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Author’s Note
1. 1994 data shows annual U.S. per capita consumption of vegetable oil at 25.1 kilograms per day, equating to 618 calories daily. Data from tables at USDA website shows 2014 consumption is 170 percent of 1995 consumption. Assuming 1994 and 1995 are about the same in terms of per capita consumption, then doing the math for 2014 per capita consumption, we get just over 1,000 calories per day from vegetable oils for the average American. The average calories consumed per day by Americans obviously ranges widely, but 2015 estimates put the average intake at 3,600, where thin people eat 1,700-3,000 depending on activity level. Estimates for health conscious consumers based on personal experience that most health conscious consumers cook at home more often and that reduces their exposure to all vegetable oils. Sources: 1995 data from Table 6 in the article: Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States, Am J Clin Nutr, January, 2000, vol. 71, no. 1, pp. 179S-188. 2014 data from tables at www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/oil-crops-yearbook.aspx.
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16. See Chapter 11.
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Chapter 3
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53. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Weston A Price, Price-Pottenger Foundation, 1970, p. 279.
54. Ibid, p. 5.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid, p. 1.
57. Ibid, p. 31.
58. This argument will be flushed out and supported with statistics in the next chapter.
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60. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Price Pottenger Foundation, 1970, p. 12.
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63. Ibid., pp. 274-78.
64. Ibid.
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66. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Weston A Price, Price Pottenger Foundation, 1945, p. 110.
67. Wise Traditions, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 24.
68. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Weston A Price, Price Pottenger Foundation, 1945, p. 402.
69. The Ways of My Grandmothers, Beverly Hungry Wolf, Quill, 1982, p. 186.
70. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Weston A Price, Price Pottenger Foundation, 1945, pp. 402–03.
71. Vitamins for fetal development: conception to birth, Masterjohn C, Wise Traditions, vol.8, no. 4, winter 2007.
72. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Weston A Price, Price Pottenger Foundation, 1945, p. 401.
73. Ibid., p. 402
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190. Is dirt good for kids? Are parents keeping things too clean for their kids’ good? Zamosky, Lisa, Medscape, www.webmd.com/parenting/d2n-stopping-germs-12/kids-and-dirt-germs
191. Early puberty: causes and effects, Maron, Dina Fine, Scientific American, Health, May 2, 2015, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/early-puberty-causes-and-effects/
192. The regulation of reproductive neuroendocrine function by insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), Andrew Wolfe et al, Front Neuroendocrinol, 35,4(2014), pp. 558–72.
193. Anna Stainer-Knittel: portrait of a femme vitale, Kain E, Women’s Art Journal, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 13-71.
194. Mirror, Mirror … The Importance of Looks in Everyday Life, Hatfield E, SUNY Press, 1986.
195. Stature of early Europeans, Hormones, Hermanussen M, Athens, July-September 2003, 2(3):175-8.
196. New light on the “dark ages”: the remarkably tall stature of Northern European men during the Medieval era, Steckel RH, Social Science History, 2004, 28(2), pp. 211–229.
197. The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
198. Fighting the Food Giants, Paul A Stitt, Natural Press, 1981, pp. 61–66.
Chapter 6
199. Accessed online on July 27, 2008, at www.lostgirlsworld.blogspot.com/2006/12/becoming-maasai.html
200. Accessed online on September 4, 2008 at www.bluegecko.org/kenya/tribes/maasai/beliefs.htm
201. The emergence of Orwellian newspeak and the death of free speech, John W Whitehead, Commentary from the Rutherford Institute, June 29, 2015, accessed online on April 1, 2016, at www.rutherford.org/publications_resources/john_whiteheads_commentary/the_emergence_of_orwellian_newspeak_and_the_death_of_free_speech
202. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Weston A Price, Price WA, Price-Pottenger Foundation, 1945, p. 226.
203. Ibid., p. 10.
204. Ibid., p. 228.
205. Ibid., p. 248.
206. Archaeological Amerindian and Eskimo cranioskeletal size variation along coastal Western North America: relation to climate, the reconstructed diet high in marine animal foods, and demographic stress, Ivanhoe F, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, vol. 8, issue 3, pp. 135–179.
207. Craniofacial variation and population continuity during the South African Holocene, Stynder DD, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, published online.
208. Craniofacial morphology in the Argentine center-West: consequences of the transition to food production, Marina L Sardi, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, vol. 130, issue 3, pp. 333–343.
209. The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 1704.
210. Stone age economics, Sahlins M Aldine, Transaction, 1972, pp. 1–40.
211. Ibid.
212. The question of robusticity and the relationship between cranial size and shape in Homo sapiens, Lahr MM, Journal of Human Evolution, 1996, 31, pp. 157–191.
213. Dental caries in prehistoric South Africans, Dryer TF, Nature, 136:302, 1935, “The indication from this area … bears out the experience of European anthropologists that caries is a comparatively modern disease and that no skull showing this condition can be regarded as ancient.”
214. Dental anthropology, Scott GR, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol. 17:99-126, October 1988, “Pronounced forms of malocclusion are a relatively recent development.”
215. Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia, Oxenham M, Cambridge University Press, 2006. “Hunter-gatherers typically have low frequencies of caries, calculus, malocclusion, and alveolar resorption, a high frequency of severe attrition [wear] and large jaw size. Agricultural populations typically have the opposite profile, low rates of severe attrition (except in cases where food contains abrasives), and high rates of caries, calculus, resorption, dental crowding, and malocclusion.”
216. Fannie Farmer 1896 Boston Cookbook, Fannie Merritt Farmer, Boston Cooking School, Ottenheimer, commemorative edition, 1996, pp. 1–2.
217. Nutrition and Physical Degeneration, Price WA, Price-Pottenger Foundation, 1945, p. 279.
218. Ibid.
219. January 20, 2001, inaugural luncheon menu served at the U.S. State Capitol, accessed online on October 31, 2007, at: www.gwu.edu/~action/inaulu.html
220. The content of bioactive compounds in rat experimental diets based on organic, low-input, and conventional plant materials, Leifert C, 3rd QLIF Congress, Honeheim, Germany, March 20-23, 2007, archived at www.orgprints.org/view/projects/int_conf_qlif2007.html
221. Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables, vitamin A and carotenoids, vitamin E, minerals and fiber, Joy C Rickman, J Sci Food Agric.
222. The vitamin A, B, and C content of artificially versus naturally ripened tomatoes, House MC, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. LXXXI, no. 3, received for publication December 13, 1928.
223. Ibid.
224. Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables, Part 1, Vitamins C and B and phenolic compounds, Joy C Rickman, J Sci Food Agric, 87:930–944 (2007).
225. Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a critical review, HU F, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 2, 1, 5-19, 2001.
226. In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto, Michael Pollan, Penguin, 2009, p. 43.
227. Eat Fat, Get Thin: Why the Fat We Eat Is the Key to Sustained Weight Loss and Vibrant Health, Mark Hyman, Little, Brown, 2016.
228. The Big Fat Surprise: Why Butter, Meat and Cheese Belong in a Healthy Diet, Nina Teicholz, Simon and Schuster, reprint, 2015.
229. In food choices and coronary heart disease: a population based cohort study of rural Swedish men with twelve years of follow-up, Int J Environ Res Public Health 2009, 6, 2626-2638. The authors assert, “The diet-heart hypothesis from the 1950s stating that saturated fats lead to heart disease via blood lipid derangement is under re-evaluation.” Barry Groves cites over 1,000 articles in his book, Trick and Treat: How Healthy Eating Is Making Us Ill, Hammersmith, 2008. Gary Taubes’s 640-page book Good Calories, Bad Calories, Knopf, 2007, is similarly well-referenced.
230. In doing research for my own family’s health I found out from my mom that she and her brother were both formula fed, as was the style of the well-educated women on the East Coast at the time. I asked my grandmother what convinced her to follow this trend, suspecting it was convenience or some idea that doing so would help her retain her figure. To my surprise she retold the story of a sales pitch given to her by a Nestle “milk nurse” after my uncle was born. My grandmother was advised that if she were to breastfeed she would need to use a number of supplements to best assure her baby’s heath. But if she chose to use formula, which was “fortified,” she would avoid the need to give the baby several supplements because the formulation devised was “more perfect than breastmilk.”
231. The Search archive of the 1953 episode featuring Keys is available from University of Minnesota’s www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/video/the-search-1953/
232. Health revolutionary: the life and work of Ancel Keys, accessed online at http://umedia.lib.umn.edu/node/88945
233. Hydrogenated fats in the diet and lipids in the serum of man, Anderson JT, J Nutr, 75 (4):338, p. 1961.
234. Ibid.
235. Health revolutionary: the life and work of Ancel Keys, accessed online at http://umedia.lib.umn.edu/node/88945
236. Tracing citations in consensus articles and other policy setting research statements leads us back to Keys and his junk science. Case in point, the 2004 National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) coordinating committee issued an update to the third Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) Consensus panel statement.
237. Time magazine, March 26, 1984.
238. Time magazine, Jun 12, 2014.
239. Oxidation of linoleic acid in low-density lipoprotein: an important event in atherogenesis, Spiteller G, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl, February 2000, 39(3):585-589.
240. Know Your Fats: The Complete Primer for Understanding the Nutrition of Fats, Oils, and Cholesterol, Mary G Enig, Bethesda Press, 2000, p. 94.
241. The Cholesterol Myths, Uffe Ravnskov, New Trends Publishing, 2000, p. 30.
242. Myths and truths about beef, Fallon S, Wise Traditions in Food, Farming and the Healing Arts, Spring 2000.
243. Trans fatty acids in the food supply: a comprehensive report covering sixty years of research, second edition, Enig Mary G, Enig Associates, Silver Spring, MD, 1995, pp. 4-8.
244. Heart disease and stroke statistics, 2003 update, American Heart Association.
245. The rise and fall of ischemic heart disease, Stallones RA, Sci Am, Nov 1980, 243(5):53-9.
246. Sex matters: secular and geographical trends in sex differences in coronary heart disease mortality, Lawlor DA, BMJ, September 8, 2001, 323:541-545.
247. The lowdown on oleo, Kapica C, Chicago Wellness Magazine, September-October 2007.
248. See Chapter 11.
249. The ABCs of vitamin E and ß-carotene absorption, Traber MG, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 80, no. 1, July 3–4, 2004.
250. Absorption, metabolism, and transport of carotenoids, Parker RS, FASEB J, April 1996, 10(5):542-51.
251. Human plasma transport of vitamin D after its endogenous synthesis, Haddad JG, Matsuoka LY, Hollis BW, Hu YZ, Wortsman J.
252. Physicochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption: the role of lipids and pH, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. 86, issue 3, pp. 269–282.
253. Plasma lipoproteins as carriers of phylloquinone (vitamin K1) in humans, Am J Clin Nutr, June 1998, 67(6):1226-31.
254. Vitamin E: absorption, plasma transport and cell uptake, Hacquebard M, Carpentier YA, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, March 2005, 8(2):133-8.
255. PUFAs reduce the formation of post-prandial triglycerides that carry lipid soluble nutrients from your last meal.
256. “… It is now generally recognized that the replacement of saturated fats by vegetable oils containing high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may also render individuals susceptible to cardiovascular lesions.” In Vivo absorption, metabolism, and urinary excretion of alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes in experimental animals: relevance to the development of cardiovascular diseases by the dietary ingestion of thermally stressed polyunsaturate-rich culinary oils, Grootveld MJ, Clin Invest, vol. 101, no. 6, March 1998, pp. 1210–218.
257. Enig’s report was published in the prestigious Food Chemical News and Nutrition Week, as well as other publications widely read by congressional members, The oiling of America, posted on January 1, 2000, by Sally Fallon and Mary G. Enig. See more at: www.westonaprice.org/know-your-fats/the-oiling-of-america/#sthash.xgjweoMn.dpuf
258. Dietary oxidized fatty acids: an atherogenic risk? Meera Penumetchaa M, Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 41, 1473-1480, September 2000.
259. Determination of total trans fats and oils by infrared spectroscopy for regulatory compliance, Mossoba M, Anal Bioanal Chem, 2007, 389:87–92.
260. Lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxygenation of storage lipids is implicated in lipid mobilization during germination, Feussner I, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 92, 11849-11853.
261. Formation of modified fatty acids and oxyphytosterols during refining of low erucic acid rapeseed oil, aka canola oil, Lambelet PJ, Agric Food Chem, July 2003, 16;51(15):4284-90.
262. The effect of short-term canola oil ingestion on oxidative stress in the vasculature of stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, Lipids Health Dis, October 2011, 17;10:180.
263. Differential effects of dietary canola and soybean oil intake on oxidative stress in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, Lipids Health Dis, June 2011, 13;10:98.
264. Formation of modified fatty acids and oxyphytosterols during refining of low erucic acid rapeseed oil, aka canola oil, Lambelet PJ, Agric Food Chem, July 2003, 16;51(15):4284-90.
265. Mastugo et al, Current medicinal chemistry, 1996, vol. 2, no. 4, Bentham Science Publishers, page 764, subheading The chemistry of free radicals and biological substrates, Table 1, Reaction rate constants of hydroxyl radical with organic compounds.
266. Familial hypercholesterolemia: risk stratifications in practice, ReachMD, program hosted by Alan J Brown podcast, accessible online at www.reachmd.com/programs/lipid-luminations/its-relative-screening-and-treating-familial-hypercholesterolemia/6421, Alan Brown’s comment at 9 minutes.
267. Testosterone induces erythrocytosis via increased erythropoietin and suppressed hepcidin: evidence for a new erythropoietin/hemoglobin set point, Bachman EJ, Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci, June 2014, 69(6):725-35, doi 10.1093/gerona/glt154, epub October 2013.
268. Lipid peroxidation in vivo evaluation and application of methods for measurement by Eva Södergren, comprehensive summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Medicine, 949.
269. Antioxidant and inhibitory effects of aqueous extracts of Salvia officinalis leaves on pro-oxidant-induced lipid peroxidation in brain and liver in vitro, Oboh G, J Med Food, February 2009, 12(1):77-84.
270. Antioxidant and inhibitory effect of red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubra) and white ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) on Fe(2+) induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain in vitro, Oboh G, Exp Toxicol Pathol, January 2012, 64(1-2):31-6.
271. Autoxidation of human low density lipoprotein: loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E and generation of aldehydes, J Lipid Res, May 1987, 28(5):495-509, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3598395
272. Impaired endothelial function following a meal rich in used cooking fat, Williams M, J Am Coll Cardiol, 1999, 33:1050-1055.
273. A local restaurant owner explained that one of the benefits of the new “reduced trans” cooking oils is that you can stretch their useful life from one week to two. By then, he said, the stuff turns so black and rancid, you’ve got no choice but to change it out. Bon appetit!
274. Two consecutive high-fat meals affect endothelial-dependent vasodilation, oxidative stress and cellular microparticles in healthy men, Tushuizen ME, J Thromb Haemost, May 2006, 4(5):1003-10.
275. Intake of calories and selected nutrients for the United States population, 1999-2000, published online and accessed on April 4, 2016, at: www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/calories.pdf.
276. A new role for apolipoprotein E: modulating transport of polyunsaturated phospholipid molecular species in synaptic plasma membranes, J Neurochem, January 2002, 80(2):255-61.
277. Oxidation of linoleic acid in low-density lipoprotein: an important event in atherogenesis, Angew, Chem Int Ed, 2000, 39, no. 3.
278. J Lipid Res, May 1987, 28(5):495-509, Autoxidation of human low density lipoprotein: loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E and generation of aldehydes, at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3598395
279. Oxidation of linoleic acid in low-density lipoprotein : an important event in atherogenesis, Angew, Chem Int Ed, 2000, 39, no. 3.
280. Non enzymatic glycation of apolipoprotein A-I: effects on its self-association and lipid binding properties, Calvo C, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, June 3, 1988, 153(3):1060-7.
281. Lipoprotein lipase mediates the uptake of glycated LDL in fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and macrophages, Robert Zimmermann.
282. Glycation of very low density lipoprotein from rat plasma impairs its catabolism, Mamo JC, Diabetologia, June 1990, 33(6):339-45.
283. Modification of low density lipoprotein by advanced glycation end products contributes to the dyslipidemia of diabetes and renal insufficiency, Bucala R, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, September 27, 1994, 91(20):9441-5.
284. Glycation of very low density lipoprotein from rat plasma impairs its catabolism, Mamo JC, Diabetologia, June 1990, 33(6):339-45. The study concludes: “Glycation [sugar sticking to stuff] of VLDL appears to interfere with the lipolysis [the unloading] of its triglyceride. This may explain the delayed clearance of glycated VLDL triglyceride in vivo.”
285. Stone NJ, et al, 2013 ACC/AHA blood cholesterol guideline, p. 1, 2013, ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults, a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines.
286. Cholesterol and cancer: answers and new questions, Eric J Jacobs, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, November 2009, 18; 2805.
287. U. Ravnskov, High cholesterol may protect against infections and atherosclerosis, Q J Med, 2003, 96: 927-934.
288. Cholesterol quandaries relationship to depression and the suicidal experience, Randy A Sansone, Psychiatry (Edgmont), March 2008; 5(3): 22–34.
289. Editorial serum cholesterol concentration, depression, and anxiety, Mehmed YuÈcel AgÏarguÈn, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 2002: 105: 81±83.
290. Low cholesterol as a risk factor for primary intracerebral hemorrhage: a case-control study, Ashraf V. Valappil, Ann Indian Acad Neurol, January-March 2012; 15(1): 19–22.
291. Chronic kidney disease and its complications, Robert Thomas, Prim Care, Jun 2008, 35(2): 329–vii.
292. High density lipoprotein as a protective factor against coronary heart disease, Tavia Gordon et al, The Framingham Study, American Journal of Medicine, May 1977, vol. 62, pp. 707-714.
293. Accessible at: www.cvriskcalculator.com/
294. Oxidation of linoleic acid in low-density lipoprotein: an important event in atherogenesis, Spiteller D, Spiteller G. Angew, Chem Int Ed Engl, February 2000, 39(3):585-589.
295. Thermally oxidized dietary fats increase the susceptibility of rat LDL to lipid peroxidation but not their uptake by macrophages, Eder K, J Nutr, September 2003, 133(9):2830-7.
296. Myeloperoxidase and plaque vulnerability, Hazen SL, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 2004, 24:1143.
297. Oxidation-reduction controls fetal hypoplastic lung growth, Fisher JC, J Surg Res, August 2002, 106(2):287-91.
298. Intake of high levels of vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids during different developmental periods modifies the expression of morphogenesis genes in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), Villeneuve LA, Br J Nutr, April 2006, 95(4):677-87.
299. Neural tube defects and maternal biomarkers of folate, homocysteine, and glutathione metabolism, Zhao W, Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol, April 2006, 76(4):230-6.
300. Congenital heart defects and maternal biomarkers of oxidative stress, Hobbs CA, Am J Clin Nutr, September 2005, 82(3):598-604.
301. A reduction state potentiates the glucocorticoid response through receptor protein stabilization, Kitugawa H, Genes Cells, November 2007, 12(11):1281-7.
302. Trends in serum lipids and lipoproteins of adults, 1960-2002, Carrol MD, vol. 294, no. 14, October 12, 2005.
303. Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample, Pencina MJ1, N Engl J Med, April 10, 2014, 370(15):1422-31, doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1315665, epub March 2014.
304. On the Take: How Medicine’s Complicity with Big Business Can Endanger Your Health, Jerome P. Kassirer, Oxford University Press, 2005.
305. Overdosed America: The Broken Promise of American Medicine, John Abramson, Harper Collins, 2004.
306. Adverse birth outcomes among mothers with low serum cholesterol, Edison RJ, Pediatrics, vol. 120, no. 4, October 2007, pp. 723–733.
Chapter 8
307. The stomach as a bioreactor: dietary lipid peroxidation in the gastric fluid and the effects of plant-derived antioxidants, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 31, issue 11, December 1, 2001, pp. 1388–1395.
308. Protective effect of oleic acid against acute gastric mucosal lesions induced by ischemia-reper-fusion in rat, Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology, 2007, vol. 13, issue 1, p. 17.
309. Lipid peroxidation by “free” iron ions and myoglobin as affected by dietary antioxidants in simulated gastric fluids, J Agric Food Chem, May 4, 2005, 53(9):3383-90, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15853376
310. Linoleic acid, a dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid, and the aetiology of ulcerative colitis: a nested case-control study within a European prospective cohort study, Gut, December 2009, 58(12):1606-11, doi 10.1136/gut.2008.169078, epub July 2009.
311. “Owing to the fact that DHA has a higher number of double bonds compared with AA, DHA is more susceptible to free radical-mediated oxidation,” from page 34 of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Brain and Neurological Health, edited by Ronald Ross Watson, Fabien De Meester, Academic Press, 2014, Elsevier.
312. Oxidation of marine omega-3 supplements and human health, Benjamin B Albert, 1, David Cameron-Smith, 1, Paul L Hofman, 1, 2, and Wayne S Cutfield, 1,2, BioMed Research International, vol. 2013, 2013, article ID 464921, 8 pages, www.dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/464921
313. Formation of malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) in fish and fish oil during dynamic gastrointestinal in vitro digestion, Food Funct, February 17, 2016, 7(2):1176-87.
314. Association of proton pump inhibitors with risk of dementia, JAMA Neurol, published online February 15, 2016.
315. Brain Maker: The Power of Gut Microbes to Heal and Protect Your Brain–For Life, David Perlmutter, Little, Brown, April 28, 2015, from Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body’s Most Underrated Organ, Graystone Books.
316. Obese-type gut microbiota induce neurobehavioral changes in the absence of obesity, Bruce-Keller AJ, Biol Psychiatry, April 1, 2015, 77(7):607-15.
317. Ibid.
318. Ibid.
319. Effect of intestinal microbial ecology on the developing brain, Douglas-Escobar M, JAMA Pediatr, April 2013, 167(4):374-9.
320. Aust N Z J Psychiatry, December 2011, 45(12):1023-5, Probiotics in the treatment of depression: science or science fiction? Dinan TG.
321. Intestinal microbiota, probiotics and mental health, from Metchnikoff to modern advances, part III, Convergence toward clinical trials, Alison C Bested, Gut Pathog, 2013, 5: 4.
322. The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives, Chen X, Protein Cell, June 2013, 4(6):403-14.
323. Obese-type gut microbiota induce neurobehavioral changes in the absence of obesity, Bruce-Keller AJ, Biol Psychiatry, April 1, 2015, 77(7):607-15.
324. Control Diet Ingredients, file:///Users/cateshanahan/Downloads/product_data_D12450B.pdf, High Fat Diet Ingredients: file:///Users/cateshanahan/Downloads/product_data_D12451.pdf.
325. Oxidation stability and fatty acid composition of selected storage and structural lipids: influence of different high fat diet compositions. The combination of sunflower oil and lard resulted in the highest amount of oxidation, compared to butter, lard, and partially hydrogenated oil, Nahrung, 1988, 32(4):365-74.
326. Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species, Julyio F Turrens, Journal of Physiology, October 2003.
327. Chronic n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency alters dopamine vesicle density in the rat frontal cortex, Luc Zimmer, Neuroscience Letters 284,1-2 (2000): 25-28.
328. Curr Neuropharmacol, March 2014, 12(2): 140–147, Oxidative stress and psychological disorders: “The brain with its extensive capacity to consume large amounts of oxygen and production of free radicals, is considered especially sensitive to oxidative stress.” www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3964745/
329. Curr Neuropharmacol, March 2009, 7(1): 65–74, Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options.
330. Curr Neuropharmacol, March 2014, 12(2): 140–147, Oxidative stress and psychological disorders.
331. Toxicity of oxidized fats II: tissue levels of lipid peroxides in rats fed a thermally oxidized corn oil diet. Brain contains higher levels of lipid peroxides after a meal of repeatedly thermally oxidized oil.
332. Peroxyl radicals: inductors of neurodegenerative and other inflammatory diseases, their origin and how they transform cholesterol, phospholipids, plasmalogens, polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars, and proteins into deleterious products, Spiteller G, Free Radic Biol Med, August 1, 2006, 41(3):362-87.
333. Triacylglycerol oxidation in pig lipoproteins after a diet rich in oxidized sunflower seed oil, Lipids, 40, 437–444, May 2005, “Studies suggest that oxidized dietary lipids increase the oxidation level of chylomicrons and VLDL. In addition to oxidized LDL, which has a central role in atherogenesis, oxidized chylomicrons and their remnants also seem to be potentially atherogenic. Oxidation of chylomicrons results in particles that may serve as a substrate for scavenger receptors. Chylomicrons and their remnants may associate with arterial tissue with even greater efficiency than LDL.”
334. Effect of dietary oils on lipid peroxidation and on antioxidant parameters of rat plasma and Iipoprotein fractions, C Scaccini, l. M. Nardini,’ M. D’Aquino, V. Gentili, M. Di Felice, and G. Tomassit, Istituto Nazionale della Nutrizione, Rome, Italy, and Universith della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy, Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 33, 1992, 627-633, “The use of monounsaturated fats in the diet, rather than polyunsaturated fats, generates lipoprotein particles markedly resistant to oxidative modification. On the other hand, the dietary contribution of antioxidant compounds affects the overall resistance of lipoproteins to lipid peroxidation.”
335. Associations between the antioxidant network and emotional intelligence: a preliminary study, Pesce, Mirko et al, Vladimir N Uversky (editor), PLoS ONE 9.7 (2014): e101247, PMC, Web, April 10, 2016.
336. Lipidomics and H218O labeling techniques reveal increased remodeling of DHA-containing membrane phospholipids associated with abnormal locomotor responses in α-tocopherol deficient zebrafish (danio rerio) embryos, Redox Biology, vol. 8, August 2016, pp. 165–174.
337. The adult brain makes new neurons, and effortful learning keeps them alive, Tracy J Shors, Current Directions in Psychological Science, October 2014, vol. 23, no. 5311-318.
338. Influence of dietary thermally oxidized soybean oil on the oxidative status of rats of different ages, Ann Nutr Metab, 1990, 34(4):221-31.
339. Biological studies on the protective role of artichoke and green pepper against potential toxic effect of thermally oxidized oil in mice, Arab J, Biotech, vol. 12, no. 1, January 2009, 27-40, http://www.acgssr.org/BioTechnology/Vol.12N1January2009_files/abstract/003.pdf
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343. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: the new frontier of gluten related disorders, Carlo Catassi, Nutrients, October 2013, 5(10): 3839–3853.
344. Food allergy among U.S. children: trends in prevalence and hospitalizations, NCHS Data Brief No. 10, October 2008.
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349. Ibid.
350. Endothelial nitric oxide: protector of a healthy mind, Zvonimir S. Katusic and Susan A. Austin, Eur Heart J, April 7, 2014, 35(14): 888–894, www-ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.prx.hml.org/pmc/articles/PMC3977136/
351. Essential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase for mobilization of stem and progenitor cells, Aicher A, Heeschen C, Mildner-Rihm C, Urbich C, Ihling C, Technau-Ihling K, Leiher AM, Dimmeler S, Nat Med, 2003, 9:1370–1376.
352. Neurovascular regulation in the normal brain and in Alzheimer’s disease, Iadecola C, Nat Rev Neurosci, May 2004, 5(5):347-60.
353. Endothelial nitric oxide: protector of a healthy mind, Zvonimir S Katusic and Susan A Austin, Eur Heart J, April 7, 2014, 35(14): 888–894, www,ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.prx.hml.org/pmc/articles/PMC3977136/
354. Tonic and phasic nitric oxide signals in hippocampal long-term potentiation, Hopper RA, Garthwaite J, J Neurosci, 20;26:11513–11521.
355. Endothelial function and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases, Circ J 2009; 73: 411–418.
356. Associations between the antioxidant network and emotional intelligence: a preliminary study, PLoS One, 2014; 9(7): e101247, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4077755/.
357. Cognitive cost as dynamic allocation of energetic resources, Front Neurosci, 2015, 9: 289, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4547044/
358. Impaired endothelial function following a meal rich in used cooking fat, Michael JA Williams, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol. 33, issue 4, March 15, 1999, pp. 1050–1055.
359. Effects of repeated heating of cooking oils on antioxidant content and endothelial function (review), Austin Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, April 07, 2015.
360. Migraine, headache, and the risk of stroke in women: a prospective study, Kurth T, Slomke MA, Kase CS, et al, Neurology, 2005, 64:1020-6.
361. Migraine and ischaemic heart disease and stroke: potential mechanisms and treatment implications, Tietjen GE, Cephalalgia, 2007, 27:981–7.
362. Migraine aura pathophysiology: the role of blood vessels and microembolisation, Turgay Dalkara, Lancet Neurol, March 2010, 9(3): 309–317.
363. Arginine-nitric oxide pathway and cerebrovascular regulation in cortical spreading depression, Am J Physiol, July 1995, 269(1 pt. 2):H23-9.
364. Migraine aura without headache pathogenesis and pathophysiology, MedMerits.com, article section 6 of 14, Shih-Pin Chen, http://www.medmerits.com/index.php/article/migraineaurawith-outheadache/P5.
365. Arginine-nitric oxide pathway and cerebrovascular regulation in cortical spreading depression, Am J Physiol, July 1995, 269(1 pt. 2):H23-9.
366. Migraine aura without headache pathogenesis and pathophysiology, MedMerits.com, article section 6 of 14, Shih-Pin Chen, http://www.medmerits.com/index.php/article/migraineaurawith-outheadache/P5.
367. Perfusion-weighted imaging defects during spontaneous migrainous aura, Ann Neurol, January 1998, 43(1):25-31.
368. Migraine aura without headache pathogenesis and pathophysiology, MedMerits.com, article section 6 of 14, Shih-Pin Chen, http://www.medmerits.com/index.php/article/migraineaurawith-outheadache/P5.
369. Structural brain changes in migraine, JAMA, November 14, 2012; 308(18): 1889–1897, www.ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.prx.hml.org/pmc/articles/PMC3633206/
370. Ibid.
371. Oxidative stress and the aging brain: from theory to prevention, Gemma C, Vila J, Bachstetter A, et al, Riddle DR (editor); Brain Aging: Models, Methods, and Mechanisms, Chapter 15, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, 2007, available from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK3869/
372. Peroxyl radicals: inductors of neurodegenerative and other inflammatory diseases, their origin and how they transform cholesterol, phospholipids, plasmalogens, polyunsaturated fatty acids, sugars, and proteins into deleterious products, Spiteller G, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 41, 2006, pp. 362–387.
373. Linoleic acid peroxidation—the dominant lipid peroxidation process in low density lipoprotein—and its relationship to chronic diseases (review), Spiteller G, Chemistry and Physics of lipids, 95 (1998) pp. 105–162.
374. Concussions, and the NFL: how one doctor changed football forever, Laskas Jeanne Marie, Bennet Omalu, September 15, 2009, www.gq.com/story/nfl-players-brain-dementia-study-memory-concussions
375. Ibid.
376. Determination of lipid oxidation products in vegetable oils and marine omega-3 supplements, Food Nutr Res, 2011, 55: 10, www.ncbi-nlm-nih-gov.prx.hml.org/pmc/articles/PMC3118035/
377. Molecular aspects of medicine, vol. 24, issues 4–5, pp. 147-314, August–October 2003, 4 - Hydroxynonenal: a lipid degradation product provided with cell regulatory functions.
378. Involvement of microtubule integrity in memory impairment caused by colchicine, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, vol. 71, issues 1–2, January–February 2002, pp. 119–138.
379. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a reactive product of lipid peroxidation, and neurodegenerative diseases: a toxic combination illuminated by redox proteomics studies, Antioxid Redox Signal, December 1, 2012, 17(11): 1590–160.
380. Ibid.
381. Neuronal microtubules: when the MAP is the roadblock, Trends in Cell Biology, vol. 15, issue 4, April 2005, pp. 183–187.
382. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a reactive product of lipid peroxidation, and neurodegenerative diseases: a toxic combination illuminated by redox proteomics studies, Antioxid Redox Signal, December 1, 2012, 17(11): 1590–160.
383. MRI vs. clinical predictors of Alzheimer disease in mild cognitive impairment, Neurology, January 15, 2008, 70(3):191-9, vol. tric.
384. Neuron number and size in prefrontal cortex of children with autism, Courchesne E, Mouton PR, Calhoun ME, et al, JAMA, 2011, 306(18):2001-2010.
385. Local brain connectivity across development in autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional investigation, Autism Res, January 2016, 9(1):43-54, doi 10.1002/aur.1494, epub June 2015.
386. Dr. Anthony Bailey of the University of British Columbia presents Neurobiology of autism spectrum disorders, a care-ID web presentation, from Care ID YouTube Channel, accessed online on April 11, 2106, at www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IudE9OrIOE; minute 27:00 shows novel columns in the brainstem.
387. Using human pluripotent stem cells to model autism spectrum disorders, Carol Marchetto, YouTube video presentation online from the Salk Institute YouTube Channel, accessed online on April 11, 2016 at www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB9JonYy1xo, minute 13:00.
388. Patches of disorganization in the neocortex of children with autism, Stoner R, Chow ML, Boyle MP, Sunkin SM, Mouton PR, Roy S, Wynshaw-Boris A, Colamarino SA, Lein ES, Courchesne E. NEJM, March 27, 2014.
389. Non-verbal girl with autism speaks through her computer, 20/20 ABC News Story reported by John Stossel, accessible via STAR Center (Sensory Therapies and Research Center) YouTube Channel, accessed on April 11, 216 at www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMBzJleeOno.
390. Ibid.
391. Schizophrenic reaction, childhood type, DSM I, 1952, entry 000-x28, accessed online on March 5, 2016, at www.unstrange.com/dsm1.html
392. Diagnostic criteria for infantile autism, DSM III, 1980, accessed online on March 5, 2016, at www.unstrange.com/dsm1.html
393. Accessed online on March 5, 2016, www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/addm.html
394. Combined vaccines are like a sudden onslaught to the body’s immune system: parental concerns about vaccine ‘overload’ and ‘immune-vulnerability, Hilton S, Petticrew M, Hunt K, Vaccine. 2006;24(20):4321–7.
395. Maternal smoking and autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis, Rosen BN, Lee BK, Lee NL, Yang Y, Burstyn I.
396. In utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for autism spectrum disorder, Gidaya NB, Lee BK, Burstyn I, Yudell M, Mortensen EL, Newschaffer CJ J, Autism Dev Disord, October 2014, 44(10):2558-67.
397. Reduced prefrontal dopaminergic activity in valproic acid-treated mouse autism model, Hara Y, Takuma K, Takano E, Katashiba K, Taruta A, Higashino K, Hashimoto H, Ago Y, Matsuda T, Behav Brain Res, August 1, 2015, 289:39-47.
398. Current research on methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: animal models of mono-amine disruption (review), Kita T, Wagner GC, Nakashima T, J Pharmacol Sci, July 2003, 92(3):178-95
399. Prenatal exposure to a common organophosphate insecticide delays motor development in a mouse model of idiopathic autism, De Felice A, Scattoni ML, Ricceri L, Calamandrei G, PLoS One, Mar 24, 2015, 10(3):e0121663.
400. Neurodevelopmental disorders and prenatal residential proximity to agricultural pesticides: the CHARGE study, Shelton JF, Geraghty EM, Tancredi DJ, Delwiche LD, Schmidt RJ, Ritz B, Hansen RL, Hertz-Picciotto I, Environ Health Perspect, October 2014, 122(10):1103-9.
401. Early exposure to bisphenol A alters neuron and glia number in the rat prefrontal cortex of adult males, but not females, Neuroscience, October 24, 2014, 279:122-31, doi 10.1016/J Neuroscience, 2014.08.038, epub 2014.
402. Childhood autism and associated comorbidities, Brain and Development, June 2007, vol. 29, issue 5, pp. 257–272.
403. Mercury exposure and child development outcomes, Davidson PW, Myers GJ, Weiss B, Pediatrics, 2004, 113(4 suppl):1023–9.
404. Sleep spindles, mobile phones, lucid dreaming and sleep in Parkinson’s disease and autism spectrum disorders, Dijk DJ, J Sleep Res, December 2012, 21(6):601-2.
405. Risk of autism spectrum disorders in children born after assisted conception: a population-based follow-up study, Hvidtjørn D, Grove J, Schendel D, Schieve LA, Sværke C, Ernst E, Thorsen P, J Epidemiol Community Health, June 2011, 65(6):497-502.
406. Perinatal factors and the development of autism: a population study, Arch Gen Psychiatry, June 2004, 61(6):618-27.
407. Out of time: a possible link between mirror neurons, autism and electromagnetic radiation, Thornton IM, Med Hypotheses, 2006, 67(2):378-82.
408. Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants as potential autism risk factors (review), Messer A, Physiol Behav, June 1,2010, 100(3):245-9, doi 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.011, epub January 2010.
409. Antenatal ultrasound and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Grether JK, Li SX, Yoshida CK, Croen LA. J Autism Dev Discord. Feb 2010;40(2):238-45.
410. Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder among individuals with a family history of alcohol use disorders, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Ji J, Elife, August 2014.
411. Med Hypotheses, August 2013, 81(2):251-2, doi 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.037, epub May 2013, May 21.Iatrogenic autism.Hahr JY1.
412. Influence of candidate polymorphisms on the dipeptidyl peptidase IV and μ-opioid receptor genes expression in aspect of the β-casomorphin-7 modulation functions in autism, Cieślińska A, Sienkiewicz, Szłapka E, Wasilewska J, Fiedorowicz E, Chwała B, Moszyńska-Dumara M, Cieśliński T, Bukało M, Kostyra E, Peptides, March 2015, pp. 6—11.
413. Soy infant formula may be associated with autistic behaviors, Westmark CJ, Autism Open Access, November 2013, 18;3, pp: 20727.
414. The relationship of autism and gluten, Buie T, Clin Ther, May 2013, 35(5):578-83.
415. A review of dietary interventions in autism, Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 2009; 21(4):237-247.
416. Methods to create thermally oxidized lipids and comparison of analytical procedures to characterize peroxidation, J Anim Sci, July 2014, 92(7):2950-9, doi 10.2527/jas.2012-5708, epub May 2014.
417. 1994 data shows annual U.S. per capita consumption of vegetable oil at 25.1 kilograms per day, equating to 618 calories daily. Data from tables at USDA website shows 2014 consumption is 170 percent of 1995 consumption. Assuming 1994 and 1995 are about the same in terms of per capita consumption, then doing the math for 2014 per capita consumption, we get just over 1,000 calories per day from vegetable oils for the average American. The average calories consumed per day by Americans obviously ranges widely, but 2015 estimates put the average intake at 3,600, where thin people eat 1,700-3,000, depending on activity level. Estimates for health conscious consumers based on personal experience that most health conscious consumers cook at home more often and that reduces their exposure to all vegetable oils. Sources: 1995 data from Table 6 in the article Polyunsaturated fatty acids in the food chain in the United States, Am J Clin Nutr, January 2000, vol. 71, no. 1, 179S-188, 2014 data from tables at www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/oil-crops-yearbook.aspx
418. Costs of autism spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States, Buescher AS, Cidav Z, Knapp M, Mandell DS, JAMA Pediatr, 2014, 168(8):721-728, doi10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.210.
419. Chemistry and biology of DNA containing 1, N2-deoxyguanosine adducts of the α,β-unsaturated aldehydes acrolein, crotonaldehyde, and 4-hydroxynonenal, Chem Res Toxicol, May 18, 2009, 22(5): 759–778.
420. Mutational specificity of γ-radiation-induced g–thymine and thymine–guanine intrastrand cross-links in mammalian cells and translesion synthesis past the guanine–thymine lesion by human DNA polymerase, Biochemistry, August 5, 2008; 47(31): 8070–8079.
421. Rates of spontaneous mutation, Drake JW, Charlesworth B, Charlesworth D, Crow JF, Genetics, April 1998, 148 (4): 1667–86.
422. Mutagenic/recombinogenic effects of four lipid peroxidation products in Drosophila. Food Chem Toxicol, March 2013, 53:ch221-7, doi 10.1016/j.fct.2012.11.0,3, epub December 2012.
423. Dietary oxidized n-3 PUFA induce oxidative stress and inflammation: role of intestinal absorption of 4-HHE and reactivity in intestinal cells, J Lipid Res, October 2012, 53(10):2069-80, doi 10.1194/jlr.M026179, epub August 2012.
424. Role of glutathione in the radiation response of mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo, Bump EA, Brown JM, Pharmacol Ther, 1990, 47(1):117-36.
425. Glutathione modifies the oxidation products of 2’-deoxyguanosine by singlet molecular oxygen, Peres PS, Valerio A, Cadena SM, Winnischofer SM, Scalfo AC, Di Mascio P, Martinez GR, Arch Biochem Biophys, November 15, 2015, 586:33-44, doi 10.1016/j.abb.2015.09.020, epub September 2015.
426. Unequivocal demonstration that malondialdehyde is a mutagen, Carcinogenesis, 1983, 4(3):331-3.
427. Oxy radicals, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage, Toxicology, December 27, 2002, 181-182:219-22.
428. Ibid.
429. Malondialdehyde, a major endogenous lipid peroxidation product, sensitizes human cells to UV- and BPDE-induced killing and mutagenesis through inhibition of nucleotide excision repair, Mutat Res, October 10, 2006, 601(1-2):125-36, epub July 2006.
430. Trans-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal inhibits nucleotide excision repair in human cells: a possible mechanism for lipid peroxidation-induced carcinogenesis, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, June 2004, 8;101(23):8598-602.
431. Global increases in both common and rare copy number load associated with autism, Hum Mol Genet, July 15, 2013, 22(14): 2870–2880.
432. Global increases in both common and rare copy number load associated with autism, Hum Mol Genet, July 15, 2013, 22(14): 2870–2880. The article discusses primarily the category of mutation called copy number load, meaning long portions of DNA are present in either abnormally high amount or a copy of the gene is absent. This study found a 7.7-fold increase in duplications and a 2.3-fold increase in deletions.
433. Global increases in both common and rare copy number load associated with autism, Hum Mol Genet, July 15, 2013, 22(14): 2870–2880.413, MMWR CDC Surveill Summ, December 1990, 39(4):19-23, Temporal trends in the prevalence of congenital malformations at birth based on the birth defects monitoring program, Edmonds LD, United States, 1979–1987.
434. Global increases in both common and rare copy number load associated with autism, Hum Mol Genet, July 15, 2013, 22(14): 2870–2880.
435. Global increases in both common and rare copy number load associated with autism, Hum Mol Genet, July 15, 2013, 22(14): 2870–2880.
436. The association between congenital anomalies and autism spectrum disorders in a Finnish national birth cohort, Dev Med Child Neurol, January 2015, 57(1): 75–80.
437. Minor malformations and physical measurements in autism: data from Nova Scotia, Teratology, 55:319–325 (1997).
438. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ. 1990 Dec;39(4):19-23). Temporal trends in the prevalence of congenital malformations at birth based on the birthdefects monitoring program, United States, 1979-1987. Edmonds LD (Yes this is the most recent report, apparently the CDC didn’t find these statistics disturbing enough to see if the trend was continuing.)
439. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged eight years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, eleven sites, United States, 2010, Surveillance Summaries, March 28, 2014/63(SS02);1-21.
440. Advancing paternal age and risk of autism: new evidence from a population-based study and a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies, Mol Psychiatry, December 2011, (12):1203-12.
Chapter 9
441. Cane sugar: 160 pounds per capita per year; high fructose corn syrup: 44 pounds per capita per year.
442. Maternal obesity and risk for birth defects, Watkins ML, Pediatrics, vol. 111, no. 5, May 2003, pp. 1152-1158.
443. Fasting glucose in acute myocardial infarction, incremental value for long-term mortality and relationship with left ventricular systolic function, Aronson D, Diabetes Care, 30:960-966, 2007.
444. IGT and IFG, time for revision? K. Borch-Johnsen, Diabetic Medicine. vol. 19, issue 9, September 2002, pp. 707—707.
445. The modern nutritional diseases, Ottoboni F, 2002: “Epidemiologic studies among human populations showed that atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases occurred at higher rates in affluent societies and among the higher socioeconomic classes. These studies associated the high disease rates with ‘luxurious food’ consumption, excessive caloric intake, sweets, sedentary lifestyle, and stress.”
446. America’s eating habits: changes and consequences, Frazao E (editor), Agriculture Information Bulletin No. (AIB750) 484, May 1999, Chapter 7: Trends in the US. food supply: 1970–97.
447. Insulin and glucagon modulate hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme a reductase activity by affecting immunoreactive protein levels, G Ness, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 18 November 1994, 29168-72.
448. Restricted daily consumption of a highly palatable food (chocolate Ensure) alters striatal enkephalin gene expression, Kelley AE, European Journal of Neuroscience, 18 (9), pp. 2592–2598. The authors conclude that “repeated consumption of a highly rewarding, energy-dense food induces neuroadaptations in cognitive-motivational circuits.” Numerous other similar studies exist to support the idea that animals addicted to sugar have the same chemical changes in their brains as if they were addicted to opiates.
449. Routine sucrose analgesia, during the first week of life in neonates younger than thirty-one weeks’ postconceptional age, Johnston CC, Pediatrics, vol. 110, no. 3, September 2002, pp. 523-528.
450. Ibid.
451. Ibid.
452. Central insulin resistance as a trigger for sporadic Alzheimer-like pathology: an experimental approachreview, Salkovic-Petrisic M, Hoyer S, J Neural Transm Suppl, 2007, (72):217-33.
453. Aging of the brain (review), Mech Aging Dev, Anderton BH, April 2002, 123(7):811-7.
454. Taste preference for sweetness in urban and rural populations in Iraq, Jamel HA, J Dent Res, 75(11): 1879-1884, November 1996.
455. Pediasure brand nutritional supplement label information, accessed online on August 22, 2007 from www.pediasure.com/pedia_info.a.px
456. Observations on the economic adulteration of high value food products, Fairchild GF, Journal of Food Distribution Research, vol. 32, no. 2, July 2003, pp. 38–45.
457. From the ingredients listed on a box of Kellogg’s Raisin Bran Crunch.
458. Fructose and non-fructose sugar intakes in the US population and their associations with indicators of metabolic syndrome, Sam Sun et al, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49,11 (2011):2874-2882.
459. Dietary fructose consumption among US children and adults: the third national health and nutrition examination survey, Miriam Vos et al, Medscape J Med, 10,7 (2008) 160.
Chapter 10
460. The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 1210.
461. Ibid.
462. Dietary advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and their health effects—PRO, Sebeková K, Mol Nutr Food Res, September 2007, 51(9):1079-84.
463. Methylglyoxal in food and living organisms (review), Nemet I, Mol Nutr Food Res, December 2006, 50(12):1105-17.
464. Multidimensional scaling of ferrous sulfate and basic tastes, Stevens D, Physiology and Behavior, 2006, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 272–279.
465. Neural circuits for taste: excitation, inhibition, and synaptic plasticity in the rostral gustatory zone of the nucleus of the solitary tract, Bradley RM, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 855 (1), 467–474.
466. Excitotoxins: the taste that kills, Russel Blaylock, Health Press, 1996.
467. Body composition of white tailed deer, Robbins C, J, Anim Sci, 1974, 38:871-876.
468. University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension, accessed online on August 19, 2008, at: www.extension.unh.edu/news/feedeer.htm
469. The Journals of Samuel Hearne, S Hearne, 1768, “On the twenty-second of July, we met several strangers, whom we joined in pursuit of the caribou, which were at this time so plentiful that we got everyday a sufficient number for our support, and indeed too frequently killed several merely for the tongues, marrow and fat.”
470. The Narrative of Cabeza De Vaca, Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez, translation of La Relacion by Rolena Adorno and Patrick Charles Pautz, University of Nebraska Press, 2003.
471. CD36 involvement in orosensory detection of dietary lipids, spontaneous fat preference, and digestive secretions, Laugusterette FJ, Clin Invest, 115:3177-3184, 2005.
472. Evidence for human orosensory (taste) sensitivity to free fatty acids, Chale-Rush A, Chem Senses, June 1, 2007, 32(5): 423–431.
473. Multiple routes of chemosensitivity to free fatty acids in humans, Chale-Rush A, Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, 292: G1206-G1212, 2007.
474. Seeds of deception, exposing industry and government lies about the safety of the genetically engineered foods you’re eating, Smith J, Yes Books, 2003, pp. 77-105.
475. Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents in osteoarthritis: the role of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen hydrolysate, Deal CL, Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 25, issue 2, May 1, 1999, pp. 379-395.
476. Ibid.
477. The heparin-binding (fibroblast) growth factor family of proteins, Burgess W, Annual Review of Biochemistry, vol. 58: 575-602, July 1989.
478. As posted on the Stone Foundation for Arthritis Help and Research website, accessed on October 10, 2007, at: www.stoneclinic.com/jJanuaryews.htm
479. Determinants and implications of bone grease rendering: a Pacific Northwest example, Prince P, North American Archaeologist, vol. 28, no.1, 2007.
480. A new approach to identifying bone marrow and grease exploitation: why the “indeterminate” fragments should not be ignored, Outram AK, Journal of Archaeological Science, 2001, 28, pp. 401–410.
481. The Ladies New Book Of Cookery: A Practical System for Private Families in Town and Country; With Directions for Carving and Arranging the Table for Parties, Etc., Also Preparations of Food for Invalids and for Children, Sara Hosepha Hale, New York, H Long and Brother, 1852, p. 93.
482. Freezing for two weeks at -4 degrees F. will kill parasites.
483. Let’s Cook It Right, Adelle Davis, Signet, 1970, p. 87.
484. USDA Agricultural Resource Service Nutrient Data Library, accessed online on December 23, 2005, at www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/
485. Paraphrased by HE Jacob in Six Thousand Years of Bread: It’s Holy and Unholy History, Skyhorse, 2007, p. 26.
486. The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge Unviersity Press, 2000, p. 1474.
487. Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology, Adam Lucas, Brill Academic Publishers, 2005.
488. The gut flora as a forgotten organ, Shanahan F, EMBO reports 7, 7, 688–693, 2006.
489. Nutrition and colonic health: the critical role of the microbiota, O’keefe SJ, Curr Opin Gastroenterol, January 2008, 24(1):51-58.
490. Serum or plasma cartilage oligomeric matrix protein concentration as a diagnostic marker in pseudoachondroplasia: differential diagnosis of a family, A Cevik Tufan et al, Eur J Hum Genet, 15: 1023-1028.
491. The Cambridge World History of Food, Cambridge Unviersity Press, 2000, p. 1473.
492. Effects of soy protein and soybean isoflavones on thyroid function in healthy adults and hypothyroid patients: a review of the relevant literature, Messina M, Thyroid, March 2006, 16(3):249-58.
493. Infant feeding with soy formula milk: effects on puberty progression, reproductive function and testicular cell numbers in marmoset monkeys in adulthood, Tan KA, Hum Reprod, April 2006, (4):896-904.
494. Food Values Of Portions Commonly Used, Pennington J, Harper, 1989.
495. Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria, Waters CM, Bassler BL, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 21:319-346, 2005.
496. The gut flora as a forgotten organ, Shanahan F, EMBO reports 7, 7, 688–693, 2006.
497. Probiotics in human disease (review), Isolauri E, Am J Clin Nutr, June 2001, 73(6):1142S-1146S.
498. Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and auto-immune diseases (review), Sokol D, Immunol Lett, May 15, 2004, 93(2-3):97-108.
499. Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health (review), Parvez S, J Appl Microbiol, Jun 2006, 100(6):1171-85.
500. Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen, and canned fruits and vegetables, Executive Summary of the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, Rickman J, accessed online at: www.mealtime.org/uploadedFiles/Mealtime/Content/ucdavisstudyexecutivesummary.pdf
501. Whole wheat and white wheat flour—the mycobiota and potential mycotoxins, Weidenbörner M, Food Microbiology, vol. 17, issue 1, February 2000, pp. 103–107.
502. The impact of processing on the nutritional quality of food proteins, Meade S, Journal of AOAC International, 2005, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 904–922.
503. Let’s Have Healthy Children, Adelle Davis, Signet, 1972, p. 95.
504. Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids, Castenmiller JJM, Annual Review of Nutrition, vol. 18: 19-38, July 1998.
505. Mrs. Hill’s Southern Practical Cookery and Receipt Book, AP Hill, Damon Lee Fowler, University of South Carolina Press, 1872.
506. The apparent incidence of hip fracture in Europe: a study of national register sources, Johnel O, Ostoporosis International, vol. 2, no. 6, November 1992.
507. The Last Hours of Ancient Sunlight: The Fate of the World and What We Can Do Before It’s Too Late, revised and updated, Thom Hartman, Broadway, 2004.
508. The Milk Book: The Milk of Human Kindness Is Not Pasteurized, William Campbell Douglass II, Rhino Publishing, 2005.
509. Continuous thermal processing of foods: pasteurization and Uht, Heppell NJ, Springer 2000, p. 194.
510. Dr. North and the Kansas City Newspaper war: public health advocacy collides with main street respectability, Kovarik B, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (72nd, Washington, D.C., August 10-13, 1989, accessed online on December 27, 2007, at: www.radford.edu/wkovarik/papers/aej98.html
511. The Milk Book: The Milk of Human Kindness Is Not Pasteurized, William Campbell Douglass II, Rhino Publishing, 2005.
512. Ibid., p. 11.
513. Modifications in milk proteins induced by heat treatment and homogenization and their influence on susceptibility to proteolysis, Garcia-Risco MR, International Dairy Journal, 12 (2002) pp. 679–688.
514. Soluble, dialyzable and ionic calcium in raw and processed skim milk, whole milk and spinach, Reykdal O, Journal of Food Science, 56 3, pp. 864–866, 1991.
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516. Carbonylation of milk powder proteins as a consequence of processing conditions, François Fenaille, Proteomics, vol. 5, issue 12, pp. 3097-3104.
517. Modifications in milk proteins induced by heat treatment and homogenization and their influence on susceptibility to proteolysis, Garcia-Risco MR, International Dairy Journal, 12 (2002) pp. 679–688.
518. Chemistry and Safety of Acrylamide in Food, Friedman M, p. 141, Springer, 2005.
519. Lancet, May 8, 1937, p. 1142.
520. Nutrition abstracts and reviews, Fischr RA and Bartlett S, October 1931, vol. 1, p. 224.
521. Dietary fat requirements in health and development, Thomas H Applewhite, American Oil Chemists Society, 1988, p. 30.
Chapter 11
522. Jaenisch, R, Epigenetic regulation of gene expression: how the genome integrates intrinsic and environmental signals, Nature Genetics, 33, 245-254 (2003).
523. Orexins in the brain-gut axis, Kirchgessner AL, Endocrine Reviews, 23 (1): 1-15.
524. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, Prins JB, Best Practice and Research Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2002, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 639-651.
525. Reduction in adiposity affects the extent of afferent projections to growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin neurons and the degree of colocalization of neuropeptides in growth hormone-releasing hormone and somatostatin cells of the ovine hypothalamus, Javed Iqbal J, Endocrinology, vol. 146, no. 11, pp. 4776-4785.
526. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor {gamma} and adipose tissue—understanding obesity-related changes in regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism, Sharma AM, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 92, no. 2, pp. 386-395.
527. Leptin-induced growth stimulation of breast cancer cells involves recruitment of histone acetyltransferases and mediator complex to CYCLEN D1 promoter via activation of stat 3, Saxena NK, J. Biol Chem, vol. 282, issue 18, pp. 13316-13325, May 4, 2007.
528. Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on the delta 5, delta 6 and delta 9 desaturases of rat liver microsomes in vivo, Mahfouz M, Acta Biol Med Ger, 1981, 40(12):1699-1705. “This study shows that the dietary trans fatty acids are differentially incorporated into the liver microsomal lipids and act as inhibitors for delta 9 and delta 6 desaturases. The delta 6 desaturase is considered as the key enzyme in the conversion of the essential fatty acids to arachidonic acid and prostaglandins. This indicates that the presence of trans fatty acids in the diet may induce some effects on the EFA metabolism through their action on the desaturases.”
529. A defect in the activity of delta 6 and delta 5 desaturases may be a factor predisposing to the development of insulin resistance syndrome, Das UN, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, vol. 72, issue 5, May 2005, pp. 343–350.
530. Regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase by polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol, M Ntambi, September 1999, Journal of Lipid Research, 40, pp. 1549–1558.
531. Role of stearoyl-CoA desaturases in obesity and the metabolic syndrome, H E Popeijus, International Journal of Obesity, 32, 1076–1082, doi 10.1038/ijo.2008.55, published online April 22, 2008.
532. Interruption of triacylglycerol synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum is the initiating event for saturated fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity in liver cells, Mantzaris, February 2011, 278(3):519-30, doi 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07972.x.
533. The significance of differences in fatty acid metabolism between obese and non-obese patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Nakamuta M, Int J Mol Med, November 2008, 22(5):663-7.
534. Liver mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of experimental nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Oliveira CP, Braz J Med Biol Res, February 2006, 39(2):189-94, epub February 2006.
535. Insulin resistance, inflammation, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Tilg H, Trends Endocrinol Metab, October 15, 2008, epub prior to print.
536. Apoptosis in skeletal muscle myotubes is induced by ceramide and is positively related to insulin resistance, Turpin SM, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 291: E1341–E1350, 2006.
537. Weapons of lean body mass destruction: the role of ectopic lipids in the metabolic syndrome (review), Unger RH, Endocrinology, December 2003, 144(12):5159-65.
538. Prostaglandins, Chuck S. Bronson, Nova Publishers, 2006. p. 51.
539. Dietary fat intake and risk of type 2 diabetes in women, Salmeron J, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 73, no. 6, pp. 1019-1026, June 2001.
540. Sex differences in lipid and glucose kinetics after ingestion of an acute oral fructose load, Tran C, Jacot Descombes D, Lecoultre V, Fielding BA, Carrel G, Le KA, Schneiter P, Bortolotti M, Frayn KN, Tappy L, Br J Nutr, 2010, 104:1139–1147.
541. Regulation of adipose cell number in man, Prins JB, Clin Sci, London, 1997, 92: 3-11.
542. Neural Innervation of White Adipose Tissue and the Control of Lipolysis, Bartness, Timothy J. et al, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 35.4 (2014): 473–493.PMC, web, April 15, 2016.
543. The cellular plasticity of human adipocytes, Tholpady SS, Annals of Plastic Surgery, vol. 54, no. 6, June 2005, pp. 651–6.
544. Transdifferentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, Song L, FASEB Journal, vol. 18, June 2004, pp. 980–82.
545. Reversible transdifferentiation of secretory epithelial cells into adipocytes in the mammary gland, Morron M, PNAS, November 30, 2004, vol. 101, no. 48, pp. 16801–16806.
546. Identification of cartilage progenitor cells in the adult ear perichondrium: utilization for cartilage reconstruction, Togo T, Laboratory Investigation, 2006, 86, pp. 445–457.
547. The cellular plasticity of human adipocytes, Tholpady SS, Annals of Plastic Surgery, vol. 54, no. 6, June 2005, pp. 651–56.
548. The Health Report, ABC Radio International transcript, July 9, 2007, presented by Norman Swain.
549. Insulin-resistant subjects have normal angiogenic response to aerobic exercise training in skeletal muscle, but not in adipose tissue, Walton RG, Physiol Rep, June 2015, 3(6), pii, e12415, doi 10.14814/phy2.12415.
550. Transdifferentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow, Song L, FASEB, vol. 18, June 2004, pp. 980–82.
551. Adipose cell apoptosis: death in the energy depot, A Sorisky, International Journal of Obesity, 2000, 24, suppl. 4, S3±S7.
552. In vivo dedifferentiation of adult adipose cells, Liao, Yunjun et al, Guillermo López Lluch (editor), PLoS ONE 10.4 (2015): e0125254, PMC, web, April 15, 2016. “Adipocytes can highly express embryonic stem cell markers, such as October 4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Nanog, after dedifferentiating [34]. Thus, they may represent a reservoir of pluripotent cells in dynamic equilibrium with organ-specific cellular components and be capable of phenotypic transformation.”
553. Changes in nerve cells of the nucleus basalis of Meynert in Alzheimer’s disease and their relationship to ageing and to the accumulation of lipofuscin pigment, Mann DM, Mech Ageing Dev, April-May 1984, 25(1-2):189-204.
554. Mechanisms of disease: is osteoporosis the obesity of bone? Rosen CJ, Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology, 2006, 2, pp. 35–43.
555. Endocrinology of adipose tissue – an update, Fischer-Pozovsky P, Hormone Metabolism Research, May 2007, 36(5):314-21.
556. Exercise and the treatment of clinical depression in adults: recent findings and future directions, Brosse A, Sports Medicine, 32(12):741-760, 2002.
557. Beta-endorphin decreases fatigue and increases glucose uptake independently in normal and dystrophic mice, Kahn S, Muscle Nerve, April 2005, 31(4):481-6.
558. The differential contribution of tumour necrosis factor to thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia during chronic inflammation, Inglis JJ, Arthritis Res Ther, 2005, 7(4):R807-16, epub April 2005.
559. TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) is a potent skeletal muscle-wasting cytokine, Faseb J, June 2007, 21(8):1857-69.
560. Aerobic exercise training increases brain volume in aging humans, Colcombe J, Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 2006, 61:1166-1170.
561. Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus, Gage FH, Nat Neurosci, Mar 1999, 2(3):266-70.
562. Six sessions of sprint interval training increases muscle oxidative potential and cycle endurance capacity in humans, Burgomaster KA, J Appl Physiol, 98: 1985-1990, 2005.
563. Ibid.
564. Plasma ghrelin is altered after maximal exercise in elite male rowers, Jürimäe J, Exp Biol Med, Maywood, July 2007, 232(7):904-9.
Chapter 12
565. Update on food allergy, Sampson, H, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 113, issue 5, pp. 805–819.
566. Food allergy among U.S. children: trends in prevalence and hospitalizations, NCHS Data Brief No. 10, October 2008, Amy M. Branum, M.S.P.H. Figure 4, accessible online at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db10.htm
567. The relationship between lower extremity alignment charactheristics and anterior knee joint laxity, Shultz SJ, Sports Health 1, 1 (2009) 53-100.
568. Update on food allergy, Sampson H, Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 113, issue 5, pp. 805-819.
569. Food allergy among U.S. children: trends in prevalence and hospitalizations, NCHS Data Brief No. 10, October 2008, Amy M. Branum, M.S.P.H. Figure 4, accessible online at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db10.htm
570. Facial soft tissue reconstruction: Thomas procedures in facial plastic surgery Gregory H, Branham Pmph USA, November 30, 2011, p. 17.
571. Glycation stress and photo-aging in skin, Masamitsu Ichihashi, Anti-Aging Medicine, 2011, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 23-29.
572. Ageing and zonal variation in post-translational modification of collagen in normal human articular cartilage: the age-related increase in non-enzymatic glycation affects bio-mechanical properties of cartilage.
573. Ruud A. Bank, Biochemical Journal, February 15, 1998,330(1)345-351.
574. Diabetes, advanced glycation endproducts and vascular disease, Jean-Luc Wautier, Vasc Med, May 1998, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 131-137.
575. Role of advanced glycation end products in aging collagen, Gerontology, 1998, 44(4):187-9.
576. See how AGEs cross-link collagen in Chapter 10, Beyond Calories.
577. Session 3: Joint Nutrition Society and Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute Symposium on ‘Nutrition and auto-immune disease’ PUFA, inflammatory processes and rheumatoid arthritis, Proc Nutr Soc, November 2008, 67(4):409-18.
578. Facial plastic surgery, scar management: prevention and treatment strategies, Chen, Margaret, Current Opinion in Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, August 2005, vol. 13, issue 4, pp. 242–247.
579. Metabolic fate of exogenous chondroitin sulfate in the experimental animal, Palmieri L, Arzneimittelforschung, March 1990, 40(3):319–23.
580. Proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, Silbert JE, in Biochemistry and Physiology of the Skin, Goldsmith LA (editor), Oxford University Press, 1983, pp. 448–461.
581. Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulfate, Ronca F, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, May 6, 1998, suppl. A:14-21.
582. Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents in osteoarthritis: the role of glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and collagen hydrolysate, Deal CL, Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, vol. 25, issue 2, May 1, 1999.
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584. Cell death in cartilage, K. Kühn, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, vol. 12, issue 1, January 2004, pp. 1–16.
585. The effect of hyaluronic acid on IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis in a rat model of osteoarthritis, Pang-Hu Zhou, Journal of Orthopaedic Research, December 2008, vol. 26, issue 12, pp. 1643–1648.
586. Cellulite and its treatment, Rawlings A, International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2006, 28, pp. 175–190.
587. Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2010 (2010), article ID 858176, 6 pages, Lipid mediators in acne, Monica Ottaviani.
588. Antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation and skin diseases, what’s new, S Briganti, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 17, issue 6, pp. 663–669, November 2003.
589. Inflammatory lipid mediators in common skin diseases, Kutlubay Z, Skinmed, February 1, 2016, 1;14(1):23-7, eCollection 2016.
590. Inflammation in acne vulgaris, Guy F Webster, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol. 33, issue 2, part 1, August 1995, pp. 247–253.
591. Antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation and skin diseases, what’s new, S Briganti, Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 17, issue 6, pp. 663–669, November 2003.
592. Inflammatory lipid mediators in common skin diseases, Kutlubay Z, Skinmed, February 1, 2016, 1;14(1):23-7, eCollection 2016.
593. Dietary glycemic factors, insulin resistance, and adiponectin levels in acne vulgaris, Çerman AA, J Am Acad Dermatol, Apr 6, 2016, pii: S0190-9622(16)01485-7.
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596. Diet and acne redux, Valori Treloar, CNS Arch Dermatol, 2003, 139(7):941.
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599. Ultraviolet irradiation increases matrix metalloproteinase-8 protein in human skin in vivo, GJ Fisher, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol. 117, issue 2, August 2001, pp. 219–226.
600. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences, Michael F Holick, Am J Clin Nutr, April 2008, vol. 87, no. 4, 1080S-1086S.
601. The vitamin D content of fortified milk and infant formula, Holick MF, NEJM, vol. 326:1178-1181, April 30, 1992.
602. Vitamin D intoxication associated with an over-the-counter supplement, Koutikia P, N Engl J Med, July 5, 2001, 345(1):66-7.
603. Vitamin D: the underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health, Holick M, Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes, February 2002, 9(1):87-98.
604. The evolution of human skin coloration, Jablonski, Nina G, and George Chaplin, Journal of Human Evolution, 39: 57-106, 2000. With the exception of Northern American Native peoples. The exception may be due to the fact that they only migrated far north recently, or that they ate so much vitamin D rich animal tissue their skin never needed to lose the melanin to enable UV to penetrate enough to make their own.
605. The protective role of melanin against UV damage in human skin, Michaela Brenner, Photochem Photobiol, 2008, 84(3): 539–549.
606. Ibid.
607. Ultraviolet radiation accelerates BRAF-driven melanomagenesis by targeting TP53, Viros, A, et al, Nature, 2014, 511(7510): pp. 478-82.
608. Skin aging induced by ultraviolet exposure and tobacco smoking: evidence from epidemiological and molecular studies, Lei Y, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed, 2001, 17: 178–183.
609. Molecular basis of sun-induced premature skin ageing and retinoid antagonism, Fisher GJ, Nature, vol. 379(6563), January 25, 1996, pp. 335-339.
610. Eicosapentaenoic acid inhibits UV-induced MMP-1expression in human dermal fibroblasts, Hyeon HK, Journal of Lipid Research, vol. 46, 2005, pp. 1712-20.
611. Influence of glucosamine on matrix metalloproteinase expression and activity in lipopoly-saccharide-stimulated equine chondrocytes, Byron CR, American Journal of Veterinary Research, June 2003, vol. 64, no. 6, pp. 666-671.
612. The structures of elastins and their function, Debelle L and Alix AJ, Biochimie 81, 1999, pp. 981-994.
613. The Lung: Development, Aging and the Environment, Plopper C (editor), Elsevier Publishing, 2003, p. 259.
614. Anti-oxidation and anti-wrinkling effects of jeju horse leg bone hydrolysates, Dongwook Kim, Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour, 2014, 34(6): 844–851.
615. Collagen hydrolysate intake increases skin collagen expression and suppresses matrix metalloproteinase 2 activity, Zague V, J Med Food, June 2011, 14(6):618-24, doi 10.1089/jmf.2010.0085, pub April 2011.
Chapter 13
616. Gallup Poll 2012, accessible online at: www.gallup.com/poll/156116/Nearly-Half-Americans-Drink-Soda-Daily.aspx?utm_source=google&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=syndication
617. Dietary and physical activity behaviors among adults successful at weight loss maintenance, Judy Kruger, International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, December 2006, 3:17.
618. Body mass index and neurocognitive functioning across the adult lifespan, Stanek KM, Neuropsychology, March 2013, (2):141-51.
619. Altered executive function in obesity; exploration of the role of affective states on cognitive abilities, Appetite, vol. 52, issue 2, April 2009, pp. 535–539.
620. Opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and food contact materials (AFC), EFSA Journal, 2008, 754, 1-34 © European Food Safety Authority, 2007 Scientific (question nos. EFSA-Q-2006-168 and EFSA-Q-2008-254, adopted on May 22, 2008.
621. Opinion of the panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and food contact materials (AFC), EFSA Journal, 2008, 754, 1-34 © European Food Safety Authority, 2007 Scientific (question nos. EFSA-Q-2006-168 and EFSA-Q-2008-254, adopted on May 22, 2008.
622. www.webmd.com/parenting/baby/baby-food-nutrition-9/baby-food-answers
623. www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/feeding_your_baby_in_the_first_year
Chapter 14
624. The risk of lead contamination in bone broth diets, Medical Hypotheses, vol. 80, issue 4, April 2013, pp. 389–390.
625. Evaluation of lead content of kale (brassica oleraceae) commercially available in Buncombe County, North Carolina, Journal of the North Carolina Academy of Science, 124(1), 2008, pp. 23–25.
626. Mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium in fish and shellfish from the Adriatic Sea, Food Addit Contam, March 2003, 20(3):241-6.
627. WebMD Report: Protein drinks have unhealthy metals, Kathleen Doheny, reviewed by Laura J. Martin on June 3, 2010. Consumer Reports study finds worrisome levels of lead, cadmium, and other metals, accessed online on March 8, 2015 at: http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/20100603/report-protein-drinks-have-unhealthy-metals
628. Lead in New York City community garden chicken eggs: influential factors and health implications, Environ Geochem Health, August 2014, 36(4):633-49, doi 10.1007/s10653-013-9586-z, epub November 2013.
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630. Arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury in canned sardines commercially available in eastern Kentucky, USA, Mar Pollut Bull, January 2011, 62(1).
631. Mercury, arsenic, lead and cadmium in fish and shellfish from the Adriatic Sea, Food Addit Contam, March 2003, 20(3):241-6.
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636. CDC tool available at cdc.gov/foodbornoutbreaks/. Accessed March 9 2016, data collection period 1998-2014 (all available) states: all 50.
637. www.westonaprice.org/press/government-data-proves-raw-milk-safe/. This is based on data available in the 2010 census.
638. Estimated based on reports that 60 percent of U.S. adults do not drink milk and from data on children from this website: www.agriview.com/news/dairy/americans-drinking-less-milk-can-the-tide-be-turned/article_14ed2c88-d9bd-11e2-a7b9-0019bb2963f4.html
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647. Surprises from celiac disease, Scientific American, August 2009, pp. 32-39.
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