Egbert Klautke, Unbegrenzte Möglichkeiten (Steiner, 2003), 87–109.

49. Reden, 1: 606–607.

50. Emil du Bois-Reymond et al., “Berlin,” in Akademische Gutachten über die Zulassung von Realschul-Abiturienten zu Facultäts-Studien (Hertz, 1870), 22–32; Reden, 1: 608–620; “Gymnasium oder Realgymnasium für den Mediziner?” Schwäbischer Merkur, Zweites Blatt, Nr. 272, 16 November 1877, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 5 M. 3 Nr. 10.

51. Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 5 M. 3; John Shaw Billings, “Our Medical Literature,” Transactions of the International Medical Congress (Kolckmann, 1881), 1: 58; EdBR to George Bancroft, 2 December 1872, introducing Anton Dohrn, Dohrn letters, 38; Reden, 2: 150.

52. “Lettres de voyage,” Le Temps, no. 7068, 27 August 1880, 1; “Les alarmes d’un professeur allemand,” Journal des débats, no. 26, 5 January 1878, 3; [S. Arons], “Erziehungs- und Unterrichtswesens. Die Vorschläge des Herrn Prof. du Bois-Reymond zur Reform der höheren Lehranstalten,” Volks-Zeitung, Zweites Blatt, 25, Nr. 284, 5 December 1877; Bernhard Förster, “Unser Culturkampf,” Wochenblatt für Architekten und Ingenieure 1, Nr. 18 (1879), 137–139; Dr. Neumann, “Ueber die Vorbildung zum medizinischen Studium,” Zeitung für das höhere Unterrichtswesen Deutschlands 8, Nr. 46, 14 November 1879. See also Daniel Sanders to EdBR, 31 December 1877, SD 2b 1859 (20) Bl 10; CL to EdBR, 4 April 1877, TGS, 117–119; EB to EdBR, [October 1877], Brücke letters, 1: 216; August Reichensperger, StB, 26th Session, 13 December 1880, 683; [Ludwig] Schütz, Review of Culturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft, Literarische Rundschau 6, Nr. 9, 1 May 1880, col. 281–282; W. Lübke, Review of Hellas and Rom by Jakob von Falke, Schwäbische Kronik, Sonntagsbeilage, Nr. 285, 30 November 1879; “Du Bois-Reymond—der neue Apostat. Glossen zu du Bois-Reymond’s ‘Kulturgeschichte und Naturwissenschaft’,” St. Petersburger Herold, 3, no. 114, 24 April (6 May) 1878; no. 121, 1 May (13 May) 1878; Ernst Gustow, “Du Bois-Reymond und die moderne Schule,” Zeitschrift für die Reform der höheren Schulen 9, no. 1 (1897): 7–10; Theodor Mommsen, “Festrede zur Feier des Geburtstages S. M. des Kaisers am 20. März 1884,” SB 1 (1884): 245–253; Léon Walras, “De la culture et de l’enseignement des sciences morales et politiques,” Bibliothèque universelle et Revue suisse 3, no. 7 (1879): 14–15; “Das reformirte Gymnasium,” Die Grenzboten, 409–410.

53. Karl Adámek, Stenographische Protokolle über die Sitzungen des Hauses der Abgeordneten des österreichischen Reichsrathes, 6, 9th Session, 146th meeting, 4 May 1881, 5208; Ernst Mach, Popular Scientific Lectures (Open Court, 1898), 338–374; James C. Albisetti, Secondary School Reform in Imperial Germany (Princeton University Press, 1983), 74–77, 203–204, 210–211, 240; W[ilhelm] Lexis, ed., Die Reform des höhern Schulwesens in Preußen (Waisenhaus, 1902), 84–98.

54. Ottokar Lorenz, “Die ‘bürgerliche’ und die naturwissenschaftliche Geschichte,” Historische Zeitschrift 39 (1878): 458–485; Alfred Dove, Ausgewählte Schriftchen (Duncker & Humblot), 1898, 374; Reden, 2: 592.

55. Reden, 1: 437, 594. See also Henry Vyverberg, Historical Pessimism in the French Enlightenment (Harvard University Press, 1958).

56. Reden, 1: 598; Lorenz, “Geschichte,” 463; Henry Thomas Buckle, History of Civilization in England (Davis, 1987), 2: 304–305, 1: 288; Michael Dettelbach, introduction, Alexander von Humboldt, Cosmos (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 2: xxix–xxxviii; Christian Mehr, Kultur als Naturgeschichte (Akademie, 2009), 224–225.

57. AH to Varnhagen, 31 July 1854, Briefe von Alexander von Humboldt an Varnhagen von Ense (Brockhaus, 1860), 295, Friedrich von Raumer, Die Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika (Philadelphia: Schwake, 1846), 119; Matthew Arnold, Culture and Anarchy and Other Writings, ed. Stefan Collini (Cambridge University Press, 1993), 12–13, 198–199; Robert W. Rydell and Rob Kroes, Buffalo Bill in Bologna (University of Chicago Press, 2005), 149–163; Thomas Henry Huxley, “A Liberal Education; And Where to Find It” (1868), in Collected Essays (Macmillan, 1893–1894), 3: 76–110; Carl Ludwig, quoted in Christoph Meinel, Karl Friedrich Zöllner und die Wissenschaftskultur der Gründerzeit (SIGMA, 1991), 8; EdBR, “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 37r, citing de Broglie, “Discours de réception,” 503; Reden, 1: 530–531, 2: 353–354, 2: 617.

58. Reden, 1: 204, 2: 93, 276.

59. “A Shiney Qua Non,” Fun, 16 April 1879, 162; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Über das Ende der Welt”; NN., “Professor Du Bois-Reymond über ‘das Ende der Welt’,” Trierische Landeszeitung, Erstes Blatt, Nr. 89, 1 February 1880; Drittes Blatt, Nr. 90, 3 April 1880, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 8 M. 2 Nr. 3 Bl. 1–11, 35–36; EdBR to JC, 23, 24, and 25 March 1879, 1 April [18]79, 29 March [18]84, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

60. EdBR to JC, 22, 25, 26, and 28 March [18]77, 19 March 1879, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

61. Elise Menzel to EdBR, 28 March 1884, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 8 M. 4 Bl. 7–9; EdBR to JC, 22 March [18]80, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

62. Friedrich Nietzsche, Unfashionable Observations (Stanford University Press, 1995), 138, 220–222; idem, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Cambridge University Press, 2006), 125; Julius Langbehn, Rembrandt als Erzieher (Hirschfeld, 1891), 98–100, 112–114, 326; Lionel Gossman, Basel in the Age of Burckhardt (University of Chicago Press, 2000), 88–90, 251–264; John R. Hinde, Jacob Burckhardt and the Crisis of Modernity (McGill–Queen’s University Press, 2000), 167–198.

63. Michael J. MacLean, “History in a Two-Cultures World: The Case of the German Historians,” Journal of the History of Ideas 49, no. 3 (1988): 473–494; Alexander Demandt, Geschichte der Geschichte (Böhlau, 1997), 81–105; Reden, 2: 517, 1: 362–364; Roy Porter, “The Two Cultures Revisited,” boundary 2 23, no. 2 (1996): 1–17; D. Graham Burnett, “A View from the Bridge: The Two Cultures Debate, Its Legacy, and the History of Science,” Daedalus 128, no. 2 (1999): 193–218; Guy Ortolano, The Two Cultures Controversy (Cambridge University Press, 2009); EdBR to Kultusminister Falk, 26 January 1874, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 3. Bl. 4–5; Nietzsche, “Daybreak,” section 197, quoted in Fritz Stern, The Politics of Cultural Despair (University of California Press, 1961), 277.

64. Eckhardt Fuchs, Henry Thomas Buckle (Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 1994), 288–289; Hans Schleier, “Deutsche Kulturhistoriker des 19. Jahrhunderts,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 23 (1997): 87–89; Rolf Torstendahl, “Fact, Truth, and Text: The Quest for a Firm Basis for Historical Knowledge Around 1900,” History and Theory 42, no. 3 (2003): 305–331.

65. Reden, 1: 431–440; EdBR to Berthold, 9 July 1877, Fr[iedrich] Dannemann, “Aus Emil du Bois-Reymonds Briefwechsel über die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften,” Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 19 (1920): 6; EdBR to HH, 25 April 1868, DeF, 229–230; Iris Runge, Carl Runge und sein wissenschaftliches Werk (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1949), 53.

66. EdBR to Berthold, 21 May 1875, Dannemann, “Briefwechsel,” 273; George Sarton, The Study of the History of Science (Harvard University Press, 1936), 5. See also idem, “An Institute for the History of Science and Civilization,” Science 45, no. 1160 (1917): 284–286; 46, no. 1191 (1917): 399–402.

67. Jacob Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (Little, Brown, 1973).

68. Reden, 1: 612.

69. Ernst Cassirer, The Problem of Knowledge (Yale University Press, 1950); Reden, 1: 210, 2: 263–264.

Chapter 11

1. Reden, 1: 477–479.

2. Reden, 1: 482–487, 492–497. Du Bois-Reymond was alluding to Goethe’s famous complaint of 3 May 1827. Conversations of Goethe with Eckermann and Soret (Smith, Elder, 1850), 1: 406–408.

3. Reden, 1: 501–504.

4. “The New German Academy,” The Standard, 29 November 1889, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 2 Nr. 9; “Literarische Notizen,” Neue Freie Presse, Nr. 3559, Vienna, 24 July 1874, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 2 Nr. 4; Kaul Braun, “Tageschronik,” Berlinische Nachrichten von Staats- und gelehrten Sachen (Spenersche Zeitung), Abend-Ausgabe, Nr. 146, 27 March 1874, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 2 Nr. 1; JR to EdBR, 8 June 1874, 10 June 1874, SD 2l 1870 (12) Bl. 11–12; Ludwig Bamberger, Eine deutsche Revue des deux mondes (Duncker, 1877), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 5 M. 3 Nr. 8; F. A. Hartsen, “Wissenschaftliche Sprache . . . Von Emil Du Bois-Reymond,” Theologisches Literaturblatt, 10, Nr. 8, Bonn, 11 April 1875, 188–189, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 2 Nr. 12; Victor Tissot, Voyage au pays des milliards (Schultz, 1877), 266; “Lettres d’Allemagne,” Le Temps, no. 4734, 1 April 1874, 2; Thomas Solly to EdBR, 1 May 1874, SD 2m 1843 (4); K., “Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften,” National-Zeitung, Morgenausgabe, 27, Nr. 147, 28 March 1874, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 2 Nr. 2; N., “Wissenschaft,” [source unknown], Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 2. Nr. 3; Friedrich Nietzsche, Unfashionable Observations (Stanford University Press, 1995), 222; Richard Count du Moulin-Eckart, Cosima Wagner (Knopf, 1931), 2: 614; Theodor Mommsen, Reden und Aufsätze (Weidman, 1905), 201; Alfred Dove, Ausgewählte Schriftchen (Duncker & Humblot, 1898), 530–537; Alfred Dove to EdBR, 29 September [1874], 22 October [1874], SD 2f 1873 (11), Bl. 3, 4–8; Edwin H. Zeydel, “The German Language in the Prussian Academy of Sciences,” Proceedings of the Modern Language Association 41, no. 11 (March 1926): 148; EdBR to Gustav von Goßler, Berlin, 1888, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 2 Bl. 16–18; “Erklärung [des Allgemeinen Deutschen Sprachvereins], Berlin, 28. Febr. 1889,” National-Zeitung, 42, Nr. 145, 5 March 1889, Abend-Ausgabe.

5. “The New German Academy,” quoting du Bois-Reymond, Reden, 1: 504–505.

6. Bismarck, address to the Prussian Chamber of Peers, 10 March 1873, quoted by Gordon A. Craig, Theodor Fontane (Oxford University Press, 1999), 113; S[abine] Baring-Gould, Germany (Henry Holt, 1882), 300–302; Alfred Dove in 1871, quoted by Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Das Ringen um den nationalen Staat (Propyläen, 1993), 407.

7. Du Bois-Reymond’s mention of the American Union suggested a parallel between German Catholics and American Blacks.

8. EdBR to HBJ, 18 August [1872], 19 December [18]72, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 94–99.

9. Heinrich August Winkler, Germany (Oxford University Press, 2007), 1: 32–34; Wilhelm Ludwig Holland to EdBR, 10 May 1885, SD 2b 1854 Bl. 8; Reden, 1: 477–478; Anne Goldgar, Impolite Learning (Yale University Press, 1995), 233; Ernest Renan, “Lettre à un ami d’Allemagne, à propos du discours précédent” (1879), in Discours et conférences (Calmann Levy, 1887), 58–59; EdBR to Alfred Dove, 28 November 1874, SD 3k 1841 (3) Bl. 85–87; Abigail Green, Fatherlands (Cambridge University Press, 2001), 298–337; Siegfried Weichlein, Nation und Region (Droste, 2004).

10. Reden, 2: 249–284; “The Humboldt Statues in Berlin,” The Daily News, no. 11582, 29 May 1883; “Die Enthüllung der Humboldt-Denkmäler in Berlin,” Provinzial-Correspondenz, 21, no. 22, 30 May 1883; “Kleine Chronik,” Neue Freie Presse, Nr. 6735, 29 May 1883, 4; EdBR to RV, 1 June 1883, 28 November 1883, Rudolf Virchow und Emil du Bois-Reymond, ed. Klaus Wenig (Basilisken-Presse, 1995), 112–113.

11. Wenig, ed., Briefe, 85–87, 159–160; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Bericht über die vor dem Universitätsgebäude zu Berlin zu errichtenden Standbilder der Gebrüder Wilhelm und Alexander von Humboldt,” Deutscher Reichs-Anzeiger und Königlich Preußischer Staats-Anzeiger, 18 September 1876; Reden, 2: 46–47; Emil du Bois-Reymond, Friedrich II. in englischen Urtheilen. Darwin und Kopernicus. Die Humboldt-Denkmäler vor der Berliner Universität. Drei Reden (Veit, 1884), 114–116; Reden, 2: 46–47, 255.

12. Nicolaas A. Rupke, Alexander von Humboldt: A Meta-Biography (Lang, 2005); Reden, 2: 276–277. Henriette Sonntag was a soprano. Rahel Varnhagen, née Levin, ran a famous salon.

13. Reden, 2: 278.

14. Gustav Portig, “Die ‘absolute’ berliner Wissenschaft auf Gastrollen,” Blätter für literarische Unterhaltung, Nr. 17, 23 April 1891, 257–259; Nr. 18, 30 April 1891, 273–275, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 4 Bl. 88–89; Reden, 2: 391–399, 420–422.

15. EdBR to JC, 24 and 27 April 1866, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Julia Margaret Cameron to EdBR, 24 April 1866, in Helmut Gernsheim, Julia Margaret Cameron (Aperture, 1975), 36; EdBR to HH, 25 April 1867, DeF, 224–226; EdBR to JC, 16 September 1881, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EB to EdBR, 16 February 1885, 25 May 1891, 24 July 1891, Brücke letters, 1: 283–285; Reden, 2: 406–407.

16. Friedrich Kittler, “Man as a Drunken Town-Musician,” MLN 118 (2003): 640; EdBR to JC, 11 September 1889, 12 and 13 September 1889, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EB to EdBR, 15 November 1889, Brücke letters, 1: 273–274; O[tto] B[rahm], “Böcklin und Herr du Bois-Reymond,” Freie Bühne für modernes Leben 1 (1890): 619; Eugen Dreher, “Die formale Schönheit im Lichte der modernen Psycho-Physiologie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der E. du Bois-Reymond’schen Festrede ‘Naturwissenschaft und bildende Kunst,’” Die Natur 41, no. 28 (1892): 330–332, 342–344, 354–356; “Lettres, Sciences et Arts,” Journal des débats, 28 December 1896, 3; Fritz Mauthner, “Du Bois-Reymond und die bildende Kunst,” in Tote Symbole (Lipsius & Tischer, 1892), 30–37.

17. Reden, 2: 157, 163 (a clear allusion to Joseph Priestley).

18. Reden, 2: 164–168; Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust, Part One (Oxford University Press, 1987), 23, lines 672–675.

19. Reden, 2: 168–169.

20. Reden, 2: 170–173. Goethe never explained how these objective forms might be identified other than by training one’s perception, and he never discussed how they might relate to other phenomena other than by vague reference to “polarity” and “intensification.”

21. Reden, 2: 173–176.

22. Ernst Haeckel, Die Naturanschauung von Darwin, Goethe und Lamarck (Fischer, 1882), 30, reaffirming the dedication in his General Morphology (1866); Nicolaas A. Rupke, “Neither Creation Nor Evolution: The Third Way in Mid-Nineteenth Century Thinking about the Origin of Species,” Annals of the History and Philosophy of Biology 10 (2005): 143–172; Reden, 2: 176–177.

23. Reden, 2: 177–180.

24. E[mil] Schiff, “‘Goethe und kein Ende’ von du Bois-Reymond,” Neue Freie Presse, Morgenblatt, 17 November 1882, Nachlaß Emil du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 15; Friedrich Kurtze, “An Strom der Zeit,” Deutsches Montagsblatt, 20 November 1882, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 17; Homunculus, “Kleine Chronik,” Berliner Tageblatt, Abend-Ausgabe, 20 October 1882, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 14; Alb[ert] Palmer, “Eine Verbesserung des ‘Faust’,” in Gegen den Strom (Wigand, 1884), 113–114, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 24; Walther Gottheil, “Mephisto auf der Hygiene-Ausstellung. Eine erhitzte Juni-Phantasie,” Deutsches Montagsblatt, 7, Nr. 24, Berlin, 14 June 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 23.

25. Wilhelm Bölsche, “Du Bois-Reymond,” Das Magazin für Litteratur 66, no. 2 (1897): 43; S[alomon] Kalischer, Goethe als Naturforscher und Herr Du Bois-Reymond als sein Kritiker (Hempel, 1883), 7, 60; O[tto] Br[ah]m, “Goethe und kein Ende,” Vossische Zeitung, Erste Beilage, 18 November 1882, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 16; Fritz Mauthner, “Wagner über Faust,” Berliner Tageblatt, Abend-Ausgabe, 1 December 1882, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 19; Alfred Freiherr von Berger, Goethe’s Faust und die Grenzen des Naturerkennens (Gerold, 1883), 17; Max Schasler, “Goethe als Naturforscher und Herr Dubois-Reymond,” Die Gegenwart 23, no. 1 (1883): 8; Moritz Necker, “‘Goethe und kein Ende.’ Bemerkung zu du Bois-Reymond’s Rede,” Allgemeine Kunst-Chronik 6, Nr. 51 (1882): 692–694, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 21; Woldemar Freiherr von Biedermann, Review of Goethe als Naturforscher und Herr Du Bois Reymond als sein Kritiker, Archiv für Litteraturgeschichte 12 (1884): 471–473; Eduard Engel, “Wolfgang Goethe und Herr Professor Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Magazin für die Literatur des In- und Auslandes 52, no. 1 (1883): 7–9, 52, no. 2 (1883): 22–24; Karl Bleibtreu, Größenwahn (Friedrich, 1888), 3: 600–601; Emil Mauerhof, Zur Idee des Faust (Wigand, 1884), 36; Portig, “Gastrollen”; Joh. Ulr. Caviesel, “Professor Emil Dubois Reymond ein Medium,” Licht, mehr Licht! Spiritistische Wochenschrift 4, Nr. 18, 28 January 1883, 138–139, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 22; Paul de Lagarde, “Ueber die Klage, daß der deutschen Jugend der Idealismus fehle” (1885),” in Deutsche Schriften (Horstmann, 1903), 373; Emile du Bois-Reymond, “Goethe,” Revue Scientifique, année 3, sér. 3, no. 25 (1882): 769–776, Nachlaß Emil du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 20; Review of Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Goethe und kein Ende,” De Portefeuille, 24 February 1883; Victor Cherbuliez, Profils étrangers (Hachette, 1889), 335–356; Mathias Duval, Le Darwinisme (Delahaye & Lecrosnier, 1886), 168–169.

26. “Like a sick parrot capable only of repeating the one phrase it knows, Herr Brahm has now panned the Rector of the University of Berlin.” Fr. Js., “Sprechsaal,” Die Tribune, 22 November 1882, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Nr. 18; Kaiserin Augusta to EdBR, 17 November 1882, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Bl. 6–8; Frau J. Wolfers to EdBR, 2 January 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Bl. 10–11; Franz Rudolph Eyssenhardt to EdBR, 17 November 1882, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 8 Bl. 56; Table of itinerant lectures, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 8 M. 2 Nr. 1 Bl. 5; AD to EdBR, 24 February 1883, Dohrn letters, 240; EB to EdBR, 23 December 1882, Brücke letters, 1: 243–244; Reden, 2: 180–182; EdBR to Fr. Wolfers, 19 January 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 6 M. 3 Bl. 12–13.

27. John Tyndall, “Goethe’s Farbenlehre” (1880), in New Fragments (Appleton, 1897), 47–77; Hermann von Helmholtz, “Über Goethes Naturwissenschaftliche Arbeiten. Vortrag gehalten im Frühling 1853 in der deutschen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg,” in Vorträge und Reden (Vieweg, 1884), 1: 2; EdBR to Fr. Wolfers, 19 January 1883; Schiff, “Goethe”; Bernhard J. Dotzler, “Goethe und sein Ende: Das Medium ‘Welt-Literatur,’” in Klassik und Anti-Klassik, ed. Ortrud Gutjahr and Harro Segeberg (Königshausen & Neumann, 2001), 91.

28. Edward Breck, “Reminiscences of Goethe,” New York Times, 10 September 1899, 17. Fontane also felt that Goethe had “cast a spell” over German literature. Theodor Fontane to Julius Rodenberg, 18 February 1896, quoted by Claudia Stockinger, “Pardigma Goethe? Die Lyrik des 19. Jahrhunderts und Goethe,” in Lyrik im 19. Jahrhundert, ed. Steffen Martus, Stefan Scherer, and Claudia Stockinger (Lang, 2004), 123. Despite du Bois-Reymond’s protests to the contrary, the realist novel never caught on in Germany, and even today the best German writers evoke haunting visions. Craig, Fontane, 172–199.

29. Mommsen, Ringen, 560–602; Du Bois-Reymond deplored the shift in a letter that deliberately misspelled the leaders of the Catholic Center as “Windhorst” and “Frankenstein.” EdBR to AD, 25 June 1879, Dohrn letters, 156.

30. Gottheil, “Mephisto.”

31. Gary D. Stark, Banned in Berlin (Berghahn, 2009), 2; Modris Eksteins, The Limits of Reason (Oxford University Press, 1975), 13–27; Paul Vasili, Berlin Society (Green, 1884), 197; Charles E. McClelland, State, Society, and University in Germany 1700–1914 (Cambridge University Press, 1980), 281–283.

32. Granville Stanley Hall, Aspects of German Culture (Osgood, 1881), 117–118.

33. Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, Über die Natur der Cometen (Engelmann, 1872), i–vi; David Cahan, “Anti-Helmholtz, Anti-Zöllner, Anti-Dühring: The Freedom of Science in Germany during the 1870s,” in Universalgenie Helmholtz, ed. Lorenz Krüger (Akademie, 1994), 330–344; Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner, Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (Staackmann, 1878), 2, part 2: 961, 1063–1065; EdBR to CL, 7 April 1872, 25 July 1872, Zwei große Naturforscher des 19. Jahrhunderts, ed. Estelle du Bois-Reymond (Barth, 1927), 166–170.

34. Christoph Meinel, Karl Friedrich Zöllner und die Wissenschaftskultur der Gründerzeit (SIGMA, 1991), 36–46; Karl B. Staubermann, “Tying the Knot: Skill, Judgement and Authority in the 1870s Leipzig Spiritistic Experiments,” British Journal for the History of Science 34, no. 1 (2001): 71–77; Corinna Treitel, A Science for the Soul (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004); Alexander C. T. Geppert, “Okkultismus als Anti-Ignorabimus: Zur Geschichte einer epistemischen Mesalliance, 1872–1893,” in Weltanschauung, Philosophie und Naturwissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert. Band 3: Der Ignorabimus-Streit, ed. Kurt Bayertz, Myriam Gerhard, and Walter Jaeschke (Meiner, 2007), 254–256; [Alfred Dove], “Der Spiritismus in Leipzig,” Im neuen Reich 8, no. 1 (1878): 721–735; Zöllner, Wissenschaftliche Abhandlungen (Staackmann, 1878), 1: 298–416, 2, part 2: 377–378, 409–410.

35. “Du Bois-Reymonds Gesammelte Reden,” Die Grenzboten 46, no. 2 (1887): 170–175; Eduard von Hartmann, Gesammelte studien und Aufsätze gemeinverständlichen Inhalts (Duncker, 1876), 184–205; Friedrich Nietzsche, Human, All Too Human, I (Stanford University Press, 1995), §250, 171, in an oblique reference; Eugen K. Dühring, Der Weg zur höheren Berufsbildung der Frauen und die Lehrweise der Universitäten (Fues, 1877), 81; Lagarde, “Klage,” 375; Julius Langbehn, Rembrandt als Erzieher (Hirschfeld, 1891), 110; Gerhart Hauptmann, Einsame Menschen (Fischer, 1891), 13; Harry Graf Kessler, Das Tagebuch 1880–1937, ed. Roland S. Kamzelak and Ulrich Ott (Cotta, 2004), 3: 292–293; Houston Stewart Chamberlain to Wilhelm II, 4 February 1903, Briefe, 1882–1924 (Bruckmann, 1928), 2: 173; Rudolf Steiner, Karmic Relationships (Steiner, 2004), 134; Gottfried Benn, “After Nihilism” (1932), in The Weimar Republic Sourcebook, ed. Anton Kaes, Martin Jay, and Edward Dimendberg (University of California Press, 1994), 380–384; Nicholas Jardine, “The Mantle of Müller and the Ghost of Goethe: Interactions Between the Sciences and Their Histories,” in History and the Disciplines, ed. Donald R. Kelley (University of Rochester Press, 1997), 305.

36. HBJ to EdBR, 13 November 1859, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 296–298; EdBR to HBJ, 4 [April; incorrectly dated March] 1860, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 64–68; Review of Paleontology by Richard Owen, Athenaeum, no. 1693, 7 April 1860, 478–479.

37. EdBR to HBJ, 23 July 1860, SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 68–70; CD to TH, 16 Nov [1860], Letter 2986, CD to Asa Gray, 26 November 1860, Letter 2998; CD to HBJ, 23 June [1861], Letter 3194a, DCP; HBJ to EdBR, 7 July 1861, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 314–316; Charles Lyell to CD, 16 January 1865, Letter 4746, DCP; EdBR to JC, 23 August 1863, 3 September 1863, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

38. Reden, 1: 565n12; EdBR to HH, 25 March 1862, HH to EdBR, 13 April 1862, DeF, 202–204; “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 19r–19v.

39. “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 25r–26r.

40. He delivered it nine times between 1877 and 1880. “Exposition of the Darwinian Theory,” 1 April 1879, 19 March [18]80, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 8 M. 2 Nr. 2 Bl. 2, 5.

41. Ibid., echoing La Mettrie and Diderot. See Jonathan Israel, Enlightenment Contested: Philosophy, Modernity, and the Emancipation of Man, 1670–1752 (Oxford University, 2006), 799.

42. HBJ to EdBR, 8 May 1860, 20 June 1866, 6 January 1868, 28 August 1870, 23 September 1870, 20 February 1871, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 302–304, 369–371, 388–390, 417–419, 420–421, 433–435. Haeckel read Darwin in Bronn’s translation in the summer of 1860, at least three months after du Bois-Reymond, and taught it in the winter of 1862, a year after du Bois-Reymond. Carl Vogt supported Darwin in 1863 but didn’t accept a single progenitor of man. Gustav Jaeger championed Darwin in a lecture on 18 September 1860, but he didn’t teach the doctrine, and his publications on evolution only appeared in 1864. Heinrich Weinreich, Duftstoff-Theorie (Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft, 1993).

43. HH to EdBR, 15 March 1862, DeF, 198–199; EdBR to AD, 1 April 1873, AD to EdBR, 6 April [18]73, Dohrn letters, 48–51. Huxley looked for missing links, Haeckel traced phylogenies, and Helmholtz stressed acquired characters; on the distortions of Vogt, Moleschott, Czolbe, and Büchner, see Frederick Gregory, Scientific Materialism in Nineteenth Century Germany (Reidel, 1977), 175–188; on other German misunderstandings, see “Darwinism in Germany,” Anthropological Review 6, no. 20 (1868): 21–26; Hans Querner, “Darwins Deszendenz- und Selektionslehre auf den deutschen Naturforscher-Versammlungen,” Acta Historica Leopoldina 9 (1975): 439–456. Haeckel’s claim that he was the first German to understand Darwin will have to be revised.

44. EdBR to HH, 25 March 1862, DeF, 202–203; “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 27r; Bl. 34v on Burckhardt, Bl. 35v on Humboldt, and Bl. 36r–40r on Müller.

45. CK to EdBR, 13 February 1838, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 6 Bl. 112; John W. Judd, The Coming of Evolution (Cambridge University Press, 1911), 3.

46. CD to HBJ, 23 April 1866(?), Letter 5064a, note; CD to J. D. Hooker, [28 April 1866], Letter 5071, DCP; EdBR to JC, 27 April 1866, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to JC, 6 April–5 May 1866, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; EdBR to HH, 8 January 1866, 16 May 1866, DeF, 221.

47. Reden, 1: 378. “[T]he theory of natural selection . . . implies no necessary tendency to progression.” CD to Charles Lyell, 11 October [1859], Letter 2503, DCP.

48. Reden, 1: 389. “Fragments” also alludes to Friedrich Schlegel’s Romantic theory of irony, now reconstituted into something greater.

49. The Pharsalia of Lucan (Longmans, Green, 1905), Book VII, 218; Reden, 2: 630. Pompey was rector of the Roman senate; du Bois-Reymond was rector of the faculty senate.

50. Reden, 1: 525–526; Adolf Kronfeld, “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift 47 (1897): 253.

51. Reden, 1: 540–543. My translations are based on “Darwin vs. Galiani,” tr. J. Fitzgerald, Popular Science Monthly 14, no. 27 (1879): 409–425.

52. Reden, 1: 544–545.

53. Reden, 1: 545, 547.

54. Reden, 1: 548–550, referring to Ernst Haeckel’s Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (Reimer, 1870).

55. Reden, 1: 550–551.

56. Reden, 1: 551–552.

57. Ibid.

58. Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species (Harvard University Press, 1998), 143–150; Reden, 1: 554.

59. Reden, 1: 555–556.

60. Reden, 1: 557.

61. Reden, 1: 557–558.

62. Reden, 1: 559–560.

63. Reden, 1: 561.

64. Reden, 1: 562–563.

65. Reden, 1: 617, 2: 76, 129–130, 146, 243–248, 630. His verdict prompted a similar reverse in August Weismann.

66. N. N., ““Die Lehre Darwins. Kritik des Vortrages von Herrn Professor du Bois-Reymond. V.” Rhein-Westfälische Post 2, Nr. 115, Barmen-Elberfeld, 19 May 1877; Otto Zacharias, “Du Bois-Reymond über den Darwinismus,” Die Gegenwart 10, no. 48 (1876): 345–346; Schneidemacher, “Zufall oder Zweckbeziehung?” Literarischer Handweiser zunächst für das katholische Deutschland 16, no. 204 (1877): 129–130; Jean Sales-Girons, “Le positivisme et les défaillances de M. du Bois-Reymond, de Berlin, l’un des maîtres les plus autorisés dans l’espèce,” Revue Médicale 57, no. 23 (1877): 735–743; Georg von Hertling, Review of Darwin versus Galiani, Literarische Rundschau für das katholische Deutschland 3 (1877): 73–76; “Popular Science Monthly,” New York Times, 3 February 1879; E[dmund] Pfleiderer, Review of Darwin versus Galiani, Theologische Literaturzeitung 4, Nr. 15 (1879): 362–363; August Lammers, “Die Vorträge im Kaufmännischen Verein zu Bremen,” Nordwest Gemeinnützig-unterhaltende Wochenschrift 3, Nr. 16, 18 April 1880, 138.

67. “Darwin sent forth his breath and it was scattered,” an allusion to the inscription on Queen Elizabeth’s Armada Medal, “God sent forth his breath and they were scattered.” Reden, 2: 246.

68. Ibid.

69. —b—, “Der Geburtstag Friedrichs des Großen,” Der Reichsbote, Zweite Beilage, Nr. 23, Berlin, 28 January 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Nr. 41, emphasis added; K[arl] M[üller], “Drei Reden von Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Die Natur 33, no. 11 (15 March 1884): 131; “Telegramme. Berlin, 25. Januar,” Neue Freie Presse, Morgenblatt, Nr. 6614, 26 January 1883; “Von der Akademie der Wissenschaften,” Neue Preußische Zeitung (Kreuzzeitung), Erste Beilage, Nr. 23, 28 January 1883; “Akademie und Materialismus,” Neue Preußische Zeitung (Kreuzzeitung), Nr. 28, 3 February 1883; Leipziger Tageblatt und Anzeiger 77, Nr. 35, 4 February 1883; [H. Klee], “Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft,” Neueste Mittheilungen, 2, no. 18, 12 February 1883; Otto Zacharias, “Die Staatsgefährlichkeit der Naturforschung,” Leipziger Tageblatt und Anzeiger 77, Nr. 45, 14 February 1883; “Deutsches Reich,” Kölnische Volkszeitung, Erstes Blatt, 24, Nr. 29, 31 January 1883. The term “menschliches Mutterthier” seems to have been coined by the satirist Bogumil Goltz in Typen der Gesellschaft. Ein Complimentir-Buch ohne Complimente (Francke, 1864), 193.

70. Martin von Nathusius, “Dubois-Reymond und die christliche Weltanschauung,” Allgemeine Conservative Monatsschrift für das christliche Deutschland 40 (January–June 1883): 322–328; idem, Naturwissenschaft und Philosophie (Henninger, 1883), 7; “Schnitzel und Späne,” Coblenzer Volkszeitung, 2. Ausgabe, 12, Nr. 27, 4 February 1883; “Politische Streifzüge,” Frankfurter Volkszeitung 4, Nr. 33, 10 February 1883; “V. d. St. V. d. St.—Vereine deutscher Stöckerianer,” Deutsche Hochschule 2, Nr. 50, 1 March 1883; Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Bl. 18–19; Anonymous postcard, 5 February [1883], Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Bl. 7; “Deutsches Reich,” Kölnische Volkszeitung; “In Berlin sind ‘gelehrte Ochsen’ zu sehen,” Tirschenreuther Volksbote 11, no. 44, 23 February 1883; Anonymous letter, 8 February 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Bl. 8–9; L. von Schmeling to EdBR, 24 February [1883], Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Bl. 29–32.

71. EdBR to Goßler, 20 February 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Bl. 3–4.

72. Adolf Stöcker, StB, 33rd Session, 23 February 1883, 846–849; Ludwig Windthorst, ibid., 856.

73. Albert Hänel, ibid., 857–858; Gustav von Goßler, ibid., 860; Friedrich Althoff to Wilhelm Scherer, 25 February 1883, Wilhelm Scherer, Briefe und Dokumente aus den Jahren 1853 bis 1886, ed. Hans-Harald Müller and Mirko Nottscheid (Wallstein, 2005), 326.

74. August Reichensperger, StB, 35th Session, 26 February 1883, 914; Adolf Stöcker, ibid., 918.

75. Ibid., 919–920.

76. Rudolf Virchow, ibid., 921.

77. Virchow, ibid., 922–924.

78. Windthorst, ibid., 925–928. “Notwithstanding the freedom of religion guaranteed by Article 12 of the Prussian constitution, Article 14 guaranteed the Christian character of those institutions that were ‘connected with the exercise of religious functions.’ Exactly what this character covered was a matter of dispute: education and marriage most obviously; other candidates were the military and the prison service, because of the chaplains attached to them, and all state ceremonies.” Peter Pulzer, Jews and the German State (Wayne State University Press, 2003), 48.

79. Goßler, ibid., 929–932; “Parlaments-Bericht,” Neueste Mittheilungen 2, no. 24, 26 February 1883; “Rede des Kultusministers von Goßler in der Sitzung des Abgeordnetenhauses vom 26. Februar bei der Berathung des Etats des Kultusministeriums (Universitäten),” Provinzial- Correspondenz 21, no. 10, 7 March 1883, 2–5.

80. Reden, 2: 247; EdBR to RV, 5 March [18]83, Rudolf Virchow und Emil du Bois-Reymond, ed. Klaus Wenig (Basilisken-Presse, 1995), 111; Reden, 2: 209, discussing Harold Browne’s remarks on John Evans, “Unwritten History, and How to Read It,” Nature 26 (21 September 1882): 513–516; (28 September 1882): 531–533.

81. EdBR to [Friedrich Dernburg], 26 and 27 February 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Bl. 5–6; National-Zeitung, 24–27 February 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Nr. 53–56, 58–60.

82. EdBR to L. von Schmeling, 25 February 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Bl. 31–32.

83. [August Specht], “Pfäffische Falschmünzerei der Wissenschaft,” Freie Glocken, Nr. 10, 11 March 1883, 37–38; Dr. X., “Der Darwinismus und das Christenthum,” Deutscher Hausschatz in Wort und Bild 9, no. 29 (1883): 462–463; Otto Zacharias, “Die Staatsgefährlichkeit der Naturforschung,” Leipziger Tageblatt und Anzeiger, 77, Nr. 45, 14 February 1883; K[arl August] M[üller], “Drei Reden von Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Die Natur 33, N. F. 10, Nr. 11, Halle, 15 March 1884, 131; [Rudolf von] Delbrück, “Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft,” Politische Wochenschrift 2, no. 9, 1 March 1883, 68; A. Zobel to EdBR, 5 March 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 7 M. 1 Nrs. 68, 47, 71, 76, and 67, Bl. 38–40; [Norman Lockyer], “Notes,” Nature 27 (12 April 1883): 565; “Bulletin de l’Étranger. Allemagne,” Le Temps, no. 7979, 1 March 1883, 1–2; “Ovation,” Neues Wiener Blatt, Nr. 4, 15 February 1883, 3.

84. Reden, 2: 246–247; “Ueber Darwin, Dubois-Reymond und Haeckel. Festrede zur Feier der Grundsteinlegung einer neuen Idiotenanstalt,” Berliner Wespen 16, no. 8, 23 February 1883; “Ein schön christlich-social Handwerksburschen-Liedlein. Nach alter Weis’, in neuen Reimen,” Berliner Montags-Zeitung 23, no. 9, 26 February 1883; “In Berlin sind ‘gelehrte Ochsen’ zu sehen,” Tirschenreuther Volksbote 11, no. 44, 23 February 1883; EdBR to JC, 30 March [18]84, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. The theater, which had been founded the year before, was located near the medical school.

85. Nathusius, “Dubois-Reymond,” 324; G[eorg] Gadow, Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft und Herr Dubois-Reymond (Fehsenfeld, 1883), 30; Erich Metze, Emil du Bois-Reymond (Breitenbach, 1918), 40–41.

86. EdBR to Berthold, 14 July 1877, Fr[iedrich] Dannemann, “Aus Emil du Bois-Reymonds Briefwechsel über die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften,” Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 19 (1920): 6; Reden, 2: 248; Giordano Bruno, Cause, Principle, and Unity, ed. Robert de Lucca (Cambridge University Press, 1998), 15; EdBR to JC, 29 March [18]84, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. Chameleons, du Bois-Reymond liked to point out to his students, could keep one eye on heaven and the other on Earth. “Many clergymen can do the same.” “Durch den ‘Juristischen Humor,’” Berliner Tageblatt, Erstes Beiblatt, 25 December 1891.

87. “Lettres, Sciences et Arts,” Journal des débats, no. 26, 27 January 1897, 3.

88. Reden, 2: 159–162; CD to EdBR, 12 March 1878, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Including an Autobiographical Chapter, ed. Francis Darwin (Appleton, 1887), 2: 401; EdBR to CD, 7 November 1878, Letter 11739a; CD to EdBR, 12 November 1878, Letter 11742; DCP; Frank A. J. L. James, “An Open Clash Between Science and the Church? Wilberforce, Huxley and Hooker on Darwin at the British Association, Oxford, 1860,” in Science and Beliefs, ed. David M. Knight and Matthew D. Eddy (Ashgate, 2005).

89. E.g., Bazarov in Turgenev’s Fathers and Sons (1862); Lieutenant Erkel in Dostoyevsky’s Demons (1872).

90. EdBR to GL, 11 April 1857, BSB, Ana 377, II.B., Bl. 2; Louis Büchner, Kraft und Stoff (Meidinger, 1856), lix; EdBR to JC, 27 April 1853, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Isidor Rosenthal, “Emil du Bois-Reymond. Ein Lebensbild,” Nord und Sud 6 (1878): 166n; Reden, 1: 372, 461, 531, 595, 2: 81, 100, 290. “Über das Ende der Welt”; NN., “Professor Du Bois-Reymond über ‘das Ende der Welt’,” Trierische Landeszeitung, Erstes Blatt, Nr. 89, 1 February 1880; Drittes Blatt, Nr. 90, 3 April 1880, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 8 M. 2 Nr. 3 Bl. 1–11, 35–36.

91. EdBR to JC, 4 June 1878, 3 October [18]78, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. The Neue Preußische Zeitung blamed the assassination attempts “directly on the doctrine of descent.” Ernst Haeckel, Freedom in Science and Teaching (Appleton, 1879), xxv. Brücke agreed that Catholics presented more of a threat than the Socialists. EB to EdBR, 28 January 1877, Brücke letters, 1: 212–213.

92. Frederick Gregory, Nature Lost? (Cambridge; London: Harvard University, 1992); Philipp Depdolla, “Hermann Müller-Lippstadt (1829–1883) und die Entwicklung des biologischen Unterrichts,” Sudhoffs Archiv 34, no. 5–6 (1941): 261–334; Alfred Kelly, The Descent of Darwin (University of North Carolina Press, 1981), 63.

93. Mommsen, Ringen, 362; Georges Pouchet, “L’Enseignement supérieur des sciences en Allemagne,” Revue des deux mondes 83, no. 39 (1869): 437–438; Reden, 1: 646–647; Ulrich Tröhler and Andreas-Holger Maele, “Anti-Vivisection in Nineteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland: Motives and Methods,” in Vivisection in Historical Perspective, ed. Nicolaas A. Rupke (Routledge, 1990), 166–170; Sven Dierig, Wissenschaft in der Machinenstadt (Wallstein, 2006), 62–66. Goßler supported du Bois-Reymond during the debates over vivisection in the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on 16 April 1883. “Die Politik auf akademischen Boden,” Der Reichsbote, 27 October 1882, GStA, I/76 Va, Nachlaß Schulze, I/92 Nr. 1 Bd. 4, 1870–1890, Bl. 125.

94. Reden, 1: 14, 2: 246; Eduard von Hartmann, Wahrheit und Irrtum in Darwinismus (Duncker, 1875); idem, Das Problem des Lebens (Haacke, 1906), 10–14.

95. Freud presented research on the unconscious as the third blow to man’s narcissism after those in astronomy and biology. He didn’t cite du Bois-Reymond. Sigmund Freud, “Vorlesungen zur Einführung in die Psychoanalyse” (1916–17), in Studienausgabe, ed. Alexander Mitscherlich, Angela Richards and James Strachey (Fischer, 1989), 1: 283–284; Langbehn, Rembrandt, 326; Stern, Politics, 127; Theodor Fontane, “Nante Strump als Erzieher. Von einem Berliner,” in Sodom und Gomorrha (Ackermann, 1891–92), 1: 37; Ernst Haeckel, The Pedigree of Man and Other Essays (Freethought, 1883), 25–26, 29–53; idem, The Riddle of the Universe at the Close of the Nineteenth Century (Harper Brothers, 1900), 252; idem, Monism as Connecting Religion and Science (Black, 1894), 97n6. If any plagiarism occurred, it was Haeckel’s of du Bois-Reymond. See Ernst Haeckel, Gesammelte populäre Vorträge aus dem Gebiete der Entwicklungslehre (Strauss, 1878), 1: 181 with UTE, 1: xl–xli.

96. Thomas Henry Huxley, Darwiniana (Macmillan, 1894), 78, 120, 252, 450; Kant cited in Ernst Haeckel, The Evolution of Man (Appleton, 1886), 1: 79–80.

97. Sander Gliboff, H. G. Bronn, Ernst Haeckel, and the Origins of German Darwinism (MIT Press, 2008), 87–122; Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin’s Notebooks, 1836–1844, ed. Paul H. Barrett, Peter J. Gautrey, Sandra Herbert, David Kohn, and Sydney Smith (British Museum and Cornell University Press, 1987), 535; CD to William Graham, 3 July 1881, Letter 13230, DCP; CD to Thomas Henry Farrer, 28 August 1881, More Letters of Charles Darwin, ed. Francis Darwin and A. C. Seward (Murray, 1903), 1: 394–95; Peter J. Bowler, Charles Darwin (Cambridge University Press, 1990), 86–87.

98. EdBR to HH, 7 May 1881, DeF, 264; Emil du Bois-Reymond, “Berichte über die Wirksamkeit der Humboldt-Stiftung für Naturforschung und Reisen,” SB 14 (1890): 82–87; John Lussenhop, “Victor Hensen and the Development of Sampling Methods in Ecology,” Journal of the History of Biology 7, no. 2 (1974): 319–337; Olaf Breidbach, “Über die Geburtswehen einer quantifizierenden Ökologie—der Streit um die Kieler Planktonexpedition von 1889,” Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 13, no. 2 (1990): 101–114; Gliboff, Bronn, 174; Uwe Hoßfeld, ed., absolute Ernst Haeckel (Orange, 2010), 47.

99. Dov Ospovat, The Development of Darwin’s Theory (Cambridge University Press, 1981); Philip F. Rehbock, The Philosophical Naturalists (University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Nicolaas A. Rupke, “Richard Owen’s Vertebrate Archetype,” Isis 84, no. 2 (1993): 231–251; Robert J. Richards, The Romantic Conception of Life (University of Chicago Press, 2002); Reden, 2: 504; EdBR to JC, 18 September 1881, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5.

100. Darwin, Life and Letters, 1: 81.

101. Divergence from: William M. Montgomery, “Germany,” in The Comparative Reception of Darwinism, ed. Thomas F. Glick (University of Texas Press, 1974), 81–116; Peter Bowler, The Non-Darwinian Revolution (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988); idem, Evolution (University of California Press, 2003); Mario A. Di Gregorio, From Here to Eternity (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005); adjunct to: Lynn K. Nyhart, Biology Takes Form (University of Chicago Press, 1994); Hoßfeld, Haeckel; fulfillment of: Richards, Romantic; idem, The Tragic Sense of Life (University of Chicago Press, 2008); Gliboff, Bronn.

102. William Binns, “Science, Theology, and the Evolution of Man,” Modern Review 1 (April 1880): 261.

103. Ernst Cassirer, The Problem of Knowledge (Yale University Press, 1950), 170–171, a view he seems to borrow from Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science, ed. Bernard Williams (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 218; John C. Greene, “The History of Ideas Revisited,” Revue de synthèse 4, no. 3 (1986): 210; Michael Ruse, Monad to Man (Harvard University Press, 1996); EdBR to Berthold, 17 August 1876, Fr[iedrich] Dannemann, “Aus Emil du Bois-Reymonds Briefwechsel über die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften,” Mitteilungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften 19 (1920): 2; Henry Thomas Buckle, History of Civilization in England (Davis, 1987), 3: 482. Cf. Darwin, Origin, 243–244: “one general law. . . .”

Chapter 12

1. EdBR to CL, EdBR to Karl Thierisch, 21 June 1872, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Universitätsarchiv, Autographensammlung 401.1 and 402; EdBR to HBJ, 18 August [1872], SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 94–96; EdBR to CL, 29 August 1872, TGS, 112–113; Reden, 1: 441. My translations are based on Emil du Bois-Reymond, “The Limits of the Knowledge of Nature,” Popular Science Monthly 5, no. 2 (1874): 17–32.

2. EdBR to HH, 25 April 1868, DeF, 229–230; Reden, 1: 442–443.

3. Pierre Simon Laplace, Essai philosophique sur les probabilités (Courcier, 1814), 3–4; Reden, 1: 443–444, quoting Jean Le Rond d’Alembert, Discours préliminaire de l’Encyclopédie (1751; Delagrave, 1893), 48. The Hagia Sophia was an Orthodox patriarchal basilica until 1453. “Lestang,” The Man in the Iron Mask, was imprisoned by Louis XIV. The British passenger liner President, the largest ship in the world, left New York for Liverpool on 11 March 1841 and vanished without a trace.

4. Reden, 1: 445–446. Astronomical intelligence was a modern variant of the Arminian doctrine of divine omniscience.

5. Reden, 1: 447–449.

6. Reden, 1: 451–452. Jacques-Henri Bernardin de St. Pierre (1737–1814) was a writer and botanist best known for his novel Paul and Virginia. Eduard Pöppig (1798–1868) was a scientific explorer of South America.

7. Reden, 1: 453–455.

8. Reden, 1: 457–458, 460.

9. Reden, 1: 459–461.

10. Reden, 1: 461–462.

11. Reden, 1: 462–463. Most likely du Bois-Reymond is alluding to Heinrich von Kleist’s version of Amphitryon (1807), in which the hapless Sosia is tricked and thrashed by his Doppelgänger Mercury.

12. Reden, 1: 462–464. According to Nicholas Humphrey, “In medieval England a jury could bring in four alternative verdicts at a trial: Guilty, Not Guilty, Ignoramus (we do not know), Ignorabimus (we shall not know).” “Consciousness: A Just-So Story,” New Scientist 95, no. 1319 (1982): 477.

13. EdBR to HBJ, 19 December [1872], SD 3k 1852 (4) Bl. 99; Reden, 1: 465n1; Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4. M. 1 Nr. 2–5; EdBR to AD, 22 November 1872, 2 December 1872, Dohrn letters, 31, 37; “Los límites de la filosofía natural,” La América 18, no. 24 (1874): 4–7; Titus Majoresci to EdBR, 8 November 1891, SD 2 l 1888 (15) Bl. 1–3; R. Luther to EdBR, 24 December 1889, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 5 M. 6 Bl. 18–19; Siedem zagadek wszechświatowych (n.p., 1898); Alexander Vucinich, Science in Russian Culture (Stanford University Press, 1963–1970), 2: 101; Művelődéstörténet és természettudomány (Darwin, 1914); Shizen ninshiki no genkai (Ikuta Shoten, 1925); Tzŭ jan jên shih chieh hsien chi yü chou ch’i mi (n.p., 1935); EdBR to Emil Alglave, 12 February 1873–16 September 1874, SD 2h 1868 (15), Bl. 2–22.

14. EdBR to Elizabeth Sanderson Haldane, draft letter, 20 May 1887, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4. M. 1 Nr. 1, English original.

15. AD to EdBR, 28 November 1872, Dohrn letters, 35–36; EB to EdBR, 18 August 1872, Brücke letters, 1: 177, xv; HBJ to EdBR, 27 December 1872, SD 3k 1852 (3) Bl. 450–451. Brücke’s eldest son Hans contracted diphtheria a few days after he received his medical doctorate in Berlin.

16. Alfred Wilhelm Dove, Ausgewählte Schriftchen (Duncker & Humblot, 1898), 434; Friedrich Albert Lange, The History of Materialism (Harcourt, Brace and Keegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1925), 2, part 2: 324; Rudolf Virchow, “Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft im modernen Staatsleben,” Amtlicher Bericht der 50. Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in München von 17.–12. September 1877 (Straub, 1877), 65–77; EdBR to JC, 26 and 31 March 1877, 1 and 3 April 1877, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Franciscus Cornelius Donders, “Discours d’ouverture,” Congrès périodique international des sciences médicales 1–2 (1880): 31–32; Élie de Cyon, “Le coeur et le cerveau,” Revue scientifique, 2e sér., 12, no. 21 (1873): 488–489; “Zur kosmologischen Geistesbewegung der Gegenwart. Literarische Culturstudien. 2. Forschung, Wahn, Erkenntniß,” Wissenschaftliche Beilage der Leipziger Zeitung, no. 8, 25 January 1874, 45; EdBR to CL, 29 August 1872, TGS, 112–113.

17. Roy MacLeod, “The ‘Bankruptcy of Science’ Debate: The Creed of Science and Its Critics, 1885–1900,” Science, Technology, & Human Values 7, no. 41 (1982): 5; J[ames] Clerk Maxwell, “Paradoxical Philosophy,” Nature 19, no. 477 (1878): 142; Matthew Stanley, “The Pointsman: Maxwell’s Demon, Victorian Free Will, and the Boundaries of Science,” Journal of the History of Ideas 69, no. 3 (2008): 467–491; Carl Langwieser, Du Bois-Reymond’s “Grenzen des Naturerkennens” (Czermak, 1873); Wilhelm Preyer, Über die Erforschung des Lebens (Mauke, 1873), v–viii; Otto Zacharias, “Du Bois-Reymond über den Darwinismus,” Die Gegenwart 10, no. 48 (1876): 345–346; Karl Nägeli, “Die Schranken der naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis,” Amtlicher Bericht der 50. Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in München vom 17. bis 22. September (Straub, 1877), 28–29, 35.

18. Nägeli, “Schranken,” 36, 38–39. Two years later Nägeli attempted to refute Brownian motion in support of this contention. Stephen Brush, The Kind of Motion We Call Heat (North-Holland, 1976), 2: 667–668.

19. Nägeli, “Schranken,” 41.

20. Germania, 25 September 1877, Beilage, reprinted in Ernst Haeckel, Freie Wissenschaft und freie Lehre (Schweizerbart, 1878), 97–98; “Fünfzigste Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte. III,” Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 14, no. 41 (1877): 609; Nägeli, “Schranken,” 25. Nägeli admitted to his confusion in the preface to his address.

21. Ernst Haeckel, Anthropogenie (Engelmann, 1874), xii–xiii, 131; idem, Freie, 78–79, 86–87; idem, Die Perigenesis der Plastidule (Reimer, 1876), 24n22–23; idem, Natürliche Schöpfungsgeschichte (Reimer, 1889), 1: 237; idem, “Ueber die heutige Entwickelungslehre im Verhältnisse zur Gesammtwissenschaft,” Amtlicher Bericht der 50. Versammlung Deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in München vom 17. bis 22. September 1877 (Straub, 1877), 19.

22. Georg von Hertling, “Ueber die Grenzen naturwissenschaftlicher Forschung. Bemerkung zu einer Rede des Herrn Professor Du Bois-Reymond,” Der Katholik 54 (1874/I): 395; Ludwig Weis, “Über die Grenzen des Naturerkennens. Bemerkungen zu du Bois-Reymonds Vortrag,” Philosophische Monatshefte 10 (1874): 414; Otto Köstlin, Ueber die Grenzen der Naturwissenschaft (Fues, 1874), 18, Tilmann Pesch, “Philosophische Bestrebungen im deutschen Kulturlager,” Stimmen aus Maria-Laach 8 (1875): 495; F[rançois] Moigno, “Nouvelles de la semaine,” Les Mondes 35, no. 8 (1874): 281–282; idem, La Foi et la science (Librairie des Mondes, 1875), 110–149; “Notes,” Popular Science Monthly 9 (May–October 1876): 127; Eduard Zeller, Vorträge und Abhandlungen (Fues, 1875–1884), 2: 527–550; Kalil T. Swain Oldham, The Doctrine of Description: Gustav Kirchhoff, Classical Physics, and the “Purpose of All Science” in 19th-Century Germany, PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2008, 316–325; Eduard von Hartmann, Gesammelte Studien und Aufsätze gemeinverständlichen Inhalts (Duncker, 1876), 433, 448–449; idem, Philosophie des Unbewußten (Duncker, 1876), 1: 432; Dietrich von Engelhardt, “Du Bois-Reymond ‘Über die Grenzen des Naturerkennens’—eine naturwissenschaftliche Kontroverse im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert,” Orvostörténeti Közlemények (Communicationes de Historia Artis Medicinae) 80 (1976): 19; idem, “Du Bois-Reymond im Urteil der zeitgenössischen Philosophie,” in Naturwissen und Erkenntnis im 19. Jahrhundert, ed. Gunter Mann (Gerstenberg, 1981), 194; Ludwig Noiré, “Lazar Geiger und der Monismus,” Allgemeine Zeitung, Nr. 320, 15 November 1876, Beilage, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 1 Nr. 8; Otto Vogel, Häckel und die monistische Weltanschauung (Koschny, 1877), 61; James Martineau, Essays, Reviews, and Addresses (Longmans, Green, 1890–91), 4: 257; Wilhelm von Kleist, [Wilhelm Dilthey], “Literaturbriefe,” Westermann’s Jahrbuch der Illustrirten Deutschen Monatshefte 39, no. 41 (1876): 555–560; Hermann Siebeck, Ueber das Bewußtsein als Schranke des Natur-Erkenntniss (Schulze, 1878), 18–19; David Friedrich Strauss, The Old Faith and the New (Henry Holt, 1873), xxi; “Philosophische Gesellschaft. 22. Februar: [Julius Hermann] von Kirchmann über die du Bois-Reymond’sche Rede in Betreff der Grenzen des Naturerkennens,” Vossische Zeitung, Nr. 12, 23 March 1873; “Philosophische Gesellschaft,” National-Zeitung, 26, Nr. 112, 7 March 1873, Abend-Ausgabe, Beiblatt; Johann Karl Becker, Die Grenze zwischen Philosophie und exacter Wissenschaft (Weidmann, 1876); James Sully, “The Limits of Philosophy,” The Academy 203 (25 March 1876): 289, reviewing Wilhelm Tobias, Grenzen der Philosophie, constatirt gegen Riemann und Helmholtz, vertheidigt gegen von Hartmann und Lasker (Müller, 1875); Josef Dietzgen, Kleinere philosophische Schriften (Dietz, 1903), 178; Franz Hoffmann, “Über die Grenzen des Naturerkennens. Zwei Recensionen,” Psychische Studien 1, no. 11 (1874): 504; Frankfurter Zeitung, 28 September 1877, Morgenblatt, reprinted in Haeckel, Freie, 103; Eugen Dühring, Kritische Geschichte der Philosophie von ihren Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (Fues, 1878), 519.

23. “Germany,” Illustrated Review 5, no. 55 (1873): 49–50; Albert Réville, “La nouvelle confession de foi de Docteur Strauss,” Revue des deux mondes 104, 43e année (1873): 263; “du Bois-Reymond: Ueber die Gränzen des Naturerkennens. I. Vom philosophischen Standpunkte eines Theologen. II. Vom theologischen Standpunkte eines Philosophen,” Magazin für die Literatur des Auslandes, 42, Nr. 2, 11 January 1873, 17–19, 42, Nr. 3, 18 January 1873, 35–36; Hermann Josef Dörpinghaus, “Darwins Theorie und der deutsche Vulgärmaterialismus im Urteil deutscher katholischer Zeitschriften zwischen 1854 und 1914, Inaugural dissertation, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität [Freiburg im Breisgau], 1969, 64; Ernest Naville, “La philosophie des fondateurs de la physique moderne. Deuxième et dernière partie,” Bibliothèque universelle et Revue suisse 53 (1875): 599–600; Hermann Ulrici, “Recensionen. Über die Gränzen des Naturerkennens,” Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik 63 (1873): 68–69, 79; Jürgen Bona Meyer, “Die Grenzen des Wissens,” Zeitschrift für die gebildete Welt 5 (1884): 171–173; Lange, Materialism, 2, part 2: 313, quoting Kant on Hume’s opponents; Franziska Tiburtius, Erinnerungen einer Achtzigjährigen (Schwetschke, 1929), 112–113; Keith Mims Anderton, The Limits of Science: A Social, Political, and Moral Agenda for Epistemology in Nineteenth Century Germany, PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1993, 215, quoting Isidor Kastan, “Studien-Erinnerungen. II. Emil Du Bois-Reymond,” National-Zeitung, 38, no. 528, 20 September 1885, Sonntags-Beilage and T., “Emil Du Bois-Reymond. Zum Rektoratwechsel der Berliner Universität am 15. Oktober,” Berliner Fremdenblatt, 5 October 1885.

24. Reden, 2: 93–94n1, 65–66. My translations are based on Emil du Bois-Reymond, “The Seven World-Problems,” Popular Science Monthly 20, no. 28 (1882): 433–447.

25. Dove, Schriftchen, 432; Reden, 2: 66–67.

26. Reden, 2: 67.

27. Reden, 2: 68–69; David Friedrich Strauss, The Old Faith and the New (Henry Holt, 1873), xvi–xxiii.

28. Reden, 2: 70.

29. Strauss, Faith, xxi; Haeckel, Perigenesis, 38–39; Rosemarie Nöthlich et al., “‘Ich acquirirte das Schwein sofort, ließ nach dem Niederstechen die Pfoten abhacken u. schickte dieselben an Darwin’—Der Briefwechsel von Otto Zacharias mit Ernst Haeckel (1874–1898),” Annals of the History of Philosophy of Biology 11 (2006): 217–228; Reden, 2: 71–73.

30. Emil Schiff, Aus dem naturwissenschaftlichen Jahrhundert (Reimer, 1902), 80; Reden, 2: 75–76.

31. Reden, 2: 77–78.

32. Reden, 2: 79, 511.

33. Reden, 2: 79–81.

34. Reden, 2: 80–82.

35. Reden, 2: 83–85.

36. Reden, 2: 86. Caius Sempronius Gracchus was a liberal Roman senator who wanted to extend the franchise to all Latin citizens. His political opponent, Lucius Optimus, used an illegal demonstration as a pretext to arrest and execute thousands of Caius’ supporters. The allusion to Bismarck’s Anti-Socialist Law of 1878 was obvious.

37. Reden, 2: 86–87. Cf. Figaro’s philosophy, The Marriage of Figaro, act V, scene 19: “Par le sort de la naissance, / L’un est roi, l’autre est berger: / Le hasard fit leur distance; / L’esprit seul peut tout changer. / De vingt rois que l’on encense, / Le trépas brise l’autel; / Et Voltaire est immortel.”

38. Reden, 2: 87–91; Mary Jo Nye, “The Moral Freedom of Man and the Determinism of Nature: The Catholic Synthesis of Science and History in the Revue des questions scientifiques,” British Journal for the History of Science 9, no. 3 (1976): 280–281, 290n38; Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge University Press, 1998), 150–159. The term “directing principle” was Claude Bernard’s.

39. UTE, 1: xxxv–xxxvi, 458–459; Reden, 2: 92–93, 1: 204; “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 32v; EdBR to HH, 25 March 1862, DeF, 202–203.

40. K. 8 M. 2 Nr. 1 Bl. 4; EdBR to JC, 15 July [18]80, 25 August [18]78, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; “Alpine Dangers,” Times, 3 September 1878; John Tyndall, “The Accident on the Cevedale Glacier,” Times, 5 September 1878; idem, “The Disaster on the Cevedale Glacier,” Times, 20 September 1878; “Alpine Accidents and Adventures in 1878,” Alpine Journal, 1 November 1878: 114–120; Carl Sachs, Aus den Llanos (Veit, 1879).

41. Jules Soury, Histoire des doctrines de psychologie physiologique contemporaines (Bureaux du Progrès médical, 1892), xv; Élie de Cyon, Dieu et science (Alcan, 1912); Pierre Janet and Gabriel Séailles, A History of the Problems of Philosophy, ed. Henry Jones (Macmillan, 1902), 2: 207; Gustav von Bunge, Lehrbuch der physiologischen und pathologischen Chemie (Vogel, 1894), 12; Eduard Hitzig, “The World and Brain,” International Quarterly 10 (October 1904–January 1905): 165–180, 319–348; Heinrich Boruttau, Emil du Bois-Reymond (Rikola, 1922), 9, 101; Ernst Below, “Du Bois-Reymond und die Metaphysik,” Die Kritik 10 (1897): 232.

42. Reviews he saw: “I sette enigmi del mondo. Conferenza fatta da Du Bois-Reymond. Esposizione sommaria del Meyer Vincenzo. Napoli: Enrico Detken, 1883,” Giornale Internazionale delle Scienze Mediche, 4, no. 11–12, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 5 M. 6 Nr. 2; L. Nicotra, “Conferenza immortale,” Gazzetta di Messina, Anno 21, Nr. 147, 23 June 1883, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 1 Nr. 9 and NN, “Der Sitz der Seele nach neueren Forschungen,” St. Petersburger Zeitung. Beiblatt, 159, Nr. 293, 20 October (1 November) 1885, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 8 M. 2 Nr. 11 Bl. 7. Reviews he didn’t: C. S., “Les sept énigmes du monde,” Revue philosophique 13, 7e année (January–June 1882): 180–184; J. H. W. Stuckenberg, “du Bois-Reymond’s Seven Riddles of Natural Science,” Independent 34, no. 1757, 3 August 1882; Otto Kuttner, “Die Bedeutung der regulativen Ideen Kants: Die Atomistik,” Altpreussiche Monatsschrift 22 (1885): 59–75. The clipping: Julius Hermann von Kirchmann, “Ist der Mensch frei?” National-Zeitung, Morgen-Ausgabe, 34, Nr. 116, 10 March 1881; Nr. 120, 12 March 1881, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 5 M. 6 Nr. 23.

43. [Julius Ludwig] A[ugust] Koch, “Emil du Bois-Reymonds sieben Welträthsel,” Allgemeine Zeitung, Beilage, Nr. 113, 23 April 1882, 9–1660, Nr. 114, 24 April 1882, 1666–1667; Philipp Gutmann, “Julius Ludwig August Koch (1841–1908): Christian, Philosopher and Psychiatrist,” History of Psychiatry 19, no. 2 (2008): 202–214; William Barry, “The Battle of Theism: The Great Enigmas of the World,” Dublin Review 12, no. 11 (1884): 274–275; Ludwig Dressel, Der belebte und unbelebte Stoff nach neuesten Forschungs-Ergebnissen (Herder, 1883), 197; A. Zosimus, “Ignoramus: ‘Wir wissen es nicht!’ oder: Die sieben Welt-Räthsel,” Die Neue Zeit, Nr. 10 (postmarked New York, 24 September [1882]), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 1 Nr. 11; Theodor Weber, “Du Bois-Reymond’s sieben Welträthsel,” Philosophische Monatshefte 19 (1883): 80–98, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 5 M. 6 Nr. 25; idem, Emil du Bois-Reymond (Perthes, 1885); Granville Stanley Hall, Aspects of German Culture (Osgood, 1881), 236; Karl Pearson, “Politics and Science,” Fortnightly Review 56, no. 333 (1894): 336–337; Eduard Friedrich Wilhelm Pflüger, Die allgemeine Lebenserscheinungen (Strauss, 1889), 11; Ernst Haeckel, “Entgegnung,” Deutsche Rundschau 29 (October–December 1881): 163; idem, Perigenesis, 23n17; idem, Freie, 86–87; idem, Riddle, 102–103, 181.

44. Franz Mehring, review of Ernst Haeckel, Die Welträtsel, Die Neue Zeit 18, no. 1 (1899–1900): 417–421; Dietzgen, Schriften, 173–174; Vladimir I. Lenin, Materialism and Empirio-Criticism (University Press of the Pacific, 2002); Engelhardt, “Urteil,” 195–197; Max Nordau, Degeneration (Appleton, 1895), 107–108; W. Hartenau [Walter Rathenau], “Ignorabimus,” Die Zukunft 25 (19 March 1898): 524–136; G[eorg] Gadow, Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft und Herr Dubois-Reymond (Fehsenfeld, 1883), 11; Wilhelm Bölsche, “Die Grenzen des Naturerkennens. Zum 100. Geburtstag du Bois-Reymonds,” Reclams Universum 35, no. 5 (1918): 79–80; idem, “Du Bois-Reymond,” Das Magazin für Litteratur 66, no. 2 (1897): 41–42; Moritz von Reymond, Das neue Laienbrevier des Häckelismus (Frobeen, 1880), 18–25; Paul Bourget, Le Disciple (Lemerre, 1891), 21–22; Gerhart Hauptmann, Einsame Menschen (Fischer, 1891); Arno Holz, Ignorabimus (Reissner, 1913); Alexander C. T. Geppert, “Okkultismus als Anti-Ignorabimus: Zur Geschichte einer epistemischen Mesalliance, 1872–1893,” in Weltanschauung, Philosophie und Naturwissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert. Band 3: Der Ignorabimus-Streit, ed. Kurt Bayertz, Myriam Gerhard, and Walter Jaeschke (Meiner, 2007), 276–279; Gottfried Benn, Ithaka (1914), in German Expressionist Plays, ed. Ernst Schürer (Continuum, 2005), 21; George F. Kennan, “The Curious Monsieur Cyon,” The American Scholar 55 (1986): 458.

45. Theta, “Das Weltproblem,” Neue Freie Presse, Abendblatt, Nr. 6305, 16 March 1882; Johannes Rehmke, in Anderton, Limits, 505–506; Afrikan Spir, Studien (Findel, 1883), 1–10; Christian von Ehrenfels, “Metaphysische Ausführungen im Anschlüsse an Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Klasse der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien 112 (1886): 483–484; Ernst Mach, Popular Scientific Lectures (Open Court, 1895), 208.

46. Ernst Mach, The Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of the Physical to the Psychical (Dover, 1959), 313–314; Otto Liebmann, Zur Analysis der Wirklichkeit. Philosophische Untersuchungen (Trübner, 1876), 187–188; Paul Carus, “Ignoramus and Inveniemus, Not Ignorabimus or Invenimus,” The Open Court 2, no. 34 (1888): 903; Fritz Mauthner, Beiträge zu einer Kritik der Sprache. Erster Band: Zur Sprache und zur Psychologie (Cotta, 1906), 235, 293–294; Paul Volkmann, Erkenntnistheoretische Grundzüge der Naturwissenschaften und Ihre Beziehungen zum Geistesleben der Gegenwart (Teubner, 1910), 224; Heinrich Rickert, Die Grenzen der Naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung (Mohr, 1896), 8–9; Alois Riehl, Der philosophische Kritizismus (Engelmann, 1908), 1: 78; idem, Zur Einführung in die Philosophie der Gegenwart (Teubner, 1903), 153; Abel Rey, La théorie de la physique chez les physiciens contemporains (Alcan, 1907), 222–232; idem, La philosophie moderne (Flammarion, 1908), 142; George Sarton, “Une nouvelle société positiviste internationale,” Isis 1, no. 1 (1913), 107–110; Rudolf Carnap, Hans Hahn, and Otto Neurath, “Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung—Der Wiener Kreis” (1929), in Otto Neurath, Wissenschaftliche Weltauffassung, Sozialismus und Logischer Empirismus, ed. Rainer Hegselmann (Suhrkamp, 1979), 87; Philipp Franck, “Was bedeuten die gegenwärtigen physikalischen Theorien für die allgemeine Erkenntnislehre?” Erkenntnis 1 (1930–1931): 128; Richard von Mises, “Über das naturwissenschaftliche Weltbild der Gegenwart,” Naturwissenschaften 18, no. 43 (1930): 892; Moritz Schlick, The Problems of Philosophy in Their Interconnection (Reidel, 1987), 40–53; Ludwig Wittgenstein, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Routledge, 2001), §§6.5–6.51.

47. Ernst Mach, Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwickelung historisch-kritisch Dargestellt (Brockhaus, 1883), 436; idem, Analysis, 366; Wilhelm Ostwald, “The Failure of Scientific Materialism. An Address Delivered Before the Third General Session of the Meeting of the Society of German Naturalists and Physicians at Lübeck on September 20, 1895,” Popular Science Monthly 48, no. 41 (1896): 594–595; Ernst Cassirer, Determinism and Indeterminism in Modern Physics (Yale University Press and Oxford University Press, 1956); Antonio Aliotta, The Idealist Reaction Against Science (Macmillan, 1914), 354–373; Robert J. Deltete, “Thermodynamics in Wilhelm Ostwald’s Physical Chemistry,” Philosophy of Science 77, no. 5 (2010): 888–899; David C. McCarty, “Problems and Riddles: Hilbert and the Du Bois-Reymonds,” Synthese 147, no. 1 (2005): 63–79; Neil Tennant, “Mind, Mathematics and the Ignorabimusstreit,” British Journal for the History of Philosophy 15, no. 4 (2007): 745–753; Michael Friedman, A Parting of the Ways (Open Court, 2000); Edward Skidelsky, Ernst Cassirer (Princeton University Press, 2008).

48. Wilhelm Dilthey, Introduction to the Human Sciences, ed. Rudolf A. Makkreel, Frithjof Rodi (Princeton University Press, 1989), 61–66; Friedrich Meinecke, “Vergleichung der Geschichts- und Naturwissenschaften hinsichtlich ihrer Methoden” (1886), in Werke (Oldenbourg, 1965), 4: 3–29; Friedrich Nietzsche, Jenseits von Gut und Böse (Naumann, 1886), §§12, 18, 19. Nietzsche’s snide remark didn’t dissuade him from borrowing du Bois-Reymond’s idea of an “astronomer of the soul” who could calculate the moment when Europe lost its faith in providence. The Gay Science, ed. Bernard Williams (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 218.

49. The Correspondence of William James, ed. Ignas K. Skrupskelis and Elizabeth M. Berkeley (University Press of Virginia, 1992–2004), 4: 226, 351n6, 259–261, 338–339, 302; William James, “Vorlesungen über Physiologie von Du Bois Reymond. Berlin, 1867–8,” William James Papers, bMS Am 1092.9 (#4535), Houghton Library, Harvard College Library, Harvard University; Ralph Barton Perry, The Thought and Character of William James (Vanderbilt University Press, 1996), 323; William James, Review of Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychologie by Wilhelm Wundt (1875), in Essays, Comments, and Reviews (Harvard University, 1987), 296–303; idem, “The Brain and the Mind” (1878), in Manuscript Lectures (Harvard University Press, 1988), 26–29; idem, “Are We Automata?” Mind 4, no. 13 (1879): 5; idem, “Remarks on Spencer’s Definition of Mind as Correspondence,” in Collected Essays and Reviews (Longmans, Green, 1920), 61; idem, “The Sentiment of Rationality,” in Collected Essays and Reviews (Longmans, Green, 1920), 119; idem, “Great Men and Their Environment,” in The Will to Believe (Longmans, Green, 1919), 219; idem, “The Feeling of Effort,” in Collected Essays and Reviews (Longmans, Green, 1920), 216; idem, “Reflex Action and Theism. Address Delivered to the Unitarian Minister’s Institute at Princeton, Mass., 1881,” in The Will to Believe (Longmans, Green, 1919), 112; idem, “On Some Hegelisms” (1882), in The Will to Believe (Longmans, Green, 1919), 271; idem, “The Dilemma of Determinism” (1884), in The Will to Believe (Longmans, Green, 1919), 146–147, 152, 155–157, 169, 171, 173–174. James continued to allude to du Bois-Reymond’s riddles and enigmas in idem, “Is Life Worth Living?” (1895), in The Will to Believe (Longmans, Green, 1919), 32–62; idem, “Preface to Paulsen’s Introduction to Philosophy,” in Essays in Philosophy, ed. Frederick Burkhardt, Fredson Bowers, Ignas K. Skrupskelis (Harvard University Press, 1978), 91; and idem, Pragmatism (Longmans, Green, 1907), 239.

50. James, “Dilemma,” 166, 173–174; idem, “Reflex Action,” 126; idem, Pragmatism, 57; Correspondence, 4: 367–368; John Theodore Merz, A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century (Blackwood, 1896–1912), 3: 599n1. This recalls the end of Candide.

51. John Ruskin, Modern Painters (Wiley, 1887), 1: 41.

52. Lange, Materialism, 2, part 2: 316–317. As an example of the latter, see the doctoral thesis of the Belgian academic Charles Saroléa, La liberté et le déterminisme dans leurs rapports avec la théorie de l’évolution (Weissenbruch, 1893), 94, which claimed “Au fond, ce prétendu monisme est un dualisme plus radical encore que le dualisme spiritualiste; c’est la séparation absolue du physique et du mental, le mental n’étant que l’ombre du physique, un phénomène surajouté.”

53. Haeckel, Sethe, 72–78; idem, Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (Reimer, 1866), 1: 96; Di Gregorio, Eternity, 61. Haeckel mistakenly claimed in the spring of 1860 that “all the Berlin magnates (with the exception of Alexander Braun)” opposed Darwin’s theory. Wilhelm Bölsche, Haeckel (Fisher Unwin, 1906), 131.

54. Anton Dohrn wrote him off as “a big baby.” AD to EdBR, 17 May 1883, Dohrn letters, 241–248. Du Bois-Reymond, “Goethe und kein Ende,” 178; “La Mettrie,” 538; “Über die Übung,” 129; “Wissenschaftliche Zustände,” 143, 151. Du Bois-Reymond denied Haeckel’s application to the Humboldt-Stiftung for an expedition to the tropics in favor of Victor Hensen. Du Bois-Reymond also funded Haeckel’s student Max Verworn. EdBR to TM, 20 June 1894, 2 July 1894, Nachlaß Mommsen, Bl. 87–88; EdBR to HH, Berlin, 7 May 1881, DeF, 264; Otis, Lab, 218; Richards, Romantic, 345. Haeckel accused Hensen of going on a cruise through the Caribbean, but this description applied as much to Haeckel’s own trip to Ceylon. Ernst Haeckel, Plankton-Studien (Fischer, 1890), 72, 97n1.

55. The title in the original has “Riddles” in the plural. Haeckel, Riddle, 16. Friedrich Paulsen said that he read the book with “burning shame.” “Haeckel als Philosoph,” Preußische Jahrbücher 101 (1900): 72.

56. He claimed that he never studied Hegel, Kant, Herbart, or Schopenhauer, even though he was familiar with their works. Schultz, “du Bois-Reymond,” 298. Spencer left him cold. Isisdor Rosenthal, “du Bois-Reymond, Emile Heinrich,” Biographisches Jahrbuch und Deutscher Nekrolog, ed. Anton Bettelheim (Reimer, 1897), 1 (1896): 129–130.

57. “Geschichte der Wissenschaft,” 438; EdBR to Gerhard Berthold, 14 August 1874, Dannemann, “Briefwechsel,” 270–271; Herneck, Reden, 1: 245–247.

58. “Goethe und kein Ende,” 164; EdBR to Eugen Dreher, 3 October 1889, in Dreher, Grundlagen, 113–115.

59. Closing off what he had called 36 years earlier “the egotistical direction of epistemology.” EdBR to Gerhard Berthold, 14 August 1874, Dannemann, “Briefwechsel,” 270–271. “Le Ignorabimus de Dubois constitue ici une pièce à conviction de la philosophie devant le tribunal de l’histoire de la pensée.” Zoh, “Dubois Reymond,” 125. See also Rudolf Malter, “‘Kausalitätstrieb’ und Erkenntnisschranke. Zur philosophischen Grundposition Emil du Bois-Reymonds,” in Naturwissen und Erkenntnis im 19. Jahrhundert, ed. Gunter Mann (Gerstenberg, 1981), 63–64, which repeats the arguments of Theodor Weber, Emil du Bois-Reymond (Perthes, 1885).

60. Franck, “Erkenntnislehre,” 128, cited in Stöltzner, “Kreis,” 139; Emil du Bois-Reymond, Vorträge über Philosophie und Gesellschaft, ed. Siegfried Wollgast (Meiner, 1974), xxxiii; Anderton, “Limits”; Vidoni, Ignorabimus!, 137–156; Reichenberger, “Schachzug.”

61. Über die Grenzens des Naturerkennens. Die sieben Welträthsel. Zwei Reden (Veit, 1907), 7, 11, replying to Theodor Weber.

62. Reden, 2: 94.

63. Friedrich Albert Lange, Geschichte des Materialismus und Kritik seiner Bedeutung in der Gegenwart (Baedeker, 1873–1875), 2, part 2: 157–158.

64. On Kant, see Renate Wahsner, “Debatten über die Grenzen des Naturerkennens vor dem Ignorabimus-Streit,” in Weltanschauung, Philosophie und Naturwissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert. Band 3: Der Ignorabimus-Streit, ed. Kurt Bayertz, Myriam Gerhard, and Walter Jaeschke (Meiner, 2007), 36–62. “And I see all our search for knowledge is vain, / And this burns my heart with bitter pain.” Goethe, Faust, Part One, 15, lines 364–365; “Man is born not to solve the problems of the universe, but to find out where the problem begins, and then to restrain himself within the limits of the comprehensible.” Goethe, 15 October 1825, Conversations, 1: 272. Cf. “Goethe und kein Ende,” 164. On Müller, see Physiologie des Gesichtssinnes, 49–50, cited in Wollgast, ed., Vorträge, xviii. On Schlegel, see Georgia Albert, “Understanding Irony: Three essais on Friedrich Schlegel,” MLN 108, no. 5 (1993): 825–848.

65. John Tyndall, “Physics and Metaphysics,” Saturday Review, 4 August 1860, reprinted in “Virchow and Evolution,” 393–394. See also idem, “Scientific Materialism” (1868), in Fragments of Science (Appleton, 1897), 2: 86.

66. Or Rousseau’s illumination of Vincennes. Tyndall wrote that he was talking to “Dr. Debus.” Heinrich Debus or E. Heinrich du Bois? Tyndall, “Virchow and Evolution,” 388; idem, 21 June 1855, Journals, 3: 759–763, Tyndall papers, 4/E10, quoted in Barton, “Pantheist,” 129. Later in his essay Tyndall used du Bois-Reymond’s metaphor of shipwreck: “Thus the plank which Blair’s mechanical theory of the resurrection brought momentarily into sight, disappeared, and I was again cast abroad on the waste ocean of speculation.” “Virchow and Evolution,” 384.

67. EdBR to JC, 12 May 1855, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5. Du Bois-Reymond complained that Tyndall “once again presented an example of a personality that is hard to stand.” Although he credited Tyndall for public expositions, du Bois-Reymond maintained that he had broached the inexplicability of consciousness in his 1861 lectures. Reden, 1: 472n29. In distinction, Huxley’s interest in the limits of science was a topic to which he had given long thought. Thomas Henry Huxley, Lessons in Elementary Physiology (Macmillan, 1868), 210; Leonard Huxley, The Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley (Appleton, 1909), 1: 11, 262, quoted in C. U. M. Smith, “Thomas Henry Huxley and Neuroscience,” Physis 38, no. 2 (1999): 364.

68. Charles Kingsley, The Limits of Exact Science as Applied to History (Macmillan, 1860); Henry Longueville Mansel, The Limits of Religious Thought Examined in Eight Lectures Delivered Before the University of Oxford, in the Year MDCCCLVIII, on The Bampton Foundation (Gould and Lincoln, 1859).

69. Du Bois heard Kingsley speak at the Royal Institution, and Mansel inspired Huxley’s agnosticism. EdBR to JC, 24 April 1866, Dep. 5 K. 11 Nr. 5; Bernard Lightman, “Henry Longueville Mansel and the Origins of Agnosticism,” History of European Ideas 5, no. 1 (1984): 45–64; idem, The Origins of Agnosticism (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987). As du Bois-Reymond pointed out, one could just as easily take John Locke’s discussion of the “Extent of Human Knowledge” as the source. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690; Clarendon, 1894), 2: Book IV, ch. 3, §13, 202; Reden, 2: 76. Darwin also considered the origin of life and of sensation as mysteries. Smith, “Darwin,” 258.

70. EdBR to his parents, 25 June 1851, Dep. 5 K. 11 M. 5 Bl. 11; Ellen du Bois-Reymond, “El Arenal,” Dep. 5, K. 12, Nr. 299, 27; Denis Diderot, Lettre sur les aveugles, ed. Marian Hobson and Simon Harvey (Flammarion, 2000), 82; Denis Diderot to Sophie Volland, 15 October 1759, Oeuvres complètes de Diderot, ed. Jules Assésat and Maurice Tourneux (Garnier Frères, 1875–1877), 18: 407–409; Wahsner, “Debatten,” 50–53; Voltaire, “The Ignorant Philosopher” (1766), in The Works of Voltaire (DuMont, 1901), 35: 227–229; idem, “Les Colimaçons du Révérend Père L’Escarbotier, par la grâce de Dieu capucin indigne prédicateur ordinaire et cuisinier du grand couvent de la ville de Clermont en Auvergne” (1768), in Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire (Garnier, 1877–1883), 27: 213–226; idem, “Bornes de l’esprit humain” (1770), in Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire Garnier, 1877–1883), 18: 19–20; Hahn, “Laplace.”

71. “A machine does not think; there is neither movement nor form which can produce reflection.” Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Émile, ou, de l’éducation (Néaulme, 1762), 3: 68; Blaise Pascal, The Thoughts on Religion, and Evidences of Christianity (Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans, 1850), 64, 66–67; idem, Pensées and Other Writings (Oxford University Press, 1995), 28; Vyverberg, Pessimism, 60–61; Baker, Condorcet, 368; Wahsner, “Debatten,” 47–50.

72. And in his major work, Port-Royal (1837–1859; Gallimard, 1953–1955); cf. Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve, “Pensées de Pascal, édition nouvelle avec notes et commentaires, par M. E. Havet” (1852), in Causeries de lundi (Garnier, [1948]), 5: 523–539.

73. EdBR to his parents, 26 July 1838, Dep. 5 K. 10 Nr. 3.

74. UTE, 1: xl–xli. My translation is based on Lange, Materialism, 2, part 2: 378.

75. UTE, 1: xlii–xlii. Du Bois-Reymond quotes the poet Emanuel Geibel, “An Clara Kugler,” Gedichte (Duncker 1847), iii–vi. For a critique, see Aliotta, Reaction, 376.

76. “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 32r–32v; Bl. 37v–38r; Bl. 38r–39r; EdBR to HH, 25 March 1862, DeF, 202–203; EdBR to Gerhard Berthold, 14 August 1874, Dannemann, “Briefwechsel,” 270–271; see also “Culturgeschichte,” 595.

77. Roger Shattuck, Forbidden Knowledge (St. Martin’s, 1996); Reden, 1: 332, 388, 437.

78. Ernst Florey, “Das 5. Welträtsel—Ignorabimus? Über die Unmöglichkeit, bewußtes Empfinden physiologisch zu erklären,” in Festschrift zum 100. Todestag von Emil du Bois-Reymond (1818–1896) (Akademie, 1996), 168; Reden, 2: 89–90, 500–502; Georg Domin, “Einige philosophiehistorische Fragen zu den theoretischen Auseinandersetzungen Emil du Bois-Reymonds,” in Naturwissenschaft, Tradition, Fortschritt. Beiheft zu NTM, ed. Gerhard Harig and Alexander Mette (VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1963), 115; Ernst Cassirer, Substance and Function, and Einstein’s Theory of Relativity (1923; Dover, 2003), 159–162; idem, Determinism, 3–10, 48–49, 62–65, 149–152; Daniel Patrick Thurs, “Myth 22: That Quantum Physics Demonstrated the Doctrine of Free Will,” in Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths About Science and Religion, ed. Ronald L. Numbers (Harvard University Press, 2009), 196–205; Geoffrey LaForte, Patrick J. Hayes, Kenneth M. Ford, “Why Gödel’s Theorem Cannot Refute Computationalism,” Artificial Intelligence 104 (1998): 265–286. Cassirer took quantum mechanics for confirmation of idealism and positivism, which it isn’t; he assumed du Bois-Reymond to be a naive realist and materialist, which he wasn’t; and worst of all, he passed off du Bois-Reymond’s language and arguments as his own.

79. Reden, 2: 73, 1: 530–531, 2: 170–172; Stephen Gaukroger, “The Resources of a Mechanist Physiology and the Problem of Goal-Directed Processes,” in Descartes’ Natural Philosophy, ed. Stephen Gaukroger, John Schuster, and John Sutton (Routledge, 2000), 383–400; “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 32v. Willkür means “arbitrariness” but can also translate as “despotism” or “caprice.”

80. For example, Max Planck, Wege zur physikalischen Erkenntnis (Hirzel, 1933), 118, as well as his attacks on anthropomorphism; Erwin Schrödinger, Nature and the Greeks, and Science and Humanism (1954; Canto, 1996), 95; Peter B. Medawar, Advice to a Young Scientist (Basic Books, 1981), 90–91; Gerald Holton, The Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought (Harvard University Press, 1988), 99–146; Colin McGinn, The Problem of Consciousness (Blackwell, 1991); Thomas Nagel, “Conceiving the Impossible and the Mind-Body Problem,” Philosophy 73, no. 285 (1998): 337–352; Jaegwon Kim, Mind in a Physical World (MIT, 1998). Philosophers are particularly guilty of passing off du Bois-Reymond’s ideas as their own. See Tennant, “Mind.”

81. Jean-Paul Sartre, La Nausée (Gallimard, 1938); Frederick Jackson Turner, The Frontier in American History (Holt, 1921); Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams (Modern Library, 1996), 429; Ivan Turgenev, Smoke (1867; Turtle Point, 1995), 23–24, 30; Theodor Fontane, Effi Briest (Reclam, 2002); Heinrich Mann, “Neue Romantik,” Die Gegenwart 42, no. 29 (1892): 40–42; Hermann Broch, The Unknown Quantity (1933; Northwestern University Press, 1988), 55; Pío Baroja y Nessi, The Tree of Knowledge (1911; Fertig, 1974); idem, Youth and Egolatry (Knopf, 1920), 33; Miguel de Unamuno, “My Religion,” in Essays and Soliloquies (Knopf, 1925), 156; Gustave Flaubert, Bouvard and Pécuchet (Penguin, 1976), 286; Stanislaw Lem, Solaris (1961; Harcourt Brace, 2002), with its reference to the Ignorabimus debate, its character “Sartorius,” and its Doppelgänger.

82. Leslie Stephen, An Agnostic’s Apology and Other Essays (Putnam; Smith, Elder, 1903), 5; Thomas H. Huxley, Man’s Place in Nature and Other Anthropological Essays (Appleton, 1894), xi; Virginia Woolf, “Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown” (1923), in The Virginia Woolf Reader, ed. Mitchell Alexander Leaska (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984), 194. Haeckel’s assessment has been mindlessly repeated. See Eduard von Hartmann, Philosophische Fragen der Gegenwart (Friedrich, 1885), 42; Ernst Mach, Populär-wissenschaftliche Vorlesungen (Barth, 1903), 403; Paul Tillich, Theology of Culture (Oxford University Press, 1968), 171; Wolf Lepenies, Between Literature and Science (Cambridge University Press; Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l’homme, 1988), 272; idem, “Between Social Science and Poetry in Germany,” Poetics Today 9, no. 1 (1988): 120; Anderton, “Limits,” 362.

83. Philipp Frank, Einstein (1947; Da Capo, 2002), 45–48; Wilhelm Wundt, Die physikalischen Axiome und ihre Beziehung zum Causalprincip (Enke, 1866); Ernst Mach, History and Root of the Principle of the Conservation of Energy (Open Court, 1911); UTE, 1: xxv–l; idem, Reden, 2: 170–171; for the strength of liberalism, see Steven Beller, ed., Rethinking Vienna 1900 (Berghahn Books, 2001); Andrew Lees, Cities, Sin, and Social Reform in Imperial Germany (University of Michigan Press, 2002); Jennifer Jenkins, Provincial Modernity (Cornell University Press, 2003); Deborah R. Coen, Vienna in the Age of Uncertainty (University of Chicago Press, 2007).

84. “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 27v, 29v.

85. Reden, 2: 99–140; “Über den Sitz der Seele, nach neueren Forschungen,” Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 8 M. 2 Nr. 11; Sigmund Exner to EdBR, 17 November 1881, SD 3c 1881 (9); “Vortrag Du Bois-Reymond’s über den Sitz der Seele,” Coblenzer Volkszeitung 13, Nr. 71, 26 March 1884; Nr. 72, 27 March 1884, Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 4 M. 1 Nr. 10; “Findings of Contemporary Science” (1864), Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 12 M. 8 Nr. 11 Bl. 39v–40r; Reden, 2: 498–499 and especially 508, where du Bois-Reymond pointed out Kant’s misunderstanding of science. Georges Canguilhem later equated mechanism with German arrogance, an error motivated by his experience in the French Resistance.

86. His last entry in his laboratory notebooks was dated 5 March 1895. Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 10 Nr. 18 S. 101–102; EdBR to JC, 18 and 23 June 1892, 17 May 1893, 17 June 1893, 24 June 1895, EdBR to CL, 28 September 1894, TGS, 119–120; Anna von Helmholtz to Ida von Mohl, Good Friday [1895], 13 July 1896, 30 December 1896, Anna von Helmholtz, ed. Ellen von Siemens-Helmholtz (Verlag für Kulturpolitik, 1929), 2: 107, 125, 130; EdBR to TM, 1 April 1895, 26 August 1895, Nachlaß Mommsen, Bl. 69, 94; EdBR to Claude du Bois-Reymond, 27 May 1895, SD 3k 1841 (3) Bl. 94; “Court Circular,” Birmingham Daily Post, no. 11708, 26 December 1895; EdBR to Max Rubner, 23 June 1896, Nachlaß Max Rubner, III Abt, Rep. 8, Signatur 45, Archiv zur Geschichte der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin; “Eigenhändige Briefkonzepte und Notizen,” Nachlaß du Bois-Reymond, K. 1 M. 4; “Allemagne,” Journal de Genève 67, no. 165, 14 July 1896, 3; Carl A. Ewald, “Emil du Bois-Reymond†,” Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift 34, no. 1 (1897): 1–3; S[amuel] J[ames] Meltzer, “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Science, n.s. 5, no. 110 (1897): 217–219; G. Krause, “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Chemiker-Zeitung 20, no. 105 (1896): 1035; Carl Euler, “Emil du Bois-Reymond,” Illustrirte Zeitung, no. 2793 (1897): 44.

87. Standard, 29 December 1896, 5; “E. du Bois-Reymond†,” National-Zeitung, 29 December 1896; “Die Trauerfeier für Professor du Bois-Reymond,” National-Zeitung, 30 December 1896, GStA, I/76 Va Sekt. 2 Tit. 4 Nr. 46 Bd. 13, 1894–1897, Bl. 291–292. During the Second World War his grave was consolidated with those of his parents. Robert Violet, archivist of the Consistorium der Französischen Kirche zu Berlin, personal communication, 11 July 2011. A monument to du Bois-Reymond was proposed for the courtyard in front of the university, but it came to nothing. “About People,” Outlook 55, no. 7 (1897): 522.

88. Vigil, The Georgics (Penguin, 1982), 91–93, quoted in Reden, 1: 597.

89. Reden, 2: 39.