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Page numbers in bold include figures.
Albatross, Wandering (Diomedea exulans) 364
Alle alle (Little Auk) 286
Ammodytes spp. (sandeels) 223, 269, 289–90, 293, 431–2
Anthus petrosus (Rock Pipit) 139–40
Arctogadus glacialis (Arctic Cod) 289
Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron) 76, 223
Auk, Little (Alle alle) 286
Badger (Meles meles) 25, 76, 185, 412
Branta canadensis (Canada Goose) 52
Campylobacter 398
Capelin (Mallotus villosus) 289, 293, 431–2
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (Grey-headed Gull) 354
C. genei (Slender-billed Gull) 8, 9, 10, 310, 312, 354
C. novaehollandiae (Silver Gull) 373
C. philadelphia (Bonaparte’s Gull) 8, 9, 10, 25, 312, 335–7
C. ridibundus see Gull, Black-headed
Clio (a gastropod) 294
Clostridium botulinum 133–4
Clupea harengus (Herring) 269, 293
Cod, Arctic (Arctogadus glacialis) 289
Corvus corax (Raven) 24, 25
Crataegus monogyna (Hawthorn) 38, 77, 80
Creagrus furcatus (Swallow-tailed Gull) 3, 24
Crowberry (Empetrum nigrum) 203
Cryptosporidium 398
Cygnus olor (Mute Swan) 52
Diomedea exulans (Wandering Albatross) 364
Eagle, White-tailed (Haliaeetus albicilla) 25, 269
Eider (Somateria mollissima) 39, 55, 415, 418
Empetrum nigrum (Crowberry) 203
Erinaceus europaeus (Hedgehog) 57, 76
Escherichia coli 422–3
Falcon, Peregrine (Falco peregrinus) 25, 110, 403–4
Fox (Vulpes vulpes) 25, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56–7, 74, 76, 184, 185
Fox, Arctic (Vulpes lagopus) 320
Fratercula arctica (Puffin) 3, 136, 137, 140, 191, 213, 220, 225, 232, 291, 418
Fulmar, Northern (Fulmarus glacialis) 222, 290, 291, 369, 427
Gannet, Northern (Morus bassanus) 38, 166, 222, 252, 286, 290, 291, 293, 427
Goose, Canada (Branta canadensis) 52
Grouse, Red (Lagopus lagopus) 202, 421, 425
Guillemot, Common (Uria aalge) 3, 191, 235, 252, 271, 291, 365, 417
Gull, American Herring (Larus smithsonianus)
appearance 328, 344–5
breeding 215, 217, 395
breeding, inter-species 22, 23, 181, 344
breeding sites 25
breeding success 146–7
British records 312, 345
and European Herring Gull 4, 5, 23, 124, 310, 344–5
status 9
taxonomy 4, 5, 10, 439–40
urban nesting 374, 396
Gull, Audouin’s (Ichthyaetus audouinii) 8, 9, 10, 310, 312, 349–50
Gull, Azorean Yellow-legged (Larus michahellis atlantis) 312, 345–6
Gull, Azores Herring (Larus argentatus atlantis) 312, 345–6
Gull, Black-headed (Chroicocephalus ridibundus)
appearance 43–4, 334, 335
breeding, coastal vs inland 48
breeding, colonial 49–56, 73–4 see also colonies
breeding, distance travelled from colony 291
breeding, inter-species 22, 23
breeding, rearing young 34, 75–6
breeding sites 25, 49, 50, 51, 71, 74 see also nesting; philopatry
breeding, solitary 50
breeding status see status
breeding success 46, 50, 52, 57, 76, 86–8
clines 12
colonies, annual reoccupation of 73–4
colonies, decline of 48, 51–2, 55–6, 56–7
colonies, persistence of 51–2
colonies, size of 49–51
conservation concern 62, 63, 434–5, 437
courtship display 73
distribution 44–5, 47, 70
eggs, human exploitation 57–60
eggs/incubation 74–5
feeding, diet 77–8
feeding, food-collecting techniques 80
feeding areas 45–6, 78–9
feeding areas, age structure in different 82–3
feeding areas, use of winter 80–2
fledging period 34
flight, ‘panic’ 73
incubation period 32, 75
kleptoparasitism 78
longevity 13, 87
movements, winter 12, 61–9, 71, 121, 435
moulting 37, 65, 89–90
nesting with Mediterranean Gulls 97, 98
nesting with terns 28, 49
nesting, urban see urban nesting
philopatry 71–3
population estimates 11, 46–8, 49–51, 62, 420
ringing 359–60, 361
sexual dimorphism 16, 17
status 9, 434–5
status, historical 46–8
survival rates 86–8
survival rates, regional 88–9
taxonomy 3, 10
urban nesting 390, 393
weight changes 84–6
winter abundance 61–3
winter movements see movements, winter
winter roosts 62
wintering areas, faithfulness to 62–3, 66–8
wintering birds, arrival 63–6, 71
wintering birds, decline 62–3, 434–5
wintering birds, distribution of Continental 70
wintering birds, return to the Continent 68–9
wintering birds, sex ratio 70–1
Gull, Bonaparte’s (Chroicocephalus philadelphia) 8, 9, 10, 25, 312, 335–7
Gull, Caspian (Larus cachinnans) 9, 10, 12, 22, 310–11, 312, 346–9, 363, 430, 436–7
Gull, Common (Mew) (Larus canus)
appearance 103–5, 121, 319, 334, 340
breeding, age at first 111
breeding biology/success 110–11
breeding, colonial 26, 28, 109–10
breeding, distance travelled from colony 291
breeding sites 25, 109–10, 389
call 103
conservation concern 108, 430, 435, 437
distribution, Britain and Ireland 106–8
distribution, world 106
food/feeding 115–19
feeding, inland vs coastal sites 117–19
feeding, along river Tyne 117–18
fledging period 34, 111
incubation period 32, 111
kleptoparasitism 116
longevity 13, 105
movements 12, 111–15
population estimates 11, 106, 108
roosts, night 119–20
sexual dimorphism 16, 17
status 9, 435
subspecies 12, 108–9
taxonomy 10
urban nesting 389
weight 119
wintering areas, faithfulness to 115
Gull, Dominican (Kelp) (Larus dominicanus) 5, 9, 10, 22
Gull, European Herring (Larus argentatus)
and American Herring Gull 4, 5, 23, 124, 310, 344–5
appearance 36, 121–4, 210, 310, 328, 348
breeding, age at first 154
breeding, colonial 27, 28, 51, 129, 141–2 see also urban nesting
breeding, distance travelled from colony 291
breeding, inter-species 22, 23, 24–5, 319, 436
breeding, synchronised 177
breeding success 128, 146–51, 396
breeding success and brood size 153
breeding success and nesting density 151–2
breeding success, urban sites 395–6
calls 123–4
cannibalism 174–8
censuses see population estimates
conservation concern 403, 411, 430, 431, 433, 437
culling 131–2, 136–40
drinking 40
egg collecting 126
eggs/incubation 143–6
eggs, hatching success 146, 152
distribution and status, Britain and Ireland 126–31
distribution, compared with Lesser Black-backed Gull 184–9, 381–3, 413
feeding/food 38, 165–7, 202
feeding at landfill sites 167–70, 226, 401, 420
feeding at landfill sites and botulism 133–4
feeding at landfill sites, effect of age 171–3
feeding at landfill sites, effect of sex 173–4
fledging, post- 153–4
fledging period 34
identification problems 313
incubation period 32, 145
life table 156, 442–3
longevity 13
moulting 36
movements 12, 121, 156–65, 189, 199, 401, 412
plumage 121, 122–3, 124, 180
plumage, adult variation 18, 19, 20–1, 313
population decline, Industrial Revolution 126–8, 374, 378, 419
population decline, late twentieth-century 130–4, 426–7, 431, 433
population estimates 11, 129–31, 371, 412, 419, 437
population recovery, twentieth-century 128–9, 374–7, 378, 419–20
predation by 25, 98
ringing 358–9, 362
sex ratio, chicks 153
sex ratio, wintering birds 70, 164, 165
sexual dimorphism 16, 17
status 9, 433
studies 124–6, 162–5
subspecies 348, 353
survival rates, chick 149–51
survival rates, adult 154–6
taxonomy 10
urban nesting 130, 185, 374, 378–83, 390–2, 392–6, 413, 427
weight 121
Gull, Franklin’s (Leucophaeus pipixcan) 9, 10, 35, 36–8, 310, 312, 332, 334, 337–9
Gull, Glaucous (Larus hyperboreus) 9, 10, 12, 16, 22, 24–5, 312, 318–22, 324, 344, 431, 435–6, 438
Gull, Glaucous-winged (Larus glaucescens) 9, 10, 13, 22, 129, 312, 319, 326, 343–4, 374
Gull, Great Black-backed (Larus marinus)
appearance 121, 123, 209–10, 319, 352
biometrics (size/weight) 13–14, 209, 213–14, 216
breeding 215–17
breeding, age at first 216
breeding, colonial 26, 28, 211–13, 217 see also urban nesting
breeding, inter-species 22, 23
breeding numbers, decline 126, 214
breeding success 216, 217, 224–5, 228–9
cannibalism 217
colony size 217
conservation concern 430, 434, 437
culling, 132, 211, 214, 216–17
distribution 211–13
distribution, historical 214–15
egg laying/incubation 215–16
feeding/food 211, 216, 219–25
feeding at landfill sites 223–4, 225–6, 269
fledging period 34, 216
incubation period 32, 215–16
kleptoparasitism 223–4
longevity 13, 229
movements 218–19, 227
population estimates 11, 211, 214
predation by 25, 211, 216, 219, 220, 225, 269
ringing 358
sex ratio, wintering birds 70
sexual dimorphism 16, 17, 214
site fidelity, winter 229–30
status 9, 434
studies of marked individuals 226–30
survival rates, adult 229
taxonomy 10
urban nesting 214–15, 389
Gull, Great Black-headed (Pallas’s) (Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus) 8, 9, 10, 310, 352
Gull, Grey-headed (Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus) 354
Gull, Herring see Gull, European Herring
Gull, Iceland (Larus glaucoides) 5, 8, 9, 10, 22, 312, 318, 319, 322–4, 325, 326, 327, 430, 435–6, 438
Gull, Ivory (Pagophila eburnea) 3, 9, 10, 25, 30, 31, 312, 314–16, 329
Gull, Kelp (Dominican) (Larus dominicanus) 5, 9, 10, 22
Gull, Kumlien’s (Larus glaucoides kumlieni) 5, 8, 9, 312, 324–8
Gull, Laughing (Leucophaeus atricilla) 9, 10, 13, 22, 310, 312, 332–4, 337
Gull, Lesser Black-backed (Larus fuscus)
appearance 121, 123, 179–80, 209, 353
breeding, colonial 28, 192–4
breeding, distance travelled from colony 291
breeding, inter-species 22, 23, 24, 436
breeding sites 183–9, 202, 297 see also philopatry; urban nesting
breeding success 193, 196, 201, 207 see also population dynamics
breeding years, missed 207
cannibalism 193
clines 191
conservation concern 430, 433–4, 437
culling 140, 183, 184, 194, 202, 420, 421–2, 434
distribution, Britain and Ireland 181–3
distribution, compared with Herring Gull 184–9, 381–3, 413
distribution, western Europe and North Atlantic 180–1
eggs/incubation 193
feeding/food 38, 196, 200–4
fledging period 34
incubation period 32, 193
longevity 13, 205, 409
migration 192, 196–200, 357
moulting 37, 192, 204–5
philopatry 194–6
plumage variation 18–20, 190
population dynamics/survival rates 126, 205–8, 427
population estimates 11, 183, 185, 196, 371, 372, 420
predation by 25, 193, 202
sex ratio 153
sexual dimorphism 16, 17
status 9, 433–4
subspecies 4, 5, 189–92
taxonomy 10
urban nesting 183, 185–6, 188–9, 363, 378–83, 390–2, 393, 413, 427
Gull, Little (Hydrocoloeus minutus)
appearance 301–2, 316
breeding in Britain 305
British records 303–4
conservation concern 428, 430, 437
distribution, world 302–3
fledging period 34
feeding/food 307–8
incubation period 32
longevity 13
movements 305–7, 308
status 9, 437
taxonomy 3, 10
Gull, Mediterranean (Ichthyaetus melanocephalus)
appearance 91–2, 105, 363
breeding, inter-species 22, 24, 93, 97
breeding sites 97
breeding success 97–9
conservation concern 430, 436, 437
distribution/breeding status 93–6
egg collecting 60
egg-laying 97
fledging period 34
feeding/food 101–2
immigration/movements 99–101
incubation period 32
longevity 13
nesting with Black-headed Gulls 93, 97, 98
and predation 98
status 9, 436
taxonomy 8, 10
Gull, Mew see Gull, Common
Gull, Pallas’s (Great Black-headed) (Ichthyaetus ichthyaetus) 8, 9, 10, 310, 352
Gull, Ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) 9, 10, 13, 22, 103, 105, 106, 312, 339–43, 374, 436
Gull, Ross’s (Hydrocoloeus rosea) 3, 8, 9, 10, 41–2, 311, 312, 316–18
Gull, Sabine’s (Xema sabini) 3, 8, 9, 10, 35, 41–2, 308, 312, 329–32
Gull, Saunders’ (Saundersilarus saundersi) 3
Gull, Silver (Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae) 373
Gull, Slaty-backed (Larus schistisagus) 9, 10, 312, 344, 353
Gull, Slender-billed (Chroicocephalus genei) 8, 9, 10, 310, 312, 354
Gull, Swallow-tailed (Creagrus furcatus) 3, 24
Gull, Thayer’s (Larus thayeri) 5, 9, 10, 22, 312, 324–8
Gull, Yellow-legged (Larus michahellis)
appearance 295–7, 352
breeding 22, 23, 24, 298–300
breeding, inter-species 22, 23, 24, 298–300, 436
conservation concern 430, 431, 436, 438
distribution 298
sex ratio 153
status 9, 436
as subspecies 12
taxonomy 10, 310
urban nesting 373, 390, 414
Gull, Vega (Larus vegae) 312, 353
Gull, Western (Larus occidentalis) 22, 344
Haliaeetus albicilla (White-tailed Eagle) 25, 269
Halichoerus grypus (Grey Seal) 126, 219, 223
Hawk, Harris’s (Parabuteo unicinctus) 403
Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) 38, 77, 80
Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) 57, 76
Heron, Grey (Ardea cinerea) 76, 223
Herring (Clupea harengus) 269, 293
Hirundo rustica (Swallow) 156
Hydrobates pelagicus (Storm Petrel) 6, 7, 31, 35, 219, 418
Hydrocoloeus minutus see Gull, Little
H. rosea (Ross’s Gull) 3, 8, 9, 10, 41–2, 311, 312, 316–18
Ichthyaetus 3
I. audouinii (Audouin’s Gull) 8, 9, 10, 310, 312, 349–50
I. ichthyaetus (Great Black-headed (Pallas’s) Gull) 8, 9, 10, 310, 352
I. melanocephalus see Gull, Mediterranean
Kittiwake, Black-legged (Rissa tridactyla) 213
appearance 231, 232–5
breeding, age at first 249, 267
breeding, colonial 27–8, 51, 235–41, 246–8 see also colonies
breeding, distance travelled from colony 290, 291
breeding numbers, declines 126, 242–6, 269–77
breeding performance and age 265–6
breeding performance and laying date 266–7
breeding performance and nest site 267–8
Kittiwake, Black-legged continued
breeding sites 8, 25, 232, 247 see also nesting
breeding success 111, 246, 268–77, 432
breeding years, missed 249–52
calls 27, 41, 232, 248–9, 260
chicks 29, 33–4, 41, 231, 234
chicks, failure to recognise 41, 256, 257
clines 3, 191, 232
colonies, annual reoccupation 246–8, 287
colonies, changes in departure time 287
conservation concern 242, 430, 431–2, 437
copulation 253
distribution, Britain and Ireland 235–6, 369–70
distribution, winter 284–5
distribution, world 231, 235
drinking 40
egg collecting 417
egg laying date and clutch size 259
eggs 30, 31, 263–4
feeding, courtship 252–3
feeding, diet 246, 289–90, 293–4, 431–2
feeding methods 293–4
feeding trips, breeding season 260–2, 290–3
fledging 29, 33–4
human exploitation 417
incubation 259–61, 263
incubation period 32
legs/walking 34, 35, 232, 235
longevity 13
mate change, effects of 257–8
moulting 280–1
movements, inland records 277–81
movements, winter 12, 121, 281–7, 357
movements, of young 278–9, 287–8
nesting 29–30, 41, 248
nesting, adaptation to cliff sites 35, 232, 254–6
nesting, urban see urban nesting
pair bond duration 253
‘panic flights’ 247–8
philopatry 257, 287, 288
population dynamics/estimates 11, 242–6, 369–70, 420, 426–7, 431–2
ringing 358, 361, 362
roosting, offshore 41–2
sexual dimorphism 16, 17, 366–8
size/weight 232, 280
status 9, 431–2
subspecies 12, 232
tracking, data-logger 284–7, 365
urban nesting 238–41, 246, 273–4, 276, 287–8, 289, 383–9, 427
winter numbers 246
Kittiwake, Red-legged (Rissa brevirostris) 232–3
Lagopus lagopus (Red Grouse) 202, 421, 425
Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus) 39, 78, 80, 116
Larus argentatus see Gull, European Herring
L. a. argentatus 313, 328, 363
L. a. argenteus 313, 328
L. a. atlantis (Azores Herring Gull) 312, 345–6
L. cachinnans (Caspian Gull) 9, 10, 12, 22, 310–11, 312, 346–9, 363, 430, 436–7
L. canus see Gull, Common (Mew)
L. c. brachyrhynchus 109
L. c. canus 12, 108–9
L. c. heinei 12, 108–9
L. c. kamtschatschensis 109
L. delawarensis (Ring-billed Gull) 9, 10, 13, 22, 103, 105, 106, 312, 339–43, 374, 436
L. dominicanus (Dominican (Kelp) Gull) 5, 9, 10, 22
L. fuscus see Gull, Lesser Black-backed
L. f. barabensis 192
L. f. fuscus 18, 189, 191–2
L. f. graellsii 18, 189–92
L. f. heuglini 192
L. f. intermedius 18, 189–91
L. f. taimyrensis 192
L. glaucescens (Glaucous-winged Gull) 9, 10, 13, 22, 129, 312, 319, 326, 343–4, 374
L. glaucoides (Iceland Gull) 5, 8, 9, 10, 22, 312, 318, 319, 322–4, 325, 326, 327, 430, 435–6, 438
L. g. kumlieni (Kumlien’s Gull) 5, 8, 9, 312, 324–8
L. g. thayeri see L. thayeri
L. heuglini 192
L. hyperboreus (Glaucous Gull) 9, 10, 12, 16, 22, 24–5, 312, 318–22, 324, 344, 431, 435–6, 438
L. michahellis atlantis (Azorean Yellow-legged Gull) 312, 345–6
L. occidentalis (Western Gull) 22, 344
L. schistisagus (Slaty-backed Gull) 9, 10, 312, 344, 353
L. smithsonianus see Gull, American Herring
L. thayeri (Thayer’s Gull) 5, 9, 10, 22, 312, 324–8
L. t. kumlieni see L. glaucoides kumlieni
L. vegae (Vega Gull) 312, 353
Leucophaeus 3
L. atricilla (Laughing Gull) 9, 10, 13, 22, 310, 312, 332–4, 337
L. pipixcan (Franklin’s Gull) 9, 10, 35, 36–8, 310, 312, 332, 334, 337–9
Mallotus villosus (Capelin) 289, 293, 431–2
Meles meles (Badger) 25, 76, 185, 412
Mink, American (Neovison vison) 25, 48, 52, 56–7, 108, 110, 229, 415
Morus bassanus (Northern Gannet) 38, 166, 222, 252, 286, 290, 291, 293, 427
Mustela erminea (Stoat) 415
Neovison vison (American Mink) 25, 48, 52, 56–7, 108, 110, 229, 415
Oryctolagus cuniculus (Rabbit) 219, 220, 221
Pagophila eburnea (Ivory Gull) 3, 9, 10, 25, 30, 31, 312, 314–16, 329
Parabuteo unicinctus (Harris’s Hawk) 403
Parus major (Great Tit) 151
Petrel, Storm (Hydrobates pelagicus) 6, 7, 31, 35, 219, 418
Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Shag) 358
Phoca vitulina (Common Seal) 126, 219
Pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) 350
Pipit, Rock (Anthus petrosus) 139–40
Plover, Golden (Pluvialis apricaria) 39, 78, 80
Puffin (Fratercula arctica) 3, 136, 137, 140, 191, 213, 220, 225, 232, 291, 418
Puffinus mauretanicus (Balearic Shearwater) 429
P. puffinus (Manx Shearwater) 6, 7, 35, 211, 218–21, 225, 358, 418
Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) 219, 220, 221
Raven (Corvus corax) 24, 25
Rissa brevirostris (Red-legged Kittiwake) 231–2
R. tridactyla see Kittiwake, Black-legged
R. t. pollicaris 232
R. t. tridactyla 12, 232
Salmonella 398, 423
S. montevideo 398
sandeels (Ammodytes spp.) 223, 269, 289–90, 293, 431–2
Sardina pilchardus (Pilchard) 350
Saundersilarus saundersi (Saunders’ Gull) 3
Seal, Common (Phoca vitulina) 126, 219
Seal, Grey (Halichoerus grypus) 126, 219, 223
Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) 358
Shearwater, Balearic (Puffinus mauretanicus) 429
Shearwater, Manx (Puffinus puffinus) 6, 7, 35, 211, 218–21, 225, 358, 418
Skua, Great (Stercorarius skua) 2, 16, 25, 126, 222, 269, 286, 418, 419, 427
Somateria mollissima (Eider) 39, 55, 415, 418
Sprat (Sprattus sprattus) 269, 289
springtails (Collembola) 332
Stercorarius skua (Great Skua) 2, 16, 25, 126, 222, 269, 286, 418, 419, 427
Sterna dougallii (Roseate Tern) 291
S. hirundo (Common Tern) 55, 291, 305, 339
S. paradisaea (Arctic Tern) 13, 291, 332
Sternula albifrons (Little Tern) 291
Stoat (Mustela erminea) 415
Swallow (Hirundo rustica) 156
Swan, Mute (Cygnus olor) 52
Tern, Arctic (Sterna paradisaea) 13, 291, 332
Tern, Common (Sterna hirundo) 55, 291, 305, 339
Tern, Little (Sternula albifrons) 291
Tern, Roseate (Sterna dougallii) 291
Tern, Sandwich (Thalasseus sandvicensis) 28, 49, 55, 238, 291
Tit, Great (Parus major) 151
Uria aalge (Common Guillemot) 3, 191, 235, 252, 271, 291, 365, 417
Vanellus vanellus (Lapwing) 39, 78, 80, 116
Vulpes lagopus (Arctic Fox) 320
V. vulpes (Fox) 25, 48, 52, 53, 55, 56–7, 74, 76, 184, 185
Xema sabini (Sabine’s Gull) 3, 8, 9, 10, 35, 41–2, 308, 312, 329–32
Page numbers in bold include figures.
Abbeystead Estate, Lancashire 202, 211–13
gull control 132, 183, 184, 211, 409, 420, 421–6
see also Tarnbrook Fell
Aberdeen 110, 154, 168, 389
University 356
acidification, ocean 247, 294
acorns 77
Aebischer, Nicholas 87
Afghanistan 350
Africa see North Africa; South Africa
agriculture 38, 39, 56, 78, 79, 86, 116, 166–7, 202–3, 307, 339, 420, 428
Ailsa Craig, Scotland 415
airfields/airports 389
gull control 400, 420
Alaska 106, 109, 238, 329, 335, 344, 353
Aleutian islands, Pacific Ocean 231–2, 343
algae
and nest-building 29, 255
toxic 250
Algeria 350
Amber List
British gulls on 433–7
criteria 429, 430
American Ornithological Society 344
American Ornithologists’ Union 5, 327
Annan, Scotland 391
Anderson, Neil 52
Anglesey, Wales 106
Antarctica 5, 6
Antrim, Country 380
ants 38, 77, 80
Arctic 1, 5, 6, 38, 165, 235, 247, 280, 281
rare visitors from 314–32
see also individual countries
artificial illumination 41, 291
Ashington, Northumberland 391
Asia 4, 5, 44, 45, 106, 192, 302
rare visitors from 352
Association for the Protection of Sea-Birds 417–18
Atlantic Ocean 3, 5, 211, 219, 222, 232, 235, 247, 267, 304, 323, 432
transatlantic movements 44, 112, 217, 281–7, 303, 308, 331, 336, 340–1, 342, 345
see also depressions, Atlantic
auks 2, 223, 252, 271, 286, 417, 418
Australia 373
Ayrshire Notes 58
Azores 297, 345–6
Azov, Sea of, Russia 352
Baffin Island, Canada 314, 325, 327, 344
Baker, Robin 196
bait see narcotic bait
Balearic Islands 429
BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art 385, 386
Baltic Flour Mill 385, 386
Baltic Sea 63, 65, 108, 191
banding see ringing
Banks Island, Canada 325
Bannerman, David 52, 310
Barden Moor, North Yorkshire 59
Barents Sea, Russia 289
barnacles, goose 223
Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria 132
Barth, Edvard 125
Bass Rock, Scotland 231
Bauer, Kurt 229
Bay of Biscay 217, 330–1
beaches, shingle 106, 110
Bear Island 211, 322
beetles 76, 166, 202
Belarus 347, 353
Belgium
Black-headed Gulls 66
Common Gulls 106
Herring Gulls 23, 129, 159, 160
inter-species breeding 23, 93, 191, 298
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 184, 190, 191, 194, 197–8, 205, 434
Mediterranean Gulls 93, 96, 98, 99, 100
Yellow-legged Gulls 298, 436
Bempton Cliffs, Yorkshire 235, 274–5, 276, 291–3, 417, 432 see also Flamborough Head
Benguela Upwelling 331
Bergmann’s rule 213
Bering Sea 343
Berlin 374
berries 38, 77, 80, 165, 203, 219, 343
Berry Head, Devon 276
Bevan, Richard 290
bill length, difference between sexes 17
binoculars 355, 356
biometrics see under individual species
sexing using 17, 366–8
Bird Atlas 2007–11 (BTO) (Balmer et al.) 47, 48, 95, 107, 127, 182, 211, 212, 236
bird counts see censuses
Bird Flocks and the Breeding Cycle (Darling) 177–8
bird protection Acts 128, 418–19
Bird Study (journal) 362
The Birds (Hitchcock) 397
Birds of the British Isles (Bannerman) 310
‘Birds of Conservation Concern’ (British Birds) 428
‘Birds of Conservation Concern 4’ (BoCC4) (Eaton et al.) 428–30, 437–8
status of gulls 431–7
‘Birds of conservation concern in Ireland 2014–2019’ (BoCCI) (Colhoun & Cummins) 430, 437
Birds of Hampshire 305
birds of prey 25, 363
as gull control 400, 403–4, 420
The Birds of the Western Palearctic (Cramp & Simmons) 190, 311
Birmingham 382–3, 411 see also West Midlands
Black Sea 99, 102, 373
rare visitors from 350–2
Blakeney Point, Norfolk 52
Blithfield Reservoir, Staffordshire 278
Bogdanova, Maria 125
Bolton Castle, North Yorkshire 409, 425
Bone, Michael 126
botulism 133–4, 423, 428
BOU see British Ornithological Union
Bourne, Bill 113
Bournemouth, Hampshire 352
Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire 354
Bowland, Trough of 402, 421 see also Tarnbrook Fell
Brandl, Roland 75
bread 38, 77, 79, 167, 203, 375
breeding
colonial 26–8
first, age at 28
inter-species 22–4
sites 7–8, 25
site, fidelity 26 see also philopatry
success 30, 34
urban see urban nesting
see also eggs; nesting; and under individual species
Brehm, Alfred 189
Brennand Estate, Lancashire 421, 425, 426 see also Tarnbrook Fell
Brest, France 395, 404, 412
Brighton, Sussex 379
Bristol Channel 125, 200
British Antarctic Survey 284, 364
British Association for the Advancement of Science 417
British Birds (journal) 346, 352, 356, 428
‘The risk of extinction for birds in Great Britain’ 430–1
British Birds, Rare Bird Alert 316, 317, 334, 336, 338
British Birds Rarities Committee 329
British Ornithological Union (BOU) 5, 108, 327, 344
Records Committee 346
British Rare Breeding Birds Panel 96
British Trust for Ornithology (BTO)
Bird Atlas 2007–11 47, 48, 95, 107, 127, 182, 211, 212, 236
Lesser Black-backed Gull survey 203–4
Ringing Committee 357
Ringing Scheme 356, 358
website 46
Winter Atlas of Birds 246
Winter Gull Roost Survey 62
Brittany, France 332
Brooks, W. S. 326
Brough, Trevor 125
Brown, Dick 125
Buckland, Frank 417
Buckley, Neil 223
Budleigh Salterton, Devon 379
Bulgaria 373
Bushnell (telescope maker) 355–6
Butterfield, Jennifer 125
calcium carbonate 294
California 343
Calladine, John 125, 207
calls 40–1
contact 34, 154
distress, loudspeakers to produce 404, 408–9, 420, 424
see also under individual species
Cambridgeshire 305
Camphuysen, Kees 125, 193, 201, 205
Canada 5, 303, 319, 323, 325, 326, 337, 329, 335, 339
American Herring Gulls 129, 147, 155, 344, 374
Common Gulls 106
Great Black-backed Gulls 211, 217, 222, 225
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 4, 181
see also Arctic
Canary Islands 181, 297, 345–6
Canna, Inner Hebrides 134, 222, 229
cannibalism 174–6, 193
cannon netting, capture by 53, 54, 81, 83, 202, 226, 360–1, 401
Cape Clear Island, Ireland 223
car parks 1, 78–9, 334, 342, 393
carbon dioxide 294
carbonic acid 294
Cardiff 379, 380
Caribbean 332, 335
caterpillars 77
Cellardyke, Scotland 379
censuses
Britain and Ireland 8–12, 129–31, 185, 211, 369–72, 437
count errors 49, 130, 370–1, 372, 381
see also under individual species
Central Science Laboratory (DEFRA) 403
Centre for Hydrology and Ecology 125
Chabrzyk, George 125
Chafarinas Islands, Morocco 349
Champlain, Lake (New York state) 341
Channel Islands 389
Charadriiformes 2
Chardine, John 253, 258
Chew Reservoir, Peak District 345
Chichester Harbour Reserve 96
chicks 33–4
Chile 338
chimney pots/stacks 142–3, 390, 392, 396, 407
China 3, 353
chromosomes 366
Chu, Philip 3
Cley, Norfolk 351
climate change 44, 294 see also acidification, ocean
clines 3, 12, 191, 232, 327
Clyde region, Scotland 183, 196, 222, 382, 413
coasts, breeding on 7–8
Coles Cranes Ltd, Sunderland 397–8
Colhoun, Kendrew 437
colonial nesting/breeding 26–8
distance travelled from colony 291
see also under individual species
Commander Islands, Russia 343
Common Fisheries Policy (EU) 222, 404, 427–8, 433
Congo Basin 199
conservation 415
concerns 428–38
see also management and under individual species
control see management
Cook, Aonghais 146–7
Copinsay, Orkney 217
copulation 41
Coquet Island, Northumberland 28, 56, 157, 183, 276, 401
Cork, County 328, 343
Cornwall 214, 370
Correen Hills, Scotland 110
corvids 24, 25, 146
Cott, Hugh 59
courtship 3, 26, 29, 41
begging/feeding 18, 73, 252–3
Cox, C. J. 86, 87
Coxhoe landfill site, Co. Durham 164, 225, 226
crabs 39, 165, 223
Craik, Clive 86, 110, 229
Cramp, Stanley 370, 389
craneflies 115
Critically Endangered list 431–2
Croatia 349
Crochet, Pierre-Andre 3
Cromer, Norfolk 352
crustaceans 76, 115, 289, 293, 318, 352 see also crabs
Cullen, Ester 254
culling
Abbeystead 132, 183, 211, 421–2
Farne Islands 131, 132, 157, 183, 211
Isle of May 125, 131, 136–40, 158, 183, 211, 401, 412, 415, 420–1
licences 132, 402, 421
narcotic bait 138, 139–40, 401, 402, 421–2
Skomer/Skokholm 132, 183, 211, 220
Sunderland 397–8
urban see urban nesting, control
see also individual species
Cumberland County Council 52
Cumbria 52, 70, 106, 215, 389 see also Lake District
Cummins, Sinéad 437
Cyprus 349
Czech Republic 281
Darvic rings 362–3
data loggers 204, 284, 286, 290, 364–5
Davis, Andy 345
Davis, J. W. F. 125
Dean, Alan 161, 277, 298
Decker, R. 327
Denmark 66, 109, 147, 156, 190, 211, 238, 298, 328, 395, 434
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) 412
depressions, Atlantic
Kittiwake response to 285–7
and wrecks 278, 279, 280, 331–2
deterrents
distress calls 404, 408–9, 420, 424
disturbance 408–9, 424–5
landing prevention 408, 424
Devon 214, 276, 352, 379, 389
diet see feeding/food
diving
at humans 1, 25, 168, 396–7, 404, 410
plunge-diving 38, 79, 223
Dixon, Fiona 27
DNA analysis 2, 3, 109, 326, 345
mitochondrial 3, 4, 190, 327
sexing 365–6
dockyards 132, 385
Domesday Book 416
Doochary, County Donegal 341
Dorset 298, 332
Dover, Strait of 332
Down, County 342
Drent, Rudi 125
Dresser, Henry 417
drinking 39–40
drones 356, 371
droppings 168, 234, 256, 263, 289, 383, 384, 385, 387, 398, 404
Dublin, Republic of Ireland 126
Duffey, Eric 281, 308
Dumfries, Scotland 200, 201, 202, 203, 215, 391, 413
gull control 403–7
landfill site closure 201, 404
Dumfries and Galloway Council 398–9, 404, 406–7
Dunbar, Scotland 238, 240, 383
Duncan, Neil 125
Duncannon, County Wexford 353
Dungeness, Kent 304, 350
Durham, County 59, 60, 82, 108, 306, 391
Common Gull study 114–15
Durham University 81, 125, 135, 139
Dwight, Jonathan 326, 346
earthworms 65, 76, 77, 115, 116, 202, 203
East Riding, Yorkshire 418
Ebro Delta, Spain 190, 349
Edinburgh 215
eggs 30–1
collecting 46, 57–60, 96, 126, 416, 417, 419
collecting licences 59–60
destroying/replacing/spraying, as control 404, 406, 409–10, 411
turning 33
see also incubation and under individual species
Elkins, Norman 331–2
Ellesmere Island, Canada 314, 326
Elsham, Lincolnshire 328
Emmerson, Margaret 125
Essex 328, 332, 341, 353
Estonia, Common Gull research 110–11
estuaries 46
Europe
Eastern, rare visitors from 346–50
Southern, rare visitors from 345–6
European Bird Census Council 190
European Union, Common Fisheries Policy 222, 404, 427–8, 433
Evans, P. G. H. 217
evolution 2
tree (phylogenetic) 8, 10
Exmouth, Devon 352
exploitation, human 416–20 see also eggs, collecting
extinction, risk of 430–1
Faeroes 44, 106, 181, 190, 191, 199, 211, 217
Fair Isle, Shetland 312, 343
Farne Islands, Northumberland 106, 128, 194, 200, 213, 419
culling 131, 157, 183, 211
Kittiwake colonies 30, 235, 256, 276, 289, 290, 291–3
Feasting, Fowling and Feathers – A History of the Exploitation of Wild Birds (Shrubb) 46, 57
feathers, primary, moulting 36–8
feeding/food 38–9
courtship 18, 73, 252–3
see also kleptoparasitism, individual food items and under individual species
Fermanagh, County 298
Ferns, Peter 125
fidelity
mate 28
site 26 see also philopatry
field glasses 355 see also binoculars
field guides 190, 311, 355, 447
Filey Brig, Yorkshire 291–3
Finland 66, 112, 304, 305, 353 see also Scandinavia
firearms 126, 355, 416
fish docks 168, 223, 246, 320, 378
Fisher, James 235, 369
fishing/fisheries 202, 291, 320
Common Fisheries Policy reforms 222, 427–8, 433
docks 168, 223, 246, 320
effect of gales 226
offal/discards 39, 101, 128, 200, 219, 220–1, 222, 223, 226, 324, 350, 378, 393, 427–8
quotas 222, 427
sandeels 432
Fitzgerald, Gerry 117
Flamborough Head, Yorkshire 274, 276, 304, 417, 418, 432
Flanders Moss, Scotland 184
fledging period 33–4
Flegg, Jim 86, 87
Fletcher, Mark 125
flight 15, 35
‘panic’ 73, 247–8
Florida, USA 332
Flowers, Kathy 126
formalin 410
Forth, Firth of 251–2, 277, 303, 417 see also Isle of May
fossils 2
Foula, Shetland 269, 276
Foulney, Cumbria 55–6
France 306, 310, 332, 349, 350
Black-headed Gulls 76, 87
Common Gulls 106, 111
Great Black-backed Gulls 211, 389
Herring Gulls 125, 156, 159, 373
Kittiwakes 235, 246, 280–1, 281, 431
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 180–1, 190, 198, 373
Mediterranean Gulls 93, 99
Yellow-legged Gulls 297, 373, 390, 436
Franz Josef Land, Russia 318
Fraser Darling, Frank 26–7, 177–8
Frederiksen, Morten 284
The Fulmar (Fisher) 369
Furness, Bob 228
Galapagos Islands 3, 24
Gambia 349
gas guns, propane 424
Gaston, A. J. 327
Gateshead, Tyne and Wear 385, 386
geographical ranges, current 5–7
Germany 66, 93, 99, 109, 125, 129, 147, 156, 181, 190, 395
Gibraltar 297, 373, 390
Gibson-Hill, Carl 369–70
Glasgow University 125, 409
Global Positioning System (GPS) tags 365
Goethe, F. 125
Goodbody, Ivan 75
Gosport, Hampshire 341
Grand Banks, Canada 221, 281
Grant, Peter 311
Granton harbour, Scotland 383
Great Lakes 303, 328, 339, 374
Green list 429, 430, 437
Greenland 314, 316, 318, 323, 328, 329, 330–1
Black-headed Gulls 44, 63
Great Black-backed Gulls 211
Kittiwakes 281, 285, 287
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 181, 190, 191, 199
see also Arctic
Greig, Susan 126, 224, 225
grouse moors, gull management see under management
Guatemala 338
Gulval, Cornwall 379
Gurney Jr., John 46
habitats 7–8 see also individual habitats
Hamford Water, Essex 56
Hampshire 58, 60, 305, 306, 307
Handbook of British Birds (Witherby) 190, 355
Hanningfield Reservoir, Essex 353
Harris, Mike 24, 125, 207, 359
Hartlepool, Co. Durham 387
Hartley, Clive 71
Hassanin, Alexandre 3
Havergate Island, Suffolk 184, 213
Hawthornthwaite Fell, Lancashire 422, 423
Hebrides 86, 211, 370, 415, 419 see also Canna
Helbig, Andreas 190
helicopters 389
Henderson, Eric 126
Herring Gull complex 2, 4, 5, 349
identification problems 313, 345
The Herring Gull’s World (Tinbergen) 156
history, gulls in Britain and Ireland
Black-headed Gull 46–8
Common Gull 106–8
Great Black-backed Gull 211
Herring Gull 126–31
Kittiwake 235–8
Lesser Black-backed Gull 181–3
Little Gull 303–4
rare gulls 311–12
Yellow-legged Gull 298
Hobson, Keith 294
Holley, Tony 154
Hollom, Philip 369
Hornsea Mere, Yorkshire 304
Houston, David 409
Hoveton, Norfolk 58
How to Know British Birds (Joy) 355
Hoyt, Del 52
Hudson, Anne 228
Hudson Bay, Canada 303, 327
humans
disturbing gulls, as management method 408–9, 424–5
feeding gulls 39, 77, 375, 393
historical relationship with gulls 416–20
robbed/dived by gulls 1, 25, 168, 396–7, 404, 410
see also culling; eggs, collecting; management
Humber Estuary 82
Hungary 93, 99
Hurworth Burn Reservoir, Co. Durham 303
Hutchinson, Clive 303
Huxley, Julian 3, 191
hybridisation 22–4, 93, 97, 298–300, 310, 311, 313, 319, 326, 327, 344, 436
Iberia 197, 198, 199, 235, 373 see also Portugal; Spain
Iceland 44, 106, 190, 191, 199, 217, 318, 322, 328, 353
identification
difficulty with Herring Gull/Lesser Black-backed Gull complex 313, 345
difficulty with rare gulls 309, 310–11
guides 190, 311, 355, 447
immature gulls
plumage variation 14–15, 20
proportion of, Britain and Ireland 10–11
Imperial Chemical Industry (ICI) 362
Important Bird Areas 434
Inchcolm, Firth of Forth 251, 289
Inchkeith, Firth of Forth 251, 289
incubation 31–3
periods 32
see also under individual species
India 352
Indian Ocean 192, 352
industrial estates 110, 186, 378
Industrial Revolution 126, 374, 376, 416–17
insects 38, 77, 78, 79, 80, 101, 115, 116, 166, 167, 307, 332, 337, 339, 352
Institute of Terrestrial Ecology 205
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 63, 242, 430–1, 436
Inverness 110, 391, 422
Airport 389
Ireland, Republic of
Black-headed Gulls 48, 50, 51, 88–9
Common Gulls 106, 108, 111
Great Black-backed Gulls 211, 214, 217, 219, 223
Herring Gulls 126, 133, 156, 379–80, 430, 433
Kittiwakes 235, 242, 243, 245, 370, 431
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 183, 184, 186, 188–9, 196, 382
Mediterranean Gulls 93
rare gulls 312, 317, 322, 331, 332, 334, 336, 338, 342, 345, 353, 437
Irish Potato Famine 417
Irish Rare Bird Committee 327, 353
Irish Sea 221, 222, 427
Islay, Scotland 328
Isle of May, Firth of Forth 213
Herring Gull cannibalism 174–6
Herring Gull cull 125, 131, 136–40, 158, 183, 211, 401, 412, 415, 420–1
Herring Gull research 18, 126, 135, 146, 147, 149–51, 153, 155, 157, 158–9
Kittiwakes 271–2, 276, 284–5, 289, 290, 432
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 183, 205, 207
Isle of Wight 417
Italy 44, 93, 99, 297, 350, 354, 374
jacanas 2
Jackson, David 87, 125
Jan Mayen 318
Japan 343, 353
jellyfish 332
Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC) 48, 76, 129, 220, 277, 370, 371
Seabird Monitoring Programme 371
Jones, Gareth 345
Joy, Norman 355
Kandalaksha, Russia 203
Kazakhstan 350
Kent 106, 305, 352
Kent Island, Canada 147, 395
Kerry, County 332
Kessingland Ringing Group 285
Keyhaven marsh, Hampshire 59
Killington Reservoir, Lancashire 57
Kim, Sin-Yeon 125
kleptoparasitism 39, 78, 80, 83, 116, 167, 170, 172, 173, 223–4, 225, 334
Knudsen, B. 327
Korean Peninsula 353
Kruuk, Hans 86
Labrador, Canada 44, 284
Lake District 54 see also Cumbria
lakes 41, 49, 51, 57, 112, 118, 119, 277, 278, 280, 340, 349
Lancashire 101, 186, 303, 389 see also Ribble Estuary; Tarnbrook Fell
Land Girls 59
landfill sites 1, 298, 328, 334, 343, 347, 349, 353, 374
and botulism 133–4, 423, 428
closures 39, 128, 198, 201, 404, 412, 427
feeding at 39, 102, 128, 154, 167–74, 196, 200–1, 223–6, 320, 324, 420, 427
gull control 400, 401, 420, 422
gull studies 71, 82, 83, 117, 125–6, 162–3, 164, 170–4, 202, 223–30, 361, 401
regulations/tax 427
Landsborough-Thomson, Arthur 356
Langstone Harbour, Hampshire 56, 96, 98
Larne Lough, N. Ireland 56
laser beams, to disturb gulls 409
latitude
and ratio of gull species to tern species 6–7
variation of gull species with 5–7
Latvia 305
Leach, Elsie P. 356, 369
Leadenhall Market, London 59
leatherjackets 115, 116, 166, 202
Lebreton, Jean-Dominique 87
Leven, Loch, Scotland 56
Liebers, Dorit 190
light-level geolocators 364
Linnaeus, Carl 3
Lithuania 353
Liverpool 387
Llandudno, Wales 168
Lloyd, Clare 54
Loch of Strathbeg reserve 305
Lockley, Ronald 235
loggers, data 204, 284
Lomond, Loch 336
London 39, 45, 58, 59, 60, 66, 125, 161, 343, 347, 361, 375
Zoo 354
longevity 12–13, 357
Lossiemouth, Scotland 379, 420
Lowestoft, Suffolk 184, 240, 387, 388
Lundy, Devon 276, 415
Lymington Marsh, Hampshire 59
McCleary, Richard 125
Mackinnon, Gabriella 62, 87, 114
Macpherson, A. 326
Madeira 297, 345–6
Mallowdale Estate, Lancashire 421, 425, 426 see also Tarnbrook Fell
mammals, predation by 25, 48, 52, 56–7, 73, 74, 86, 108, 110, 183, 184, 320, 396, 415
management/control
moorland 409, 420–6
urban 407–10
urban, current situation 411–14
urban, history of 399–407
see also culling; deterrents
Manchester Guardian 417
Maree, Loch 184
Marsden, Tyne and Wear 250
mate fidelity 28
mating, monogamous 24
Mauritania 331
May, Isle of see Isle of May
mayflies 38
Mayr, Ernst 4
Mediterranean Sea, rare visitors from 350–2
Merseyside 345
Merthyr Tydfil, Wales 379
Mexico 335, 344
Middleton Island, Pacific Ocean 246
Midlands, West see West Midlands
migration/movements 35
transatlantic movements 44, 112, 217, 281–7, 303, 308, 331, 336, 340–1, 342, 345
trans-equatorial 35, 331, 332, 338
see also under individual species
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 131–2, 400, 421
Minsk, Belarus 347
Miocene 2
mobile phones 356
molluscs 76, 165, 247, 294
Monaghan, Patricia 125, 126, 157, 225, 370, 380, 393–4, 401, 409
Monel rings 87, 358–60
Mongolia 352
Montrose, Scotland 71
moorland 46, 51, 57, 108, 110, 115, 116, 184, 202
gull management 409, 420–6
Morocco 100, 198, 199, 331
Mortlach Hills, Scotland 110
Moscow Zoological Museum 192
moulting 36–8, 339 see also under individual species
movements see migration/movements
mudflats 34, 76–7, 318, 337
Muncaster Estate, Cumbria 52, 59
Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 280
Nager, Ruedi 125, 409
narcotic bait 138, 139–40, 401, 402, 421–2
nasal glands 40
National Trust 131
National Trust for Scotland 271
Natural England 412
culling licences 131, 132
egg collecting licences 59–60
Natural History Museum, London 356, 369
Nature (journal) 267
Nature Conservancy Council 125, 131, 370
Isle of May cull 131, 136–40, 158, 183, 401, 412, 415, 420–1
Neath, Brian 303
Nelsen, Ingrid 75
nesting
site fidelity 26 see also philopatry
urban see urban nesting
see also under individual species
nests 28–30
destroying, as control 404, 406, 408, 410–11
Netherlands 409
Black-headed Gulls 44, 66
Common Gulls 106, 109, 110, 112
Herring Gulls 20, 23, 125, 129, 147, 155, 156, 160, 165, 201, 385
inter-species breeding 23, 93, 191, 298
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 18, 19, 23, 166, 181, 184, 190, 191, 193, 197, 201, 203, 205, 207, 434
Mediterranean Gulls 93, 96, 98, 99, 100
rare gulls 298, 304, 328
Yellow-legged Gulls 298, 436
netting, as gull prevention 404, 408 see also cannon netting
New Brunswick, Canada 374
New Hampshire, USA 181
New York 374
Newcastle, Tyne and Wear 291–3, 383
City Council 387
Guildhall 386
see also Tyne, river
Newfoundland, Canada 217, 281, 284, 285, 289, 344, 353
Newlyn, Cornwall 389
Newport, Wales 379, 380
Newton, Alfred 417
Nicholson, Max 38–9
Norfolk 58, 238, 305, 352
North Africa 99, 100, 196, 198, 306, 331
rare visitors from 345–6, 354
North America
American Herring Gulls 4, 5, 23, 63, 124, 146
Black-headed Gulls 44
Common (Mew) Gulls 109
Great Black-backed Gulls 23, 28, 211, 213, 214, 215, 217
Kittiwakes 281
Lesser Black-backed Gull 199
Little Gulls 303, 308
rare visitors from 310, 316, 328, 332–45
see also Canada; Greenland; USA
North Rona, Scotland 217, 222
North Sea, movements across
Black-headed Gull 65, 69, 73, 113, 435
Common Gull 112, 113, 114
Great Black-backed Gull 211, 217, 221
Herring Gull 156, 159, 160, 165
Kittiwake 246, 269, 281, 284, 286, 387, 427
Lesser Black-backed Gull 191, 198, 201
Little Gull 305
North Shields, Tyne and Wear
Herring Gulls 393, 400
Kittiwake colonies 238, 239, 241, 257, 258, 259, 261, 262, 361, 363, 384–5, 388
North Solent nature reserve, Hampshire 59
North West Water Authority (NWWA) 421, 422
Northern Ireland 56, 62, 93, 245, 298, 342
Northern Isles 242, 419 see also Orkney; Shetland
Northern Lighthouse Board 135
Northumberland 82, 108
Norway 66, 112, 160, 190, 199, 213, 228, 269, 289, 322, 328, 363, 431 see also Scandinavia
Nottinghamshire 305
Nova Scotia 281, 332, 374
Novaya Zemlya 289, 314, 318
Nunavut, Canada 211, 314
O’Connell, Mark 424
offal, fish see under fishing/fisheries
oil, spraying eggs with 410
oil/gas platforms 238, 387, 427
oil installations 110
Olsen, Klaus Malling 311
‘On the Zoological Aspect of the Game Laws’ (Newton) 417
Onno, Sven 110
Ontario, Canada 374
Ontario, Lake 303
opera glasses 355
Operation Seafarer 370
Orford Ness, Suffolk 183, 184, 204, 213
Orkney, Scotland 106, 184, 211, 235, 269, 370, 431
Outer Trial Bank, the Wash 184
Oxford University 52
Pacific Ocean, 192, 232, 235, 252, 330, 343, 368
rare visitors from 353
Pakistan 350
Palace Pier, Brighton 379
‘panic flights’ 73, 247–8
parks/parkland 39, 45, 66, 77, 361, 375
Parsons, Jasper 125, 146, 150, 174, 178
Patterson, Ian 57, 74, 76, 113
Pembrey, Wales 379
Perth, Scotland 71
Peterhead, Scotland 379
petrels 6, 7, 31, 35, 219, 418
philopatry (return to natal area) 26, 71–3, 156, 194–6, 287, 288
photography 356, 368–9
phylogenetic tree 8, 10
pig farms 102
Pitsea landfill site, Essex 328, 353
ploughing 39, 78, 79, 101, 116, 166, 203, 307, 339
plumage
adult, variation within species 2–3, 18–20
human exploitation 417
immature, variation 14–15, 20
wing-tip pattern, variation within species 20–1
see also under individual species
plunge-diving 38, 79, 223
Plymouth 217
poisoning
botulism 133–4, 423, 428
narcotic bait 138, 139–40, 401, 402, 421–2
toxic algae 250
Poland 66, 93, 99, 347, 363
police 397, 400
Polruan, Cornwall 379
polymerase chain reaction 366
Pons, Jean-Marc 3, 8, 125
population estimates, Britain and Ireland 11–12 see also under individual species
Port Isaac, Cornwall 379
Port of Tyne Authority 117
Porter, Julie 287–8
Portland, Maine 374
Portugal 10, 159, 181, 190, 196, 217, 235, 306
potato chips 79, 167, 203
Pradel, Roger 87
predation 428
bird 25, 38, 98, 110, 193, 202, 269, 320
mammal 25, 48, 52, 56–7, 73, 74, 86, 108, 110, 183, 184, 320, 396, 415
Prévot-Julliard, Anne-Caroline 87
Pribilof Islands, Pacific Ocean 343
Priest Island, Scotland 147
Procellariiformes 31 see also petrels; shearwaters
protection 128, 418–20
Protection of Birds Act (1954) 419
Pylewell Marsh, Hampshire 59
radio-telemetry tracking 364
Radipole Lake, Dorset 347
RAF 131
Rainham landfill site, London 347, 353
Rankin, Neal 281, 308
rats 52, 76, 238, 415
Rattiste, Kalev 110
Raven, Susan 117, 125, 370
Ravenglass, Cumbria 52–3, 57, 59, 74, 86
Red List
criteria 429, 430
gulls on 429, 431–3
Redfern, Chris 290
refuse collection 203, 393, 427 see also landfill sites
regurgitation 39, 75, 77, 139–40, 174, 203, 219, 220, 255
reservoirs 41, 49, 51, 57, 112, 118, 119, 277, 278, 280, 307, 349
Ribble Estuary, Lancashire 56, 183, 213, 425
rice fields 350
Richardson, John 126
ringing 13, 87
aluminium rings 356, 357–8, 359–60
attempts to stop 357
capture for 360–1
colour rings 361–3
Darvic rings 362–3
Monel rings 87, 358–60
Rinsey Head, Cornwall 276
‘The risk of extinction for birds in Great Britain’ (British Birds) 430–1
road kill 115, 202
Robinson, Robert 146–7
Rock, Peter 125
Rockcliffe Marsh, Cumbria 183
roosting 41–2, 371
Rosyth, Cumbria 132
Rotterdam, Netherlands 23
Royal Albert Memorial Museum, Exeter 310, 352
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) 370
advice on urban nesting gulls 403
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) 370, 419
advice on urban nesting gulls 402
culling 131, 401
origins 419
Royle, Nick 424
Russia
Common Gulls 106, 108, 109, 112
Great Black-backed Gulls 211, 213, 227
Herring Gulls 12, 121, 130, 161, 164, 313, 363
Kittiwakes 284, 289
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 191, 192, 203
rare visitors from 314, 352, 363
see also Siberia
St Abbs Head, Scotland 251, 270–1
St Aldheim’s Head, Dorset 276
St Leonards Pier, Sussex 379
Salomonsen, Finn 326
salt excretion 40
Saltholme reserve, Co. Durham 56
sand dunes 49, 71, 238
sandeels 223, 269, 289–90, 293, 431–2
Sands of Forvie see Ythan Estuary
Sangster, George 190
satellite tracking 365
Saudi Arabia 352
Saunders, David 370
Scandinavia
Common Gulls 106, 109
Great Black-backed Gulls 213, 227
Herring Gulls 12, 18, 121, 130, 134, 161, 163, 164, 170, 213, 313, 348, 349, 401
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 191, 199
White-tailed Eagles 25
see also individual countries
Scarborough, Yorkshire 401
Schiøler, Eiler L. 189
Scilly Isles 214, 276, 415
Scotland
Black-headed Gulls 48, 50, 51, 55, 58, 70, 89, 390
Common Gulls 106, 108, 109–10, 113, 389
Great Black-backed Gulls 211, 214, 215, 222, 225, 229, 389
Herring Gulls 126, 131, 132, 160, 161, 163–4, 379, 391, 392, 398
Kittiwakes 235, 238, 243–4, 250–1, 252, 280, 286, 370
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 183, 184, 186, 189, 196, 202, 381, 393
Mediterranean Gulls 93
see also Hebrides; Isle of May; Orkney; Shetland
Scott, Sir Peter 361
Scottish Natural Heritage 125, 412, 415 see also Nature Conservancy Council
Scoulton Mere, Norfolk 58
Sea Birds Preservation Act (1869) 418–19
Seabird Colony Register, UK 50, 51, 59, 60
Seabird Group 370
Seabird Monitoring Programme (JNCC)
Seabirds (New Naturalist 28) 235
The Seabirds of Britain and Ireland (Cramp et al.) 370
Seaham Harbour, Co. Durham 387
seals 126, 219, 223, 314
Seamew Crag, Windermere 71
Second World War 59, 379
Sellers, Robin 71
Senegal 331
senility 87
Serbia 99
Severn Estuary Gull Group 204
sewage
outfalls 79, 83, 116, 117, 423
treatment 116, 117
sexes, differences between 15–18
sexing 17–18, 365–8
shearwaters 211, 219–20, 358, 429
sheep 219
Shetland, Scotland 106, 164, 184, 211, 221, 222, 269, 276, 293, 317, 320, 324, 370, 379, 431
Shiant Isles, Outer Hebrides 415
shopping complexes 1, 45, 342, 394
shotguns 126, 355, 416
Shrubb, Michael 46
Siberia 109, 192, 232, 302–3, 305, 306, 316, 329, 353
silage production 79, 86, 203
size variation
between species 13–14, 17
within species 14–17
Skokholm, Wales 24, 125, 155, 200, 211, 217, 220, 229
Skomer, Wales
culling 132, 183, 211, 220
Great Black-backed Gulls 211, 217, 219–20, 221, 228–9
Herring Gulls 24, 132, 147, 155, 395
Kittiwakes 271, 272, 276, 284, 432
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 24, 193, 206, 207
skuas 2, 16, 25, 126, 222, 269, 286, 418, 419, 427
slurry 116
Smith, Neil 327
Smith, Wez 96
Snowdon, Wales 35
soaring 35
Society for the Protection of Birds 419 see also Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)
Solway marshes, England 406
South Africa 331
South America 338, 339, 354
South Shields, Tyne and Wear 157, 160, 391, 392, 395, 396–7
Southampton Island, Canada 325, 327
Southern, Henry (‘Mick’) 369
Spaans, Arie 125
Spain
Black-headed Gulls 44
Great Black-backed Gulls 217
Herring Gulls 129, 156, 159
Kittiwakes 235
Lesser Black-backed Gulls 181, 190, 196
Mediterranean Gulls 93, 99, 101
rare gulls 306, 310, 328, 340–1, 345, 349, 350, 354, 373
Yellow-legged Gulls 297, 390
Special Protection Areas (SPAs) 129, 243, 244, 276, 434
speciation 4, 7
species
number, Britain and Ireland 8
number, variation with latitude 5–7
number, worldwide 4–5
plumage variation within 2–3, 20–1
size variation between 13–14, 17
size variation within 14–17
see also subspecies
The Spectator 58
Spencer, Robert 358
spikes, nest prevention 383, 384, 408
Spitsbergen 289, 314, 342
sports fields 1, 45, 82, 83, 334
Staithes, Yorkshire 379, 391
Stanford, Norfolk 58
Stanley, Peter 125
status, Britain and Ireland species 9, 431–7
The Status of Seabirds in Britain and Ireland (Lloyd et al.) 370
sterilisation 410
Stewart, Peter 204
Straight Point, Devon 276
subspecies 2–3, 4, 5, 12, 108–9, 189–92, 232, 324, 326–7, 348, 353
Suffolk 106, 305
Sunbiggin Tarn, Cumbria 53–4
Sunderland, Tyne and Wear 157, 160, 391, 395, 397–8
survival rates 12–13
Sussex 298, 299, 334, 361, 352
Sutcliffe, S. J. 125
Sutton, G. M. 327
Svalbard 211, 318, 322
Svensson, Lars 311
Swansea Bay, Wales 341
Sweden 66, 93, 109, 112, 190, 238, 305 see also Scandinavia
Switzerland 106
Sykes, Christopher 418
tagging, wing 364
Taiwan 353
Tapper, Stephen 48
Tarnbrook Fell, Lancashire 193, 194, 202, 421
gull control 132, 183, 184, 211, 409, 420, 421–6
Taverner, Percy 326
taxonomy 2–3, 8, 10
Tay, Firth of 303
Teesdale, Upper see Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve
Teesmouth 82, 323
Tegetmeier, William 417
telescopes 355–6
terns 2, 34, 38
conservation concern 428
human exploitation 416
variation of species number with latitude 6–7
see also under individual species
Thames, river 45
thermals 35
Thomas, Callum 125
Tinbergen, Niko 3, 52, 124
Tittensor, Ruth 58
Toronto, Canada 374
Torquay, Devon 379
Torrey Canyon, SS 370
Torrey Canyon Appeal Fund 370
Towan Head, Cornwall 276
tracking systems
Global Positioning System (GPS) tags 365
light-level geolocators 364
radio-telemetry 364
satellite 365
Tristram, Canon Henry 417
Turkestan 352
Turkey 349, 350
Turner, Daniel 386
‘twitchers’ 436
Tyne Bridge 383–4, 386, 387
Tyne, river
Common Gulls feeding along 117–18
Kittiwake colonies 246, 273–4, 276, 287–8, 289, 383–9
see also North Shields; South Shields
Tynemouth, Tyne and Wear 82, 385
UK Seabird Colony Register 50, 51, 59, 60
Ukraine 99, 281
United Utilities plc 421
Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve, Co. Durham 59, 60
urban nesting
censuses 370–1, 372, 380–1
control 373, 407–14
control, history of 399–407
control, limitations to 410–11, 426
history of, Britain 374–7, 379
problems caused by 1, 168, 379, 396–9
sites 390–2
sites, attraction to gulls 392–6
species, Britain and Ireland 378–90
see also under individual species
USA 2, 129, 147, 181, 211, 225, 323, 337, 344, 374, 395
vagrants 8, 9, 309, 352, 353, 429, 430, 436
van Dijk, Klaas 87
Vaurie, Charles 308, 346
Vendée, France 332
Venezuela 332
Verbeek, Nicolaas 125
Vernon, J. D. R. 115
Vinicombe, Keith 345
Voesten, Rob 87
Volga River 352
Vologda, Russia 109
von Blotzheim, Urs Glutz 229
Wadden Sea, North Sea 202
waders 2, 67, 78, 80, 116, 202, 425, 435
Wales
Black-headed Gulls 50, 51, 70, 89
Common Gulls 106
Great Black-backed Gulls 211, 213, 214, 235, 389
Herring Gulls 126, 132, 160, 161, 379, 395
Kittiwakes 235, 243, 252
Lesser Black-backed Gull 183, 186, 188–9, 380, 382
Mediterranean Gull 93, 101
rare gulls 303, 305, 341, 343, 436
see also Skokholm; Skomer
walking 34–5
Walney Island, Cumbria 125, 141–2, 147, 183, 196, 200
Walpole-Bond, H. 352
water contamination 421, 422–4 see also botulism
Waterford, County 379
waterfowl 38
Watership Down (Adams) 45
Wear, river 45
weight
variation between sexes 15–16
variation between species 13–14
West Midlands
Caspian Gulls 348–9
Glaucous Gulls 320–2
Herring Gulls 161, 163
Kittiwakes 277–8
Iceland Gulls 324–5
Little Gulls 306, 307
Mediterranean Gulls 93–4
Yellow-legged Gulls 298, 299
West Pier, Brighton 379
West Riding, Yorkshire 418
Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex 341
Wexford, County 93, 353
Whitby, Yorkshire 168, 379, 391, 401
White, Edward 27
White Sea, Siberia 112, 192, 200
Wildfowl Trust 361
Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 402
Wildlife (Northern Ireland) Order 1985 402
wind
farms, offshore 203, 204
strength and feeding behaviour 225–6, 285–7
wing
adaptation to flight over water 35
length, difference between sexes 15–16
‘mirrors’ 1, 103, 104, 105, 111, 121, 295–6, 313, 328, 334, 337, 354
tags, patagial 364
Winsper, Jim 383
Wisconsin, USA 303
Witherby, Harry 190, 355, 356
wrecks 278, 279, 280, 331–2
Wynne-Edwards, Vero 281
Yesou, Pierre 331–2
Yorkshire 60, 108, 305, 317
Ythan Estuary (Sands of Forvie), Scotland 55
Ytreberg, Nils 75
Zeebrugge, Belgium 194