Being a dog emerged from conversations, interviews, classes, and experiences with dogs and people who work with or think about smell. On the person side, this includes Jonathan Ball, George Berger, John Buechsenstein, Noah Charney, Brent Craven, Annemarie DeAngelo, Bob Dougherty, Charley Eiseman, Stuart Firestein, Simon Gadbois, Avery Gilbert, Leta Herman, Pat Kaynaroglu, Raymond Matts, Alana McGee, Kate Mclean, Cindy Otto, George Preti, Kristin Rosenbach, Leslie Vosshall, and Sam Wasser.
Many books on smell served as reference, inspiration, and merely good riffling. I recommend them all:
Ackerman, D. 1990. A natural history of the senses. New York: Vintage Books.
Doty, R. L., ed. 2003. Handbook of olfaction and gustation, 2nd ed. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
Drobnick, J. ed. 2006. The smell culture reader. Oxford: Berg.
Feigel, L., ed. 2006. A Nosegay: A literary journey from the fragrant to the fetid. London: Old Street Publishing.
Gerritsen, R., and R. Haak. 2015. K9 Scent training: A manual for training your identification, tracking, and detection dog. Canada: Brush Education.
Gilbert, A. 2008. What the nose knows: The science of scent in everyday life. New York: Crown Publishers.
Henshaw, V. 2013. Urban smellscapes: Understanding and designing city smell environments. London: Routledge.
Rezendes, P. 1999. Tracking and the art of seeing: How to read animal tracks and sign. New York: HarperCollins.
Rouby, C., B. Schaal, D. Dubois, R. Gervais, and A. Holley, eds. 2002. Olfaction, taste, and cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Additional sources for each chapter are listed below. (I also include additional notes here and there, for the extra-interested reader.)
2: SMELLER
on dogs’ sensitivity in finding banana, butyric acid, and human odors:
Walker, D. B., J. C. Walker, P. J. Cavnar, J. L. Taylor, D. H. Pickel, S. B. Hall, and J. C. Suarez. 2006. Naturalistic quantification of canine olfactory sensitivity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 97, 241–254.
Neuhaus, W., and S. R. Lindsay. 2000. Handbook of applied dog behavior and training, Vol. 1: Adaptation and learning. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Publishing.
Sulimov, K. T., V. I. Starovoitov, T. F. Moiseeva, I. I. Poletaeva, and E. P. Zinkevich. 1995. Dogs distinguish by scent quantitatively different mixtures of three higher fatty acids. Sensory Systems, 9, 99–102.
on following scent trails:
Sommerville, B., and M. Green. 1989. The sniffing detective. New Scientist, 122, 54–57.
Discovery Channel show
MythBusters: “Dog Myths.” Aired March 14, 2007.
five footsteps
Hepper, P. G., and D. L. Wells. 2005. How many footsteps do dogs need to determine the direction of an odour trail? Chemical Senses, 30, 291–298.
scent-identification lineups:
Schoon, G. A. A. 1996. Scent identification lineups by dogs (Canis familiaris): Experimental design and forensic application. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 49, 257–267.
Bradshaw, J. 2011. Dog sense: How the new science of dog behavior can make you a better friend to your pet. New York: Basic Books.
anal sac research:
Preti, G., E. L. Muetterties, J. M. Furman, J. J. Kennelly, and B. E. Johns. 1976. Volatile constituents of dog (Canis familiaris) and coyote (Canis latrans) anal sacs. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2, 177–186.
Doty, R. L., and I. Dunbar. 1974. Attraction of beagles to conspecific urine, vaginal and anal sac secretion odors. Physiology & Behavior, 12, 825–833.
smell of fox:
Doty 2003.
females sniff faces first:
Bradshaw 2011.
apocrine glands on pads of dogs’ feet:
Hepper, P., and D. Wells. 2015. Olfaction in the Order Carnivora: Family Canidae. In R. L. Doty, ed. 2015. Handbook of olfaction and gustation, 3rd ed (pp. 591–603). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
other animals’ urine-marking:
SNOWSHOE HARES:
Rezendes 1999; Liebenberg, L. 1990. A field guide to the animal tracks of Southern Africa. South Africa: David Philip Publishers.
RHINO AND HIPPO:
Watson, L. 2000. Jacobson’s organ and the remarkable nature of smell. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
BUSH DOG:
Porton, I. 1983. Bush dog urine-marking: Its role in pair formation and maintenance. Animal Behaviour, 31, 1061–1069.
mice counter-marking:
Rich, T. J., and J. L. Hurst. 1999. The competing countermarks hypothesis: Reliable assessment of competitive ability by potential mates. Animal Behaviour, 58, 1027–1037.
Ferkin, M. H., and A. A. Pierce. 2007. Perspectives on over-marking: Is it good to be on top? Journal of Ethology, 25, 107–116.
the “Law of Urination”:
Yang, P. J., J. C. Pham, J. Choo, and D. L. Hu. 2014. Duration of urination does not change with body size. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111, 11932–11937.
domestic dog marking behavior:
Berthoud, D. 2010. Communication through scents: Environmental factors affecting the urine marking behaviour of the domestic dog, Canis familiaris, kept as a pet. PhD thesis, Anglia Ruskin University.
Lisberg, A. E., and C. T. Snowdon. 2011. Effects of sex, social status and gonadectomy on countermarking by domestic dogs, Canis familiaris. Animal Behaviour, 81, 757–764.
objects and style of scent-rolling:
Gosling, L. M., and H. V. McKay. 1990. Scent-rubbing and status signalling by mammals. Chemoecology, 1, 92–95.
Koler-Matznick, J., I. Lehr Brisbin Jr., and M. Feinstein. 2005. An ethogram for the New Guinea Singing (Wild) Dog (Canis hallstromi). The New Guinea Singing Dog Conservation Society, U.S.A.
theories of scent-rolling:
Drea, C. M., S. N. Vignieri, S. B. Cunningham, and S. E. Glickman. 2002. Responses to olfactory stimuli in spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta): Investigation of environmental odors and the function of rolling. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 116, 331–341.
McCormick, J. 1993. In praise of stinks. The Lancet, 341, 1126–1127.
Ryon, J., J. C. Fentress, F. H. Harrington, and S. Bragdon. 1986. Scent rubbing in wolves (Canis lupus): the effect of novelty. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 64, 573–577.
soldiers returning home:
see e.g., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eZ6oS5dUT30
Gallup Jr., G. G. 1970. Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science, 167, 86–87; Plotnik, J. M., F. B. M. de Waal, and D. Reiss. 2006. Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103, 17053–17057; Reiss, D., and L. Marino. 2001. Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 5937–5942.
study of dog urine in snow:
Bekoff, M. 2001. Observations of scent-marking and discriminating self from others by a domestic dog (Canis familiaris): Tales of displaced yellow snow. Behavioural Processes, 55, 75–79.
smells in wind:
Hull, J. M. 1990. Touching the rock: An experience of blindness. New York: Vintage Books.
smell of storm approaching:
Ackerman 1990. From Ackerman’s observation about cows’ anticipatory behavior before a storm.
3: SNIFFING THE WIND
right- and left-nostril sniffing:
Siniscalchi, M., R. Sasso, A. M. Pepe, S. Dimatteo, G. Vallortigara, and A. Quaranta. 2011. Sniffing with the right nostril: Lateralization of response to odour stimuli by dogs. Animal Behaviour, 82, 399–404.
self-experimenters:
Fiks, A. P. 2003. Self-experimenters: Sources for study. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Weber’s experiments:
Mainland, J., and N. Sobel. 2006. The sniff is part of the olfactory percept. Chemical Senses, 31, 181–196.
New Guinea singing dog sniff:
Koler-Matznick et al. 2005.
Settles, G. S., D. A. Kester, and L. J. Dodson-Dreibelbis. 2003. The external aerodynamics of canine olfaction. In F. G. Barth, J. A. C. Humphrey, and T. W. Secomb, eds. 2003. Sensors and sensing in biology and engineering (pp. 323–355). New York: SpringerWein.
Sir Satan:
Steen, J. B., I. Mohus, T. Kvesetberg, and L. Walløe. 1996. Olfaction in bird dogs during hunting. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 157, 115–119.
size of olfactory epithelium
Gerritsen and Haak 2015.
number of odors detectable
Firestein, S. 2001. How the olfactory system makes sense of scents. Nature, 413, 211–218.
lock and key theory of receptors:
This model is not without its detractors. Nineteenth-century models suggested that smell perception resulted from odor “undulations” or waves, as sound and vision perception do; in the twentieth century, Luca Turin elaborated this model and posited a vibrational theory of odor reception. (see Block et al. 2014. Implausibility of the vibrational theory of olfaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, e2766–e2774.) For the most recent response to this idea, see Vosshall, L. B. 2015. Laying a controversial smell theory to rest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 6525–6526.
“key in pocket” theory:
Shepherd, G. M. 2012. Neurogastronomy: How the brain creates flavor and why it matters. New York: Columbia University Press.
on dog genome, proportion committed to olfactory receptor genes:
Lindblad-Toh, K., C. M. Wade, and T. S. Mikkelsen, et al. 2005. Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature, 438, 803–819.
Ostrander, E. 2007. Genetics and the shape of dogs. American Scientist, 95, 406–413.
genetic differences in performance on olfactory tests:
Hepper and Wells 2015.
“brains did the smelling, and the nose was just the conduit”:
such as Galen, see Totelin, L. 2015. Smell as sign and cure in ancient medicine. In M. Bradley, ed. 2015. Smell and the ancient senses (pp. 17–29). New York: Routledge.
nose as brain’s fan:
as said by David Chudnovsky. In Preston, R. March 2, 1992. “The Mountains of Pi.” The New Yorker.
on Cajal’s work:
Figueres-Oñate, M., Y. Gutiérrez, and L. López-Mascaraque. 2014. Unraveling Cajal’s view of the olfactory system. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 8, 55.
size of olfactory lobe in dog and human:
Laska, M., and L. T. Hernandez Salazar. 2015. Olfaction in nonhuman primates. In R. L. Doty, ed. 2003. Handbook of olfaction and gustation, 2nd ed. (pp. 605–621).
topographical layers of olfactory bulb:
Bakker, J. 2013. Olfaction. In D. W. Pfaff, ed., Neuroscience in the 21st century: From basic to clinical (pp. 815–837). New York: Springer-Verlag.
“odor of decayed worms”:
Adrian, E. D. 1942. Olfactory reactions in the brain of the hedgehog. Journal of Physiology, 100, 459–473.
cheddar-based experiments:
Shepherd 2012.
research exposing rats to predators’ glandular secretions:
Zibrowski, E. M., and C. H. Vanderwolf. 1997. Oscillatory fast wave activity in the rat pyriform cortex: relations to olfaction and behavior. Brain Research, 766, 39–49.
For those interested in this kind of thing, the weasel odorant was 2-propylthietane; the red fox, trimethyl thiazoline.
brain response to “owner smell”:
Berns, G. S., A. M. Brooks, and M. Spivak. 2014. Scent of the familiar: An fMRI study of canine brain responses to familiar and unfamiliar human and dog odors. Behavioural Processes, 110, 37–46.
flehmen response:
Sommerville, B. A., and D. M. Broom. 1998. Olfactory awareness. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 57, 269–286.
Galizia, C. G., and P-M. Lledo. 2013. Olfaction. In C. G. Galizia, and P-M. Lledo, eds. Neurosciences: From molecule to behavior: A university textbook (pp. 253–284). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
pheromones and VNO:
Karlson, P., and M. Lüscher. 1959. “Pheromones”: A new term for a class of biologically active substances. Nature, 183, 55–56.
Wyatt, T. D. 2014. Pheromones and animal behavior: Chemical signals and signatures. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
androstenone:
Sell, C. S. 2014. Chemistry and the sense of smell. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
bombykol:
Barnard, C. 2003. Animal behaviour: Mechanism, development, function and evolution. Canada: Pearson Education.
VNO:
Barrios, A. W., P. Sánchez-Quinteiro, and I. Salazar. 2014. Dog and mouse: Toward a balanced view of the mammalian olfactory system. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 8, 106.
use of the tail-wag as scent-spreader:
Hickman, G. C. 1979. The mammalian tail: A review of functions. Mammal Review, 9, 143–157.
Lewin, V., and J. G. Stelfox. 1967. Functional anatomy of the tail and associated behaviour in woodland caribou. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 81, 63–66.
some air-scenting dogs clear their noses by lifting their heads:
Gerritsen and Haak 2015.
4: WALKING WHILE SMELLING
“smelliest [square] blocks”:
http://sensorymaps.com/portfolio/new-yorks-smelliest-block/
Porteous’s smellscapes:
Porteous, J. D. 1990. Landscapes of the mind: Worlds of sense and metaphor. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Drobnick 2006.
in ancient times, temples mixed milk and saffron into their plaster:
Classen, C., D. Howes, and A. Synnott. 1994. Aroma: The cultural history of smell. London: Routledge.
mosques were built with musk and rose water worked into their mortar:
Ackerman 1990.
smells of the week:
Porteous 1990.
Netherlands pedestrian plazas:
from Kate McLean.
“One Hundred Sites of Good Fragrance”:
Japanese Ministry of the Environment, https://www.env.go.jp/air/kaori/. Retrieved July 2015.
smell of old books:
Strlič, M., J. Thomas, T. Trafela, L. Cséfalvayová, I. Kralj Cigič, J. Kolar, and M. Cassar. 2009. Material degradomics: On the smell of old books. Analytical Chemistry, 81, 8617–8622.
Buchbauer, G., L. Jirovetz, M. Wasicky, and A. Nikiforov. 1995. On the odor of old books. Journal of Pulp and Paper Science, 21, 398–400.
Drobnick 2006, p. 114.
Henshaw 2013.
smells of Paris and London:
Keate, G. 1802. Sketches from nature: Taken, and coloured, in a journey to Margate (1802). London: T. Hurst.
Margolies, E. 2006. Vagueness gridlocked: A map of the smells of New York. In J. Drobnick, ed. (pp. 107–117).
Henshaw 2013.
Reinarz, J. 2014. Past scents: Historical perspectives on smell. IL: University of Illinois Press.
“deodorization” projects:
Drobnick 2006.
homogenization of city smells:
Drobnick 2006.
Henshaw walks to capture smellscapes:
Henshaw 2013.
honey smell of Paris:
Stromberg, J. June 7, 2013. “Mapping the smells of New York, Amsterdam and Paris, block by block.” Smithsonian magazine.
correspondences between color names and odors:
Gilbert, A. N., R. Martin, and S. E. Kemp. 1996. Cross-modal correspondence between vision and olfaction: The color of smells. The American Journal of Psychology, 109, 335–351.
maple syrup smell:
DePalma, A. October 29, 2005. “Good smell vanishes, but it leaves air of mystery.” New York Times.
Lindeman, S. June 14, 2010. “The mystery of the maple syrup smell.” The Atlantic.
blindfolded undergrads navigating by smell:
Jacobs, L. F., J. Arter, A. Cook, and F. J. Sulloway. 2015. Olfactory orientation and navigation in humans. PLOS ONE, 10, e0129387.
Sailors use smell in navigation:
Beck, H. 1973. Folklore and the sea. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
homing pigeon:
Jacobs, L. F. 2012. From chemotaxis to the cognitive map: The function of olfaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 10693–10700.
dogs in the First World War:
Richardson, E. H. 1920. British war dogs: Their training and psychology (pp. 171–172). London: Skeffington & Son Ltd.
5: PLAIN AS THE NOSE ON YOUR FACE
almost all living creatures smell:
Doty 2003.
sense people are most willing to lose:
Drobnick 2006—though people who come to suffer from anosmia tend to disagree.
Asian elephant olfaction:
Rizvanovic, A., M. Amundin, and M. Laska. 2013. Olfactory discrimination ability of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) for structurally related odorants. Chemical Senses, 38, 107–118.
“smell of metal”:
Glindemann, D., A. Dietrich, H-J. Staerk, and P. Kuschk. 2006. The two odors of iron when touched or pickled: (Skin) carbonyl compounds and organophosphines. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45, 7006–7009.
“principal axis of human odor perception . . . remains odor pleasantness”:
Yeshurun, Y., and N. Sobel. 2010. An odor is not worth a thousand words: From multidimensional odors to unidimensional odor objects. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 219–241.
“the greatest poets in the world”:
Woolf, V. 1933. Flush: A biography. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Freud: sublimation of smell:
Freud, S. 1978. In Le Guérer, A. 2002. Olfaction and cognition: A philosophical and psychoanalytic view. In Rouby et al. 2002 (pp. 3–15).
odorous is odious:
Drobnick 2006, p. 14.
smell of the security blanket:
Wyatt 2014.
they don’t know that “skunk” is a bad smell:
originally posited by Freud (1929/1961). Civilization and its discontents, trans. J. Strachey. New York: W. W. Norton & Company; later confirmed (with alterations) experimentally.
kinds of animal noses:
MOLLUSKS:
Ache, B. W., and J. M. Young. 2005. Olfaction: Diverse species, conserved principles. Neuron, 48, 417–430.
NEMATODES:
Hart, A. C., and M. Y. Chao. 2010. From odors to behaviors in Caenorhabditis elegans. In A. Menini, ed. The Neurobiology of Olfaction. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
MOLES:
Catania, K. C. 1999. A nose that looks like a hand and acts like an eye: The unusual mechanosensory system of the star-nosed mole. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 185, 367–372.
Catania, K. C. 2006. Underwater ‘sniffing’ by semi-aquatic mammals. Nature, 444, 1024–1025.
DEET as molecular confusant:
Pellegrino, M., N. Steinbach, M. C. Stensmyr, B. S. Hansson, and L. B. Vosshall. 2011. A natural polymorphism alters odour and DEET sensitivity in an insect odorant receptor. Nature, 478, 511–514.
categories of noses:
Laska and Hernandez Salazar 2015.
“has no exotic uses”:
Asimov, I. 1963. The human body: Its structure and operation. Cambridge, MA: The Riverside Press.
“gale-force speeds”:
Clerico, D. M., W. C. To, and D. C. Lanza. 2003. Anatomy of the human nasal passages. In R. L. Doty, ed. 2003. Handbook of olfaction and gustation, 2nd ed (pp. 3–31). New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.
human pheromones:
Wyatt 2014.
green cherry juice tastes like lime:
Sela, L., and N. Sobel. 2010. Human olfaction: A constant state of change-blindness. Experimental Brain Research, 205, 13–29.
“Baby smells an odor, mother says nothing”:
Roach, M. 2013. Gulp: Adventures on the alimentary canal. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
eighteen-inch buffer of personal space:
Hediger, H. 1950. Wild animals in captivity. London: Butterworth.
ability to smell banana odor:
Laska, M., A. Seibt, and A. Weber. 2000. ‘Microsmatic’ primates revisited: Olfactory sensitivity in the squirrel monkey. Chemical Senses, 25, 47–53.
some other animals smell carbon dioxide:
Mice and rats smell CO2: Jones, W. 2013. Olfactory carbon dioxide detection by insects and other animals. Molecules and Cells, 35, 87–92.
retronasal olfaction:
Shepherd 2012.
retronasal olfaction in dogs:
Craven, B. A., E. G. Paterson, and G. S. Settles. 2010. The fluid dynamics of canine olfaction: Unique nasal airflow patterns as an explanation of macrosmia. Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 7, 933–943.
selective anosmia can be inherited; genetic thresholds to detection:
Zhang, X., and S. Firestein. 2007. Nose thyself: Individuality in the human olfactory genome. Genome Biology, 8, 230.
6: MY DOG MADE ME SMELL IT
inborn skill at smelling:
Porter, R. H., J. M. Cernoch, and F. J. McLaughlin. 1983. Maternal recognition of neonates through olfactory cues. Physiology & Behavior, 30, 151–154.
Schaal, B., L. Marlier, and R. Soussignan. 1995. Responsiveness to the odour of amniotic fluid in the human neonate. Biology of the Neonate, 67, 397–406.
Mallet, P., and B. Schaal. 1998. Rating and recognition of peers’ personal odors by 9-year-old children: An exploratory study. Journal of General Psychology, 125, 47–64.
In addition to citations, some of this comes from Sela and Sobel 2010. Also Gilbert 2008; Gerritsen and Haak 2015; Wyatt 2014.
nonhuman animal scent recognition:
PAPER WASP AND BELDING’S GROUND SQUIRREL:
Alcock, J. Animal Behavior.
Emery, N. et al., eds. Social intelligence: From brain to culture.
owner’s rating of smell of dog’s blanket:
Wells, D. L., and P. G. Hepper. 2000. The discrimination of dog odours by humans. Perception, 29, 111–115.
smell of lab mice:
Gilbert, A. N., K. Yamazaki, G. K. Beauchamp, and L. Thomas. 1986. Olfactory discrimination of mouse strains (Mus musculus) and major histocompatibility types by humans (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 100, 262–265.
“You just smell the books”:
Feynman, R. P. 1985. “Surely you’re joking, Mr. Feynman!” (pp. 105–106). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. Found via Gilbert 2008.
bipedalism demoting smells:
E.g., Sigmund Freud (1929/1961) and Stuart Firestein (interview), among others.
demotion of smell with promotion of vision:
as laid out in Wyatt 2014 and Shepherd 2012.
James on sensory component of practice:
James, W. 1890. The Principles of Psychology, vol. 1. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
experiment on smell learning:
Li, W., J. D. Howard, T. B. Parrish, and J. A. Gottfried. 2008. Aversive learning enhances perceptual and cortical discrimination of indiscriminable odor cues. Science, 319, 1842–1845.
chocolate trail following:
Porter, J., B. Craven, R. M. Khan, S-J. Chang, I. Kang, B. Judkewitz, J. Volpe, G. Settles, and N. Sobel. 2007. Mechanisms of scent-tracking in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 27–29.
“The lost muscles of the nose”:
This title comes from a nearly selfsame paper in the journal Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.
Levator labii superioris:
Standring, S. 2015. Gray’s anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 41st ed. New York: Elsevier.
5 to 10 percent of air makes it to olfactory epithelium:
Roach 2013.
Olfaction is an active process:
Mainland, J., and N. Sobel. 2006. The sniff is part of the olfactory percept. Chemical Senses, 31, 181–196.
sniff vigor, volume, flow, and value:
Mainland and Sobel 2006.
Even in sleep, our brain registers smells:
Arzi, A., L. Shedlesky, M. Ben-Shaul, K. Nasser, A. Oksenberg, I. S. Hairston, and N. Sobel. 2012. Humans can learn new information during sleep. Nature Neuroscience, 15, 1460–1465.
two sniffs are better than one:
Joel Mainland, personal communication. May 13, 2015.
right- and left-nostril differences:
Herz, R. S., C. McCall, and L. Cahill. 1999. Hemispheric lateralization in the processing of odor pleasantness versus odor names. Chemical Senses, 24, 691–695.
discriminate unknown, new odors when using the right nostril:
Savic, I., and H. Berglund. 2000. Right-nostril dominance in discrimination of unfamiliar, but not familiar, odours. Chemical Senses, 25, 517–523.
olfactometer:
Totelin 2015.
no basic words for fundamental smells:
Sperber, D. 1975. Rethinking symbolism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Malay olfactory language:
Wnuk, E., and A. Majid. 2014. Revisiting the limits of language: The odor lexicon of Maniq. Cognition, 131, 125–138.
Majid, A., and N. Burenhult. 2014. Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language. Cognition, 130, 266–270.
difficulty naming familiar odors:
Yeshurun and Sobel 2010.
trigeminal nerve:
Shusterman, D. 2009. Qualitative effects in nasal trigeminal chemoreception. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1170, International Symposium on Olfaction and Taste (pp. 196–201).
7: NOSE TO GRINDSTONE
old DuPont plant, now Penn’s WDC:
http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/2012-09-13/features/penn’s-south-bank-23-acres-pure-potential. Retrieved October 15, 2015. http://www.workshopoftheworld.com/south_phila/dupont.html. Retrieved October 15, 2015.
Hemingway on the smell of death:
Hemingway, E. 1940. For whom the bell tolls. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
“saccharine putrescence”:
O’Rourke, P. J. 1988. Holidays in hell. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.
Mortuary technician Carla Valentine:
A Life in Scents podcast, http://bit.ly/1WrtaHY. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
8: NOSE-WISE
Williams, H., and A. Pembroke. 1989. Sniffer dogs in the melanoma clinic? The Lancet, 333, 734.
Church, J., and H. Williams. 2001. Another sniffer dog for the clinic? The Lancet, 358, 930.
Welsh, J. S., D. Barton, and H. Ahuja. 2005. A case of breast cancer detected by a pet dog. Community Oncology, 2, 324–326.
volatiles in cancer:
Wells, D. L. 2012. Dogs as a diagnostic tool for ill health in humans. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 18, 12–17.
bladder cancer study:
Willis, C. M., S. M. Church, C. M. Guest, W. A. Cook, N. McCarthy, A. J. Bransbury, M. R. T. Church, and J. C. T. Church. 2004. Olfactory detection of human bladder cancer by dogs: Proof of principle study. British Medical Journal, 329, 712–714.
smells in urine:
Shirasu, M., and K. Touhara. 2011. The scent of disease: Volatile organic compounds of the human body related to disease and disorder. Journal of Biochemistry, 150, 257–266.
prostate cancer study:
Cornu, J. N., G. Cancel-Tassin, V. Ondet, C. Girardet, and O. Cussenot. 2011. Olfactory detection of prostate cancer by dogs sniffing urine: A step forward in early diagnosis. European Urology, 59, 197–201.
melanoma detection study:
Pickel, D., G. P. Manucy, D. B. Walker, S. B. Hall, and J. C. Walker. 2004. Evidence for canine olfactory detection of melanoma. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 89, 107–116.
odors of breath:
Phillips, M., J. Herrera, S. Krishnan, M. Zain, J. Greenberg, and R. N. Cataneo. 1999. Variation in volatile organic compounds in the breath of normal humans. Journal of Chromatography B, 729, 75–88.
McCulloch, M., T. Jezierski, M. Broffman, A. Hubbard, K. Turner, and T. Janecki. 2006. Diagnostic accuracy of canine scent detection in early- and late-stage lung and breast cancers. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 5, 30–39.
GC as generating an “arpeggio”:
Gilbert 2008.
peaks of GC:
Shepherd 2012.
Gilbert 2008.
“fully biocompatible and patient friendly alarm system”:
Chen, M., M. Daly, N. Williams, S. Williams, C. Williams, and G. Williams. 2002. Non-invasive detection of hypoglycaemia using a novel, fully biocompatible and patient friendly alarm system. British Medical Journal, 321, 1565–1566.
diabetic-alert dogs:
Rooney, N. J., S. Morant, and C. Guest. 2013. Investigation into the value of trained glycaemia alert dogs to clients with type I diabetes. PLOS ONE, 8, e69921.
Hippocrates “open nose”
Le Guérer 2002.
“As water changes to air . . .”:
Plato, via Totelin 2015
early uterine theory; Pliny cure for smelly armpits:
Totelin 2015, p. 27.
Linnaeus:
Linnaeus. 1764. Odores medicamentorum. Amoenitates Academicae, vol. 3 (pp. 183–201). Stockholm: Lars Salvius.
NB: Gilbert 2008 made this observation first.
medicinal effect of fragrant and repulsive plants:
Schiller F. 1997. A memoir of olfaction. Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 6, 133–146.
Galen:
Totelin 2015.
helpful sixteenth-century instructional manual:
“Remèdes, Préservatifs et Curatifs de Peste,” 1562. In Feigel 2006.
smell of breath:
Kwak, J., and G. Preti. 2011. Volatile disease biomarkers in breath: A critique. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 12, 1067–1074.
smell of diseases, psychiatric problems, and toxins:
Watson 2000.
Orient, J. M., ed. 2010. Sapira’s art and science of bedside diagnosis, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Kenny, J. C. 1989. The valuing, educational preparation and diagnostic use of the olfactory sense in nursing practice. Dissertation, Adelphi University.
use of odors in Western medicine:
E.g., footnote in L. Goldfrank, R. Weisman, and N. Flomenbaum. 1982. Teaching the recognition of odors. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 11, 22.
“The characteristic foul odor of the sputum suggests anaerobic involvement”:
Chung, G., and M. B. Goetz. 2000. Anaerobic infections of the lung. Current Infectious Disease Reports, 2, 238–244.
battery of vials for sniff-training:
Orient 2010.
a “ten test tube sniffing bar”:
Kenny 1989.
Liu, Z., and L. Liu eds. 2010. Essentials of Chinese medicine, vol. 1. London: Springer-Verlag.
Five elements/phases:
Unschuld, P. U. 1985. Medicine in China: A history of ideas. Berkeley: University of California Press.
alcoholic, corn farmer, coal miners:
Behrman, A. D., and S. Goertemoeller. 2009. What is that smell? Journal of Emergency Nursing, 35, 263–264.
conditions that produce distinctive odors:
Doty 2001; Wyatt 2014; Kenny 1989.
woman smelling Parkinson’s:
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/one-woman-s-ability-to-sniff-out-parkinson-s-offers-hope-to-sufferers/. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
sense of smell in early Parkinson’s:
Doty, R. L., S. M. Bromley, and M. B. Stern. 1995. Olfactory testing as an aid in the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease: Development of optimal discrimination criteria. Neurodegeneration, 4, 93–97.
scratch-and-sniff:
Doty 2009; Wyatt 2014.
“My genius resides in my nostrils”:
Nietzsche, F. 1911/2004. Ecce Homo (p. 132). A. M. Ludovici (transl). Mineola, N.Y.: Dover.
nose-wise:
Oxford English Dictionary, OED online. Retrieved March 2015.
9: STINK-WAVES
The Witches (p. 24): 1983. London: Puffin; “Jack and the Beanstalk,” from Revolting rhymes. 1982. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
ribbon snakes:
Gadbois, S., and C. Reeve. 2014. Canine olfaction: Scent, sign, and situation. In A. Horowitz, ed. Domestic dog cognition and behavior: The scientific study of Canis familiaris. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
environmental contaminants:
Arner, L. D., G. R. Johnson, and H. S. Skovronek. 1986. Delineating toxic areas by canine olfaction. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 13, 375–381.
sui generis:
United States v. Place (1983).
Pliny:
1855. The natural history of Pliny, vol. 2. (Book VII, p. 314). Bostock, J., and H. J. Riley (transl). London: Henry G. Bohn.
smell of person on pipe bomb:
Curran, A. M., P. A. Prada, and K. G. Furton. 2010. Canine human scent identifications with post-blast debris collected from improvised explosive devices. Forensic Science International, 199, 103–108.
detection of cadavers in water:
Killam, E. W. 1990. The detection of human remains. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Warren, C. 2013. What the dog knows (p. 211). New York: Touchstone.
avalanche-rescue dogs:
Killam 1990.
longevity of human smell on objects:
Curran, Prada, Furton 2010.
Syrotuck, W. G. 1972. Scent and the scenting dog (p. 106). Mechanicsburg, PA: Barkleigh Productions.
Lesniak, A., M. Walczak, T. Jezierski, M. Sacharczuk, M. Gawkowski, and K. Jaszczak. 2008. Canine olfactory receptor gene polymorphism and its relation to odor detection performance by sniffer dogs. Journal of Heredity 99, 518–527.
Curran, A. M., S. I. Rabin, and K. G. Furton. 2005. Analysis of the uniqueness and persistence of human scent. Forensic Science Communications, 7, 2.
skin cell sloughing:
Allen T., and G. Cowling. 2011. The cell: A very short introduction (p. 10). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
sweat generated in sitting or exercising:
Medeiros, D. M., and R. E. C. Wildman. 2012. Advanced human nutrition, 2nd ed. Sudbury, MA: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Watson 2000.
olf:
coined by Fanger, P. O. 1988. Perceived quality of indoor and ambient air. Proceedings of the Indoor Ambient Air Quality Conference, London, 365–376. In McCormick 1993.
components of sweat:
Curran, A. M., S. I. Rabin, P. A. Prada, and K. G. Furton. 2005. Comparison of the volatile organic compounds present in human odor using SPME-GC/MS. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 31, 1607–1619.
clues in a footprint:
Gerritsen and Haak 2015.
Wright, R. H. 1982. The sense of smell. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
wet shoe experiment:
Gerritsen and Haak 2015.
sweat from soles of feet:
Syrotuck 1972.
“dopamine breeds”:
Gadbois and Reeve 2014.
Thesen, A., J. B., Steen, and K. B. Døving. 1993. Behaviour of dogs during olfactory tracking. Journal of Experimental Biology, 180, 247–251.
“professional poop chasers”:
Wasser, S. K. 2008. Lucky dogs. Natural History, 117, 48–53.
yellow baboons:
Wasser, S. K., ed. 1983. Social behavior of female vertebrates. New York: Academic Press.
effect of zebra finch leg bands:
Burley, N. 1988. Wild zebra finches have band-colour preferences. Animal Behaviour, 36, 1235–1237.
effect of human and wolf activity on caribou populations:
Wasser, S. K., J. L. Keim, M. L., Taper, and S. R., Lele. 2011. The influences of wolf predation, habitat loss, and human activity on caribou and moose in the Alberta oil sands. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9, 546–551.
dogs with excessive energy:
Wasser 2008.
Tucker’s Orca-scat detection:
Ayres, K. L., R. K., Booth, J. A., Hempelmann, K. L., Koski, C. K., Emmons, R. W., Baird, K., Balcomb-Bartok, M. B. Hanson, M. J. Ford, and S. K. Wasser. 2012. Distinguishing the impacts of inadequate prey and vessel traffic on an endangered killer whale (Orcinus orca) population. PLOS ONE, 7, e36842.
scent at bus stop:
Watson 2000, p. 72.
armpit sniffing of Kanum-Irebe:
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. 1971. Love and hate: The natural history of behavior patterns (p. 191). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Schultze-Westrum 1968, as cited in Mykytowycz, R. 1985. Olfaction—A link with the past. Journal of Human Evolution, 14, 75–90.
synchronization of menstrual cycles:
Stern, K., and M. K. McClintock. 1998. Regulation of ovulation by human pheromones. Nature, 392, 177–179. This result is still debated.
cold, calm winter days are good for ground tracking:
Gerritsen and Haak 2015.
“novel in an owl’s pellet”:
Rezendes 1999.
rains can “breathe new life”:
Gerritsen and Haak 2015.
scent posts:
Rezendes 1999.
some porcupine facts:
http://www.nwf.org/news-and-magazines/national-wildlife/animals/archives/1994/prying-into-the-life-of-a-prickly-beast.aspx. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
dog’s gait is “sloppy”:
Rezendes 1999.
“Smelly” Kelly:
Jones, P. 1978. Under the city streets: A history of subterranean New York. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
The MTA now uses electronic “sniffers” that analyze air samples, alas. (Neuman, W. October 3, 2006. “M.T.A. to Upgrade Chemical-Detection System.” New York Times.)
10: CIVET CATS AND WET DOGS
truffle biology:
Rubini, A., C. Riccioni, S. Arcioni, and F. Paolocci. 2007. Troubles with truffles: Unveiling more of their biology. New Phytologist, 174, 256–259.
Kunzig, R. 2000. The biology of . . . truffles. Expensive and delectable, truffles are one crop modern agriculture can’t tame. Discover.
“Have the local experts . . . been creating little digs in the earth?”:
Trappe, M., F. Evans, and J. Trappe. 2007. Field guide to North American truffles: Hunting, identifying, and enjoying the world’s most prized fungi. New York: Ten Speed Press.
truffle descriptors:
From Alana McGee and Trappe, Evans, and Trappe 2007.
Chesterton:
Chesterton, G. K. 1914. The flying inn. New York: John Lane Co.
Greeks and Romans:
Doty 2003.
“extends [one’s body] into the space beyond which it should”:
Tullett, W. A Life in scents podcast, http://bit.ly/1XMs36f
if a woman “seduced or betrayed into matrimony” any gentleman by use of scents:
Doty 2003.
“rear end of an Asian cat”:
Turin, L. 2006. The secret of scent: Adventures in perfume and the science of smell (p. 90). New York: HarperCollins.
Chanel No. 5:
Sell, C. S., ed. 2006. The chemistry of fragrances: From perfumer to consumer, 2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
Smelling notes from Raymond Matts.
smell “the hands that picked” the flower:
Feigel 2006, p. 73.
“show promise on olfactory and psychological tests”:
Plailly, J., C. Delon-Martin, and J-P. Royet. 2012. Experience induces functional reorganization in brain regions involved in odor imagery in perfumers. Human Brain Mapping, 33, 224–234.
ambergris:
Rice, D. W. 2008. Ambergris. In W. F. Perrin, B. Würsig, and J. G. M. Thewissen, eds. Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd ed (p. 28). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Montaigne’s “mustachios, which are full”:
Montaigne M. de. 1580. C. Cotton (transl). Essays of Montaigne. New York: Edwin C. Hill.
tea expert who knows whether the plant grew near a plum tree:
As invoked by Huysmans, J-K. 1884. Against the grain. In Feigel 2006.
perfumery methods:
Cinquième Sens, “Introduction to the techniques and language of perfumery.”
preserve the headspace of endangered flowers:
The flowers are also memorialized in Kaiser’s book, Scent of the Vanishing Flora.
“verbalize their olfactory experience”:
Royet, J-P., J. Plailly, A-L. Saive, A. Veyrac, and C. Delon-Martin. 2013. The impact of expertise in olfaction. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 928.
verbal landmarks to invoke a smell:
Gilbert, A. N., M. Crouch, and S. E. Kemp. 1998. Olfactory and visual mental imagery. Journal of Mental Imagery, 22, 137–146.
“change detection” system:
This is adaptation, introduced in chapter 6, My Dog Made Me Smell It. “Change detection” from Herz, R. 2007. The scent of desire: Discovering our enigmatic sense of smell. New York: William Morrow.
advice of an animal-tracking handbook:
Young, J., and T. Morgan. 2007. Animal tracking basics. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stockpole Books.
Jahai:
Majid and Burenhult 2014.
olfactory hallucinations:
Leopold, D. 2002. Distortion of olfactory perception: Diagnosis and treatment. Chemical Senses, 27, 611–615.
Noble wine wheel aromas:
Noble, A. C., R. A. Arnold, J. Buechsenstein, E. J. Leach, J. O. Schmidt and P. M. Stern. 1987. Modification of a standardized system of wine aroma terminology. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 38, 143–146.
Noble, A. C. 2009. Using the wine aroma wheel. Downloaded August 27, 2015, from http://winearomawheel.com/Websites/aromawheel/Images/userguide_2010.pdf.
TCA blocks olfactory receptors:
Takeuchi, H., H. Kato, and T. Kurahashi. 2013. 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole is a potent suppressor of olfactory signal transduction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 16235–16240.
11: NOSED OUT
smelloftheworld:
cummings, e. e. 1925. “and this day it was Spring.”
quantity-smelling study:
Horowitz, A., J. Hecht, and A. Dedrick. 2013. Smelling more or less: Investigating the olfactory experience of the domestic dog. Learning and Motivation, 44, 207–217.
dogs are not using smell to capacity:
See, e.g., Polgár, Z., Á. Miklósi, and M. Gácsi. 2015. Strategies used by pet dogs for solving olfaction-based problems at various distances. PLOS ONE, 10, e0131610.
Obedience is “totally unnecessary” . . . “a hindrance”:
Turid Rugaas; Anne Lill Kvam.
“lost keys” game:
Kvam, A. L. and T. Rugaas. 2012. Nosework Search games DVD.
12: SMELLOFTHEWORLD
geosmin:
Yuhas, D. July 18, 2012. “Storm scents.” Scientific American.
ozone:
R. Matts, personal communication; Yuhas 2012. Etymology: Oxford English Dictionary.
smell of a penny:
Glindemann, Dietrich, Staerk, Kuschk 2006.