Most of the notes below refer to passages ranging from one to five paragraphs in length or to a general theme that is developed in a particular section. Because we attempted to corroborate our information from as many sources as possible—and usually obtained similar or complementary information from a variety of interviews and sources—we have organized the notes in a way that presents all of the material that was used for each event, description, or piece of analysis.
By lumping together sources in this way, we hope to provide a more accurate description of how we triangulated information and derived our account of what occurred. For important quotations and facts that come from one specific source, we have tried to make clear either in the text or in the notes the precise citation for that piece of information.
Occasionally, of course, there were contradictions between the way different sources recounted an event. These conflicts are described either in the notes or the text.
All direct quotations come from memoirs, journals, primary source accounts, or notes made at the time. When people we interviewed recalled past conversations, these are used in quotes only if the person seemed confident of remembering the language that was used at the time.
ESTABLISHMENT STUDIES: Rovere, “Notes on the Establishment in America,” 489–495 (reprinted in Rovere, The American Establishment and Other Reports, Opinions, and Speculations, 3–21); Hodgson, “The Establishment” (revised version in Hodgson, America in Our Time, 111–133); Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 4–9; Fritchey, “The Establishment,” 46; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 128; Lukas, “The Council on Foreign Relations,” 34; Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 36–44; authors’ interviews with Henry Kissinger, Clark Clifford, McGeorge Bundy, William Bundy, Paul Nitze, John McCloy, Robert Lovett, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
LEGACY OF THE POSTWAR ESTABLISHMENT: Destler, Gelb, and Lake, Our Own Worst Enemy, 91–126; Kissinger, The White House Years, 20–22, 59–60, 135, 257; Steel, “Acheson at the Creation,” 206–216; Gaddis, “The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War,” 171–183; Ignatius, “The Old Pro”; Kaplan, “The Eclipse of ‘The Better Sort,’” 102–112; Auchincloss, Honorable Men, 240; Luce, “The American Century.”
RELATIONSHIP OF HARRIMAN AND ACHESON AT GROTON: Harriman records in Groton School Archives, used with permission of Harriman; Acheson records in Groton School Archives, used with permission of David Acheson; authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman, Alice Stanley Acheson; Groton yearbooks, 1904–1907; Time, “The Man from Middletown,” 20–23.
ACHESON RECALLS HIS FRIENDSHIP WITH HARRIMAN: Letter from Acheson to Harriman, Sept. 15, 1971, Dean Acheson personal papers, Sterling Library, Yale University.
E. H. HARRIMAN’S CAREER: George Kennan [cousin of GFK], E. H. Harriman; Kouwenhoven, Partners in Banking, 155–158; Harriman folder in the partners’ files of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. papers in the New York Historical Society; Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, 10–19; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 36–39; “Edward Henry Harriman,” an unpublished memoir by Otto Kahn, in Harriman personal papers; Forbes, “New Business Star: Harriman II,” Forbes, 45; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary.”
E. H. HARRIMAN’S BATTLES WITH ROOSEVELT: George Kennan, E. H. Harriman, Vol. II, 174–219, 242–261, 306–310; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 43—45; Swaine, The Cravath Firm, Vol. II, 21–28; Phillips, Felix Frankfurter Reminisces, 46–49.
AVERELL HARRIMAN YOUTH AND PERSONALITY: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer, and family friends; Robert Lovett interview with Mark Chadwin, in Harriman private papers; Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, passim; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 1–28; Forbes, “New Business Star: Harriman II”; Murphy, “W. Averell Harriman,” 57; Barcella, “The American Who Knows Stalin Best,” 46.
E. H. HARRIMAN’S RELATIONS WITH AVERELL: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Loving, “W. Averell Harriman Remembers Life with Father,” 197–216; letters in Harriman private papers.
DESCRIPTION OF MARY HARRIMAN (SISTER OF WAH): Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, passim; Campbell, Mary Williamson Harriman; authors’ interviews with Kathleen Harriman Mortimer; The New York Times, “Junior League Here Will Mark 60th Anniversary.”
DESCRIPTION OF MARY HARRIMAN (MOTHER): Campbell, Mary Williamson Harriman; Kouwenhoven, Partners in Banking, 155; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Robert Lovett interview with Mark Chadwin, in Harriman private papers.
ARDEN HOMESTEAD: Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, 253–280; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary”; Murphy, “W. Averell Harriman,” 57; Harriman private papers; authors’ interviews with Kathleen Harriman Mortimer and Robert Lovett; George Kennan, E. H. Harriman, Vol. II, 30–41.
HARRIMAN FAMILY TRIPS: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 39–41; Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, 3, 6; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary”; “Edward Henry Harriman,” an unpublished memoir by John Muir, in Harriman private papers; George Kennan, E. H. Harriman, Vol. I, 185–212, Vol. II, 1–29; Kouwenhoven, Partners in Banking, 156; Harriman folder in the partners’ files of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. papers in the New York Historical Society; “The Harriman Alaska Expedition,” C. Hart Merrimen, ed., in Harriman personal papers.
E. H. HARRIMAN CABLES PEABODY: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 41; authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman.
DESCRIPTIONS OF GROTON: Authors’ interviews with alumni; Ashburn, Fifty Years On; Ashburn, Peabody of Groton; Nichols, Forty Years More; Views from the Circle; Canfield, Up and Down and Around; Biddle, “As I Remember Groton School.”
HARRIMAN AT GROTON: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman; Harriman records and letters in the Groton School Archives; Harriman letters to his father, in Harriman personal papers; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 42–43; Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, 7–17; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 9–11.
EDWARD ACHESON’S DECISION TO SEND SON TO GROTON: Acheson, Morning and Noon, 22; Hamburger, “Profiles: Mr. Secretary,” part II, 40.
ACHESON CHILDHOOD: Authors’ interviews with Alice Stanley Acheson, David Acheson, Mary Acheson Bundy, personal friends on background; Acheson, Morning and Noon, 1–24; McLellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years, 1–14; Acheson, “Radiant Morn,” Commencement Speech by Dean Acheson, Wesleyan University, June 1948; Baldwin, “Reminiscences of Middletown”; Time, “The Man from Middletown”; Hamburger, “Profiles: Mr. Secretary”; Fortune, “Secretary Acheson”; Smith, American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy: Dean Acheson, 1–4.
ACHESON AT GROTON: Acheson records in Groton School Archives; authors’ interview with Alice Stanley Acheson; Acheson, Morning and Noon, 24; DGA, “The Snob in America,” 262–265; Groton yearbooks and records; Hamburger, “Profiles: Mr. Secretary,” Nov. 19, 1941.
ACHESON’S RAILWAY WORK: Acheson, Morning and Noon, 25–39.
ST. PAUL’S SCHOOL: Heckscher, St. Paul’s: The Life of a New England School; Weil, A Pretty Good Club, 15–20; Stearns, The Education of the Modern Boy, 110–112.
BOHLEN CHILDHOOD: Authors’ interviews with Bohlen’s children, J. Randolph Harrison, Cecil Lyon, Paul Nitze, Eustis family members in New Orleans; Bohlen, Witness to History, 4; Wilmerding, “Charles Eustis Bohlen: Portrait of a Diplomat,” unpublished term paper for Groton School, courtesy of Wilmerding; Heckscher, St. Paul’s.
BOHLEN AT ST. PAUL’S: Authors’ interviews with J. Randolph Harrison, Cecil Lyon, Bohlen’s children, Paul Nitze; the St. Paul’s Record; Bohlen files in St. Paul’s archives, used with Bohlen family permission.
LOVETT AND HARRIMAN IN IDAHO: Robert Lovett interview with Mark Chadwin, in Harriman private papers; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, 169.
MEETING OF E. H. HARRIMAN AND R. S. LOVETT: Roland Harriman introduction of Robert Lovett at the Newcomen Society in 1949, Lovett folder in the partners’ files of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. papers in the New-York Historical Society; Kouwenhoven, Partners in Banking, 16–17; Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, 19–20; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett.
R. S. LOVETT/E. H. HARRIMAN RELATIONSHIP: George Kennan, E. H. Harriman, Vol. II, 318–320, 372–375; Kouwenhoven, Partners in Banking, 158; Harriman folder in the partners’ files of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. papers in the New York Historical Society; Robert Lovett interview with Mark Chadwin, in Harriman private papers; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett.
LOVETT FAMILY HISTORY: Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 2–3; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules”; Kouvwenhoven, Partners in Banking, 158; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett.
LOVETT CHILDHOOD: Fanton dissertation, “Robert Lovett, The War Years,” 2–4; Robert Lovett interview with Mark Chadwin, in Harriman private papers; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules”; The Dial (Hill School yearbook), 1914.
LOVETT AT THE HILL SCHOOL: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Larry Brownell (School Alumni Office); Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 5; The Dial (Hill School yearbook), 1914; Chancellor, The History of The Hill School.
McCLOY CHILDHOOD: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy, John J. McCloy II (son), Benjamin Buttenwieser, Benjamin Shute, other friends on background; McCloy, “Return of the Native,” speech to the Pennsylvania Club; Time, “Trouble for a Troubleshooter,” 23–27; Schwartz dissertation, “From Occupation to Alliance: John J. McCloy and the Allied High Commission in the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1952”; letter of Joseph Reese to John McCloy, Sept. 20, 1946, and from McCloy to Reese, Sept. 27, 1946, the Penn Mutual Life Insurance Co., Philadelphia, both in McCloy’s private papers; letter of Anna S. McCloy to the Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York City, Aug. 15, 1935; application of John S. McCloy for admission to the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Bar Association records; John McCloy certificate of birth, Department of Public Health, Philadelphia; The Peddie Chronicle, Winter 1961, The Peddie School; McCloy interviews, “Conversations with Eric Sevareid: John J. McCloy,” CBS Television (transcript), July 20, 1975.
McCLOY COLLEGE AND MILITARY SERVICE: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; Time, “Trouble for a Troubleshooter,” 24; application of John S. McCloy for admission to the Association of the Bar of the City of New York, Bar Association records; Brinkley, “Minister Without Portfolio,” 33; commission of John Snader McCloy in the U.S. Army, recorded in Adjutant General’s office, Mar. 12, 1918; Sevareid interview, July 20, 1975.
HARVARD LAW SCHOOL: Arthur Sullivan, The Law at Harvard; Morris Cohen, A Dreamer’s Journey; Phillips, ed., Felix Frankfurter Reminisces.
KENNAN CHILDHOOD AND PERSONALITY: Authors’ interviews with George F. Kennan, Jeannette Kennan Hotchkiss (sister), Frances Kennan Worobec (sister), Constance Kennan Bradt (sister), Kent Wheeler Kennan (half brother), Grace Kennan Warnecke (daughter), Joan Kennan Pozen (daughter); Kennan family interviews, used courtesy of Joan Pozen; unpublished letters of George Kennan to his father, courtesy of Joan Kennan Pozen; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 3–23; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan, Scholar-Diplomat,” 2–9; Steel, Imperialists and Other Heroes, 38–57.
KENNAN GENEALOGY: Thomas Lathrop Kennan, The Genealogy of the Kennan Family; George Kennan letter to “My dear children,” April 1961, courtesy Joan Kennan Pozen; George Kennan letter from Bad Nauheim, Germany, to his two daughters, February 1962, Kennan papers, Princeton; authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Kent Kennan, Joan Pozen, Constance Bradt, Frances Worobec.
KENNAN MEETING WITH THE ELDER GEORGE KENNAN: Authors’ interviews with Jeannette Hotchkiss and Frances Worobec; George Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, abridged version, with an introduction by George F. Kennan.
KENNAN AT ST. JOHN’S: The Trumpeter, 1921, St. John’s Military Academy yearbook; reports of Cadet G. F. Kennan, courtesy Joan Pozen; authors’ interview with George F. Kennan; Joan Pozen interview with George F. Kennan.
KENNAN AT PRINCETON: Authors’ interviews with George F. Kennan, Constance Bradt, Frances Worobec; Kennan letters and diaries at Seeley Mudd Library, Princeton, and personal letters home in the possession of Joan Pozen; Princeton’s official reports of the standing of George Frost Kennan, courtesy Joan Pozen; Joan Pozen interview with George F. Kennan; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 9–17; Fitzgerald, This Side of Paradise.
DESCRIPTION OF YALE: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman, Robert Lovett, David Acheson, and other alumni; Lewis, One Mans Education; Yale College, 1871–1921 (New Haven: Yale, 1952); Yale Record, 1910–1918.
SKULL AND BONES AND SECRET SOCIETIES: Authors’ interviews on background with former Bonesmen; Havemeyer, Go to Your Room!; “Secret Societies,” Yale Banner, 1968; Owen Johnson, Stover at Yale.
HARRIMAN AT YALE: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman, Pamela Churchill Harriman; Yale Record, 1913; History of the Class of 1913; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 12–18; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary,” May 10, 44–46; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 34–36; Murphy, “W. Averell Harriman,” 58–59; Kimball and Gill, Cole.
HARRIMAN’S WARTIME SHIPPING BUSINESS: Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 23–29; Iden, “W. A. Harriman Seeks and Wins Front Rank in Marine Field,” 121–127; Iden, “W. A. Harriman as Ship Operator,” 175–181; Averell Harriman, “What Shipowners Are Up Against,” 23–24; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 6–7; Forbes, “New Business Star: Harriman II,” 46; cited in Bland dissertation: “The application of Merchant Shipbuilding Corp. for settlement of accounts” and “W. A. Harriman & Co.” general correspondence files, U.S. Shipping Board, Record Group 32, National Archives.
ACHESON AT YALE: Authors’ interviews with David Acheson, others on background; Yale Record, 1915; McLellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years, 9–11; Time, “The Man from Middletown,” 21–22; Hamburger, “Profiles: Mr. Secretary,” Nov. 19, 40–41; Kimball and Gill, Cole.
ACHESON AT HARVARD LAW: Authors’ interviews with David Acheson, Mary Acheson Bundy; Hamburger, “Profiles: Mr. Secretary,” Nov. 12, 39; Time, “The Man from Middletown,” 21–22; McLellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years, 11–14; letters to Felix Frankfurter, John Vincent, and George Day in Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson, McLellan and Acheson, eds.
FRANKFURTER AT HARVARD LAW: Phillips, ed., Felix Frankfurter Reminisces; Lash, ed., From the Diaries of Felix Frankfurter; Frankfurter, Of Law and Life and Other Things that Matter, ed. by Kurland; Frankfurter, Mr. Justice Brandeis.
LOVETT AT YALE: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Adèle Brown Lovett, Kate Jennings; Yale Record, 1918; Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 6–8; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Nov. 13; Time, Sept. 8, 1941; Time, “The Bombers are Growing”; Time, “New Policy, New Broom.”
YALE UNIT: Paine, The First Yale Unit; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Nov. 13; Time, Sept. 8, 1941.
HARVARD: Aswell, ed., Harvard 1926: The Life and Opinions of a College Class; Samuel Eliot Morison, Three Centuries of Harvard; Amory, The Proper Bostonians; Canfield, Up and Down and Around; Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century, 10–32.
BOHLEN AT HARVARD: Authors’ interviews with Cecil Lyon, Paul Nitze, J. Randolph Harrison, Celestine Bohlen; Wilmerding, “Charles Eustis Bohlen: Portrait of a Diplomat”, unpublished term paper for Groton School; Harvard Class Record, 1927; Bohlen, Witness to History, 4.
HARRIMAN’S SHIPPING BUSINESSES: Forbes, “New Business Star: Harriman II,” 46; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945” 27–48; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary,” May 10; Iden, “W. A. Harriman as Ship Operator”; Averell Harriman, “What Shipowners Are Up Against.”
HAMBURG-AMERICAN DEAL: Forbes, “New Business Star: Harriman II,” 46; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” p. 35; Iden, “W. A. Harriman Seeks and Wins Front Rank in Marine Field”; Iden, “W. A. Harriman as Ship Operator.”
GERMAN-SOVIET VENTURES: Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 50–61; The New York Times, Feb. 13, 1922; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 79; National Archives, Department of State Record Group 59, decimal file 861.51; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 47–49.
SOVIET MANGANESE CONCESSION: Averell Harriman, America and Russia in a Changing World, 2–7; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 47–52; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary,” May 10; Murphy, “W. Averell Harriman,” 59–60; Harriman interview with authors; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 50–69; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 77–79; Averell Harriman, “In Darkest Russia”; Filene, Americans and the Soviet Experiment, 1917–1933, 109–119; National Archives, State Department Record Group 59, decimal file 861.637; Spurr, “Russian Manganese Concessions”; Litvinov, Notes for a Journal, 23; Brandon, “Very Much the Ambassador at Large.”
HARRIMAN BECOMES A DEMOCRAT: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 53–54; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 76–79; Brandon, “Very Much the Ambassador at Large”; Roosevelt, The Autobiography of Eleanor Roosevelt, 39–42.
HARRIMAN’S PERSONAL LIFE: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman, Pamela Churchill Harriman, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer, Kitty Carlisle Hart, Robert Lovett, Adèle Brown Lovett, Kate Jennings, and other friends on background; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary,” May 10; Murphy, “W. Averell Harriman”; personal letters in Harriman private papers.
LOVETT’S EARLY CAREER: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 8–16; Lovett folder in the partners’ files of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. papers in the New York Historical Society; Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, 73–94; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Nov. 6 and 13; Collier’s, “Averell Harriman”; Wooley, In Retrospect: A Very Personal Memoir.
LOVETT’S PERSONAL AND SOCIAL LIFE: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Adèle Brown Lovett, Kate Jennings, and other Lovett friends on background; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Nov. 6 and 13; Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 8–10; Collier’s, “Averell Harriman.”
MERGER OF BROWN BROTHERS AND HARRIMAN COMPANIES: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Kouwenhoven, Partners in Banking, 7–20; Brown Brothers Harriman papers; Roland Harriman, I Reminisce, 73–94; Wooley, In Retrospect: A Very Personal Memoir; New York Times, Dec. 12, 1930; New York World, Dec. 12, 1930; The Personality of a Bank, by Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.; authors’ interviews on background at Brown Brothers Harriman & Co.
HARRIMAN-LOVETT CORRESPONDENCE: Harriman and Lovett folders in the partners’ files of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. papers in the New York Historical Society; Harriman personal papers; scrapbooks of Adèle Lovett.
TODAY MAGAZINE: Letter from Lovett to Harriman, May 1, 1934, Lovett folder in the partners’ files of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. papers in the New York Historical Society; Moley, After Seven Years, 278–280.
UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; letters from Lovett to Harriman, Feb. 1 and 6, 1934, Lovett folder in the partners’ files of Brown Brothers Harriman & Co. papers in the New York Historical Society; Roland Harriman, I Reminisce; Union Pacific Annual Reports; Fortune, “Averell Was Quite a Businessman, Too”; Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 16–20; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 85–88; Barcella, “The American Who Knows Stalin Best”; New York World Tribune, “Closeup: Mrs. Harriman”; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary,” May 10,; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Nov. 13.
HARRIMAN’S INVOLVEMENT WITH THE NEW DEAL: Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 90–101; Schlesinger, The Coming of the New Deal; Averell Harriman, “Why the Little Fellow Needs the NRA,” 19.
LOVETT ON THE NEW DEAL: Lovett letters to Harriman, Feb. 1 and 2, Mar. 16, 1934, June 26, 1940, others passim, Lovett folder, Brown Brothers Harriman partners’ files; Lovett, “Gilt Edged Insecurity.”
LOVETT-HARRIMAN CORRESPONDENCE ON EUROPEAN WAR: Harriman telegram to Lovett, Mar. 22, 1939, and Lovett telegram to Harriman, Mar. 22, 1939, Lovett folder, Brown Brothers Harriman partners’ files.
McCLOY ON WALL STREET: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy, John McCloy II (son), Ellen McCloy (daughter), Benjamin Buttenwieser, Robert Lovett, Benjamin Shute, other lawyers at Cravath, Swaine & Moore on background; Swaine, The Cravath Firm, Vol. II; Time, “Trouble for a Troubleshooter”; Schwartz dissertation, “From Occupation to Alliance,” 10–21; application of John S. McCloy for admission to the Association of the Bar of the City of New York.
BLACK TOM: Swaine, The Cravath Firm, Vol. II, 636–644; authors’ interviews with John McCloy, Benjamin Shute; Landau, The Enemy Within; Hall and Peaslee, Three Wars with Germany; Harper’s Magazine, “The Black Tom Case”; Time, “Trouble for a Troubleshooter,” 24.
ACHESON AND BRANDEIS: Authors’ interviews with Alice Stanley Acheson, David Acheson, Philip Weiss, Gerhard Gesell; Acheson, Morning and Noon, 40–103; McLellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years, 15–29 (includes Frankfurter quotes); eulogy at the funeral of Louis Brandeis, by Dean Acheson, Washington, Oct. 7, 1941; Bickel, The Unpublished Opinions of Mr. Justice Brandeis; McLellan and Acheson, eds., Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson, 36–41; Fortuney “Secretary Acheson,” 166–168; Hamburger, “Profiles: Mr. Secretary,” Nov. 12, and Nov. 19.
ACHESON AT COVINGTON & BURLING: Authors’ interviews with Alice Stanley Acheson, David Acheson, Gerhard Gesell, attorneys at Covington & Burling on background; Acheson, Morning and Noon, 123–160; “U.S-Norway Arbitration Award,” American Journal of International Law, 1923, 287–298; McLellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years, 20–35; Acheson, A Democrat Looks at His Party; McLellan and Acheson (eds.), Among Friends: Personal Letters of Dean Acheson; Acheson personal papers and letters, Sterling Library.
ACHESON AT THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT: Acheson, Morning and Noon, 161–194; Schlesinger, The Coming of the New Deal, 212–216; Warburg, The Money Muddle, 145–148; Griffith Johnson, The Treasury and Monetary Policy, 26–28; McLellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years, 24–28; Tully, F.D.R. My Boss, 178; Seminar at Princeton with Dean Acheson, July 1953 (transcript in Acheson files, Truman Library, Independence, Mo.).
ACHESON’S PHILOSOPHY: Acheson, Morning and Noon, passim; Acheson, A Democrat Looks at His Party; Acheson, Sketches from Life; Acheson, Present at the Creation; McLellan and Acheson, eds., Among Friends, 20–35; authors’ interviews with Alice Stanley Acheson, Gerhard Gesell, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Paul Nitze; Hamburger, “Profiles: Mr. Secretary,” Nov. 12, and Nov. 19; Fortune,, “Secretary Acheson”; McLellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years; Princeton Seminar with Acheson (transcript in Truman Library); Gaddis Smith, American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy: Dean Acheson;. Gardner, Architects of Illusion, 202–231; Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 329–342; Steel, Imperialists and Other Heroes, 17–37; Speeches of Acheson at Sterling Library: “Notes on Judicial Self-Restraint,” Maryland Bar Association, Atlantic City, July 4, 1936; “Some Social Factors in Legal Change,” Law Club of Chicago, Jan. 22, 1937; “Cardozo and the Problems of Government,” Bar and Officers of the U.S. Supreme Court, Nov. 26, 1938.
KENNAN PREPARES FOR FOREIGN SERVICE: Kennan letters to family, courtesy of Joan Kennan Pozen; authors’ interviews with George F. Kennan, Grace Kennan Warnecke, Joan Kennan Pozen, Jeannette Kennan Hotchkiss, Frances Kennan Worobec, Loy Henderson; Kennan letters to family in GFK papers, Princeton University; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 11–14.
BOHLEN PREPARES FOR FOREIGN SERVICE: Bohlen, Witness to History, 4–8; authors’ interviews with J. Randolph Harrison, Cecil Lyon, Mrs. William Eustis; Ruddy dissertation, “Charles C. Bohlen and the Soviet Union,” 45–47; National Archives, State Department Record Group 59, C. E. Bohlen 123.
ASSESSMENTS OF BOHLEN AND KENNAN: Ruddy dissertation, “Charles E. Bohlen and the Soviet Union,” 7; Harr, The Professional Diplomat, 317; Eisenhower, The White House Years, 212; Kissinger, White House Years, 135; authors’ interview with Henry Kissinger.
DESCRIPTION OF FOREIGN SERVICE: Weil, A Pretty Good Club, 15-63; DeSantis, The Diplomacy of Silence, 11–44; Thayer, Diplomat; Heinrichs, American Ambassador: Joseph C. Grew and the Development of the U.S. Diplomatic Tradition, 1–103; Ilchman, Professional Diplomacy in the U.S., 164–189; unpublished memoirs of Loy Henderson, Vol. II, 340–435 (courtesy of Loy Henderson).
BOHLEN IN PRAGUE: Bohlen, Witness to History, 8–9; Thayer, Diplomat, 132; National Archives, State Department Record Group 59 Bohlen; Thayer, “How Long Does It Take to Be a Soviet Expert?”; authors’ interview with J. Randolph Harrison.
KENNAN IN HAMBURG: Unpublished Kennan letters, courtesy of Joan Pozen; authors’ interviews with George F. Kennan, Loy Henderson; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 19–23; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 14–16; National Archives, State Department Record Group 59 Kennan.
KENNAN AND ELEANOR HARD: Unpublished Kennan interview with Joan Kennan Pozen (courtesy of Mrs. Pozen); Kennan letters home, courtesy of Joan Pozen.
RUSSIAN TRAINING PROGRAM: Yergin, Shattered Peace, 17–40; Maddux, Years of Estrangement, 44–48; DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 27–40; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson; unpublished memoirs of Loy Henderson, Vol. III, 454–462.
BOHLEN IN PARIS: Bohlen’s letters home, Library of Congress, Bohlen Box 36; Bohlen, Witness to History, 9–12; authors’ interviews with Randolph Harrison.
KENNAN IN BERLIN: Unpublished Kennan letters home; authors’ interviews with George Kennan; National Archives, State Department Record Group 59: Kennan; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 31–37; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 23–35; Kennan, “Memorandum on the Status of American Communists Residing in the U.S.S.R.,” Department of State Files 861.012/31; Kennan, “The German Export Trade to Soviet Russia,” Department of State Files 661.6211/39; “one firm and complete conviction,” letter by Kennan to Walt Ferris, 1931, Kennan papers, Princeton University (cited in Wright dissertation).
KENNAN’S MARRIAGE TO ANNELISE SORENSEN: Unpublished Kennan letters, courtesy of Joan Pozen; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 37–40; authors’ interview with Frances Kennan Worobec.
BOHLEN IN ESTONIA: Bohlen, Witness to History, 10–11; Thayer, “How Long Does It Take To Be a Soviet Expert?”; State Department Archives, 59:123 Bohlen; Bohlen letters, Library of Congress, Bohlen, Box 36; Grant, “The Russian Section, a Window on the Soviet Union,” 107–115.
KENNAN IN LATVIA AND ESTONIA: Unpublished Kennan letters home; authors’ interviews with George Kennan; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 26–31, 40–52; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 35–37; National Archives, Kennan papers, Record Group, 59:123; Kennan, “Flashbacks,” 52; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 20; “Formulation of Policy in the USSR,” lecture by Kennan, 1947, Kennan papers, Princeton University.
KENNAN’S INTUITIVE APPROACH: Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 8; Rostow, “Searching for Kennan’s Grand Design”; Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 87.
RECOGNITION DEBATE: Maddux, Years of Estrangement, 1–43; Gaddis, Russia: The Soviet Union and the United States, 57–85; Browder, The Origins of Soviet-American Diplomacy, 3–74; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson, Elbridge Durbrow; unpublished memoirs of Loy Henderson, Vol. III, 479–529.
KENNAN’S VIEWS ON RECOGNITION: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Loy Henderson, Elbridge Durbrow; unpublished Kennan letters home; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 49–58; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,”, 38–52; Kennan, “Gold and Foreign Currency Accounts of the Russian Government” (Dec. 1932), Department of State files 861.51/2539; Kennan, “Foreign Trade of Russia in 1932” (Aug. 1933), Department of State files 661.00/175; Kennan, “Notes on Russian Commercial Treaty Procedure” (April 1933), Department of State files 661.0031/30.
BOHLEN IN WASHINGTON, NOVEMBER 1933: Authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson, George Kennan; Bohlen, Witness to History, 12; unpublished memoirs of Loy Henderson, Vol. III, 530–539.
KENNAN IN WASHINGTON, NOVEMBER 1933: Unpublished Kennan letters home; “Fair Day, Adieu!” an unpublished journal of 1933–1937 by Kennan, Kennan papers, Princeton University, 1–3 (referred to in text as Kennan’s journal; a handwritten note says it was complete in 1938, but references in the text make it clear that it was not finished until sometime in 1939); authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Loy Henderson, Frances Kennan Worobec, Jeannette Kennan Hotchkiss; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 52–55; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 58; unpublished memoirs of Loy Henderson, Vol. III, 530–539.
BOHLEN’S VIEWS ON RECOGNITION: Bohlen, Witness to History, 12; Bohlen letters, Library of Congress, Box 36; Bohlen, The Transformation of American Foreign Policy, 16–17, 53–55; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson.
KENNAN’S JOURNEY TO MOSCOW: Kennan, “Fair Day, Adieu!” in Kennan papers, Princeton University, 3–5; authors’ interviews with George Kennan; Kennan, “Flashbacks,” 57.
KENNAN ORGANIZES EMBASSY: Kennan, “Fair Day, Adieu!” in Kennan papers, Princeton University, 6–12; authors’ interviews with George Kennan; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 58–60; Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 67–84 (Thayer, a great yarn spinner, is prone to exaggeration, and some of his tales have been toned down here after checking with other sources); Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 58–60.
THAYER JOINS STAFF: Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 11–105; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 59.
BOHLEN’S ARRIVAL IN MOSCOW: Bohlen, Witness to History, 14–19; Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 84–105; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson; Henderson’s unpublished memoirs, Vol. III, 569.
SOCIAL LIFE IN THE EMBASSY: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Loy Henderson, Elbridge Durbrow; Kennan, “Fair Day, Adieu!” in Kennan papers, Princeton University; Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 58–86; Bohlen, Witness to History, 14–36; Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 67–153; Bohlen’s unpublished letters, Library of Congress, Bohlen papers, Box 36; Henderson’s unpublished memoirs, Vol. III, 570–650; Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt and the Soviet Union, 110–125; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 56–60; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 22–33.
KENNAN’S INITIAL ATTITUDE TOWARD THE SOVIETS: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan; “Fair Day, Adieu!” in Kennan papers, Princeton University; “The First Fifty Years,” PBS television documentary, 1984; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 60–64.
BOHLEN’S INITIAL ATTITUDE TOWARD THE SOVIETS: Bohlen’s unpublished letters in Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson; Bohlen, Witness to History, 26–27.
THE DACHA: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Loy Henderson, Elbridge Durbrow, Grace Kennan Warnecke; Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 130–143; Elbridge Durbrow’s home movies (courtesy of Grace Kennan Warnecke); “The First Fifty Years: U.S.-Soviet Relations,” PBS television documentary, 1984.
ASSESSMENTS OF KENNAN’S PERSONALITY: Authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson, Elbridge Durbrow; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan, Scholar-Diplomat,” 81; Bohlen, Witness to History, 17.
ASSESSMENTS OF BOHLEN’S PERSONALITY: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Loy Henderson, Elbridge Durbrow; Henderson’s unpublished memoirs, Vol. III 614; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 62–63.
KENNAN STUDIES PREREVOLUTIONARY DISPATCHES: Kennan, “Fair Day, Adieu!” in Kennan papers, Princeton University, 23–24; FRUS: The Soviet Union 1933–1939, 289–291.
KENNAN TRIP TO SOCHI: Kennan, “Fair Day, Adieu!” in Kennan papers, Princeton University, 42–43.
KENNAN’S DISILLUSIONMENT: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 70.
BOHLEN’S DISILLUSIONMENT: Bohlen’s letters in Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress; Bohlen, Witness to History, 27–36.
BULLITT’S DISILLUSIONMENT: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Loy Henderson; Bohlen, Witness to History, 32–35; Farnsworth, William C. Bullitt, 124–154; FRUS: Soviet Union 1933–39, 224–225, 244–249; Bullitt, ed., For the President: Personal and Secret: Correspondence Between Franklin Roosevelt and William C. Bullitt, 160; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 25–26.
BOHLEN’S RETURN TO U.S.: Bohlen, Witness to History, 36–38.
KENNAN’S DISPATCHES: Kennan, “The War Problem of the Soviet Union,” Kennan papers, Princeton University; Kennan, “Some Fundamentals of Russian-American Relations,” Kennan papers, Princeton University (Kennan says in his Memoirs that he cannot find the memo, but it is in the library); George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 70–74; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 70–79.
KENNAN REPORT ON RADEK TRIAL: FRUS: Soviet Union 1933–39, 362–369; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 82–83; Kennan, “Fair Day, Adieu!” in Kennan papers, Princeton University, 66–70; Davies, Mission to Moscow, 32–46.
SEARCH FOR THE EMBASSY BUG: Thayer, Bears in the Caviar, 95–97; Kennan letter to Peter Bridges (who was writing a history of Spaso House), Sept. 30, 1963, in Kennan papers, Princeton University; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, p. 189.
KENNAN’S TRANSFER: Davies letter to Kelley, Feb. 10, 1937, Davies papers, Library of Congress, cited in Wright dissertation, 104–105.
DESTRUCTION OF THE EASTERN EUROPEAN DIVISION: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Loy Henderson; Bohlen, Witness to History, 39–40; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 83–85; Kennan, “Fair Day, Adieu! in Kennan papers, Princeton University, 66–70; Henderson’s unpublished memoirs, Vol. III, 802–803; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 34–35; Weil, A Pretty Good Club, 93.
KENNAN AND SOVIET-AMERICAN TRADE: Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 107–113; conversation between Kennan and O. C. Gruender of Milwaukee, Dec. 15, 1937, National Archives, State Department Record Group 59 Kennan.
KENNAN ON TREATMENT OF AMERICANS IN THE SOVIET UNION: Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 113–124; Kennan memoranda, Oct. 29, 1937, Dec. 23, 1937, Mar. 24, 1938, and Mar. 26, 1938, National Archives, State Department Record Group 59 Kennan; Kennan, “The Position of the American Ambassador in Moscow,” Nov. 24, 1937; FRUS: Soviet Union 1933–39, 446–451; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 85–86.
KENNAN LECTURE AT FOREIGN SERVICE SCHOOL: Kennan, “Russia,” May 20, 1938, in Kennan papers, Princeton University; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 37; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 124–128.
KENNAN’S FULMINATIONS ON DEMOCRACY: Gellman, Contending With Kennan, 83–105; authors’ interview with Joseph Alsop; examples of this attitude pervade most of Kennan’s works, in particular: American Diplomacy, Russia and the West Under Lenin and Stalin, Democracy and the Student Left, The Clouds of Danger.
KENNAN’S 1930 REFLECTIONS: Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 24–26; Kennan letter to Volodia Kozhevnikoff, Oct. 20, 1930, in Kennan papers, Princeton University (cited in Wright).
KENNAN’S VIEWS ON AUSTRIAN AUTHORITARIANISM: Kennan, “Fair Day, Adieu!” in Kennan papers, Princeton University, 29–33.
KENNAN’S PROPOSED BOOK ON AMERICAN DEMOCRACY: “The Prerequisites” and “The Government,” notes for a book “On the Problems of the United States,” by Kennan, 1938, Kennan papers, Princeton University; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 129–132.
KENNAN’S LATER VIEWS ON ELITISM AND AUTHORITARIANISM: Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 83–105; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 185; Urban, “A Conversation with George Kennan,” 28–32.
BOHLEN’S RETURN TO MOSCOW: Bohlen, Witness to History, 42–46; Ruddy dissertation, “Charles E. Bohlen and the Soviet Union,” 56; Henderson dispatch, Feb. 21, 1938, National Archives, State Department Record Group 59 Bohlen.
BOHLEN’S REPORT ON SUPREME SOVIET: Bohlen, Witness to History, 46–47; Ruddy dissertation, “Charles E. Bohlen and the Soviet Union,” 56–58; FRUS: Soviet Union 1933–39, 509–513.
BOHLEN’S REACTION TO PURGES: Bohlen, Witness to History, 47–55; Bohlen interview, Columbia Oral History project, 14–15; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson.
BOHLEN’S ANALYSIS OF SOVIET CONDUCT: Bohlen, The Transformation of American Foreign Policy; “Creating Situations of Strength,” speech by Bohlen, Department of State Bulletin, Aug. 4, 1952; “Key Characteristics of the Communist Threat,” speech by Bohlen, Department of State Bulletin, Oct. 24, 1960; Bohlen interview, Columbia Oral History Project; Bohlen, Witness to History, 61–62; Ruddy dissertation, “Charles E. Bohlen and the Soviet Union,” 12–42.
BOHLEN ON NAZI-SOVIET PACT: Bohlen, Witness to History, 56–87; Mosley, On Borrowed Time: How World War II Began, 229–377.
BOHLEN AND KENNAN IN BERLIN: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan; Bohlen, Witness to History, 97–101; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 115–127; draft of a report on Soviet-German relations, 1940, by Kennan, in Kennan papers, Princeton University.
KENNAN’S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE NAZIS: Kennan, From Prague After Munich, 80–87; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 87–141.
ACHESON’S VIEW ON ISOLATIONISM VERSUS IDEALISM: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 6.
ELIHU ROOT: Jessup, Elihu Root; Root, “A Requisite for the Success of Popular Diplomacy.”
HENRY STIMSON: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War; Elting, Morison, Turmoil and Tradition; Pringle, “Land of Woodley,” 30–33; Time, “Secretary of War,” 30–34.
McCLOY ENTERS GOVERNMENT: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 342–343.
LOVETT ENTERS GOVERNMENT: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Cass Canfield, Michael Forrestal; Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 17–24; letter from Lovett to Harriman, June 26, 1940, Lovett folder, Brown Brothers Harriman partners’ files, New York Historical Society; Cass Canfield interview, Columbia Oral History Project; Lovett report to Patterson, Nov. 22, 1940, Lovett papers, National Archives; Stimson diary, Dec. 20, 1940, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Rogow, James Forrestal; Albion and Connery, Forrestal and the Navy.
ACHESON ENTERS GOVERNMENT: Acheson, Morning and Noon, 216–227; authors’ interviews with Alice Stanley Acheson; speech by Dean Acheson, Davenport College, Yale, in Acheson papers, Truman Library; speech by Dean Acheson, International Ladies Garment Workers Union, June 4, 1940, in Acheson papers, Truman Library; letter from McCloy to Acheson, Sept. 13, 1940, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
HARRIMAN ENTERS GOVERNMENT: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 3–20; authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 102–111.
OVERVIEW OF ISOLATION DEBATE: Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, 124–139; Chadwin, The Hawks of World War II.
PEARL HARBOR: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 111–112; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 34–35; authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy interview for McCloy Oral History, 1983; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Adèle Brown Lovett; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 134–135; Bohlen, Witness to History, 112–113.
STIMSON’S STAFF: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, John McCloy, William Bundy, McGeorge Bundy; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 340–344; Elting Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, 492–494; Harvey Bundy interview, Columbia Oral History Project; Assistant Secretary of War office files, Record Group 107, National Archives.
LOVETT AND McCLOY RELATIONSHIP WITH STIMSON: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, John McCloy, Adèle Brown Lovett; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules.”
LOVETT, HARRIMAN, AND NEWSWEEK: Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 177–178; letter from Harriman to Lovett, Apr. 20, 1943, Henry H. Arnold papers, Library of Congress.
McCLOY PERSONALITY AND STYLE: Lovett interview, Columbia Oral History Project; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, John McCloy, James Rowe, Benjamin Shute, Cecil Lyon, Benjamin Buttenwieser, John McCloy II; McCloy interview, Columbia Oral History Project, April 1973; Time, “Trouble for a Troubleshooter,” 23–27; Brinkley, “Minister Without Portfolio,” 31–46; Saturday Evening Post, McCloy profile, 24.
LOVETT PERSONALITY AND STYLE: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Adèle Brown Lovett, Robert S. Lovett II, John McCloy, Michael Forrestal, Kate Jennings; Lovett interview, Columbia Oral History Project; Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 177–181; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Nov. 6, and Nov. 13; Time, “The Bombers are Growing”; Lovett profile, The Saturday Evening Post, Feb. 7, 1948; Bigart, “Pentagon Pitfalls.”
McCLOY AND LEND-LEASE: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; Time, “The Bombers are Growing”; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 360.
LOVETT AND CONGRESS: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Senator Claude Pepper, former congressman Walter Judd; Bigart, “Pentagon Pitfalls.”
LOVETT’S VISITS TO THE FRONT: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Nov. 6 and Nov. 13; Lovett profile, New York Herald Tribune, Jan. 3, 1951.
McCLOY’S VISITS TO THE FRONT: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy interview conducted by Eric Sevareid, CBS television, July 13, 1975; John McCloy Oral History, Defense Department Oral History Project.
McCLOY’S VIEWS ON JAPANESE INTERNMENT: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy, Benjamin Shute, John McCloy Oral History, Defense Department Oral History Project; McCloy interview, conducted by Eric Sevareid; McCloy, “Repay U.S. Japanese?”; McCloy testimony, Commission on Wartime Relocation, Nov. 3, 1981.
HISTORY OF JAPANESE INTERNMENT: Irons, Justice at War; Commission on Wartime Relocation, Personal Justice Denied; Grodzins, Americans Betrayed; Stimson diaries, December 1941–February 1942, Yale University; Time, “Twenty Years After,” 15–16.
AUSCHWITZ BOMBING DECISION: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; John McCloy Oral History, Defense Department Oral History Project; Mintz, “Why Didn’t We Bomb Auschwitz?”; Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews, 291–301; Chase, “The Decision Not to Bomb Auschwitz,” private paper (courtesy of John McCloy); Assistant Secretary of War files, 1944, Record Group 107, folder on Jews, National Archives; Brinkley, “Minister Without Portfolio,” 35–36.
SPOTTER PLANES: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; John McCloy Oral History, Defense Department Oral History Project; Arnold, Global Mission, 292–293.
PENTAGON CONSTRUCTION: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy interview, conducted by Eric Sevareid.
McCLOY AND CHURCHILL: John McCloy Oral History, Defense Department Oral History Project; McCloy interview, conducted by Eric Sevareid.
DARLAN AND De GAULLE: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 557–561; McCloy interview, conducted by Eric Sevareid; McCloy interview, Columbia University Oral History Project; Brinkley, “Minister Without Portfolio,” 34–35.
ROOSEVELT OFFERS HIGH COMMISSIONER’S JOB: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy interview, Columbia Oral History; John McCloy Oral History, Defense Department Oral History Project; McCloy interview, conducted by Eric Sevareid; Clay, Decision in Germany, 3–25.
AIR CORPS BUILDUP: Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Aug. 6 and Aug. 13; Time, “The Bombers are Growing.”
LOVETT MEETING WITH HOPKINS: Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 41.
LOVETT’S PROCUREMENT METHODS: Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Nov. 6; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Lovett Oral History, Columbia Oral History Project. Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 42, 65, 150–152; Albion and Connery, Forrestal and the Navy, 105; Stimson diary, Apr. 9, 1941, Aug. 1, 1941, Yale University; Lovett memo to Hap Arnold, May 10, 1941, to Robert Patterson, Aug. 16, 1941, to Harry Hopkins, Mar. 28, 1942, to himself, Mar. 9, 1942, Assistant Secretary of War files, Record Group 107, National Archives; Herring, Aid to Russia, 2–48.
FORRESTAL’S PROCUREMENT METHODS: Authors’ interviews with James Rowe, Marx Leva; Albion and Connery, Forrestal and the Navy, 64–108; Rogow, James Forrestal, 97–103.
LOVETT’S VISION OF AIR POWER: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Henry Arnold papers, Library of Congress; Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 134–172; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 194; Lovett speech to University Club, Ira Eaker papers, Library of Congress; Holly, Ideas and Weapons, 159–172; Margaret Case Harriman and John Bainbridge, “Profiles: The Thirteenth Labor of Hercules,” Nov. 6 and Nov. 13; Time, “The Bombers are Growing”; Lovett memos to Stimson and Arnold, Lovett papers, National Archives.
U.S. STRATEGIC BOMBING SURVEY: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, George Ball, Paul Nitze; U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report, European War, and The Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy; Galbraith, A Life in Our Times, 192–227; Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 42–68, 406.
HARRIMAN AT THE ATLANTIC CONFERENCE: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 75–76; Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; Feis, Churchill Roosevelt Stalin, 20–23; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 349–365.
HARRIMAN-BEAVERBROOK MISSION TO MOSCOW: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 80–105; Herring, Aid to Russia, 15–17; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 391; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 130–142; Standley and Ageton, Admiral Ambassador to Russia, 63; Averell Harriman, America and Russia in a Changing World, 17–23; Averell Harriman, Peace With Russia? 13–14; Harriman memos to Harry Hopkins, Hopkins papers, Box 123, Roosevelt Library; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 387–389; Deane, The Strange Alliance, 88–89.
HARRIMAN’S FINANCIAL INTERESTS IN THE SOVIET UNION: Memo from J. D. Powell to Harriman, Sept. 20, 1943, and Harriman memo of July 11, 1941, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 83; Brown Brothers Harriman partners’ files, New-York Historical Society.
HARRIMAN’S RETURN TO LONDON: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 123.
HARRIMAN AND THE SECOND-FRONT CONTROVERSY: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 131, 138, 143–146; Herring, Aid to Russia, 61–65, 87–89; Deane, Strange Alliance, 17–44.
HARRIMAN AND LEND-LEASE SHIPMENT DELAYS: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 140–142; Herring, Aid to Russia, 57–67; Hopkins memo, May 4, 1942, Hopkins papers, Roosevelt Library; Churchill, Hinge of Fate, 262–270.
HARRIMAN’S TRIP TO MOSCOW WITH CHURCHILL: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 146–166; Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 473–499; Harriman to Roosevelt, FRUS, 1942, 618–620, 622; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 616–622; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 161–166.
KATYN FOREST MASSACRE: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 199–201, 301, 349; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 200–203, 2077; U.S. Select Congressional Committee on the Katyn Forest Massacre, Report.
HARRIMAN’S 1943 ANNOYANCE AT SOVIETS OVER POLAND: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 206.
STANDLEY AND HIS RESIGNATION: Standley and Ageton, Admiral Ambassador to Russia, 92–98; Herring, Aid to Russia, 80–98, 106.
HARRIMAN OFFERED AMBASSADORSHIP: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 218–220; Harriman to Roosevelt, July 5, 1943, FRUS: Teheran, 13–15; The New York Times, Oct. 3 and 22, 1943; Standley and Ageton, Admiral Ambassador to Russia, 489–490.
ACHESON AND UNRRA: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 65–80; Herring, Aid to Russia, 155.
HARRIMAN’S ARRIVAL AS AMBASSADOR: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 239–240; notes and memos, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Deane, The Strange Alliance, 3–5.
HARRIMAN’S AND KATHLEEN’S LIFE IN MOSCOW: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, passim; Kathleen Harriman letters to sister and mother, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; authors’ interviews with Kathleen Harriman Mortimer.
MOSCOW FOREIGN MINISTERS CONFERENCE: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 240–249; memos and cables, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman to Roosevelt, Nov. 5, 1943, FRUS, 1943, III, 589–593; Hull, Memoirs, Vol. II, 1278—1315.
HARRIMAN ON POLAND IN EARLY 1944: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 262315; memos and cables, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman cables, FRUS, 1944, III, 1223–1299; for an overview of the situation from the perspective of the London Poles, see Mikolajczyk, The Rape of Poland.
HARRIMAN’S NEGOTIATIONS FOR BOHLEN AND THEN KENNAN: Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 233–235; Ruddy dissertation, “Charles E. Bohlen and the Soviet Union,” 96–102; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 203; “Memo on Embassy Staff,” by Harriman, Dec. 1, 1943, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman and Abel, special Envoy, 229; Bohlen, Witness to History, 121–125, 133; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 180–181, 231; cables from Harriman to Hopkins, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C. (also in Hopkins papers, Roosevelt Library).
KENNAN IN PORTUGAL AND AT EUROPEAN ADVISORY COMMISSION: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 142–187.
KENNAN-BOHLEN ARGUMENT, MAY 1944: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan; authors’ off-the-record talk with a Kennan family member.
BOHLEN ON HARRIMAN: Letter from Bohlen to Charles Thayer, Dec. 10, 1958, Thayer papers, Truman Library.
KENNAN ON HARRIMAN: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 231–232; authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Grace Kennan Warnecke, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer, Loy Henderson.
HARRIMAN ON KENNAN: Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 333.
KENNAN’S INITIAL VIEWS ON POLAND: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 206–210; authors’ interviews with George Kennan.
HARRIMAN AND THE WARSAW UPRISING: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 340–365; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 291–311; Harriman cables to Washington in August of 1944, FRUS, 1944, III, 1302–1389; Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 321–323; Mikolajczyk, The Rape of Poland, 75–85; Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 132–149; Harriman and McCloy, off-the-record discussion of the origins of the Cold War, in Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.
KENNAN AND THE WARSAW UPRISING: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 210–211; authors’ interviews with Kennan.
HARRIMAN’S TOUGHENING STANCE ON LEND-LEASE IN EARLY 1944: Herring, Aid to Russia, 128–131; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 290–310; Harriman cables to Washington, FRUS, 1944, IV, 1039–1055.
HARRIMAN AND MIKOYAN’S POSTWAR LOAN REQUEST: Herring, Aid to Russia, 150–154; Harriman cables to Washington, FRUS, 1944, IV, 1041–1055.
ACHESON AND POSTWAR LEND-LEASE CREDIT TALKS: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 85; Harriman cables to Washington, FRUS, 1944, IV, 1114–1128; Herring, Aid to Russia, 157–159.
THE MULTILATERALIST OUTLOOK: Kuklick, American Policy and the Division of Germany, 1–18; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 567; Hull, Memoirs, Vol. II, 81–85 and passim; authors’ interviews with John McCloy, Robert Lovett.
THE MORGENTHAU PLAN, OVERVIEW: Kuklick, American Policy and the Division of Germany, 47–73; Morgenthau, The Morgenthau Diary: Germany Vol. I, 415–859; Blum, ed., From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945, 327–416, 451–464; Blum, Roosevelt and Morgenthau, 559–625.
McCLOY AND STIMSON MEETINGS ON THE MORGENTHAU PLAN: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy, Robert Lovett; Stimson diaries, Aug. 21, 23, 26, Sept. 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 16, 1944, Yale University; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 568–583; Morgenthau, The Morgenthau Diary: Germany, Vol. I, 415, 425–430, 443, 452, 475; McCloy notes, in Stimson diaries, Sept. 20, 1944, Yale University.
HARRIMAN’S HARD LINE IN SEPTEMBER OF 1944: Harriman’s cables to Washington, FRUS, 1944, IV, 992–998; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 344–346.
KENNAN’S INFLUENCE ON HARRIMAN’S POSITION IN SEPTEMBER OF 1944: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Averell Harriman; draft paper, by Kennan, Sept. 18, 1944, Kennan papers, Princeton University; Kennan memo to Harriman, Sept. 18, 1944, Kennan papers, Princeton University; Feis, Churchill Roosevelt Stalin, 433–436.
“RUSSIA—SEVEN YEARS LATER”: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 225–230, 503–531; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 264–277; personal memos, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.
CHURCHILL’S SPHERES-OF-INFLUENCE DEAL: Bohlen, Witness to History, 162–164; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 353–358; Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 216–231; Harriman cables to Roosevelt, Oct. 10, 11, 12, 1944, FRUS, 1944, IV, 1005–1015; Feis, Churchill Roosevelt Stalin, 449–454; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 222; Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, 100–125.
HARRIMAN IN WASHINGTON, NOVEMBER OF, 1944: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 364–370; transcript of Harriman background briefing, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Henry Stimson diary, Oct. 23–24, in Stimson papers, Yale University; New York Times, Nov. 4, 1944.
MOLOTOV’S POSTWAR LOAN REQUEST: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 384–386; Harriman cables to Washington, FRUS, 1945, V, 942–947, and FRUS, Yalta, 313–323;Herring, Aid to Russia, 160–162; Blum, ed., From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945, 304.
HARRIMAN AND BOHLEN AT YALTA: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 318 417; Bohlen, Witness to History, 173–201; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 341–355;Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 341; Feis, Churchill Roosevelt Stalin, 489–559.
KENNAN-BOHLEN CORRESPONDENCE: Kennan letter, February 1945, Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress; Bohlen letter, February 1945, Kennan papers, Princeton University; Bohlen, Witness to History, 175–177;authors’ interviews with George Kennan.
HARRIMAN’S DISILLUSIONMENT OVER POLAND AFTER YALTA: Harriman cables to Washington, FRUS, 1945, V, 197, 817–824;unsent messages from Moscow, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 421–431;Herring, Aid to Russia, 171–200;George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 212; Sulzberger, A Long Row of Candles, 253–256;Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 326.
HARRIMAN’S WESTERN AID PLAN: Unsent messages from Moscow, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman cable to Washington, FRUS, 1945, V, 817–820;Herring, Aid to Russia, 200.
ROOSEVELT’S ATTITUDES BEFORE HIS DEATH: Feis, Churchill Roosevelt Stalin, 571–599;Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 439–440;Harriman, America and Russia in a Changing World, 38n; Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 304, 317.
HARRIMAN’S SUPPORT FOR A POSTWAR LOAN: Harriman cable to Washington, Apr. 11, 1945, FRUS, 1945, V, 996; Herring, Aid to Russia, 176.
TRUMAN TAKES OFFICE: Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 1–27; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 3–14;Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 351–374; Time, Apr. 23, 1945; Poen, ed., Letters Home by Harry Truman, 189; Ferrell, ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman, 14–16;John McCloy’s private diaries, courtesy of John McCloy; Leahy, I Was There, 347–348.
ACHESON ON TRUMAN’S ASCENSION: Authors’ interviews with Lydia Kirk, Alice Stanley Acheson; Acheson, Present at the Creation 103–104.
HARRIMAN LEARNS OF ROOSEVELT’S DEATH: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 440; authors’ interviews with Kathleen Harriman Mortimer, Elbridge Durbrow.
HARRIMAN’S MEETING WITH MOLOTOV: FRUS, 1945, v, 825–826; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 440–441.
HARRIMAN’S REQUESTS TO RETURN HOME: FRUS, 1945, V, 212ff., 826; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 441.
HARRIMAN’S MEETING WITH STALIN: FRUS 1945, V, 826–828; FRUS, 1945, I, 289–290; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 441–443.
TRUMAN PRESS CONFERENCE: Public Papers of the Presidents: Harry Trumany 1945, 11; Time, Apr. 30, 1945; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 49.
HARRIMAN’S FLIGHT TO WASHINGTON: Harriman and Meiklejohn notes, Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; authors’ interviews with Kathleen Harriman Mortimer.
BOHLEN AND HOPKINS LEARN OF FDR’S DEATH: Bohlen, Witness to History, 209–212; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins 880–882; Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress.
BOHLEN AND STETTINIUS MEET TRUMAN: Harry Truman, Year of Decisionsy 14–27; National Archives, notes of meetings, Bohlen papers, Record Group 59; Ferrell, ed., Off the Record, 18; Leahy, I Was There 349.
HARRIMAN BRIEFS TOP OFFICIALS IN WASHINGTON: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 449–450; Stimson diary, Apr. 16, 1945, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries 47; FRUSy 1945, V, 839–846.
DOMINO THEORY: Safire, Safire’s Political Dictionary 178.
HARRIMAN AND BOHLEN MEET WITH TRUMAN: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman; FRUS 1945, V, 231–234; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 447-449; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 70–72; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 35–39; Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 61; Stettinius memorandum, Apr. 22, 1945, cited in Yergin, Shattered Peacey 77.
COLD WAR ETYMOLOGY: Safire, Safire’s Political Dictionary 127–129.
TRUMAN MEETS WITH ADVISERS, APRIL 23: FRUS, 1945, V, 252–255; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 77–79; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 451—453; Stimson diary, Apr. 23, 1945, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 608–611; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 40; Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 48–51.
TRUMAN, HARRIMAN, BOHLEN, AND OTHERS MEET WITH MOLOTOV: FRUS, 1945, 256–259; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 79–82; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 453–454; Bohlen, Witness to History, 213–214; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 41–42; Leahy, I Was There, 351–352. Bohlen’s notes in FRUS and his autobiography do not mention the final exchange (“I’ve never been talked to. . .”), and in an interview with Robert Donovan he says he does not think the words were spoken. The exchange, however, is cited by both Truman and Harriman in their respective memoirs.
VIEWS ON TRUMAN’S NEW ATTITUDE: Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 42–43; Leahy, I Was There, 352; Vandenberg, ed., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, 176; Churchill, Triumph and Tragedy, 492; Time, Apr. 30, 1945; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 229.
MEETING AT THE ELBE: Weisberger, Cold War, Cold Peace, 9; Time, May 7, 1945.
HARRIMAN’S BRIEFINGS IN SAN FRANCISCO: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 454–457; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 390–393; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 231, 253; Harriman interview, Dulles Oral History Project, Princeton University; FRUS, 1945, 1, 389–398; Bohlen, Witness to History, 214–215; Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century, 419420; Lippmann columns, Apr. 26 and May 12, 1945; Time, May 7, 1945, Stone, “Anti-Russian Undertow”; Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 226–227.
ATTITUDES TOWARD ANGLO-AMERICAN ALLIANCE: Larsen dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 253; The Nation, May 25, 1945; Lippmann column, May 12, 1945; New York Times, June 1, 1945; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 566.
V-E DAY IN WASHINGTON: Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 205–208; New York Times, May 8–10, 1945; Time, May 14 and 21, 1945; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 51–52; Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman, 241.
V-E DAY IN MOSCOW: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 239–244; The New York Times, May 8–10, 1945.
KENNAN AND THE POLISH BORDER DISPUTE: FRUS, 1945, V, 226–231, 276–278, 288–298; authors’ interview with Elbridge Durbrow.
TRUMAN IS INFORMED OF THE BOMB: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 635–643; Stimson diary, Mar. 13, 1944, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Truman, Year of Decisions, 85–87; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, xii-xiv, 4549; Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 27–28, 49–52; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 68–69; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 343; Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 162–164; Kurzman, Day of The Bomb, 212.
STIMSON AND McCLOY ON SPHERES OF INFLUENCE: Stimson diary, Apr. 16 and 26, May 8, 1945, in Stimson papers, Yale University; authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy diary entry for Apr. 30 and calendar notes, McCloy private papers; Stimson-McCloy telephone transcript, in Stimson papers, Yale University, cited in Yergin, Shattered Peace, 80.
BOHLEN ON SPHERES OF INFLUENCE: Policy Group document PG-14, Sept. 23, 1943, Box 119, Notter Records, National Archives; Mark, “Charles E. Bohlen and the Acceptable Limits of Soviet Hegemony in Eastern Europe.”
HARRIMAN AND BOHLEN DISCUSSIONS ON THE FLIGHT HOME FROM SAN FRANCISCO, AND IDEA FOR HOPKINS MISSION: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 459; Harriman itinerary, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Bohlen, Witness to History, 215; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 110, 257–258; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 885–887; Ferrell, ed., Off the Record, 31; Harriman and McCloy, off-the-record discussion of the origins of the Cold War, in Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C. For a different view of Hopkins’ mission origins, see Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy, 68–71, 270–275. (Harriman in 1970 declared: “Alperovitz’s thesis is so contemptible that I can hardly even discuss it.” Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 456.)
STIMSON-McCLOY-HARRIMAN MAY 10 LUNCH: Stimson diary, May 10, 1945, in Stimson papers, Yale University; authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy diaries, May 9 and 10, 1945, McCloy private papers; Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 57.
HARRIMAN-BOHLEN-McCLOY-FORRESTAL-GREW MAY 12 MEETING: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy’s journal entry on May 12, courtesy of McCloy; Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 451; Grew, Turbulent Era, Vol. II, 1455–1457; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 461; Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, 55–57; Forrestal’s unpublished diaries, May 12, 1945 (a fuller account of what appears in Millis).
HARRIMAN AND LEND-LEASE: Harriman and Abel, special Envoy, 459–461; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 397–402; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 242–248; Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 176–178; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 227–229; Herring, Aid to Russia, 202–205.
TRUMAN AND DAVIES, MAY 13: Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 170–184; Joseph Davies journals, May 13, 1945, Library of Congress.
STIMSON AND McCLOY, MAY 13 AND 14: Stimson diary, May 13 and 14, in Stimson papers, Yale University; interviews with McCloy.
STIMSON, McCLOY, HARRIMAN, FORRESTAL, GREW, MAY 15: Stimson diary, May 15, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 57; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 350; Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 190; Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy, 97–98.
HARRIMAN, BOHLEN, GREW, TRUMAN, MAY 15: FRUS, Potsdam, I, 12–14; Grew, Turbulent Era, 1462; authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman.
STIMSON AND TRUMAN, MAY 16: Stimson diary, May 16, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 351; Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 191.
GROWING PUBLIC FEARS, MAY 1945: Time, June 11, 1945; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 254–255.
GREW, HARRIMAN, BOHLEN, MAY 19: Grew, Turbulent Era, Vol. II, 1445–1446.
CONCLUDING PLANS FOR THE HOPKINS MISSION: Truman appointment sheet, May 19, in Off the Record, ed. by Ferrell, 31; Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 58; Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 491; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 887; authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman; see also source above on origins of the Hopkins mission.
THE HOPKINS MISSION: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer; Mortimer letters, Bohlen letter, and Harriman memos, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 462–475; Bohlen, Witness to History, 218–223; Feis, Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference, 97–123; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 887–912; FRUS, Potsdam, I, 20–62; Harriman and McCloy, off-the-record discussion of the origins of the Cold War, in Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, 385–386; Ruddy dissertation, “Charles E. Bohlen and the Soviet Union,” 196–200; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 407–416. (Bohlen’s notes in FRUS indicate that Hopkins pressed the issue of U.N. voting procedure, but Harriman’s papers and book, and other documents, indicate that he took the lead.)
KENNAN AND HOPKINS: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 212–213, 247–251, 532–546; FRUS, 1945, V, 295–296; authors’ interviews with George Kennan.
OPINION AFTER THE HOPKINS MISSION: Harriman letter to Truman, June 8, 1945, FRUS, Potsdam, I, 61–62; Bohlen letter, June 13, 1945, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Time, June 18, 1945; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference”, 268–272; Truman diary, June 7, 1945; Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 405. (Harriman says in retrospect: “If you’ve seen the telegrams, you’ll find that Harry was far more optimistic about what he achieved in Moscow than I was.” The cables do not bear him out.)
McCLOY’S RETORT ON HIS EUROPEAN TRIP: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy’s private journals, April-May, 1945, courtesy of McCloy; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 101–105; Stimson diary, Apr. 19, 22, 23, 26, 1945, in Stimson papers, Yale University.
KENNAN’S VIEWS ON GERMANY, SPRING OF 1945: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 252–259; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 295–309; Commente on PWC- 141a, Kennan papers, Princeton University.
CHURCHILL’S “IRON CURTAIN” TELEGRAM: FRUS, 1945, Berlin, I, 9; Safire, Safire’s Political Dictionary, 339–340.
BACKGROUND ON REPARATIONS ISSUE: Kuklick, American Policy and the Division of Germany, 74–140; Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 98–129, 220–243; FRUS, 1945, Yalta, 978–980; FRUS, 1945, III, 1176–1238; FRUS, 1945, Berlin, I, 435–548.
HARRIMAN AND KENNAN ON REPARATIONS: FRUS, 1945, III, 1176, 1191, 1195, 1200, 1204; Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard Unviersity, 460; authors’ interviews with George Kennan.
APPOINTMENT OF PAULEY: Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 307–309; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 78; Mee, Meeting at Potsdam, 184.
LOVETT’S ROLE IN FORMULATING REPARATIONS POLICY: Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 241–242.
KENNAN AND HARRIMAN ON PAULEY TALKS: FRUS, 1945, III, 1211–1213.
TRUMAN ON JUNE 17: Truman diary, in Off the Record, ed. by Ferrell, 47.
OPPENHEIMER ON JUNE 17: Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 304–305;Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 121–123;Wyden, Day One, 170–171.
TIBBETS ON JUNE 17: Wyden, Day One, 198–199;Groves, Now It Can Be Told, 272–275.
STIMSON, McCLOY, GREW, MARSHALL MEETINGS OF MAY 29: Stimson diary, May29, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 96; McCloy notes, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Wyden, Day One, 159n.
BACKGROUND ON THE BOMB: Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 3 50–372; Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 69–187;Wyden, Day One, 129–247;Sherwin, A World Destroyed? 202–219.
McCLOY’S PROPOSALS OF JUNE 17 AND 18: McCloy has recounted this episode many times over the years, with occasional embellishments. The account here is drawn from McCloy’s diaries for June 16, 17, and 18, his interviews with the authors, and the transcript of an interview, revised by McCloy, given to Fred Freed in 1965 for an NBC News “White Paper” on the topic. Excerpts are in Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 135–138. The first record of McCloy’s story is in Forrestal’s diaries for Mar. 8, 1947(see Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries 70–71). But Forrestal notes that he was not at any such meeting, even though the official minutes of the June 18 session list him as present (FRUS 1945, Berlin, I, 903–910, 929–931). Nor do the minutes of that meeting contain any comments by McCloy, although they end by saying “certain other matters” were discussed (FRUS 19 45, Berlin, I, 889, footnote 2). McCloy’s recollections that Stimson did not come to work that day are contradicted by McCloy’s own diary (June 18, 1945, McCloy private papers). McCloy’s diary also indicates that he was in Hastings-on-Hudson that Sunday for a family visit, although it is possible his meeting with Stimson took place when he returned that evening, as McCloy now recollects. See also: McCloy, The Challenge to American Foreign Policy ? 40–42;Elting Morison, Turmoil and Tradition, 631; McCloy interview, conducted by Eric Sevareid, July 13, 1975, CBS television; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 620.
WORK ON VERSIONS OF THE POTSDAM PROCLAMATION, LATE JUNE: Stimson diary, June 19, 26–30, July 2, 3, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 71–72; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 364–370; Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 140–149; FRUS, 1945, Berlin, I, 888–894.
HARRIMAN GOES TO POTSDAM: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 481–484; FRUS, 1945, Berlin, I, 132, 144, 146, 722–723, 745; Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.
BOHLEN GOES TO POTSDAM: Bohlen, Witness to Histop 225–228; FRUS, 1945, Berlzn, II, log of the President, 8–10.
BYRNES AND TRUMAN: Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 22–23, 190–193, 317, and passim; Byrnes, speaking Frankly, 67–72.
BYRNES’S RELATIONS WITH STIMSON, HARRIMAN AND OTHERS: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 488; Harriman and McCloy, off-the-record discussion of the origins of the Cold War, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Mee, Meeting at Potsdam, 4–7; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 111; Feis, From Trust to Tenor, 18; Stimson diary, July 16–23, in Stimson papers, Yale University.
ATMOSPHERE AT POTSDAM: Bohlen, Witness to History, 228; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 484–485; Stimson diary, July 16–23, in Stimson papers, Yale University; McCloy diaries, July 15–30, 1945; Feis, From Trust to Tenor, passim; Mee, Meeting at Potsdam, passim.
STIMSON AND McCLOY PAPERS OF JULY 16: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; Stimson diary, July 16, in Stimson papers, Yale University; FRUS, 1945, Berlin, II, 631, 754–755, 1223–1224, 1265–1267, 1322–1333; McCloy diaries, July 16–20, 1945; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 113; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 493.
ALAMOGORDO TEST RESULTS: FRUS, 1945, Berlin, II, 1360–1364; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 377–379; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 98–99; Wyden, Day One, 210–213; Stimson diary, July 16–23, in Stimson papers, Yale University; McCloy diaries, July 16, 23–24.
STIMSON, McCLOY, AND HARRIMAN DISCUSS CONTROLLING THE BOMB: Stimson diary, July 19, and 23, 1945, in Stimson papers, Yale University; FRUS, 1945, Berlin, II, 1155–1157; authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy diaries, July 20, 1945, Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 638–641; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 488; Averell Harriman, America and Russia in a Changing World, 73; Harvey Bundy interview, Columbia Oral History Project; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 427–428; Bohlen, Witness to History, 238.
INFORMING STALIN OF THE BOMB: Bohlen, Witness to History, 237; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 416; Byrnes, speaking Frankly, 263; Leahy, I Was There, 429.
McCLOY’S VISITS TO BERLIN AND PAPERS ON GERMANY WITH STIMSON: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy diary, July 17, 25, and 26, 1945; FRUS, 1945, Berlin, II, 631, 754–757.
BYRNES’S PACKAGE DEAL ON REPARATIONS: FRUS, 1945, Berlin, II, 274–275, 471–476, 480–483, 503–505, 510, 565–601; Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 85; Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, 302; Bohlen, Witness to History, 232–233.
McCLOY’S VIEWS ON REPARATIONS: McCloy diaries, July 23–30, 1945.
McCLOY LEAVES POTSDAM: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; FRUS, 1945, Berlin, II, 925–926; McCloy journals, July 24–31.
HARRIMAN LEAVES POTSDAM: Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, 79; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 428–430.
BOHLEN LEAVES POTSDAM: Bohlen, Witness to History, 237–238.
STIMSON LEAVES POTSDAM: Stimson diary, July 25, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Wyden, Day One, 235–237; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 396.
STIMSON ON THE DECISION TO DROP THE BOMB: Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 629–632.
LOVETT’S ROLE IN ATOMIC-BOMB PLANNING: Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 242–243; Lovett interview, Columbia University Oral History Project, 58 (cited by Fanton).
AMERICAN DESIRE FOR SOVIET ENTRY INTO THE JAPANESE WAR: Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 205–208; Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy, 180–184; Stimson diary, July 23–24, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 637; Bohlen, Witness to History, 238; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 489, 492; FRUS, 1945, Berlin, II, 1324.; Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, 291; Sherwin, A World Destroyed, 244.
POTSDAM PROCLAMATION TO JAPAN: McCloy diaries, July 27, 1945, and notes with Aug. 30, 1945, entry; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 492; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 113; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 395; Giovannitti and Freed, The Decision to Drop the Bomb, 226.
REVISIONIST THESIS ON MOTIVES FOR USING THE BOMB: Alperovitz, Atomic Diplomacy, passim; Sherwin, A World Destroyed, passim; Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, passim; Fleming, The Cold War and Its Origins, passim; Steel, Imperialists and Other Heroes, 79–89; Maddox, The New Left and the Origins of the Cold War, passim; Miles, “The Strange Myth of Half a Million Lives Saved”; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 419.
BOMBING OF HIROSHIMA: Wyden, Day One, 243–247; Tibbets, “How to Drop an Atom Bomb”; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 416; Thomas and Morgan-Witts, Enola Gay, 289–324.
LOVETT AT PENTAGON: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett; Wyden, Day One, 288; Groves, Now It Can Be Told, 328–330.
McCLOY IN ROME: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy.
THE ATOMIC AGE: New York Times, Aug. 7, 1945; Time, Aug. 20, 1945.
HARRIMAN AND V-J DAY IN MOSCOW: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 498-503; authors’ interviews with Kathleen Harriman Mortimer; Mortimer letters and Harriman notes, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 484. (Harriman had been very forceful in encouraging the Chinese Foreign Minister not to come to terms with Stalin regarding the concessions the Soviets would get for entering the war. “I had a lot of trouble getting Soong to stick to my tight interpretation, he later said. Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 453.)
STIMSON AND McCLOY WORK ON SEPTEMBER MEMO ON THE BOMB: Stimson diary, Aug. 12–Sept. 5, Sept. 8, 10, 12, 13; in Stimson papers, Yale University; Stimson and Bundy, On Active Service, 641–646; authors’ interviews with John McCloy; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 139–143; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 417–419.
McCLOY AND BYRNES: McCloy diaries and notes, Sept. 2, 1945, McCloy private papers.
SEPTEMBER 21 CABINET MEETING: Stimson diary, Sept. 21, Forrestal diaries, Sept. 21, and notes attached; Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, 94–96; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 525–526; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 144–149; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 420–421.
ACHESON UPON BECOMING UNDER SECRETARY: Authors’ interviews with Mary Acheson Bundy, Alice Stanley Acheson, Barbara Evans (Acheson’s secretary); Hamburger, “Mr. Secretary”; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 111–121; David Acheson, ed., Among Friends, 56–64; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 56–59; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 546–555; The Nation, Aug. 25, 1945; Fortune, “Secretary Acheson”; Reston, “The No. 1 No. 2 Man in Washington.”
ACHESON ON CZECHOSLOVAKIA: FRUS, 1945, IV, 493–494.
ACHESON ADOPTS STIMSON’S VIEWS ON THE BOMB: Stimson diary, Sept. 13, 21, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Forrestal diaries, Sept. 21; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 124–125; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 143–145; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 418–420; McCloy diaries, Aug. 30, 1945; authors’ interviews with John McCloy.
ACHESON MEMO FOR TRUMAN: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 125; FRUS, 1945, II, 48–50; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 151; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,”557–559.
TRUMAN’S OCTOBER 3 MESSAGE: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 125, 743.
CONGRESSIONAL AND PUBLIC OPINION IN SEPTEMBER 1945: Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 254–257.
KENNAN AND CONGRESSIONAL TOUR OF MOSCOW: Authors’ interview with Senator Claude Pepper; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 276–277; FRUS, 1945, V, 881–884.
KENNAN MESSAGE ON ATOMIC CONTROL AND ESPIONAGE: FRUS, 1945, V, 884–886, see also 366; Hoyt Vandenberg (director of Central Intelligence) memo, June 27, 1946, Kennan papers, Princeton University.
MOLOTOV’S TOAST IN LONDON: Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 459.
HARRIMAN’S TALK WITH BYRNES: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 509–510; authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman.
HARRIMAN’S PERSONAL OUTLOOK ABOUT STAYING ON AS AMBASSADOR: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer, Pamela Churchill Harriman, Louis Auchincloss, Patricia Alsop.
PAMELA CHURCHILL HARRIMAN: Authors’ interview with Pamela Churchill Harriman; Bumiller, “Pamela Harriman,” the Washington Post (includes quote about Harriman’s looks); Foreman “Pamela Harriman’s Role”; Life cover story on Pamela Churchill Harriman; Cholly Knickerbocker Observes, New York Journal-American, Sept. 13, 1949; Sunday Mirror Magazine, “New Triumphs of a Churchill”; New York Times, “Harriman and Mrs. Leland Hayward Will Marry,” Sept. 18, 1971.
HARRIMAN-McCLOY TRIP THROUGH EUROPE, OCTOBER 1945: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy diary entries, Sept. 30, Oct. 7, 8, 1945, and cable to Washington, McCloy private papers; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 510–511; Harriman and McCloy, off-the-record discussion of the origins of the Cold War, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.
HARRIMAN AT STALIN’S DACHA: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 511–516; FRUS, 1945, II, 562–576; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 466–469; Lippmann columns, Oct. 18 and Nov. 1, 1945.
McCLOY AND MacARTHUR: McCloy diary entries, Oct. 22–25, 1945, and teletype conference of McCloy, Bohlen, and Acheson, McCloy private papers.
McCLOY’S SPEECHES: Prepared text and transcript, speech to the annual dinner of the Academy of Political Science, New York City, Nov. 8, 1945, courtesy of McCloy; speech over NBC radio, Nov. 16, 1945, courtesy of McCloy; Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science (Vol. 21), Fall 1945.
McCLOY ASSESSMENTS: Interviews with Averell Harriman, Robert Lovett, and Harvey Bundy, Columbia Oral History Project; Kissinger, White House Years, 22–23; authors’ interview with Henry Kissinger.
McCLOY LEAVES GOVERNMENT: Schwartz dissertation, “From Occupation to Alliance,” 35–36; McCloy diaries, October-November 1945; authors’ interviews with John McCloy, Benjamin Shute.
McCLOY AND THE COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS: Record of meeting, Dec. 4, 1945; minutes from study groups and annual reports, archives of the Council on Foreign Relations, New York; Shepardson, Early History of the Council on Foreign Relations; Kraft, “School for Statesmen”; authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy diaries, August-November 1945.
LOVETT LEAVES GOVERNMENT: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Adèle Brown Lovett; Time “New Policy, New Broom,” 25; Fanton dissertation, “Robert A. Lovett: The War Years,” 244–249; New York Times, Nov. 24, 1945; Stimson letter to Truman, Sept. 6, 1945, in Stimson papers, Yale University; Stimson diary, Sept. 21, 1945, in Stimson papers, Yale University.
ACHESON SPEECHES: McLellan, Dean Acheson, 66–68; Acheson, Present at the Creation 130–131; Department of State Bulletin, Nov. 18, 1945.
BOHLEN’S POLICY ON SPHERES: National Archives, memo of Oct. 18, 1945, Bohlen papers, Record Group 59; Mark, “Charles E. Bohlen and the Acceptable Limite of Soviet Hegemony in Eastern Europe”; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 470; Byrnes, Speaking Frankly, 108; speech of Oct. 31, by Byrnes, State Department Bulletin, Nov. 4, 1945.
HARRIMAN AND LITVINOV: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 518; FRUS, 1945, V, 921–922.
HARRIMAN’S VIEWS ON THE SOVIETS AND THE BOMB: FRUS, 1945, V, 922–924; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy 521; Bland dissertation, “W. Averell Harriman: Businessman and Diplomat, 1891–1945,” 474.
PROPOSALS FOR ATOMIC CONTROL, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1945: Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 271–272; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 187–188; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 474–477; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 471–474.
ACHESON MOLLIFIES VANDENBERG ON PLAN: Acheson, Present at the Creation 135; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 74; Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 278–279; FRUS, 1945, II, 609–610; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 474–475.
MOSCOW CONFERENCE, DECEMBER 1945: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 523–526; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 284–292; Bohlen, Witness to History, 249–253; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 207–217; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 481–483.
ACHESON MOLLIFIES VANDENBERG ON MOSCOW CONFERENCE: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 135–136; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 75–76; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 474–475.
ACHESON AND TRUMAN’S SHOWDOWN WITH BYRNES ON THE WILLIAMSBURG: Authors’ interviews with Clark Clifford; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 327–328; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 136; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 75–76; for the larger question of what Truman did or did not say to Byrnes, see Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 285–290; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 250–252; Byrnes, All in One Lifetime, 342–343; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 158–162.
HARRIMAN’S DEPARTURE FROM MOSCOW: Authors’ interviews with Averell Harriman, George Kennan, Elbridge Durbrow; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 531—535; Harriman’s talk to embassy staff (Jan. 22, 1946), Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman’s radio interview with Quentin Reynolds (Mar. 3, 1946), Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.
STALIN’S FEBRUARY 9 SPEECH: Vital Speeches, Mar. 1, 1946.
REACTIONS TO STALIN’S SPEECH; Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, 134–135; Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 299–301; DeSantis, The Diplomacy of Silence, 173; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 166–167; Time, Feb. 18, 1946; FRUS, 1946, VI, 695n; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 337–339, 487.
NITZE’S TALKS WITH FORRESTAL AND ACHESON: Authors’ interviews with Paul Nitze.
BOHLEN’S SUGGESTIONS OF FEBRUARY 1946: National Archives, memo of Feb. 14, Bohlen papers, Record Group 59; DeSantis, The Diplomacy of Silence, 173; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 165.
KENNAN’S LONG TELEGRAM: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 292–295, 545–559; FRUS, 1946, VI, 696–709; authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Elbridge Durbrow, Loy Henderson; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan, Scholar-Diplomat,” 393–410; Durbrow-Kennan letters, January 1946, Kennan papers, Princeton University. (Kennan, in his memoirs, exaggerates a bit in saying that the telegram was eight thousand words.)
REACTION TO THE LONG TELEGRAM: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Averell Harriman, Elbridge Durbrow, Loy Henderson; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 294–295; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 548; Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, 135–140; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 410; DeSantis, The Diplomacy of Silence, 172–179; National Archives, memos of Mar. 13 and 14, Bohlen papers, Record Group 59.
KENNAN AND FORRESTAL: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Grace Kennan Warnecke, George Elsey, Michael Forrestal; Gardner, Architects of Illusion, 270–300; Rogow, James Forrestal, 200–203 and passim; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 410–419.
ACHESON, LILIENTHAL, AND THE LONG TELEGRAM: Authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson; Lilienthal, The Journals of David Lilienthal, Vol. II, 25; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 151; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 252.
THE ACHESON-LILIENTHAL REPORT: Hewlett and Anderson, The New World, 531–555; Lieberman, The Scorpion and the Tarantula, 233–259; Lilienthal, The journals of David Lilienthal, Vol. II, 10–33; New York Time, Mar. 5, 8, 13, 18, 1946; Acheson, Lilienthal, McCloy, and others, “A Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy.”
ACHESON’S ROLE IN ATOMIC CONTROL PLAN: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 151–156; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 561–567; Acheson interview (1955), Truman Library, postpresidential files; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 77–84; authors’ interviews with Mary Acheson Bundy; Hamburger, “Profiles: Mr. Secretary,” Nov. 19, 57–58.
McCLOY’S ROLE IN ATOMIC CONTROL PLAN: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy; McCloy journal notes, Feb.-Mar. 1946, McCloy private papers; Acheson-McCloy letters, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Forrestal letter to McCloy, Apr. 5, 1946, Forrestal papers, Princeton University; Hewlett and Anderson, The New World 548.
BRITISH LOAN NOT ORIGINALLY SEEN AS ANTI-SOVIET: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 132–133; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 92–94; FRUS, 1946, VI, 823–825; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson.
CHURCHILL’S “IRON CURTAIN” SPEECH: Vital Speeches, Mar. 15, 1946, 329–332.
REACTION TO CHURCHILL’S SPEECH: Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 307–309; New York Times, Mar. 6 and 7, 1946; Time, Mar. 25, 1946; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 348–349; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 175–177; Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman, 312.
ACHESON DINNER PARTY WITH BOHLEN, LIPPMANN, WALLACE: Blum, ed., The Price of Vision (Wallace diary, Mar. 5), 556–557; authors’ interviews with Alice Acheson; Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century, 428–430; DeSantis, The Diplomacy of Silence, 176–177; Bohlen, Witness to History, 252. (Bohlen, in his memoirs, does not make it clear whether the remark from Mrs. Lippmann was at this dinner party, but Mrs. Acheson, consulting her date books for the time, says that all of the events occurred at the one party on Mar. 5.)
KENNAN’S CABLE ON LIPPMANN AND WALLACE: FRUS, 1946, VI, 721–723; authors’ interviews with George Kennan.
HARRIMAN AND CHURCHILL: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 548–549.
ACHESON AND CHURCHILL: Acheson, Sketches from Life of Men I Have Known, 62–63 and passim; authors’ interviews with Alice Acheson.
ACHESON AND THE BRITISH LOAN DEBATE: McLellan, Dean Acheson, 92–95; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 178; Gardner, Architects of Illusion, 133.
OPINION POLL IN MARCH: American Institute of Public Opinion, Mar.13, 1946, cited in Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 315.
IRAN CRISIS, OVERVIEW: Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, 270–378; Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 309–312; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 495–498; New York Times, Mar. 14–Apr. 30, 1946.
ACHESON INVOLVEMENT IN IRAN CRISIS: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 196–198; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 89–92; Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, 321–322 and passim.
HARRIMAN APPOINTMENT TO LONDON: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 549550; Harriman travel notes, Harriman personal papers; authors’ interviews with Adèle Brown Lovett; Harriman and McCloy, off-the-record discussion of the origins of the Cold War, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.
KENNAN TELEGRAM ON IRAN: Kennan papers, State Department files, National Archives, cited in DeSantis, Diplomacy of Silence, 177–178; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat, 389.
ACHESON’S OUTLOOK: Acheson, “Random Harvest,” Department of State Bulletin, June 16, 1946, 1045–1049; Fortune, “Secretary Acheson”; Hamburger, “Profiles: Mr. Secretary,” Nov. 12.
McCLOY SPEECH AT AMHERST: Amherst College Alumni News, June 1946, cited in Schwartz dissertation, “From Occupation to Alliance,” 21.
ACHESON’S WORLD ORDER: Reston, “The No.1 No. 2 Man in Washington”; Acheson, “Random Harvest,” Department of State Bulletin; Fortune, “Secretary Acheson”; Steel, “Acheson at the Creation,” 206–216; Steel, Imperialists and Other Heroes, 17–37.
OVERVIEW OF TURKISH STRAITS CRISIS: Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, 359–374 and passim; Howard, Turkey, the Straits and U.S. Policy; Gaddis, The U.S. and the Origins of the Cold War, 335–337; Harry Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, 95–98; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson.
ACHESON’S ROLE IN TURKISH STRAITS CRISIS: FRUS, 1946, VII, 830–848 (contains records of conversations); Acheson, Present at the Creation, 194–196; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 567–575; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 98–104; Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, 192, 195–197; Jones, The Fifteen Weeks, 62; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson. (Acheson’s recollection that Eisenhower was at the meeting is challenged by some historians; see Lyon, Eisenhower: Portrait of a Hero, 382, and Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, 362n.)
ACHESON’S RELATIONS WITH TRUMAN: Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 326, 522; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 95–96; Acheson interview (1955), Truman Library, postpresidential files; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 149–150, 745; authors’ interviews.
AMERICAN ATTITUDES, SUMMER OF 1946: Life, June3 and 10, 1946; Time, Mar. 18, 1946; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 394–395.
KENNAN’S AMERICAN TOUR: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan; Kennan’s reports to State Department on his tour (August and September 1946), Kennan papers, Princeton University; speech to Representatives of National Organizations (June 1946), Kennan papers, Princeton University; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 298–304.
KENNAN’S WAR COLLEGE LECTURES AND MIXED OUTLOOK: “Russia,” a lecture by Kennan (October 1946), Naval War College and elsewhere, Kennan papers, Princeton University; “Soviet-American Relations,” lecture at the State Department (September 1946), Kennan papers, Princeton University (and in National Archives, Record Group 59); George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 302311; DeSantis, The Diplomacy of Silence, 189–190; authors’ interviews with George Kennan.
KENNAN AND THE BOMB, 1946: Letter to Acheson, FRUS, 1946, I, 860–865; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 309–311; DeSantis, The Diplomacy of Silence, 189.
CLIFFORD-ELSEY REPORT: Authors’ interviews with Clark Clifford, George Elsey, George Kennan; “Comments on the Document entitled ’American Relations to the Soviet Union, ’” from Kennan to Elsey (Sept. 13) and from Kennan to Clifford (Sept. 16), Elsey papers, Truman Library; DeSantis, The Diplomacy of Silence, 190–191; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 363, 372–376; Krock, Memoirs, 422–482 (first publication of the secret report); Margaret Truman, Harry S. Truman, 347; Oral History interview with Clark Clifford (July 1971), 374–377, Truman Library; Oral History interview with George Elsey (July 1969), 261–267, Truman Library.
HARRIMAN’S RETURN: Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 553.
HARRIMAN AND FORRESTAL: Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, 200; Forrestal letter to Harriman (Sept. 1946), in Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 552; authors’ interviews with Michael Forrestal, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer.
KENNAN ON BUSINESSMEN: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 299; authors’ interviews with George Kennan.
HARRIMAN’S LECTURE TO KENNAN’S CLASS: “Russia,” transcript of a speech and discussion by Harriman at the National War College (Oct. 1946), Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.
OUTLOOK OF HARRIMAN AND KENNAN ON THE CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR: The dispute over who and what were responsible for the Cold War has kept two generations of historians gainfully employed, and the traditional, revisionist, and post-revisionist interpretations could fill a small library. In adition to the memos, speeches, and books already cited, a good source for Harriman’s views is an off- the-record discussion he had in May 1967 with Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., John McCloy, and others (116–page transcript, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.). Its themes are reflected in Schlesinger, “The Origins of the Cold War,” 22–52. See also Averell Harriman, “Story of Our Relations with Russia,” Harriman speech to the American Association of Advertising Agencies, April 1946, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; and Harriman Oral History Project, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University, 1969–1970. Kennan’s views, in addition to the sources already cited, can be found in the chapter he wrote for Hammond, ed., Witnesses to the Origins of the Cold War, 27–33. The introduction to that book is one of many useful surveys of the traditional and revisionist literature. Another useful guide to the debate is Gaddis, “The Emerging Post-Revisionist Synthesis on the Origins of the Cold War.” For the most recent description of Soviet tactics in imposing control over occupied countries, see Djilas, Rise and Fall.
KENNAN-FORRESTAL RELATIONSHIP: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Michael Forrestal, John Ohly, Marx Leva, Patricia Alsop; Kennan letter to John Osborne (July 1962), Kennan papers, Princeton University; Kennan-Forrestal letters, Kennan papers and Forrestal papers, Princeton University; Forrestal appointment calender, Forrestal papers, Princeton University; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 354; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 413–421; Gardner, Architects of Illusion, 270–300.
KENNAN COMMENTS ON WILLETT PAPER: “Dialectical Materialism and Russian Objectives,” by Edward Willett, in Kennan papers and Forrestal papers, Princeton University; comments on Willett paper, Kennan letter to Harry Hill (for Forrestal, October 1946), Kennan papers and Forrestal papers, Princeton University; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 417–418.
KENNAN’S PAPER FOR FORRESTAL (LATER PUBLISHED AS THE X-ARTICLE): Kennan letter to Forrestal (October 30, 1946), Kennan papers, Princeton University; Wright dissertation, “George F. Kennan: Scholar-Diplomat,” 418–419; “Psychological Background of Soviet Foreign Policy” (Jan. 1947), Kennan papers, Princeton University; Kennan (as “X”), “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.”
PUBLICATION OF THE X-ARTICLE: Authors’ interviews with George Kennan; Ken- nan-Armstrong letters, 1947, Kennan papers, Princeton University; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 354–355; “The Soviet Way of Thought and Its Effect on Soviet Foreign Policy,” talk by Kennan, discussion meeting report, Jan. 7, 1947, archives of the Council on Foreign Relations, New York.
WINTER OF ’47: Donovan, Crisis and Conflict, 275–276; Mee, The Marshall Plan: The Launching of Pax Americana, 17–18; Kaiser, Cold Winter, Cold War, 9–37.
ACHESON AND THE BRITISH AIDE-MÉMOIRE: Jones, The Fifteen Weeks, 3–8; Acheson, Present at the Creation 217–219; FRUS: 1947, Vol. V, 23–29, 3237; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” Vol. I, 580–586; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson and Barbara Evans (Acheson’s secretary).
ACHESON AND MARSHALL: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 140–144, 213216; Acheson, Sketches from Life, 147–167; Lilienthal, Journals: The Atomic Energy Years, 159; Pogue, George C. Marshall, Vols. I-III.
ACHESON AND TRUMAN: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 184–185, 200; Acheson oral history seminar, July 2, 1952, Truman Library.
ACHESON AND THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 108, 217–221; Jones, The Fifteen Weeks, 80–81, 131–135, 138–142, 152–154; Larson dissertation, “Belief and Inference,” 587–601; Harry Truman, Year of Decisions, 105; Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 344–345; State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee Subcommittee on Information Paper, “Information Program on United States Aid to Greece,” submitted to Acheson, Mar. 4, 1947; drafts of Truman Doctrine speech, Jones papers, Truman Library; authors’ interviews with Loy Henderson, Clark Clifford.
CRITICS OF THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 314–317; Jones, The Fifteen Weeks, 154–155; Bohlen, Witness to History, 261; Lilienthal, Journals: The Atomic Energy Years, 159–160; Kennan to Bohlen, Mar. 20, 1947, Kennan papers, Princeton University; Elsey to Clifford, Mar. 8, 1947, Elsey papers, Truman Library; authors’ interview with George Kennan.
TRUMAN’S SPEECH: Jones, The Fifteen Weeks, 168–170; Time, Mar. 24, 1947.
LEGACY OF THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE: Kuniholm, The Origins of the Cold War in the Near East, 410–425; Freeland, The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism, 319–360; Gelb and Betts, The Irony of Vietnam: The System Worked, 48–50, 201–203.
ANTI-COMMUNISM: Donovan, Crisis and Conflict, 292–298; Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 243; Forrestal to Clifford, Jan. 31, 1947, Forrestal papers, Princeton University; Kennan lecture, Feb. 20, 1947, Kennan papers, Princeton University.
ACHESON AND VANDENBERG: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 223–224; Acheson, Sketches from Life, 123; Acheson to Vandenberg, Mar. 3, 1948, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Time, May 12, 1947; authors’ interview with Francis Wilcox (Vandenberg’s chief aide).
CONGRESS AND LIPPMANN QUESTION ACHESON: Freeland, The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism, 109–112; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 225; Steel, Walter Lippmann and the American Century, 439–440; Bohlen, The Transformation of American Foreign Policy, 86.
OUTCOME IN GREECE: Yergin, Shattered Peace, 293–295; Djilas, Conversatons with Stalin, 141.
MOSCOW CONFERENCE: Bohlen, Witness to History, 262–263; 269; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 296–300; Price papers, include Bohlen oral history, 1953, Truman Library.
FORRESTAL AND THE MARSHALL PLAN: Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 248–249, 251–252, 266–268; Forrestal to Clifford, Mar. 6, 1947, personal papers of Marx Leva (Forrestal’s aide), Washington; Forrestal to Symington, Apr. 24, 1947, Forrestal papers, Princeton University.
KENNAN AND THE MARSHALL PLAN: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 325–353; Miscamble dissertation, “George Kennan, the Policy Planning Staff and American Foreign Policy,” 1–75; Mee, The Marshall Plan, 88–89; FRUS: 1947, III, 223–230; Price papers, include Marshall, Bohlen, Kennan oral histories, 1952–1953, Truman Library (Marshall credits Kennan with most responsibility for creating Marshall Plan).
PRESS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT: Steel, Walter Lippmann, 440–442; FRUS: 1947, III, 242–243; Kennan to Acheson, May 23, 1947, Kennan papers, Princeton University; Price papers, include Reston oral history, Truman Library; authors’ interview with Joseph Alsop.
ACHESON AND THE DELTA SPEECH: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 227–230; Leonard Miall Oral History, 1964, Truman Library.
VANDENBERG, TRUMAN, CLAYTON, AND THE MARSHALL PLAN: Jones, The Fifteen Weeks, 236; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 230–232; authors’ interview with Clark Clifford
BOHLEN AND THE MARSHALL PLAN: Bohlen, Witness to History, 263–264, 269; Price papers, include Marshall, Bohlen oral histories, 1952–1953, Truman Library.
ACHESON AND THE MARSHALL SPEECH: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 234; Mee, The Marshall Plan, 99–100 (Miall’s recollection is that Acheson never actually mentioned the speech); Acheson’s oral history seminar, July 2, 1953, Truman Library (Acheson recalls that he did).
MARSHALL’S HARVARD SPEECH: Jones, The Fifteen Weeks, 30; New York Times, June 6, 1947; Time, June 16, 1947; Mee, The Marshall Plan, 107; FRUS: 1947, III, 237–239.
DECISION TO INVITE SOVIETS: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 342; Bohlen, The Transformation of American Foreign Policy, 90–92; FRUS: 1947, I, 762–765, III, 327–328; Mee, The Marshall Plan, 124–137; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 310–317; authors’ interview with Robert Lovett; Price papers, include Kennan, Bohlen, Harriman oral histories, 1952–1953, Truman Library.
LOVETT REPLACES ACHESON: Lovett to Acheson, Mar. 1, 1947, Apr. 5, 1947, Acheson to Jane Brown, May 3, 1947, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Lovett Oral History, Truman Library; authors’ interview with Robert Lovett.
LOVETT ON WORLD SITUATION: Lovett to Eberstadt, June 13, 1947, Eberstadt personal papers, Princeton University; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 328; Forrestal diaries, July 26, 1947, Forrestal papers, Princeton University; Report of Discussion with Robert Lovett, May 12, 1947, Council on Foreign Relations archives; authors’ interview with Robert Lovett.
LOVETT DEALS WITH EUROPE: FRUS: 1947, III, 335–337, 356–360, 372–375; Mee, The Marshall Plan, 177–182; authors’ interviews with Lucius Battle, Jane Thompson.
KENNAN IN EUROPE: FRUS: 1947, III, 397–405; Mee, The Marshall Plan, 191-194; Lovett telcon with Senator H. Alexander Smith, Sept. 6, 1947, Lovett daily logs, New York Historical Society.
KENNAN AND THE X-ARTICLE: Kennan (as “X”), “The Sources of Soviet Conduct”; Lippmann, The Cold War; George F. Kennan Memoirs: 1925–1950, 356–360; Steel, Walter Lippmann, 444–445; Lovett telcon with Navy Secretary Sullivan, Dec. 3, 1947, Lovett daily logs, New York Historical Society.
LOBBYING CONGRESS ON INTERIM AID: Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 296, 305; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 327–329; Bohlen, Witness to History, 270–271; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 235, 239; Lovett to Truman, Dec. 22, 1947, Truman papers, Truman Library; Price papers, include Francis Wilcox, Marshall oral histories, 1952–1953, Truman Library; Forrestal to Harriman, July 31, 1947, Forrestal papers, Princeton University; authors’ interviews with Charles Burton Marshall, Kathleen Harriman Mortimer; Forrestal to Lovett, June 29, 1947, Forrestal papers, Princeton University; Forrestal telcon with Lovett, Nov. 19, 1947, Attorney General Clark telcon with Lovett, Oct. 28, 1947, Lovett daily logs, New York Historical Society; Mee, The Marshall Plan, 231–235.
McCLOY AS WORLD BANK PRESIDENT: Mason and Asher, The World Bank Since Bretton Wood, 48–61; Lockett, “High Commissioner for Germany”; McCloy, “The Lesson of the World Bank”; McCloy telcon with Lovett, Dec. 17, 1947, Lovett daily logs, New York Historical Society; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett and John McCloy; Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 77–79.
BOHLEN’S ROLE SELLING ERP: Bohlen to Thomas Stine, May 2, 1947, Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Cecil Lyon, Robert Reams, Patricia Alsop, Joseph Alsop, Jane Thompson, Charles Bohlen, Jr.; Wilmerding, “Charles Eustis Bohlen: Portrait of a Diplomat,” unpublished term paper for Groton School.
LOVETT’S ROLE: Shepley telcon with Lovett, Mar. 29, 1948, Markel telcon with Lovett, Mar. 11, 1948, Krock telcon with Lovett, Nov. 17, 1948, Forrestal telcon with Lovett, Oct. 6, 1947, Acheson telcon with Lovett, Jan. 19, 1948, Bohlen telcon with Lovett, Mar. 1, 1948, Lovett daily logs, New York Historical Society; authors’ interview with Paul Nitze; Price papers, include Marshall oral history, 1952–1953, Truman Library.
KENNAN’S DOUBTS: Kennan to Charles Thayer, July 31, 1947, Kennan papers, Princeton University; authors’ interviews with Patricia Alsop, George Kennan; Rostow, “Searching for Kennan’s Grand Design”; Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 87; National War College lecture, Pleasures Short of War (Diplomatic),” Sept. 16, 1946, “Notes on the Marshall Plan,” Dec. 15, 1947, “Comments on the General Trend of U.S. Foreign Policy,” Aug. 20, 1948, in Kennan papers, Princeton University; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 364–365, 377–381, 405; FRUS: 1947, I, 770–381,405; FRUS: 1948, I, 510–529. The most insightful review of Kennan’s thoughts, private and public, is in Gellman, Contending with Kennan: Towards a Philosophy of American Power.
CZECH CRISIS: Jean Edward Smith, ed., The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay: Germany 1945–49, Vol. II, 568–569; Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, 382–399; Yergin , Shattered Peace, 343–360; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 357–361; Steel, Walter Lippmann, 451; Time, Mar. 15, Mar. 22, 1948.
HARRIMAN AND ERP: Vandenberg, ed., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, 393; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary”; White, Fire in the Ashes, 60; White, In Search of History, 281–282; Price papers, include Bissell oral history, 1952; Averell Harriman, The Marshall Plan: Self Help and Mutual Aid”; Katz, “After 20 Years,” authors’ interview with Milton Katz; Barnet, The Alliance, 115, 120; Mee, The Marshall Plan, 251–252; Lovett Oral History, Truman Library; Harriman Oral History Project, 1971, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University.
FORRESTAL UNDER PRESSURE: Forrestal to Kenneth Reynolds, Mar. 17, 1948, Forrestal to William R. Matthews Mar. 3, 1949, Senator Tydings to Forrestal, Feb. 17, 1948, Forrestal papers, Princeton University; Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 536–537; Ferrell, ed., Off the Record: The Private Papers of Harry S. Truman, 134; Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 53; authors’ interview with Clark Clifford.
NATO: Kennan to Lippmann (unsent), Apr. 6, 1948, Kennan papers, Princeton University; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 360–361, 406–414; FRUS: 1948, III, 6–8, 40–42; Achilles Oral History, 1973, Hickerson Oral History, 1973, Truman Library; authors’ interviews with Theodore Achilles and John Hickerson; Lawrence Kaplan, The United States and NATO, passim.
KENNAN AND MIUTARY INTERVENTION: FRUS: 1947, V, 468–469; FRUS: 1948, III, 848–849; Gaddis, “Containment: A Reassesment”; Mark, “The Question of Containment”; “George Kennan on Containment Reconsidered” (letter from Kennan), Foreign Affairs, April 1978; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 366–367; authors’ interview with Paul Nitze.
KENNAN-BOHLEN PEACE PLAN: Bohlen, Witness to History, 276–277; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 346–347; Eben Ayers diary, May 11, 1948, Truman Library.
KENNAN AND LOVETT RELATIONSHIP: Lash, ed., From the Diaries of Felix Frankfurter, 326; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, George Kennan, John McCloy, John Hickerson, Theodore Achilles, and Robert Reams.
LOVETT AND VANDENBERG RESOLUTION: FRUS: 1948, III, 82–84, 92–96, 104–108; Vandenberg, ed., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, 404; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 362; Lovett Oral History, Columbia University; authors’ interviews with Francis Wilcox and Robert Lovett.
PALESTINE: Kurzman, Genesis 1948, 212–216; Donovan, Conflict and Crisis, 369–387; FRUS: 1948, V, part 2, 1005–1007; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett and Clark Clifford.
THE GERMAN QUESTION: Authors’ interviews with Joseph Alsop, George Kennan; Mastny, “Stalin and the Militarization of the Cold War”; Bohlen, Witness to History, 274; FRUS: 1948, II, 71–73; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 366–369; Barnet, The Alliance, 40.
LOVETT AND CLAY: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 421; authors’ interviews with George Kennan and Robert Lovett; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 373–375; Forrestal telcon with Lovett, June 26, 1948, Lovett daily logs, New York Historical Society; Jean Edward Smith, ed., The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay, Vol. I, xxx-xxxii, Vol. II, 696–697; Clay, Decision in Germany, 358–380; FRUS: 1948, II, 917–921.
McCLOY AND FORRESTAL: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy, John Ohly (Forrestal aide); Forrestal diary, June 26, 1948, Forrestal papers, Princeton University; table on nuclear weapons 1947–1949 in National Resources Defense Council, Nuclear Weapons Data Book, 15.
BERLIN AIRLIFT: FRUS: 1948, II, 928–929; Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 454–455; Rearden, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: The Formative Years, 1947–1950, 288–295; Jean Edward Smith, ed., The Papers of General Lucius D. Clay, Vol. II, 711–712, 736–737; Forrestal telcon with Lovett, June 30, 1948, Lovett daily logs, New York Historical Society; authors’ interviews with John McCloy and Robert Lovett.
BLOCKADE DIPLOMACY AND WAR SCARE: Bohlen, Witness to History, 279–282; Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 480–488; Rearden, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: The Formative Years, 295–297; Yergin, Shattered Peace, 392.
LOVETT AND 1948 ELECTIONS: Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles, 71–73; Pruessen, John Foster Dulles: The Road to Power, 383–388; Acheson telcon with Lovett, June 29, 1948, Lovett telcon with Clifford, Nov. 2, 1948, Lovett appointment book, Aug. 16, 20, Sept. 10, 11, 13, 22, 27, 1948, Lovett daily logs, New York Historical Society; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Clark Clifford, McGeorge Bundy.
ACHESON BECOMES SECRETARY OF STATE: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 239, 249–250; authors’ interviews with Gerhard Gesell, James Rowe (friend of Acheson), Alice Stanley Acheson, Clark Clifford; Time, Feb. 28, 1949; Clifford telcon with Acheson, Dec. 8, 1948, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Sidney Souers to Truman, Jan. 16, 1949, Souers papers, Truman Library.
ACHESON’S CHARACTER AND RELATIONSHIP WITH TRUMAN: Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 33–36; Acheson, Sketches from Life, 2–3, 15–16; Truman to Acheson, undated (probably October 1952), Acheson personal papers, Yale University; authors’ interviews with Alice Stanley Acheson, Gerhard Gesell, Barbara Evans, William Bundy, Mary Acheson Bundy, Walter Judd, Lydia Kirk (Acheson friend). The limerick is in the Miscellaneous file, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
ANTI-COMMUNISM AND ACHESON CONFIRMATION: Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 27–33, 37–39; Vandenberg, ed., The Private Papers of Senator Vandenberg, 469; authors’ interview with Francis Wilcox; Time magazine file, Feb. 15, 1949, Frank McNaughton private papers, Truman Library.
DEATH OF FORRESTAL: Authors’ interviews with Michael Forrestal, Robert Lovett, John McCloy, John Ohly and Marx Leva (Forrestal aides), Felix Larkin (Defense Department counsel); Millis, ed., Forrestal Diaries, 543–555; Rogow, Victim of Duty, 25–60.
”PLAN A”: Yergin, Shattered Peace, 488; Kennan to Acheson, Jan. 3, 1949, Kennan papers, Princeton University; FRUS: 1948, II, 1287–1297, 1325–1338; FRUS: 1949, III, 102–105; authors’ interview with George Kennan; Miscamble dissertation, “George Kennan, the Policy Planning Staff and American Foreign Policy,” 143–145, 171; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 415–448; authors’ interview with Paul Nitze; Bohlen to Kennan, Oct. 25, 1948, Records of Charles Bohlen, National Archives; Bohlen, Witness to History, 282–284, 288; Sulzberger, A Long Row of Candles, 987; authors’ interview with Barbara Evans.
CHINA: Acheson oral history seminar, July 22–23, 1953, Truman Library; Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 66–88; Nancy Bernkopf Tucker, Patterns in the Dust: Chinese-American Relations and the Recognition Controversy, 1949–1950; authors’ interview with Walter Judd; David Acheson, Among Friends, 68; Council on Foreign Relations, The United States and World Affairs, 1947–1948; Cohen, “Acheson, His Advisers, and China, 1949–1950,” in Berg and Heinrichs, eds., Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947–1950; FRUS: 1949, IX, 346–350, 356–364; Kennan draft of Acheson speech, Jan. 12, 1950, Kennan papers, Princeton University; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 355–358.
VIETNAM: Karnow, Vietnam, 160–177; Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 139–147; McLellan, Dean Acheson, 260–265; authors’ interviews with William Bundy, Lucius Battle.
SOVIET BOMB: Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 98–100; Manchester, The Glory and the Dream, 488–489, 499; authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Paul Nitze.
NITZE BACKGROUND: Authors’ interview with Paul Nitze; Nitze oral histories for Truman Library, 1975, and Air Force Oral History Project, 1977, courtesy of Nitze private papers, Arlington, Va.; interview with John Kenneth Galbraith; Herken, “The Great Foreign Policy Fight.”
SUPERBOMB DECISION: Authors’ interviews with Paul Nitze, Robert Tufts (Policy Planning staffer); Lilienthal, Journals: The Atomic Energy Years 1945–50, 477, 480–482; FRUS: 1949, I 569–585; Schilling, “The H-Bomb Decision; Miscamble dissertation, “George Kennan, the Policy Planning Staff and American Foreign Policy,” 195; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 346–347; Arneson, “The H-Bomb Decision.”
KENNAN, NITZE, AND ACHESON: FRUS: 1950, I, 22–44; Kennan to Bohlen, Nov. 17, 1949, Kennan papers, Princeton University; National Archives, Bohlen to Lovett, Dec. 19, 1949, Records of Charles E. Bohlen, National Archives; Acheson’s remarks to National War College, Dec. 21, 1949, Acheson papers, Truman Library; Kennan to Acheson, Dec. 21, 1949, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; authors’ interview with Paul Nitze; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 374.
ACHESON AND HISS: Authors’ interviews with Alice Stanley Acheson, Lucius Battle, Paul Nitze; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 359–370, 381; Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 135–136; Lovett to Acheson, Mar. 11, 1949, Acheson to Lovett, Mar. 28, 1950, Lovett to Acheson, Apr. 14, 1950, Acheson to Lovett, Apr. 19, 1950, John Crocker to Acheson, Apr. 1, 1950, Jake Podoloff to Acheson, Jan. 30, 1950, Boylston Adams Tompkins to Acheson, Feb. 1950, Clark Clifford to Acheson, Mar. 21, 1950, Truman to Acheson, Mar. 31, 1950, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Bohlen, Witness to History, 302; Acheson oral history seminar, July 22–23, 1953, Truman Library.
NSC-68; Authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Paul Nitze, Robert Tufts, Henry Kissinger; FRUS: 1950, I, 127–138, 142–143, 145–147, 160–167, 200, 203–206, 221–225, 235–296; Rearden, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: The Formative Years, 526; Wells, “Sounding the Tocsin: NSC-68 and the Soviet Threat”; Gaddis and Nitze, “NSC-68 and the Soviet Threat Reconsidered”; Schilling, Hammond, and Snyder, “NSC-68: Prologue to Rearmament,” in Strategy, Politics, and Defense Budgets; Nitze to Bohlen, Nov. 29, 1949, Records of Charles E. Bohlen, National Archives; Bohlen to Avis Bohlen, Jan. 26, 1950, Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 373–374, 378–379; Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 98126; Charles Murphy Oral History, Truman Library; Arneson, “The H-Bomb Decision”; Acheson oral history seminar, July 22–23, Oct. 10–11, 1953, Truman Library.
WAR BREAKS OUT: Acheson, Present at the Creation, 402–415; Harry Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, 332; Goulden, Korea: The Untold Story of the War, XV, 3, 31, 41; Talbott, trans., Khrushchev Remembers, 367–370; Paige, Korea Decision, 110; authors’ interview with Walt Rostow; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 484–487; Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 192–218; FRUS: Korea 1950, 156–61; authors’ interview with Joseph Alsop.
HARRIMAN, KENNAN, BOHLEN ROLES: Lovett interview with Mark Chadwin, in Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; Harriman to Truman, May 20, 1950, Truman papers, Truman Library; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 410411; Bohlen, Witness to History, 291–293, 303; Bohlen to Avis Bohlen, July 11, 1950, Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 486–500; Paige, Korea Decision, 147; Kennan to Acheson, June 30, 1950, Kennan papers, Princeton University; FRUS: Korea 1950, 258-259; FRUS: 1950, I, 342–344, 361–367.
McCLOY AND GERMAN REARMAMENT: Schwartz dissertation, “From Occupation to Alliance”; “The German Factor in U.S. Security Policy, 1946–1949,” by Wolfgang Krieger, paper for the National Securities Studies Group, Harvard University, March 1984; Brinkley, “Minister Without Portfolio”; authors’ interview with John McCloy; Acheson, Sketches from Life, 167–180.
HARRIMAN, JOHNSON, AND MacARTHUR: Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 261–267; Lovett interview with Mark Chadwin, Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; Kahn, “Profiles: Plenipotentiary”; Acheson oral history seminar, Oct10–11, 1953, Truman Library; authors’ interview with Dan Davidson (Harriman aide); Ayers diary, July 3, Aug. 26, 1950, Truman Library; Harriman Oral History, 1971, Truman Library; Harriman Oral History, 1969–1970, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University; Harriman report to Truman, August 1950, Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; Goulden, Korea, 157; Manchester, American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880–1964, 493–517, 561–571; James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. III: Triumph and Disaster, 1945– 1964, 221–235; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 423–424; Harriman to Truman, July 1, 1950, Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; authors’ interview with Patricia Alsop; Ferrell, ed., Off the Record, 189.
LOVETT TO DEFENSE: Lovett Oral History, 1971, Truman Library; authors’ interviews with Felix Larkin, Adèle Brown Lovett.
DECISION TO CROSS THE 38TH PARALLEL: FRUS: Korea, 1950, 386–387, 449–454, 469–473, 486–487, 502–510, 574–576, 671–679, 705–707; Herken, “The Great Foreign Policy Fight”; Acheson to Nitze, July 12, 1950, Acheson papers, Truman Library; authors’ interviews with George Kennan, Paul Nitze, Dean Rusk; Warren I. Cohen, Dean Rusk, 1–;77; Viorst, “Incidentally, Who Is Dean Rusk?”; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1925–1950, 491–497, 500; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1950–1963, 23–24, Acheson, Present at the Creation, 429–430, 445, 451–452; Acheson to James Webb, August 1950, Acheson papers, Truman Library; Acheson to William Taylor, May 31, 1960, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
INCHON TO WAKE: Manchester, American Caesar, 681–684, 689, 704; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 447–453, 456–457; Ridgway, The Korean War, 36–37; Acheson oral history seminar, Feb. 13–14, 1954, Truman Library; authors’ interviews with C. B. Marshall, Lucius Battle; FRUS: Korea 1950, 793–794; Harriman Oral History, 1971, Truman Library.
FAILURE TO CONTROL MacARTHUR: Schnabel, United States Army in the Korean War: Policy and Direction, The First Year, 215–331; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 461–468; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Felix Larkin, C. B. Marshall, Marshall Shulman (Acheson aide); Acheson oral history seminar, Feb. 13–14, Mar. 14, 1954, Truman Library; FRUS: Korea 1950, 1204–1208; Acheson to Forrest Pogue, Oct. 23, 1967, Acheson to Mathew Ridgway, Oct. 17, 1967, Acheson to Nitze, Nov. 1, 1967, Acheson to Richard Neustadt, May 9, 1960, Lovett to Acheson, Oct. 16, 1950, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; authors’ interview with Forrest Pogue; Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 271, 295–303; Neustadt, Presidential Power: The Politics of Leadership, 123–151.
CHINESE ATTACK: FRUS: Korea 1950, 1242–1248, 1312–1313, 1323–1334, 1345–1347; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 472–479; Lovett and Acheson memoranda of conversation, Dec. 2, 3, 1950, Acheson-Marshall telcon, Dec. 4, 1950, Kennan notes on meeting with Marshall, Lovett, Rusk, Dec. 4, 1950, Acheson papers, Truman Library; Ferrell, ed., Off the Record, 202, 204; authors’ interviews with Alice Stanley Acheson, Dean Rusk, George Kennan, Robert Lovett; Sulzberger, A Long Row of Candles, 595; Bohlen, Witness to History, 294; Kennan to Bohlen, Dec. 5, 1950, Kennan papers, Princeton University; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1950–1963, 26–35.
ACHESON BESIEGED: McLellan, Dean Acheson, 228; authors’ interviews with Alice Stanley Acheson, Barbara Evans, Patricia Alsop, Townsend Hoopes, Dan Davidson, Lydia Kirk; Harriman Oral History Project, 1971, Kennedy Institute of Politics, Harvard University; Acheson, Sketches from Life, 134; Lovett to Acheson, December 1950, Jan. 21, 1951; Harriman to Truman, Nov. 17, 1950, Truman papers, Truman Library; Swift quote sent to Acheson is undated, Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; Sulzberger, A Long Row of Candles, 692–693.
MacARTHUR FIRED: FRUS: Korea 1950, 1615–1616, 1630–1633; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 512–528; Manchester, American Caesar, 616–677; Donovan, Tumultuous Years, 340–362; Goulden, Korea, 476–547; James, The Years of MacArthur, Vol. III: Triumph and Disaster, 1945–1964, 584–640; Harry Truman, Years of Trial and Hope, 507; authors’ interviews with William Bundy, Robert Lovett.
PEACE FEELERS: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1950–1963, 35–37; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 532–533; Eugene Rostow to Acheson, February 1968, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
KENNAN IN MOSCOW: George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1950–1963, 12–13, 62–63, 105–167; Salisbury, A Journey for Our Times, 403–417; authors’ interviews with John McCloy, Grace Kennan Warnecke, Harrison Salisbury.
LOVETT AS SECRETARY OF DEFENSE: Author’s interviews with Robert Lovett, Townsend Hoopes; New York Herald Tribune, Dec. 28, 1952; New York Times, Oct. 29, 1952.
ACHESON’S LAST DAYS IN OFFICE: Kahn, The China Hands: America’s Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them, 191–193, 214, 234, 250–255; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 710–713; Acheson to Mrs. J. C. Vincent, Mar. 17, 1967, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1950–1963, 201–212, 214–218; authors’ interview with Alice Stanley Acheson; Acheson ditty is in Miscellaneous file, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
ENTER DULLES: Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles, 3–145, 169; Dulles papers, McCloy oral history, 1965, Princeton University; Ambrose, Eisenhower: The Presidency, 20–22; for revisionist views, see Guhin, John Foster Dulles: A Statesman and His Times, and Pruessen, John Foster Dulles: The Road to Power.
HARRIMAN, ACHESON, AND DULLES: Sulzberger, A Long Row of Candles, 748, 777; Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles, 131–132; Dulles papers, Harriman oral history, 1965, Princeton University; Ferrell, ed., Off the Record, 261; authors’ interviews with Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Lucius Battle, C. B. Marshall; Acheson to Truman, Apr. 14, 1953, Acheson to Battle, Aug. 6, 1953, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
KENNAN FIRED: Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles, 3–9, 147, 155–158; authors’ interview with Grace Kennan Warnecke; Kennan to Jeannette Kennan, Jan. 26, 1953, private papers courtesy of Joan Kennan Pozen; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1950–1963, 168–189.
BOHLEN CONFIRMATION: Bohlen, Witness to History, 309–336; memo of Dulles telcon with Judd, Mar. 6, 1953, memo of Dulles telcon with Bohlen, Mar. 16, 1953, memo of Dulles conversation with Eisenhower, Mar. 16, 1953, memo of Dulles conversation with Bohlen, Mar. 30, 1953, Dulles papers, Princeton University; Dulles papers, Bohlen oral history, 1964, Princeton University; authors’ interviews with Cecil Lyon, Avis Bohlen (daughter); Kennan to Jeannette Kennan, Mar. 20, 1953, private papers courtesy of Joan Kennan Pozen; Bohlen to Avis Bohlen, July 1, 1946, Felix Frankfurter to Avis Bohlen, Apr. 4, 1953, Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress; Rosenau, “The Nomination of Charles Bohlen.”
NITZE FIRED: Authors’ interview with Paul Nitze; Acheson to Truman, Apr. 14, 1953, Acheson to Marshall Shulman, Oct. 14, 1953, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
McCLOY AND DULLES: McCloy Oral History, 1973, Columbia University; authors’ interview with John McCloy; Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles, 135–136; Dulles papers, Joseph Alsop Oral History, 1965, Lucius Clay oral history, 1965, Princeton University.
McCLOY TO WALL STREET: Brinkley, “Minister Without Portfolio”; authors’ interviews with John McCloy, William Jackson (McCloy’? law partner); McCloy, The Challenge to American Foreign Policy; “McCloy of the Chase,” Fortune, June 1953; Dulles papers, McCloy oral history, 1965, Princeton University; Eveland, Ropes of Sand: America’s Failure in the Middle East, 141–143.
LOVETT AND THE CIA: Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 454–458.
BOHLEN IN MOSCOW: Bohlen, Witness to History, 337–458; Salisbury, A Journey for Our Times, 454–456; Dulles papers, Bohlen oral history, 1964, Princeton University; authors’ interviews with Cecil Lyon, Jane Thompson, Townsend Hoopes; Dulles telcon with Sherman Adams, Apr. 18, 1956, in Dulles Papers, Princeton University; Jacob Beam to Bohlen, July 23, 1973, Bohlen to Avis Bohlen, June 22, 1955, June 21, 1957, Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress; Avis Bohlen to Charles Thayer, Apr. 16, 1958, Thayer papers, Truman Library.
KENNAN AT OXFORD: Kennan to Charles Thayer, Sept.4, 1953, Avis Bohlen to Thayer, Apr. 16, 1958, Thayer papers, Truman Library; Kennan to Jeannette Kennan, Mar.14, 1954, private papers courtesy of Joan Kennan Pozen; George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1950–1963, 77–80, 229–266.
ACHESON IN EXILE: Authors’ interviews with Grace Kennan Warnecke, Gerhard Gesell, Maxwell Taylor, Paul Nitze, John Kenneth Galbraith, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.; Acheson to Kennan, Mar. 13, 1958, Kennan to Acheson, Mar. 20, 1958, Acheson to David Acheson, Aug. 3, 1956, Acheson to Lovett, Jan. 16, 1956, Lovett to Acheson, Feb. 3, 1959, Acheson to N. G. Annan, Nov. 13, 1958, Acheson to Joseph Alsop, Apr. 14, 1959, Acheson to John Dickey, Mar. 18, 1959, Acheson to Charles B. Gary, June 20, 1957, Acheson to Henry Kissinger, Feb. 16, 1960, and Kissinger letter folder generally, Acheson to Maxwell Taylor, July 27, 1959, Acheson to Eugene Rostow, Aug. 14, 1958, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
HARRIMAN THE POLITICIAN: Authors’ interviews with John Kenneth Galbraith, Paul Nitze, Robert Lovett, John McCloy, William Bundy, Pamela Churchill Harriman, Jonathan Bingham and Richard Wade (Harriman aides in Albany); Acheson to Truman, Nov. 23, 1955, Acheson letters, Yale University; Harriman Oral History, 1978, Columbia University; Sulzberger, A Long Row of Candles, 687; New York Post, Mar. 21, 1957; White, America in Search of Itself, 81–82.
ACHESON AND KENNEDY: Acheson Oral History, 1964, Chester Bowles Oral History, 1965, 1970, Kennedy Library; Jacqueline Kennedy to Acheson, March 1958, Acheson to Mrs. Kennedy, March 1958, Acheson to Truman, Apr. 14, 1960, June 27, 1960, Nov. 22, 1960, Acheson to Louis Halle, Oct. 10, 1960, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; McLellan and Acheson, eds., Among Friends, 197; authors’ interviews with Clark Clifford, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., John Kenneth Galbraith, Theodore Sorensen.
LOVETT AND KENNEDY: Lovett Oral History, 1964, Kennedy Library; Robert F. Kennedy Oral Histories, 1964–1965, Kennedy Library; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 126–128.
NITZE AND McGEORGE BUNDY: Authors’ interviews with Paul Nitze, McGeorge Bundy, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.; Nitze Oral History, 1964, Kennedy Library; Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 44–63.
McCLOY, KENNAN, BOHLEN, AND KENNEDY: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy, John J. McCloy II (son); George F. Kennan, Memoirs: 1950–1963, 267–268; Kennan Oral History, 1965, Bohlen Oral History, 1965, Kennedy Library; Bohlen, Witness to History, 474–479; Avis Bohlen to Charles Thayer, Feb. 22, 1961, Thayer papers, Truman Library.
HARRIMAN AND KENNEDY: Harriman to Acheson, Jan.9, 1959, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Sulzberger, Seven Continents and 40 Years, 285; Harriman, America and Russia in a Changing World, 62; Harriman Oral History, 1969, Columbia University; Harriman Oral History, 1964, Kennedy Library; Galbraith, Economics, Peace, and Laughter, 257–267; The Current Digest of the Soviet Press, Nov. 11, 1959; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 144; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 224; authors’ interviews with Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Michael Forrestal, John Kenneth Galbraith, Jonathan Bingham (Harriman aide), John McCloy, Robert Lovett, Pamela Churchill Harriman.
HARRIMAN AND ACHESON AT NSC: Authors’ interview with Hugh Sidey.
HARRIMAN AND LAOS: Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 360–362; Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 86–89; Rust, Kennedy in Vietnam: American Vietnam Policy, 1960–1963, 28–33, 41; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 313–315; Harriman Oral History, 1969, Columbia University; authors’ interviews with Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., John Kenneth Galbraith, Michael Forrestal, William Sullivan, Abram Chayes.
ACHESON AND BERLIN: Authors’ interviews with Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Abram Chayes, McGeorge Bundy, Paul Nitze, Lucius Battle; Acheson to John Cowles, Aug. 5, 1963, Barbara Evans to Marshall Shulman, Apr. 6, 1961, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 354; Acheson speech, “The Role of the Press in International Affairs,” to Columbia Journalism School, Apr. 3, 1959, Columbia Oral History program; Minutes of NSC Meeting, June 29, 1961, Kennedy Library; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 427; Acheson to Frankfurter, Aug. 15, 1961, Kissinger to Acheson, July 18, 1961, Acheson to John F. Kennedy, Aug. 18, 1961, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Robert Kennedy Oral Histories, 1964-1965, Kennedy Library; Minutes of NSC Meeting, July 13, 1961, McGeorge Bundy memo to President Kennedy, July 19, 1961, Kennedy Library; Acheson to Truman, July 14, 1961, Acheson to Anthony Eden, Aug. 4, 1961, Acheson to Frankfurter, Aug. 3, 1961, Acheson to Truman, Sept. 21, 1961, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
McCLOY, KENNAN, BOHLEN, AND BERLIN: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy, George Reedy (LBJ aide on trip to Berlin); Acheson to Frankfurter, Aug. 3, 1961, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Barnet, The Alliance, 226–227; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 369; Bohlen, Witness to History, 484.
HARRIMAN AT GENEVA: Harriman Oral History, 1969, Columbia University; Harriman Oral History, 1964, Kennedy Library; authors’ interviews with William Sullivan, Michael Forrestal, Chester Cooper, Paul Nitze; Sullivan Oral History, 1970, Kennedy Library; Cooper Oral History, 1966, Kennedy Library; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 384; Rust, Kennedy in Vietnam, 71; McGeorge Bundy memo to President Kennedy, Nov. 15, 1961, Bundy notes of White House meeting on Laos, Aug. 29, 1961, Kennedy Library; Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam, 182–191; Hilsman, To Move a Nation: The Politics of Foreign Policy in the Administration of John F. Kennedy, 138, 142–55.
OVERVIEW OF CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS: Abel, The Missile Crisis; Detzer, The Brink; Kennedy, Thirteen Days; Alsop and Bartlett, “In Time of Crisis”; Schlesinger, Robert Kennedy and His Times, 499–532; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 794–819; Sorensen, Kennedy, 667–718; Minutes of ExCom meetings, Kennedy Library.
McCLOY INVOLVEMENT IN MISSILE CRISIS: Authors’ interviews with John McCloy, Andrea Giles, Robert Lovett; McCloy interview with Eric Sevareid, Part II, CBS News, July 20, 1975; Wershba, “U.S. Adviser in U.N.” (McCloy’s later recollections that the President personally telephoned him in Germany appear to be embellished; it was actually his own secretary who tracked him down.)
ACHESON INVOLVEMENT IN MISSILE CRISIS: Acheson Oral History, Kennedy Library; Acheson, “Dean Acheson’s Version of Robert Kennedy’s Version of the Cuban Missile Crisis”; authors’ interviews with Cecil Lyon.
BOHLEN’S INVOLVEMENT IN MISSILE CRISIS: Bohlen, Witness to History, 474–498; Bohlen Oral History, Kennedy Library; Robert Kennedy Oral Histories, Kennedy Library; authors’ interviews with Joseph Alsop, Avis Bohlen. (Bohlen was told of the missile and attended the Alsop dinner on Oct. 17, not the following day as he mistakenly recounts in Witness to History. Abel, in The Missile Crisis, has the chronology correct.)
LOVETT’S INVOLVEMENT IN THE MISSILE CRISIS: Lovett Oral History, Kennedy Library; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett.
HARRIMAN INVOLVEMENT IN MISSILE CRISIS: Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 821–822; Abel, The Missile Crisis, 102.
HARRIMAN AND THE LIMITED TEST BAN: Seaborg, Kennedy, Khrushchev and the Test Ban, 201–262; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 893–909; Ted Sorensen Oral History, Kennedy Library; Harriman-Kennedy cables, reprinted in Seaborg; Senate Foreign Relations Committee, August 1963, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Hearings; Sorensen, Kennedy, 734–745.
HARRIMAN AT FE AND EARLY VIEWS ON VIETNAM: Authors’ interviews with Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., William Sullivan, Michael Forrestal, Roger Hilsman, Dan Davidson, John Kenneth Galbraith; Sullivan, Obbligato: Notes on a Foreign Service Career, 176–179, 189–190; Sullivan Oral History, 1970, Kennedy Library; Acheson oral history seminar, Truman Library; Galbraith, Ambassadors Journal, 342; memo of Harriman meeting with President Kennedy, Apr. 6, 1962, Kennedy Library; Sulzberger, Seven Continents and 40 Years, 355; Harriman Oral History, 1964, Kennedy Library; Harriman Oral History, 1969, Columbia.
HARRIMAN AND THE COUP AGAINST DIEM: Authors’ interviews with Michael Forrestal, George Ball, Richard Helms, Roger Hilsman, William Sullivan; Rust, Kennedy in Vietnam, 94–182; Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 370–376; Karnow, Vietnam, 277–311; Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 906; Halberstam, Best and the Brightest, 253–299; Robert Kennedy Oral Histories, Kennedy Library.
LBJ AND THE WAR: Karnow, Vietnam, 319–321; authors’ interviews with George Ball, McGeorge Bundy, Walt Rostow, Dean Rusk.
LBJ AND THE ESTABLISHMENT: Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 317–318; Karnow, Vietnam, 322; Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest, 435; Mcpherson, A Political Education, 322; Dean Rusk Oral History, 1981, Duke University; authors’ interviews with Hugh Sidey, George Ball, McGeorge Bundy, William Bundy, Walt Rostow; McGeorge Bundy to President Johnson, Aug. 24, Sept. 22, 1964, Jan. 28, 1965, Bundy to John J. McCloy, Sept. 3, 7, 1964, McCloy to Bundy, Sept. 4, LBJ Library.
LBJ, ACHESON, AND McCLOY: McGeorge Bundy to President Johnson, Dec. 6, 1963, Johnson to Acheson, Sept. 20, 1965, Sept. 11, 1957, Feb. 24, 1958, LBJ Library; authors’ interviews with Richard Helms, William Bundy, Mary Acheson Bundy; Rusk Oral History, 1981, Duke University; Acheson to John Fisher, Dec. 16, 1963, Acheson to Anthony Eden, undated (probably 1965), Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
McCLOY TURNS DOWN SAIGON: Authors’ interview with John McCloy; McCloy Oral History, 1969, LBJ Library; Rusk memorandum of conversation with McCloy, June 20, 1964, LBJ Library.
ACHESON-BALL PEACE PLAN: Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 394; authors’ interviews with George Ball, Lloyd Cutler, Thomas Ehrlich; Jack Valenti notes on meeting between Dean Acheson, George Ball, Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, Lyndon Johnson, May 16, 1965, LBJ Library; William Bundy’s private memoir on Vietnam, Chapter 24, 6–8, courtesy William Bundy.
1965 WISE MEN MEETING: McLellan and Acheson, eds., Among Friends, 269; William Bundy’s notes on Meeting of President’s Foreign Policy Advisers, July 8, 1965, LBJ Library; Acheson to Truman, July 10, 1965, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Johnson to Acheson, July 10, 1965, LBJ Library; “The Establishment,” by Godfrey Hodgson, in Tucker and Watts, eds., Beyond Containment: U.S. Foreign Policy in Transition, 145; Acheson to Desmond Donnelly, July 6, 1965, Acheson to Erik Boheman, July 7, 1965, Acheson to Lloyd Cutler, Aug. 25, 1965, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Bundy Vietnam memoir, Chapter 26, 1, 27:12–21; authors’ interviews with William Bundy, Robert Lovett, John McCloy.
”NEXT GENERATION”: Bundy Vietnam memoir, 28:33, 22B:40; authors’ interviews with William Bundy, McGeorge Bundy, Mary Acheson Bundy, Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk; Hoopes, The Limits of Intervention, 16–20.
HARRIMAN TO MOSCOW: Authors’ interviews with George Ball, William Bundy; Douglass Cater to President Johnson, July 15, 1964, Jack Valenti to Johnson, Feb. 11, 1965, LBJ Library; Bundy Vietnam memoir, 27:13, 28:5; Averell Harriman, “My Moscow-Belgrade ‘Vacation’”; Sulzberger, An Age of Mediocrity, 228; Harriman notes on meeting with Kosygin, July 28, 1965, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; McGeorge Bundy to President Johnson, July 15, Aug. 3, 1965, Harriman to Johnson, Aug. 17, 1965, LBJ Library; Harriman to Walt Rostow, Aug. 20, 1965, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.
HARRIMAN COURTS JOHNSON: Authors’ interviews with Robert McNamara, Chester Cooper, Dan Davidson, John Kenneth Galbraith, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Kathleen Harriman Mortimer; Harriman Oral History, 1969, LBJ Library; Harriman, America and Russia in a Changing World, 115–123; Harriman to McGeorge Bundy, Feb. 4, 1966, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Valenti to President Johnson, Mar. 1, 1966, Harriman to President Johnson, Nov. 14, 1966, LBJ Library; Sidey, “Ave—Durable Servant of Four Presidents”; McPherson, “Capital Social Set Wonders About a Split in Partying.”
HARRIMAN VIEWS ON VIETNAM: Authors’ interviews with Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., John Kenneth Galbraith, Chester Cooper, Michael Forrestal, George Ball, Walt Rostow, William Bundy; Sulzberger, An Age of Mediocrity, 228; Harriman memo to files, May 16, 1966, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.
HARRIMAN RUNS “PEACE SHOP”: Authors’ interviews with Chester Cooper, Morton Halperin; Harriman memos of conversation with McNamara, May 30, 1966, July 1, 1967, Sept. 19, 1967, Harriman to President Johnson, Oct. 3, 1966, May 27, 1967, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; Goodman, The Lost Peace: America’s Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War, 1–6, 12–60; Cooper, The Lost Crusade, 284–368; Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969, 250, 579–589.
KENNAN IN YUGOSLAVIA AND ON VIETNAM: George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1950–1963, 266–318; Kennan to Jeannette Kennan, Dec. 16, 1962, Kennan private papers courtesy of Joan Kennan Pozen; Kennan to Robert Oppenheimer, Nov. 16, 1972, Kennan to William Sloane Coffin, Aug. 27, 1965, Kennan to Llewellyn Thompson, Apr. 5, 1966, Kennan to Emmet John Hughes, May 31, 1966, Kennan to Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Oct. 17, 1967, Kennan papers, Princeton university; New York Times, Feb. 11, 1966.
LOVETT AND VIETNAM: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, John McCloy; Lovett Oral History, 1964, Kennedy Library; Burch, “The Guns, Butter, and Then-some Economy”; McGeorge Bundy to President Johnson, Jan. 26, 1966, LBJ Library.
NITZE AND VIETNAM: Authors’ interviews with Paul Nitze, Leslie Gelb; Brandon, Anatomy of an Error: The Inside Story of the Asian War on the Potomac, 1954–1969, 169; Berman, Planning a Tragedy: The Americanization of the War in Vietnam, 113.
BOHLEN IN PARIS AND ON VIETNAM: Salisbury, A Journey for Our Times, 454; Bohlen, Witness to History, 499–525; authors’ interviews with Cecil Lyon, Celestine Bohlen, and Charles Bohlen, Jr.
McCLOY AND VIETNAM: Notes on meeting of foreign policy advisers on resumption of bombing, Jan. 28, 1966, LBJ Library; authors’ interviews with McCloy, Louis Auchincloss, Cass Canfield; Johnson, The Vantage Point, 306–311; McCloy Oral History, 1969, LBJ Library.
ACHESON AND NATO: Acheson to Desmond Donnelly, Dec. 9, 1965, Mar. 1, 1967, Acheson to Eden, May 17, June 29, 1966, George Ball to Acheson, July 15, 1966, Acheson to Truman, Oct. 3, 1966, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
LBJ SUMMONS THE WISE MEN: Hoopes, Limits of Intervention, 113; Karnow, Vietnam, 513; Rostow to President Johnson, Oct. 24, 1967, LBJ Library; authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, John McCloy, and Andrea Giles (McCloy’s assistant).
NOVEMBER 1967 MEETING OF THE WISE MEN: Rostow to President Johnson, Nov. 2, 1967, Jim Jones notes on meeting of foreign policy advisers, Nov. 2, 1967, LBJ Library; authors’ interviews with Clark Clifford, McGeorge Bundy, Maxwell Taylor, George Ball; Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 407 (Ball incorrectly remembers that McCloy was present); Acheson to John Cowles, Aug. 21, 1967, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
HARRIMAN CULTIVATES ACHESON: McGeorge Bundy to President Johnson, Nov. 10, 1967, LBJ Library; Harriman memo to files, Dec. 12, 1967, Harriman to Acheson, Dec. 18, 1967, Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; authors’ interview with Dan Davidson.
ACHESON’S DOUBTS DEEPEN: Acheson to Anthony Eden, Aug. 27, Dec. 1, Dec. 30, 1967, Acheson to John Cowles, Aug. 7, 1967, Acheson to Matthew Ridgway, Oct. 17, 1967, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; authors’ interviews with Harry McPherson, William Bundy, Mary Acheson Bundy, Nicholas Katzenbach, Lucius Battle, Linda Bird Francke, Townsend Hoopes, Leslie Gelb.
ACHESON FEBRUARY MEETING WITH LBJ: Acheson to John Cowles, Feb. 27, 1968, Acheson personal papers, Yale; Hoopes, Limits of Intervention, 204–205; authors’ interviews with C. B. Marshall, Walt Rostow (Acheson told the “stick it. . .” story to Marshall at the time; Rostow says he has no recollection of it), Phil Habib.
CLIFFORD BECOMES DEFENSE SECRETARY: Authors’ interviews with Clark Clifford, Paul Nitze, Morton Halperin, Walt Rostow, Townsend Hoopes; Clifford to President Johnson, July 25, 1965, memo of meeting of foreign policy advisers, Jan. 28, 1966, LBJ Library; Schandler, The Unmaking of a President: Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam, 92–218; Clifford, “A Vietnam Reappraisal: The Personal History of One Man’s View and How It Evolved.”
HARRIMAN AND RFK, ACHESON: Harriman to McCloy, undated (February 1968), Harriman to Robert Kennedy, Feb. 1, 1968, Harriman telcon with Robert Kennedy, Mar. 20, 1968, Harriman to Acheson, Feb. 5, 1968, Harriman telcon with Acheson, Mar. 7, 1968, Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.
ACHESON MARCH MEETING WITH LBJ: Authors’ interviews with Phil Habib, David Acheson; Habib memo “Observations on Vietnam,” Feb. 26, 1968, Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; Acheson memo of meeting with President johnson, Mar. 14, 1968, Acheson to John Cowles, Mar. 14, 1968, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
JOHNSON BESIEGED: Kalb and Abel, Roots of Involvement: The United States in Asia, 1784–1971, 218–256; Brandon, Anatomy of an Error, 118–140; authors’ interview with Clark Clifford.
ACHESON TURNS AGAINST THE WAR: Authors’ interviews with Wallace Carroll, Lucius Battle, George Ball, McGeorge Bundy, Clark Clifford, Walt Rostow; McGeorge Bundy to President Johnson, Nov. 10, 1967, LBJ Library; Jay Gould to Acheson, Apr. 1, 1967, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
MARCH 1968 MEETING OF THE WISE MEN: Authors’ interviews with William Bundy, Nicholas Katzenbach, Phil Habib, Arthur Goldberg, Douglas Dillon, Cyrus Vance, Clark Clifford, Walt Rostow, Maxwell Taylor, Peter Swiers (Harriman aide); William Bundy Oral History, 1969, LBJ Library; “The Establishment,” by Hodgson; Henry Cabot Lodge to Harriman, Mar. 27, 1968; New York Times, Mar. 25, 1968; Harriman appointment calendar, Mar. 25, 1968, Johnson handwritten note to Harriman, Mar. 26, 1968, Harriman to Johnson, Mar. 26, 1968, Harriman private papers, Washington, D.C.; McGeorge Bundy’s notes on Wise Men meeting, Mar. 26, 1968, Johnson’s handwritten notes in meeting file for Mar. 26, 1968, LBJ Library; Johnson, The Vantage Point, 418; Tom Johnson to President Johnson, Mar. 27, 1968, LBJ Library.
RUSK AND CLIFFORD: Authors’ interviews with Dean Rusk, Clark Clifford, William Bundy, Nicholas Katzenbach, Walt Rostow, George Christian; Rusk to President Johnson, July 2, 1965, LBJ Library; Rusk to Bohlen, June 27, 1973, Bohlen personal papers, Library of Congress; Hoopes, “LBJ’s Account of March 1968,”; Mar. 31, 1968, speech file, LBJ Library; Johnson, The Vantage Pointy 427–437; Schandler, The Unmaking of a President, 266–289.
HARRIMAN TO PARIS: Authors’ interviews with Dan Davidson, Peter Swiers, Chester Cooper, William Bundy, Cyrus Vance; Harriman memo to file, Apr. 9, 1968, Harriman telcon with President Johnson, Apr. 11, Harriman personal papers, Washington, D.C.; notes on meeting between Lyndon Johnson, Dean Rusk, Clark Clifford, Apr. 8, 1968, LBJ Library; Acheson to Harriman, Apr. 19, 1968, Acheson to Jane Brown, Apr. 13, 1968, Johnson to Acheson, Apr. 11, 1968, Harriman to Acheson, May 8, 1968, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
HARVAN IN PARIS: Authors’ interviews with Dan Davidson, Peter Swiers, William Bundy, Cyrus Vance, George Ball, Leslie Gelb, Nicholas Katzenbach; notes on President Johnson’s meeting with foreign policy advisers, May 6, 1968; Harriman Oral History, 1969, Vance Oral History, 1969–70, LBJ Library; Karnow, Vietnam, 566; Brandon, Anatomy of an Error, 146–147; Sulzberger, An Age of Mediocrity, 463–464, 490–493; Goodman, The Lost Peace, 60–73; Solberg, Hubert Humphrey, 380–390; Harriman Oral History, 1969, Columbia.
ACHESON THE DISSENTER: Schulzinger, The Wise Men of Foreign Affairs: The History of the Council on Foreign Relations, 209–211; authors’ interview with Townsend Hoopes; Sulzberger, An Age of Mediocrity, 660; Acheson to Jay Gould, July 24, 1969, June 7, 1969, Acheson to Anthony Eden, July 7, 1969, Acheson to Clifford, June 24, 1969, Acheson to John Cowles, Mar. 27, 1971, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; New York Times, June 2, 1958, Nov. 10, 1969 (Kennan).
LAST BATTLE: Kissinger, The White House Years, 939–949; Acheson to Jay Gould, Mar. 21, 1969, Dec. 3, 1970, Acheson to Anthony Eden, Jan. 19, 1970, Acheson to Lovett, Oct. 30, 1969, Acheson to Lincoln MacVeigh, Dec. 2, 1969, Acheson to Cowles, May 21, 1971, Richard Nixon to Acheson, May 20, 1971, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
LAST DAYS: Authors’ interview with Mary Acheson Bundy; Sulzberger, An Age of Mediocrity, 657; Acheson to Anthony Eden, Jan. 19, 1970, Acheson to Harriman, Sept. 15, 1971, Acheson personal papers, Yale University.
DEATH OF BOHLEN: Bohlen, Witness to History, 535; authors’ interviews with Charles Bohlen, Jr., Avis Bohlen, Celestine Bohlen, J. Randolph Harrison, George Kennan.
KENNAN AND THE BOMB: Authors’ interview with George Kennan; Steel, “The Statesman of Survival”; Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 139–157; Acheson to Jay Gould, Oct. 28, 1969, Kennan to Acheson, Oct. 21, 1969, Acheson personal papers, Yale University; Nitze’s toast courtesy of Paul Nitze.
HARRIMAN IN RETIREMENT: Authors’ interviews with Pamela Churchill Harriman, Peter Swiers, Leslie Gelb, William Sullivan; Brzezinski, Power and Principle; Vance, Hard Choices; Destier, Our Own Worst Enemy: The Unmaking of American Foreign Policy, 91–126.
McCLOY, OIL, AND THE SHAH: Authors’ interviews with William Jackson (McCloy’s law partner), James Akins and John Irwin (State Department officials), William Bundy, Hugh Sidey, Henry Kissinger; Brinkley, “Minister without Portfolio”; Sampson, The Seven Sisters: The Great Oil Companies and the World They Made, 208–282; Smith, “Why Carter Admitted the Shah”; tributes to McCloy at White House courtesy of Alessandra Stanley, Time; at Council on Foreign Relations by authors.
THIRD WORLD VIEWS: Authors’ interview with William Bundy; Acheson, Present at the Creation, 265; Gellman, Contending with Kennan, 54–55.
LOVETT IN RETIREMENT: Authors’ interviews with Lovett, McCloy; Lovett to McCloy, February 27, 1985; McCloy to Lovett, September 4, 1985, McCloy files, Milbank Tweed.
NITZE’S LATER CAREER: Authors’ interviews with Paul Nitze; Talbott, Deadly Gambits, 52–55, 116–152; Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon, 380–381.
LEGACY: Authors’ interviews with Robert Lovett, John McCloy, George Kennan, Henry Kissinger, William Bundy, George Ball.