- “Accessories, Backgrounds, Drapery, and Hair.” Photographic Times and American Photographer 9, no. 102 (December 1879): 275.
- Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women: A Story for Girls. London: Religious Tract Society, 1912.
- Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women: or, Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1880.
- Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women: or, Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1890.
- Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women: or, Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. Boston: Little, Brown, 1896.
- Alcott, Louisa May. Little Women: or, Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy. Boston: Little, Brown, 1918.
- Alexander, Leslie M., and Walter C. Rucker. Encyclopedia of African American History. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2010.
- Almila, Anna-Mari. “What Is ‘Space’ for Dress? Theoretical Considerations of a Spatial Turn for Fashion Studies.” International Journal of Fashion Studies 8, no. 1 (April 2021): 7–23.
- “A Modern Masquerade.” Munsey’s Magazine, April–September 1897, 195–196.
- Alpert, Arlene, Margrit Altenburg, Diane Carol Bailey, Letha Barnes, and Lisha Barnes. Milady’s Standard Cosmetology. Boston: Cengage Learning, 2007.
- Andrews, Eliza Frances. Diary, 1870–1872, August 15, 1870. Andrews Family Papers, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Special Collections, MS-004-02-08.
- Andrews, Eliza Frances. The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864–1865. Edited by Spencer B. King Jr. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1908.
- Arabindan-Kesson, Anna. Black Bodies, White Gold: Art, Cotton, and Commerce in the Atlantic World. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2021.
- Arabindan-Kesson, Anna. “Dressed Up and Laying Bare: Fashion in the Shadow of the Market.” Vestoj 9 (undated): unpaginated.
- Arnold, C. D., and H. D. Higinbotham. Official Views of the World’s Columbian Exposition. Chicago: Press Chicago Photo-gravure Co., 1893.
- “Austria on Display at the Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893: A Collection of Sources.” Journal of Austrian-American History 1, no. 2 (2017): 117–127.
- Bacon, Ellen D. “Hair.” In Report of the Committee on Awards of the World’s Columbian Commission. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1901.
- Baldwin, Davarian L. Chicago’s New Negroes: Modernity, the Great Migration, and Black Urban Life. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
- Bashor, Will. Marie Antoinette’s Head: The Royal Hairdresser, the Queen, and the Revolution. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2013.
- Bastos, Cristiana, Andre Novoa, and Noel B. Salazar. “Mobile Labour: An Introduction.” Mobilities 16, no. 2 (March 4, 2021): 155–163.
- Bay, Mia. To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010.
- Bay, Mia. Traveling Black: A Story of Race and Resistance. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2021.
- Beaton, Cecil. The Glass of Fashion. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1954.
- The Bicycle Rest. Vogue, March 12, 1896, 190–191 (illus.).
- Biddle-Perry, Geraldine, ed. A Cultural History of Hair. 6 vols. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019.
- Biddle-Perry, Geraldine, and Sarah Cheang, eds. Hair: Styling, Culture and Fashion. Oxford: Berg, 2008.
- Blatt, Martin Henry, Donald Yacovone, and Thomas J. Brown, eds. Hope and Glory: Essays on the Legacy of the Fifty-Fourth Massachusetts Regiment. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2001.
- Block, Elizabeth L. Dressing Up: The Women Who Influenced French Fashion. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2021.
- Block, Elizabeth L. “Winslow Homer and Women’s Bathing Practices in Eagle Head, Manchester, Massachusetts (High Tide).” American Art 32, no. 2 (June 2018): 100–115.
- Block, Sharon. Colonial Complexions: Race and Bodies in Eighteenth-Century America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018.
- Boggis, JerriAnne, Eve Allegra Raimon, and Barbara A. White, eds. Harriet Wilson’s New England: Race, Writing, and Region. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire Press and Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 2007.
- Bogin, Ruth. “Sarah Parker Remond: Black Abolitionist from Salem.” Essex Institute Historical Collections 110, no. 22 (April 1974): 120–150.
- Bolotin, Norm, and Christine Laing. The World’s Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World’s Fair of 1893. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2002.
- Bouis, Aimé. “Cheveux et postiches.” Le livre d’or de Marseille, de son commerce et de ses industries. Marseille: A. Ged, 1907.
- Bowles, Juliette. “Natural Hair Styling: A Symbol and Function of African-American Women’s Self-Creation.” Master’s thesis, College of William and Mary, 1990.
- Boyd’s Business Directory of the State of Maryland. Washington, DC: William H. Boyd, 1875.
- Boyle, Rachel. “Types and Beauties: Evaluating and Exoticizing Women on the Midway Plaisance at the 1893 Columbian Exposition.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 108, no. 1 (2015): 10–31.
- Bragdon, May. May Bragdon Diaries. Rare Books, Special Collections and Preservation, Rush Rhees Library, University of Rochester. https://maybragdon.lib.rochester.edu/about.
- Brevik-Zender, Heidi. Fashioning Spaces: Mode and Modernity in Late-Nineteenth-Century Paris. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015.
- Bridgeford, Frank C. Barber Instructor and Toilet Manual. Kansas City, MO: Frank C. Bridgeford, 1900.
- Briggs, Emily Edson. The Olivia Letters. New York: Neale Publishing Co., 1906.
- Bristol Jr., Douglas Walter. Knights of the Razor: Black Barbers in Slavery and Freedom. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
- Brodsky, Judith K., and Ferris Olin. Junctures in Women’s Leadership: The Arts. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2018.
- Brown, Julie K. “Missing Persons: Identity Photography and Workers at the 1893 Chicago World’s Columbian Exposition.” History of Photography 44, no. 1 (November 2020): 36–49.
- Brown, William Wells. The Black Man: His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Achievements. New York: Thomas Hamilton, 1863.
- Browne, Peter A. The Classification of Mankind, by the Hair and Wool of Their Heads: With the Nomenclature of Human Hybrids. Philadelphia: J. H. Jones, 1852.
- Browne, Peter A. Trichologia Mammalium; or, A Treatise on the Organization, Properties and Uses of Hair and Wool Together with an Essay upon the Raising and Breeding of Sheep. Philadelphia: J. H. Jones, 1853.
- Buel, J. W. The Magic City: A Massive Portfolio of Original Photographic Views of the Great World’s Fair and Its Treasures of Art, Including a Vivid Representation of the Famous Midway Plaisance. St. Louis, MO: Historical Publishing Co., 1894.
- Bundles, A’Lelia Perry. On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker. New York: Scribner, 2001.
- Byrd, Ayana D., and Lori Tharps. Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2014. First published 2001.
- Calvert, Karin. “The Function of Fashion in Eighteenth-Century America.” In Of Consuming Interests: The Style of Life in the Eighteenth Century, edited by Cary Carson, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, 263–270. Charlottesville: Published for the United States Capitol Historical Society by the University Press of Virginia, 1994.
- Camp, Stephanie M. H. Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
- Campbell, John. Negro-Mania: Being an Examination of the Falsely Assumed Equality of the Various Races of Men. Philadelphia: Campbell & Powers, 1851.
- Campbell, Mark. Self-Instructor in the Art of Hair Work: Dressing Hair, Making Curls, Switches, Braids, and Hair Jewelry of Every Description. New York: M. Campbell, 1867.
- Carpenter, Frank G. Carp’s Washington. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1960.
- Carson, Cary, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, eds. Of Consuming Interests: The Style of Life in the Eighteenth Century. Charlottesville: Published for the United States Capitol Historical Society by the University Press of Virginia, 1994.
- Catalogue of Tiffany & Co’s Exhibit. New York: Tiffany & Co., 1893.
- Chadwick, F., J. Kelley, Ridgely Hunt, John H. Gould, William H. Rideing, and A. E. Seaton. Ocean Steamships: A Popular Account of Their Construction, Development, Management and Appliances. New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1891.
- Cheang, Sarah. “Roots: Hair and Race.” In Hair: Styling, Culture and Fashion, edited by Geraldine Biddle-Perry and Sarah, 27–42. Oxford: Berg, 2008.
- Cheang, Sarah, and Geraldine Biddle-Perry. “Conclusion: Hair and Human Identity.” In Hair: Styling, Culture and Fashion, edited by Geraldine Biddle-Perry and Sarah Cheang, 252. Oxford: Berg, 2008.
- Chrisman-Campbell, Kimberly. Fashion Victims: Dress at the Court of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.
- Clark, Jessica P. The Business of Beauty: Gender and the Body in Modern London. London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2020.
- Cobb, Jasmine Nichole. New Growth: The Art and Texture of Black Hair. The Visual Arts of Africa and Its Diasporas. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2022.
- Cobb, Jasmine Nichole. Picture Freedom: Remaking Black Visuality in the Early Nineteenth Century. America and the Long Nineteenth Century. New York: New York University Press, 2015.
- Cocuzza, Dominique. “Stella Blum Grant Report: The Dress of Free Women of Color in New Orleans, 1780–1840.” Dress 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 78–87.
- Cole, George S. A Complete Dictionary of Dry Goods and History of Silk, Cotton, Linen, Wool and Other Fibrous Substances. Chicago: W. B. Conkey Co., 1892.
- Collins, Tracy J. R. “Athletic Fashion, ‘Punch,’ and the Creation of the New Woman.” Victorian Periodicals Review 43, no. 3 (2010): 309–335.
- “Combing Cape.” Godey’s Lady’s Book, August 1890, 168.
- “The Coming Bleach.” Scientific American 44, no. 20, May 14, 1881, 314.
- Connolly, Brian, and Marisa Fuentes. “Introduction: From Archives of Slavery to Liberated Futures?” History of the Present 6, no. 2 (2016): 105–116.
- Contrelli, Addie L. Addie L. Contrelli Letters, 1883–1884. The Newberry Library, Chicago.
- Cooke, Maud C. Social Life: or, The Manners and Customs of Polite Society, Containing the Rules of Etiquette for All Occasions. Philadelphia: Co-operative Publishing Co., 1896.
- Corson, Richard. Fashions in Hair: The First Five Thousand Years. 6th ed. London: P. Owen, 1980. First published 1965 by Hastings House (New York).
- Cowie, Helen. Victims of Fashion: Animal Commodities in Victorian Britain. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
- Cox, Caroline. Good Hair Days: A History of British Hairstyling. London: Quartet Books, 1999.
- Creer, Edwin, and Alfred M. Sutton. Boardwork; or, The Art of Wigmaking. London: R. Hovenden, 1903.
- Crenshaw, Kimberlé. Defending the C.R.O.W.N.: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Nappyness, Intersectionality Matters with Kimberlé Crenshaw. Podcast. https://soundcloud.com/intersectionality-matters/ep-7-defending-the-crown-life-liberty-and-the-pursuit-of-nappyness.
- Crewe, Louise. The Geographies of Fashion: Consumption, Space, and Value. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2017.
- Cross, Louisa. “Fashionable Hair in the Eighteenth Century: Theatricality and Display.” In Hair: Styling, Culture and Fashion, edited by Geraldine Biddle-Perry and Sarah Cheang, 15–26. Oxford: Berg, 2008.
- Cruse, Jen. The Comb: Its History and Development a Book by Jen Cruse. London: Robert Hale & Co., 2007.
- “Current Notes.” Lippincott’s Monthly Magazine, November 1890, 727.
- “The Dangers of Hairdressing.” The Hospital: A Journal of the Medical Sciences and Hospital Administration 22, no. 566 (July 31, 1897): 295–296.
- Dash, Paul. “Black Hair Culture, Politics and Change.” International Journal of Inclusive Education 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 27–37.
- de Aguirre, Gertrude G. Women in the Business World; or, Hints and Helps to Prosperity. Boston: Arena Publishing Co., 1894.
- Dean, Teresa. White City Chips. Chicago: Warren Publishing Co., 1895.
- Doggett’s New-York City Directory. New York: J. Doggett Jr., 1845/1846.
- Dudden, Faye E. Serving Women: Household Service in Nineteenth-Century America. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press; Scranton, PA: distributed by Harper & Row, 1983.
- Eagle, Mary Kavanaugh Oldham, ed. The Congress of Women Held in the Woman’s Building, World Columbian Exposition, Chicago, U.S.A., 1893 with Portraits, Biographies, and Addresses. Philadelphia: S. I. Bell, 1894.
- Ellington, Tameka N., ed. Black Hair in a White World. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2023.
- Ellington, Tameka N., Joseph L. Underwood, Sarah Rogers-Lafferty, eds. Textures: The History and Art of Black Hair. Kent, OH: Kent State University Museum, 2020.
- Ellis, Clifton, and Rebecca Ginsburg, eds. Cabin, Quarter, Plantation: Architecture and Landscapes of North American Slavery. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
- Etiquette for Americans by a Woman of Fashion. Chicago: H. S. Stone and Co., 1898.
- “False Hair, and Where It Comes From.” Godey’s Lady’s Book and Magazine, June 1866, 508–510.
- Faulconbridge, James, and Allison Hui. “Traces of a Mobile Field: Ten Years of Mobilities Research.” Mobilities 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 5.
- Federal Writers’ Project: Slave Narrative Project. Manuscript/Mixed Material, Library of Congress, 1936–1938.
- Festa, Lynn. “Fashion and Adornment.” In A Cultural History of Hair in the Age of Enlightenment, edited by Margaret K. Powell and Joseph Roach. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019.
- Festa, Lynn. “Personal Effects: Wigs and Possessive Individualism in the Long Eighteenth Century.” Eighteenth-Century Life 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 47–90.
- “A Few Objections to the Use of False Hair.” Manufacturer and Builder: A Practical Journal, 1873, 163.
- “A Few Words with Our Correspondents.” Godey’s Lady’s Book, October 1864, 354.
- Fineman, Mia. Faking It: Manipulated Photography before Photoshop. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, distributed by Yale University Press, 2012.
- Flinn, John Joseph. The Best Things to Be Seen at the World’s Fair. Chicago: Columbian Guide Co., 1893.
- Flinn, John Joseph. Official Guide to Midway Plaisance. Chicago: Columbian Guide Co., 1893.
- Florek, Olivia Gruber. “‘I Am a Slave to My Hair’: Empress Elisabeth of Austria, Fetishism, and Nineteenth-Century Austrian Sexuality.” Modern Austrian Literature 42, no. 2 (June 2009): 1–15.
- Foreman, P. Gabrielle. “Recovered Autobiographies and the Marketplace: Our Nig’s Generic Genealogies and Harriet Wilson’s Entrepreneurial Enterprise.” In Harriet Wilson’s New England: Race, Writing, and Region, edited by JerriAnne Boggis, Eve Allegra Raimon, and Barbara A. White. Durham, NH: University of New Hampshire Press and Hanover: Published by University Press of New England, 2007.
- Fort, Bernadette, ed. “Hair.” Special issue, Eighteenth-Century Studies 38, no. 1 (Fall 2004).
- Foster, Helen Bradley. “New Raiments of Self”: African American Clothing in the Antebellum South. Oxford: Berg, 1997.
- Foucault, Michel. Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–78. Edited by Michel Senellart. Translated by Graham Burchell. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
- Fox-Amato, Matthew. Exposing Slavery: Photography, Human Bondage, and the Birth of Modern Visual Politics in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.
- Freeman, Martin H. “The Educational Wants of the Free Colored People.” Anglo-African Magazine 1, no. 1, January 1859, 116–117.
- Galke, Laura J. “Tressed for Success: Male Hair Care and Wig Hair Curlers at George Washington’s Childhood Home.” Winterthur Portfolio 52, no. 2/3 (June 1, 2018): 85–135.
- Géniaux, Charles. “The Human Hair Harvest in Brittany.” Wide World Magazine, February 1900, 430–436.
- Gilfoyle, Timothy J. “White Cities, Linguistic Turns, and Disneylands: The New Paradigms of Urban History.” Reviews in American History 26, no. 1 (1998): 175–204.
- Gill, Tiffany M. Beauty Shop Politics: African American Women’s Activism in the Beauty Industry. Women in American History. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2010.
- Gitter, Elisabeth G. “The Power of Women’s Hair in the Victorian Imagination.” Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 99, no. 5 (October 1984): 936–954.
- Goncourt, Edmond de, and Jules de Goncourt. Journal: Mémoires de la vie littéraire. Vol. 4. Paris: Fasquelle, Flammarion, 1956.
- Gonzalez, Aston. Visualizing Equality: African American Rights and Visual Culture in the Nineteenth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.
- Graham, Lawrence. The Senator and the Socialite: The True Story of America’s First Black Dynasty. New York: Harper Perennial, 2007.
- Greenhalgh, Paul. Ephemeral Vistas: The Expositions Universelles, Great Exhibitions, and World’s Fairs, 1851–1939. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1988.
- Greenwood, James. In Strange Company; Being the Experiences of a Roving Correspondent. London: Henry S. King & Co., 1873.
- Grier, Katherine C. Culture and Comfort: Parlor Making and Middle-Class Identity, 1850–1930. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997.
- Guroff, Margaret. The Mechanical Horse: How the Bicycle Reshaped American Life. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2016.
- Gustav Knecht Manufacturing Co. Price List and Barbers’ Reference Book of Gust. Knecht M’f’g Co. Chicago: Goes & Quensel, 1888–1889.
- “The Hair.” Scientific American, April 3, 1852, 229.
- “Hairdressing.” Vogue, June 22, 1899, ii.
- Hannam, Kevin, Mimi Sheller, and John Urry. “Editorial: Mobilities, Immobilities and Moorings.” Mobilities 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 1–22.
- Hanson, John Wesley. Etiquette and Bicycling, for 1896. Chicago: American Publishing House, 1896.
- Harris, Juliette. “Hair and Hairstyles.” In World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States, edited by Martha B. Katz-Hyman and Kym S. Rice, 265–271. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2011.
- Harris, Juliette, and Pamela Johnson, eds. Tenderheaded: A Comb-Bending Collection of Hair Stories. New York: Pocket Books, 2001.
- Hartley, Florence. The Ladies’ Book of Etiquette, and Manual of Politeness. Boston: G. W. Cottrell, 1860.
- Hartman, Saidiya. “Venus in Two Acts.” Small Axe 26 (June 2008): 1–14.
- Haulman, Kate. The Politics of Fashion in Eighteenth-Century America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
- Heath, Barbara. “Space and Place within Plantation Quarters in Virginia, 1700–1825.” In Cabin, Quarter, Plantation: Architecture and Landscapes of North American Slavery, edited by Clifton Ellis and Rebecca Ginsburg, 157–176. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
- Heaton, Sarah, ed. A Cultural History of Hair in the Age of Empire. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019.
- Herzig, Rebecca M. Plucked: A History of Hair Removal. New York: New York University Press, 2015.
- Hiltebeitel, Alf, and Barbara D. Miller, eds. Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
- Holland, Juanita. “‘Co-Workers in the Kingdom of Culture’: Edward Mitchell Bannister and the Boston Community of African-American Artists, 1848–1901.” PhD diss., Columbia University, 1998.
- Holliday, Ruth, and John Hassard, eds. Contested Bodies. London: Routledge, 2001.
- Hubert Jr., Philip G., et al. The Woman’s Book, Dealing Practically with the Modern Conditions of Home-Life, Self-Support, Education, Opportunities, and Every-Day Problems. 2 vols. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1894.
- Huggett, Renée. Hair-Styles and Head Dresses. London: Batsford Academic and Educational, 1982.
- “Human Hair.” Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature 29, no. 2, June 1853, 207.
- “Human Hair—A Trade and Its Tricks.” Phrenological Journal and Science of Health (June 1873): 56.
- “The Human Hair Industry in Paris.” Scientific American, April 28, 1894, 259.
- “Ingersoll’s Mechanical Brush.” Scientific American, June 15, 1861, 384.
- Ives, Halsey Cooley. The Government Collection of Original Views of the World’s Columbian Exposition. Chicago: Preston Publishing Co., 1895.
- Jabour, Anya. “How Bicycles Liberated Women in Victorian America.” Commonplace. Accessed May 10, 2022.
- Jacobs, Harriet A. Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. Boston: Published for the author, 1861.
- Jenks, Tudor. The Century World’s Fair Book for Boys and Girls; Being the Adventures of Harry and Philip with Their Tutor, Mr. Douglass, at the World’s Columbian Exposition. New York: Century Co., 1893.
- Johnson, Carolyn Schiller. “Public Anthropology ‘at the Fair’: 1893 Origins, 21st-Century Opportunities.” American Anthropologist 113, no. 4 (2011): 644–646.
- Johnson, Tabora A., and Teiahsha Bankhead. “Hair It Is: Examining the Experiences of Black Women with Natural Hair.” Open Journal of Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (January 2014): 86–100.
- Jolly, Penny Howell. Hair: Untangling a Social History. Saratoga Springs, NY: Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery at Skidmore College, 2004.
- Jones, L. Howard. The Barbers’ Manual. McComb, OH: Gospel Way and Food Print, 1898.
- Jones-Rogers, Stephanie E. They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019).
- Jungnickel, Kat. Bikes and Bloomers: Victorian Women Inventors and Their Extraordinary Cycle Wear. London: Goldsmiths Press, 2018.
- Kahn, Eve M. Forever Seeing New Beauties: The Forgotten Impressionist Mary Rogers Williams, 1857–1907. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2019.
- Katz-Hyman, Martha B., and Kym S. Rice, eds. World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States. Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood, 2011.
- Keckley, Elizabeth. Behind the Scenes: or, Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House. New York: G. W. Carleton & Co., 1868.
- Kemble, Frances Ann. Further Records 1848–1883: A Series of Letters by Frances Ann Kemble. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1891.
- Kemble, Frances Ann. Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–39. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1863.
- Kemble, Frances Ann. Records of a Girlhood. 2nd ed. New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1883, 132.
- Kitch, Carolyn L. The Girl on the Magazine Cover: The Origins of Visual Stereotypes in American Mass Media. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
- Knowles, Katie. “The Fabric of Fast Fashion: Enslaved Wearers and Makers as Designers in the American Fashion System.” In Black Designers in American Fashion, edited by Elizabeth Way, 13–28. London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2021.
- Kochs, Theodore A. Price List and Barbers’ Purchasing Guide of Barbers’ Chairs, Furniture, And Barbers’ Supplies. Chicago: Skeen & Stuart Stationery Co., 1884.
- Kwass, Michael. “Big Hair: A Wig History of Consumption in Eighteenth-Century France.” American Historical Review 111, no. 3 (2006): 631–659.
- “Ladies’ and Children’s Wear Street and House Suits.” Harper’s Bazaar, November 15, 1873, 728–729.
- The Ladies Guide and City Directory for Shopping, Travel, Amusements, etc., in the City of New York. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1885.
- Lancaster, Jane. “At Long Last, a Tribute to Bannister.” Providence Journal, G1, 8, 2002.
- Lancaster, Jane. “I Would Have Made Out Very Poorly Had It Not Been for Her.” Rhode Island History 59, no. 4 (2001): 107.
- Ledger, Sally. “The New Woman and Feminist Fictions.” In The Cambridge Companion to the Fin de Siècle, edited by Gail Marshall, 153–168. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
- Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1991.
- Leonard, Charles Henri. The Hair: Its Growth, Care, Diseases and Treatment. Detroit: C. Henri Leonard, Medical Book Publisher, 1881.
- Logan, Mrs. John A. The Home Manual: Everybody’s Guide in Social, Domestic and Business Life. Philadelphia: Standard Publishing Co., 1889.
- Loring, John. Tiffany Jewels. New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1999.
- Low, Lyman H. “Hard Times Tokens.” American Journal of Numismatics (July 1899): 20.
- Low, Setha M. “Spatializing Culture: An Engaged Anthropological Approach to Space and Place.” In The People, Space and Place Reader, edited by Jen Jack Gieseking, William Mangold, Cindi Katz, Setha Low, and Susan Saegert, 34–38. London: Routledge, 2014.
- Low, Setha M. Spatializing Culture: The Ethnography of Space and Place. London: Routledge, 2017.
- Lowry, Beverly. Her Dream of Dreams: The Rise and Triumph of Madam C. J. Walker. New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2011.
- Macfadden, Bernarr. Macfadden’s New Hair Culture: Rational, Natural Methods for Cultivating Strength and Luxuriance of the Hair. New York: Physical Culture Publishing Co., 1899.
- Mahawatte, Royce. “Hair and Fashioned Femininity in Two Nineteenth-Century Novels.” In Hair: Styling, Culture and Fashion, edited by Geraldine Biddle-Perry and Sarah Cheang, 193–204. Oxford: Berg, 2008.
- The Manners That Win. Minneapolis, MN: Buckeye Publishing Co., 1886.
- Marks, Patricia. Bicycles, Bangs, and Bloomers: The New Woman in the Popular Press. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990.
- Martin, Morag. Selling Beauty: Cosmetics, Commerce, and French Society, 1750–1830. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
- Marzel, Shoshana-Rose, and Guy D. Stiebel, eds. Dress and Ideology: Fashioning Identity from Antiquity to the Present. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2014.
- McCabe, James Dabney. Lights and Shadows of New York Life; or, The Sights and Sensations of the Great City. A Work Descriptive of the City of New York in All Its Various Phases . . . Philadelphia: National Publishing Co., 1872.
- McCaskill, Barbara, and Caroline Gebhard, eds. Post-Bellum, Pre-Harlem: African American Literature and Culture, 1877–1919. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
- McCluskey, John. “Journey to Frederick Douglass’s Chicago Jubilee: Colored American Day, August 25, 1893.” In Roots of the Black Chicago Renaissance: New Negro Writers, Artists, and Intellectuals, 1893–1930, edited by Richard A Courage and Christopher Robert Reed, 42–56. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2021.
- McNeil, Peter. “Ideology, Fashion and the Darlys’ ‘Macaroni’ Prints.” In Dress and Ideology: Fashioning Identity from Antiquity to the Present, edited by Shoshana-Rose Marzel and Guy D. Stiebel, 111–136. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
- Mellinkoff, Ruth. “Judas’s Red Hair and the Jews.” Journal of Jewish Art 9 (1982): 31–46.
- “Mercantile Miscellanies: Economy and Liberality.” Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial Review 48, no. 3 (March 1, 1863): 267.
- Mercer, Kobena. “‘Black Hair/Style Politics.’” In Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures, edited by Russell Ferguson, Martha Gere, Trinh T. Minh-ha, and Cornel West, 247–264. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990.
- Meyer, Ferdinand Meyer, V. “The Amazing 7 Sutherland Sisters.” Peachridge Glass, February 10, 2013. https://www.peachridgeglass.com/2013/02/the-amazing-7-sutherland-sisters.
- Miller, Annie Jenness. Physical Beauty: How to Obtain and How to Preserve It. New York: C. L. Webster & Co., 1892.
- Mills, Quincy T. Cutting along the Color Line: Black Barbers and Barber Shops in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
- Mitchell, Dolores. “The ‘New Woman’ as Prometheus: Women Artists Depict Women Smoking.” Woman’s Art Journal 12, no. 1 (Spring/Summer 1991): 3–9.
- “The Modern Juggernaut.” Christian Union 36, no. 24, December 15, 1887, 667.
- “A Modern Masquerade,” Munsey’s Magazine, April–September 1897.
- Moler, Arthur Bass. The Manual on Barbering, Hairdressing, Manicuring, Facial Massage, Electrolysis and Chiropody as Taught in the Moler System of Colleges. New York: Arthur Bass Moler, 1906.
- Morgan, Jennifer L. Reckoning with Slavery: Gender, Kinship, and Capitalism in the Early Black Atlantic. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2021.
- Murphy, Richard J. Authentic Visitors’ Guide to the World’s Columbian Exposition and Chicago. Chicago: Union News Co., 1893.
- Musher, Sharon Ann. “The Other Slave Narratives: The Works Progress Administration Interviews.” In The Oxford Handbook of the African American Slave Narrative, edited by John Ernest, 101–118. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
- Myzelev, Alla, and John Potvin. Fashion, Interior Design and the Contours of Modern Identity. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2010.
- Nabugodi, Mathelinda. “Afro Hair in the Time of Slavery.” Studies in Romanticism 61, no. 1 (2022): 81–82.
- “The New Woman’s Newest Idea.” American Hairdresser, December 1896: 12.
- Ofek, Galia. Representations of Hair in Victorian Literature and Culture. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2009.
- O’Hagan, Anne. “Behind the Scenes in the Big Stores.” Munsey’s Magazine, January 1900, 528–537.
- O’Leary, Elizabeth L. At Beck and Call: The Representation of Domestic Servants in Nineteenth-Century American Painting. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996.
- Ormond, Richard, and Elaine Kilmurray. John Singer Sargent: The Later Portraits. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
- “Our Paris Letter.” Harper’s Bazar, June 27, 1896, 542.
- Paddon, Anna R., and Sally Turner. “African Americans and the World’s Columbian Exposition.” Illinois Historical Journal 88, no. 1 (1995): 19–36.
- Palmer, Mrs. Potter (Bertha Palmer), et al. Rand, McNally & Co.’s Handbook of the World’s Columbian Exposition. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1893.
- Pastoureau, Michel. Red: The History of a Color. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.
- Peiss, Kathy Lee. Hope in a Jar: The Making of America’s Beauty Culture. New York: Metropolitan Books, 1998.
- Penny, Virginia. The Employments of Women: A Cyclopaedia of Woman’s Work. Boston: Walker, Wise & Co., 1863.
- Peyton, Kate Virginia. “My Blonde Wig.” Peterson’s Magazine, November 1876, 318.
- “Phalon and Son’s Cocoine.” Harper’s Weekly, February 12, 1859, 112.
- “Phalon’s Cocin” (sic). Harper’s Weekly, December 31, 1859, 842.
- “Phalon’s Saloon.” Gleason’s Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion, February 12, 1853, 112.
- Picquet, Louisa, and Hiram Mattison. Louisa Picquet, the Octoroon: or, Inside Views of Southern Domestic Life. New York: Hiram Mattison, 1861.
- Pitman, Joanna. On Blondes. London: Bloomsbury, 2014.
- Plante, Ellen M. Women at Home in Victorian America: A Social History. New York: Facts on File, 1997.
- Plitt, Jane R. Martha Matilda Harper and the American Dream: How One Woman Changed the Face of Modern Business. Writing American Women. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2000.
- Pointon, Marcia R. Hanging the Head: Portraiture and Social Formation in Eighteenth-Century England. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993.
- Pollock, Griselda. Vision and Difference: Femininity, Feminism, and Histories of Art. London: Routledge, 1988.
- “Pomades and Oils.” Scientific American, June 13, 1868, 370.
- Potter, Eliza. A Hairdresser’s Experience in High Life. Cincinnati, OH: Privately printed, 1859.
- Potvin, John, ed. The Places and Spaces of Fashion, 1800–2007. New York: Routledge, 2009.
- Potvin, John. “The Velvet Masquerade: Fashion, Interior Design and the Furnished Body.” In Fashion, Interior Design and the Contours of Modern Identity, edited by Alla Myzelev and John Potvin. Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2010.
- Powell, Margaret K., and Joseph Roach. “Big Hair.” Eighteenth-Century Studies 38, no. 1 (Fall 2004): 79–99.
- Prettyman, Gib. “The Serial Illustrations of A Hazard of New Fortunes.” Resources for American Literary Study 27, no. 2 (2001): 179–195.
- “Professions for Women.” Harper’s Bazar, October 8, 1870, 647.
- Rabinovitch-Fox, Einav. Dressed for Freedom: The Fashionable Politics of American Feminism. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2021.
- Raiford, Leigh. “Ida B. Wells and the Shadow Archive.” In Pictures and Progress: Early Photography and the Making of African American Identity, edited by Maurice O. Wallace and Shawn Michelle Smith. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012.
- Rauser, Amelia. “Hair, Authenticity, and the Self-Made Macaroni.” Eighteenth-Century Studies 38, no. 1 (Fall 2004): 101–117.
- Reed, Christopher Robert. All the World Is Here! The Black Presence at White City. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002.
- Report of the Committee on Awards of the World’s Columbian Commission. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1901.
- Report of the President to the Board of Directors of the World’s Columbian Exposition: Chicago, 1892–1893. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co., 1898.
- Ribeiro, Aileen. Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.
- Ribeiro, Aileen. Facing Beauty: Painted Women and Cosmetic Art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011.
- Rifelj, Carol de Dobay. Coiffures: Hair in Nineteenth-Century French Literature and Culture. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2010.
- Ripley, Eliza. Social Life in Old New Orleans, Being Recollections of My Girlhood. New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1912.
- Ritchie, Andrew. “The League of American Wheelmen, Major Taylor and the ‘Color Question’ in the United States in the 1890s.” Culture, Sport, Society 6, no. 2/3 (June 1, 2003): 13–43.
- Roach, Marion. The Roots of Desire: The Myth, Meaning, and Sexual Power of Red Hair. New York: Bloomsbury, 2005.
- Robins, Anthony W. “Hotel Albert.” http://thehotelalbert.com/photos.html.
- Robinson, William H. From Log Cabin to the Pulpit, or, Fifteen Years in Slavery. Eau Clair, WI: James H. Tifft, 1913.
- Rooks, Noliwe M. “Black Hair, Self-Creation, and the Meaning of Freedom.” In Connecting Afro Futures: Fashion × Hair × Design, edited by Claudia Banz et al. Bielefeld, Germany: Kerber Verlag, 2019.
- Rooks, Noliwe M. Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture, and African American Women. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996.
- Rowland, Alexander. The Human Hair, Popularly and Physiologically Considered with Special Reference to Its Preservation, Improvement and Adornment, and the Various Modes of Its Decoration in All Countries. London: Piper Brothers Co., 1853.
- “Saleswomen’s Appearance.” Dry Goods Economist, November 20, 1909, 44.
- Santamarina, Xiomara. Belabored Professions: Narratives of African American Working Womanhood. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005.
- Schwartz, J. W. “Mrs. L. Shaw.” Printer’s Ink, October 25, 1899: 3–5.
- Sherrow, Victoria. Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006.
- Sheumaker, Helen. Love Entwined: The Curious History of Hairwork in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
- Smith, Kim. “From Style to Place: The Emergence of the Ladies’ Hair Salon in the Twentieth Century.” In Hair: Styling, Culture and Fashion, edited by Geraldine Biddle-Perry and Sarah Cheang, 55–65. Oxford: Berg, 2008.
- Smith, Willard A., ed. World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893: Official Catalogue, Part VII. Transportation Exhibits Building, Annex, Special Building and the Lagoon. Chicago: W. B. Conkey Co., 1893.
- Snook, Edith. “Beautiful Hair, Health, and Privilege in Early Modern England.” Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies 15, no. 4 (Fall 2015): 22–51.
- Snyder, C. S. Decorum: A Practical Treatise on Etiquette and Dress of the Best American Society. Chicago: J. A. Ruth & Co., 1877.
- Spier, K. C. Universal Exposition Paris, 1889: J. C. Conolly’s Illustrated Guide for the Use of English and American Visitors. Liverpool: J. C. Conolly, 1889.
- Square, Jonathan Michael. “Culture, Power, and the Appropriation of Creolized Aesthetics in the Revolutionary French Atlantic.” SX Salon 36 (February 2021). http://smallaxe.net/sxsalon/discussions/culture-power-and-appropriation-creolized-aesthetics-revolutionary-french.
- Square, Jonathan Michael. “Slavery’s Warp, Freedom’s Weft: A Look at the Work of Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Enslaved Fashion Makers and Their Legacies.” In Black Designers in American Fashion, edited by Elizabeth Way. London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2021.
- Stafford, Jonathan. “Home on the Waves: Domesticity and Discomfort Aboard the Overland Route Steamship, 1842–1862.” Mobilities 14, no. 5 (September 3, 2019): 578–595.
- Sterling, Dorothy, ed. We Are Your Sisters: Black Women in the Nineteenth Century. New York: W. W. Norton, 1984.
- Stevens, Walter Barlow. St. Louis, the Fourth City, 1764–1909. Chicago: S. J. Clarke Publishing Co., 1909.
- Stewart, Whitney Nell. “A Protected Place: The Material Culture of Home-Making for Stagville’s Enslaved Residents.” Winterthur Portfolio 54, no. 4 (December 2020): 245–270.
- Stitson, J. R. (pseud. for Joseph Scott Stillwell). The Human Hair, Its Care and Preservation. New York: Maple Publishing Co., 1900.
- Storey, Neil R., and Fiona Kay. Victorian Fashions for Women. Havertown, PA: Pen & Sword History, 2022.
- Streitenberger, Hiram. Streitenberger’s Manual and Barbers’ Hand Book of Formulas. Chillicothe, OH: Hiram Streitenberger, 1887.
- Stroomberg, Harriet. High Heads: Spotprenten Over Haarmode in De Achttiende Eeuw. Enschede: Rijksmuseum Twenthe, 1999.
- “A Sun Bath after a Shampoo with Packer’s Tar Soap.” The Chautauquan 30, October 1899, 107.
- Sutton, Philip. “Maury and the Menu: A Brief History of the Cunard Steamship Company.” New York Public Library Blog, June 30, 2011. https://www.nypl.org/blog/2011/06/30/maury-menu-brief-history-cunard-steamship-company.
- Tarlo, Emma. Entanglement: The Secret Lives of Hair. London: Oneworld Publications, 2016.
- Thaxter, Celia. Letters of Celia Thaxter. Edited by Annie Fields and Rose Lamb. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1895.
- Thompson, Cheryl. “Black Women, Beauty, and Hair as a Matter of Being.” Women’s Studies 38, no. 8 (October 15, 2009): 831–856.
- Thompson, Mrs. C., ed. Mrs. C. Thompson, Importer and Manufacturer of Wigs, Hair Jewelry, Ornamental Hair Work . . . New York: Mrs. C. Thompson, 1883.
- “Thousands Were in Line.” Referee and Cycle Trade Journal 15, no. 5, May 31, 1895, unpaginated.
- Thrift, Nigel. “Space.” Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 2/3 (2006): 139–146.
- “The Trade in Human Hair.” Scientific American, March 27, 1869, 198.
- “Trade Notes.” American Perfumer, (February 1922): 537.
- Truman, Benjamin Cummings. History of the World’s Fair, Being a Complete and Authentic Description of the Columbian Exposition from Its Inception. New York: E. B. Treat, 1893.
- Truth, Soujourner, Olive Gilbert, and Frances W. Titus. Narrative of Sojourner Truth . . . Battle Creek, MI: For the author, 1878.
- Tuan, Yi-Fu. Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977.
- Turkel, Stanley. Built to Last: 100+ Year-Old Hotels in New York. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2011.
- Twyman, Robert W. History of Marshall Field & Co., 1852–1906. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1954.
- United States Bureau of the Census. The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1866/1867.
- United States Bureau of the Census. The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1874/1875 (published in 1876).
- United States Bureau of the Census. The Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1891/1892.
- United States Department of the Treasury, Bureau of Statistics. Annual Report and Statements of the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics on the Commerce and Navigation of the United States for the Fiscal Year Ended 1882. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1882.
- Untitled, American Hairdresser, January 1896, 20–21.
- Usher, Nora C. “Some Things I Learnt in America.” Work and Leisure: A Magazine Devoted to the Interests of Women, August 1, 1892, 218–220.
- Vermeulen, Heather V. “Race and Ethnicity: Mortal Coils and Hair-Raising Revolutions, Styling ‘Race’ in the Age of Enlightenment.” In A Cultural History of Hair in the Age of Enlightenment, edited by Margaret K. Powell and Joseph Roach, 135–154. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2021.
- Vieira, Manuel J. Tonsorial Art Pamphlet. Indianapolis, IN: Press of the Publishing House, 1877.
- Vincent, Susan J. The Anatomy of Fashion: Dressing the Body from the Renaissance to Today. Oxford: Berg, 2009.
- Vincent, Susan J. Hair: An Illustrated History. London: Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2018.
- Wake, Joseph. “The Art of Painting on the Photographic Image.” British Journal of Photography 24, no. 908 (September 28, 1877): 461.
- Walker, Juliet E. K., ed. Encyclopedia of African American Business History. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.
- Walker, Juliet E. K. The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship. New York: Macmillan, 1998.
- Wanzer, Lyzette. Trauma, Tresses, and Truth: Untangling Our Hair through Personal Narratives. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 2023.
- Ward, Maria E. The Common Sense of Bicycling: Bicycling for Ladies. New York: Brentano’s, 1896.
- Wassholm, Johanna, and Anna Sundelin. “Gendered Encounters in Mobile Trade: Human Hair as a Commodity in the Nordics, 1870–1914.” History of Retailing and Consumption 6, no. 2 (May 3, 2020): 118–136.
- Weber, Caroline. Queen of Fashion. New York: Henry Holt, 2006.
- Welch, Evelyn. “Art on the Edge: Hair and Hands in Renaissance Italy.” Renaissance Studies 23, no. 3 (2009): 241–268.
- Wells, Ida B. The Reason Why the Colored American Is Not in the World’s Columbian Exposition. Chicago: Ida B. Wells, 1893.
- Wells, Ida B. Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases. New York: The New York Age Print, 1892.
- “What to Do with Oily Hair.” Good Housekeeping, October 12, 1889, 283.
- White, Carolyn L. “The Fall of Big Hair: Hair Curlers as Evidence of Changing Fashions.” In The Importance of British Material Culture to Historical Archaeologies of the Nineteenth Century, edited by Alasdair Brooks, 162–187. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.
- White, Esther C. “The Landscape of Enslavement: His Space, Their Places.” In Lives Bound Together: Slavery at George Washington’s Mount Vernon, edited by Susan Prendergast Schoelwer. Mount Vernon, VA: Mount Vernon Ladies Association, 2016.
- White, Shane, and Graham White. “Slave Hair and African American Culture in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries.” Journal of Southern History 61, no. 1 (February 1995): 45–76.
- White, Shane, and Graham White. Stylin’: African American Expressive Culture from Its Beginnings to the Zoot Suit. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.
- White, Trumbull, and William Igleheart, The World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. St. Louis: P. W. Ziegler & Co., 1893.
- Whitehead, Karsonya Wise. “Sarah Parker Remond.” In Encyclopedia of African American History, edited by Leslie M. Alexander and Walter C. Rucker. 3 vols. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2010.
- Wilkinson, A. B. Blurring the Lines of Race and Freedom: Mulattoes and Mixed Bloods in English Colonial America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2020.
- Willard, Frances E. Glimpses of Fifty Years: The Autobiography of an American Woman. Chicago: Woman’s Temperance Publication Association, 1889.
- Willard, Frances E. A Wheel within a Wheel: How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle, with Some Reflections by the Way. New York: F. H. Revell Co., 1895.
- Willett, Julie A. Permanent Waves: The Making of the American Beauty Shop. New York: New York University Press, 2000.
- Willis, Deborah, and Carla Williams. The Black Female Body: A Photographic History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002.
- Wilson, Harriet E. Our Nig: or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black in a Two-Story White House, North. Boston: G. C. Rand & Avery, 1859.
- Wilson’s Business Directory of New York City. New York: Trow City Directory Company, 1867.
- Winkler, Gail Caskey, and Roger W. Moss. Victorian Interior Decoration: American Interiors, 1830–1900. New York: H. Holt, 1986.
- “Women Make Good Barbers.” American Hairdresser, February 1896, 28.
- Wood, Jessie M. “The Actress.” Life 27, March 26, 1896, 233.
- Woodbury, William A. Hair Dressing and Tinting; a Text-Book of the Fundamental Principles Showing the Ready Adaptability of the Ever Changing Mode of Wearing the Hair, for Professional and Private Use. New York: G. W. Dillingham Co., 1915.
- Woods, Naurice Frank, Jr. Insuperable Obstacles: The Impact of Racism on the Creative and Personal Development of Four Nineteenth-Century African-American Artists. Cincinnati, OH: Union Institute, 1993.
- World’s Columbian Exposition 1893: Official Catalogue Exhibition of the German Empire. Berlin: Imperial Commission, 1893.
- World’s Columbian Exposition Illustrated, April 1893, xiv.
- Wrigley, Richard. The Politics of Appearances: Representations of Dress in Revolutionary France. London: Berg, 2002.
- Yochelson, Bonnie. Miss Alice Austen and Staten Island’s Gilded Age: A Biography in Photographs. Digital exhibit, 2021. The Gotham Center for New York City History. https://www.gothamcenter.org/exhibits/alice-austen.
- Zalc, Claire. “Trading on Origins: Signs and Windows of Foreign Shopkeepers in Interwar Paris.” History Workshop Journal 70 (Autumn 2010): 133–151.
- Zdatny, Steven. “Fashion and Class Struggle: The Case of Coiffure.” Social History 18, no. 1 (1993): 53–72.
- Zdatny, Steven. Fashion, Work, and Politics in Modern France. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
- Zdatny, Steven M. Hairstyles and Fashion: A Hairdresser’s History of Paris, 1910–1920. Oxford: Berg, 1999.