Chapter 3: Team America and the Hermit Kingdom
1. Chuck Downs, Over the Line: North Korea’s Negotiating Strategy (Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1999), p. 94.
2. Ibid., p. 95.
3. Ibid., p. 96.
4. Ibid., pp. 118–19.
5. Ibid., p. 127.
6. Ibid., pp. 143–44.
7. Narushige Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, 1966–2008 (New York: Routledge, 2010), pp. 38–39.
8. Talking Points, National Security Council, April 16, 1969: Korea.
9. Downs, Over the Line, p. 146.
10. Ibid., p. 151.
11. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 70.
12. Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History (New York: Basic Books, 2001), p. 61.
13. Ibid., p. 95.
14. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, pp. 52–54.
15. Ibid., pp. 58–59.
16. Downs, Over the Line, pp. 153–54.
17. T. Jefferson Coolidge Jr., “Korea: The Case against Withdrawal,” Asian Affairs, November–December 1976, p. 71.
18. “Democratic Party Platform of 1976,” July 12, 1976.
19. Cyrus Vance, Hard Choices: Critical Years in America’s Foreign Policy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), p. 128; Donald Brandon, “Carter and Asia: The Wages of Inexperience,” Asian Affairs, May–June 1978.
20. Chalmers Johnson, “Carter in Asia: McGovernism without McGovern,” Commentary, January 1978.
21. Frank Gibney, “The Ripple Effect in Korea,” Foreign Affairs, October 1977. Gibney was also vice president of Encyclopedia Britannica.
22. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 101.
23. Ibid., p. 95.
24. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 9.
25. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 103.
26. Ibid., p. 104.
27. Ibid., p. 108.
28. Ibid., p. 142; Daryl M. Plunk, “North Korea: Exporting Terrorism?” The Heritage Foundation, February 25, 1988.
29. Downs, Over the Line, p. 201.
30. Morley Myers, “Seoul Surprises Nagoya for Olympic Bid,” UPI, September 30, 1981.
31. Tracy Dahlby, “Award of 1988 Olympics Boosts S. Korea’s Effort for Political Security,” Washington Post, October 4, 1981.
32. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Touchstone, 1993), p. 981.
33. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 194.
34. Don Oberdorfer and Fred Hiatt, “S. Korean President Urges End to Isolation of North,” Washington Post, July 2, 1988.
35. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 193.
36. Benjamin A. Gilman, “U.S. Policy toward North Korea,” testimony before the House Committee on International Relations, September 24, 1998.
37. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 196.
38. Ibid., p. 196.
39. Ibid., p. 250.
40. Joel S. Wit, Daniel B. Poneman, and Robert L. Gallucci, Going Critical: The First North Korean Nuclear Crisis (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2004), p. 3.
41. Ibid., p. 4; Downs, Over the Line, p. 214.
42. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 6.
43. James A. Baker III, with Thomas M. DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War, and Peace, 1989–1992 (New York: Putnam, 1995), p. 595.
44. Terence Roehrig, From Deterrence to Engagement: The U.S. Defense Commitment to South Korea (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2007), p. 203.
45. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 7.
46. Ibid., p. 8.
47. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, p. 595.
48. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 257.
49. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 7.
50. “Iran Rejects Tough Atomic Inspections, Citing ‘Double Standard,’” Reuters, May 5, 2008; “Senior Cleric Rejects Compromise on Nuclear Rights,” Fars News Agency (Tehran), November 6, 2009.
51. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, pp. 596–97.
52. “Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonaggression, and Exchanges and Cooperation between South and North Korea,” February 19, 1992.
53. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, p. 597.
54. Downs, Over the Line, pp. 216–17.
55. Elaine Sciolino, “C.I.A. Chief Says North Koreans Are Hiding Nuclear Arms Projects,” New York Times, February 26, 2002.
56. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 260.
57. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, p. 596.
58. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 12.
59. Ibid., p. 13.
60. Ibid., p. xiv.
61. Ibid., p. 13.
62. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, p. 597; Leon V. Sigal, Disarming Strangers: Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 5.
63. Downs, Over the Line, p. 212.
64. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, pp. 273–75; Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 93.
65. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 13.
66. Ibid., p. 94.
67. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. xiv.
68. Downs, Over the Line, p. 227.
69. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. xiv.
70. Downs, Over the Line, p. 228.
71. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 30.
72. Ibid., p. 31; Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 286.
73. UN Security Council Resolution 825 (May 11, 1993).
74. Kim Chi-yong, “‘Patience’ and Flexibility,’ DPRK’s Dialogue Strategy Predicting Offensive,” Choson Sinbo (Tokyo), May 12, 2004.
75. Downs, Over the Line, p. 225.
76. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, pp. 53–54.
77. Ibid., p. 57.
78. Joe Snyder, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, June 14, 1993.
79. Downs, Over the Line, p. 231.
80. David E. Sanger, “Seoul’s Leader Says North Is Manipulating U.S. on Nuclear Issue,” New York Times, July 2, 1993.
81. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, pp. 71–72.
82. Ibid., p. 77.
83. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 291; Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 55.
84. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 75.
85. Ibid., p. 85.
86. James Sterngold, “North Korea Assails Atomic Unit, Asks U.S. Talks,” New York Times, October 13, 1993.
87. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 96.
88. Bill Clinton interview with Timothy Russert and Tom Brokaw, Meet the Press, NBC, November 7, 1993.
89. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 100.
90. Downs, Over the Line, p. 239.
91. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 107.
92. “U.S., North Korea to Meet Again; Military Exercise Suspended,” U.S. Department of State, March 3, 1994; Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 114.
93. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 124.
94. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 302.
95. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, pp. 116–17.
96. Ibid., p. 137.
97. Bradley K. Martin, Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader (New York: Thomas Dunne, 2006), p. 487.
98. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 100.
99. Ibid., p. 108.
100. Christine Shelly, “North Korea Still Discharging Fuel from Reactor,” U.S. Department of State, June 1, 1994.
101. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 100.
102. “Interview of the President by the ‘Today Show,’” Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, June 20, 1994.
103. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 225.
104. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, pp. 330–33.
105. Robert Gallucci, Press Briefing, The White House, June 19, 1994.
106. Nightline, ABC News, May 18, 1994.
107. Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas, p. 352.
108. President Clinton and Robert Gallucci, Press Briefing, The White House, October 18, 1994.
109. William Safire, “Clinton’s Concessions,” New York Times, October 24, 1994.
110. Terrence Roehrig, From Deterrence to Engagement: The U.S. Defense Commitment to South Korea (Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books, 2007), p. 208.
111. James Sterngold, “South Korea President Lashes Out at U.S.,” New York Times, October 8, 1994.
112. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 331.
113. Downs, Over the Line, p. 214.
114. Ibid., pp. 247–49.
115. Sterngold, “South Korea President Lashes Out at U.S.”
116. Daniel Goodkind and Loraine West, “The North Korean Famine and Its Demographic Impact,” Population and Development Review, 2001, p. 221.
117. James Sterngold, “North Korea Assails Atomic Unit, Asks U.S. Talks,” New York Times, October 13, 1993.
118. Andrew Pollack, “Escaped Family of 5 Tells of Starvation in North Korea,” New York Times, May 3, 1994.
119. Andrew Natsios, “The Politics of Famine in North Korea,” United States Institute of Peace, Special Report, August 2, 1999, p. 2.
120. Mark E. Manyin and Ryun Jun, “U.S. Assistance to North Korea,” CRS Report for Congress, March 17, 2003, p. 2.
121. Natsios, “The Politics of Famine in North Korea,” p. 13.
122. Safire, “Clinton’s Concessions.”
123. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 336.
124. “Fed Up in North Korea,” Washington Post, April 9, 2000.
125. Martin, Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader, p. 531.
126. “Agreement on the Establishment of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization,” March 9, 1995. The European Union joined KEDO’s executive board on September 17, 1997. Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Indonesia, Chile, Argentina, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Uzbekistan also serve as KEDO members.
127. Leon V. Sigal, Disarming Strangers: Nuclear Diplomacy with North Korea (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), p. 200.
128. Wit, Poneman, and Gallucci, Going Critical, p. 359.
129. Ibid., p. 356.
130. Thomas C. Hubbard, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs, transcript, U.S. Information Agency, Television and Film Service, March 14, 1995.
131. “Gallucci: US Prepared to Meet North Koreans Again in Geneva,” U.S. Department of State Briefing, April 21, 1995.
132. “Gallucci: Agreed Framework ‘Back on Track,’” Foreign Press Center, U.S. Information Agency, June 22, 1995.
133. Max Ruston, “Nuclear Agreements Signed,” Voice of America, January 8, 1997.
134. “President Clinton Welcomes U.S.-D.P.R.K. Agreement Statement,” Office of the Press Secretary, The White House, June 13, 1995; President Clinton, President Kim Young Sam, “R.O.K.-U.S. Joint Announcement Proposal to Hold a Four Party Meeting to Promote Peace on the Korean Peninsula,” April 16, 1996; Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, pp. 118–19.
135. Nicholas Burns, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, April 8, 1997.
136. Nicholas Burns, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, April 22, 1997; Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 119.
137. Briefing by State Department Official on U.S.-DPRK Bilateral Meeting, U.S. Mission to the United Nations, March 7, 1997.
138. Nicholas Burns, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, March 12, 1997.
139. Nicholas Burns, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, April 22, 1997.
140. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 119.
141. James P. Rubin, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, August 27, 1997.
142. “Nobody Can Slander DPRK’s Missile Policy—KCNA Commentary,” KCNA (Pyongyang), June 16, 1998, as quoted in Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 120.
143. James P. Rubin, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, August 27, 1997.
144. Downs, Over the Line, p. 270.
145. Ibid., pp. 275–76.
146. James P. Rubin, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, July 15, 1998.
147. Mark E. Manyin and Ryun Jun, “U.S. Assistance to North Korea,” CRS Report for Congress, March 17, 2003, p. 1.
148. James P. Rubin, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, November 19, 1998; Philip Shenon, “Suspected North Korean Atom Site Is Empty, U.S. Finds,” New York Times, May 28, 1999; Fred Cooper, “U.S./North Korea Missile Talks,” Voice of America, March 29, 1999.
149. “US ‘Insulting’ DPRK Honor; KPA Anger ‘Reached Its Limit,’” KCNA (Pyongyang), December 12, 1998.
150. Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright, U.S. Department of State, March 16, 1999.
151. “DPRK Party Organ Reviews 10 Years of Military-First Politics, DPRK-US Nuclear Confrontation,” Rodong Sinmum (Pyongyang), July 20, 2005, translation provided by the Open Source Center.
152. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 125.
153. James P. Rubin, Daily Press Briefings, U.S. Department of State, September 10, 1998; September 18, 1998.
154. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 135.
155. Mitchell B. Reiss, Robert Gallucci, et al., “Red-Handed,” Foreign Affairs, March–April 2005; Benjamin Gilman, letter to Dennis Hastert, October 29, 1999.
156. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 122.
157. Ibid., p. 123.
158. Ibid., p. 146.
159. Hyun-Sung Khang, “Correspondent Report,” Voice of America, August 18, 1999.
160. Jim Randle, “Korea Missile Talks,” Voice of America, July 29, 1999.
161. William J. Perry, Review of United States Policy toward North Korea: Findings and Recommendations, Office of the North Korea Policy Coordinator, U.S. Department of State, October 12, 1999.
162. Sheena Chestnut, “Illicit Activity and Proliferation: North Korean Smuggling Networks,” International Security, Summer 2007.
163. Statement by the Press Secretary, The White House, September 17, 1999.
164. Roehrig, From Deterrence to Engagement, p. 212.
165. Selig S. Harrison, “Time to Leave Korea?” Foreign Affairs, March–April 2001.
166. James B. Foley, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, September 29, 1999; “Foreign Ministry Spokesman on ‘Timetable’ for Deployment of U.S. Forces,” KCNA (Pyongyang), December 1, 1999.
167. Richard Boucher, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, June 15, 2000.
168. Don Kirk, “Seoul Leader Pressed on Funds Sent to North,” New York Times, February 1, 2003.
169. Sung-Yoon Lee, “Engaging North Korea: The Clouded Legacy of South Korea’s Sunshine Policy,” AEI Asian Outlook, April 2010.
170. U.S. Department of State, Transcript: Albright October 24 news conference in North Korea, Koryo Hotel, Pyongyang, October 24, 2000.
171. David Gollust, “Clinton/Korea,” Voice of America, October 10, 2000.
172. Joe Biden, “Testing North Korea’s Commitment to Peace,” U.S. Senate, October 19, 2000.
173. Jane Perlez, “North Korea’s Missile Pledge Paves the Way for New Talks,” New York Times, June 22, 2000.
174. Reiss, Gallucci, et al., “Red-Handed.”
175. Charles L. Pritchard, Failed Diplomacy: The Tragic Story of How North Korea Got the Bomb (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2007), pp. 4–5.
176. U.S. Department of State, Transcript: Colin Powell’s media availability with the Swedish Foreign Minister and EU Representatives, March 6, 2001.
177. Fred Kaplan, “Rolling Blunder: How the Bush Administration Let North Korea Get Nukes,” Washington Monthly, May 1, 2004.
178. Pritchard, Failed Diplomacy, p. 12.
179. Ibid., p. 6.
180. Ibid., p. 12
181. “DPRK Blasts New U.S. Govt for Hardline Policy,” Xinhua (Beijing), February 22, 2001; “DPRK’s KCNA: U.S. Anachronistic Policy Towards DPRK Denounced,” KCNA (Pyongyang), April 1, 2001; “Media Suggest P’yongyang Posturing Conclusion of US North Korean Policy Review,” Open Source Center, April 18, 2001. Translations provided by the Open Source Center.
182. Pritchard, Failed Diplomacy, p. 15.
183. Ibid., pp. 8–9; see also, for example, Jocelyn Ford, “North Korea/G-8,” Voice of America, June 21, 1999.
184. “Bush’s ‘Evil Axis’ Comment Stirs Critics,” BBC News, February 2, 2002.
185. “Memorandum of DPRK Foreign Ministry,” KCNA (Pyongyang), March 3, 2005, translation provided by the Open Source Center.
186. “Bush Remark Assailed,” Rodong Shinmun (Pyongyang), October 29, 2001.
187. “Brunei Forum at One on Terrorism, Korea,” RIA Novosti (Moscow), July 31, 2002.
188. Pritchard, Failed Diplomacy, p. 32.
189. Reiss, Gallucci, et al., “Red-Handed”; Henry Sokolski, “Implementing the DPRK Nuclear Deal: What US Law Requires,” Nonproliferation Review, Fall–Winter 2000.
190. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 163.
191. Mark E. Manyin and Ryun Jun, “U.S. Assistance to North Korea,” CRS Report for Congress, March 17, 2003, p. 4.
192. “KCNA Urges U.S. to Have Right Option for Peace,” KCNA (Pyongyang), November 4, 2002.
193. “President George Bush Discusses Iraq in National Press Conference,” The White House, March 6, 2003.
194. See, for example, “U.S. Official Downplays Rocket Test,” Washington Times, July 7, 2001.
195. “KCNA Ridicules Western Media’s Talk about DPRK’s ‘Brinkmanship Tactics,’” KCNA (Pyongyang), February 22, 2003.
196. Leon V. Sigal, “North Korea Is No Iraq: Pyongyang’s Negotiating Strategy,” Arms Control Today, December 2002.
197. “U.S. Has No Reason to Avoid Conclusion of Non-Aggression Treaty,” KCNA (Pyongyang), November 17, 2002, translation provided by Open Source Center; Manyin and Jun, “U.S. Assistance to North Korea,” p. 4.
198. Joel S. Wit, “New Rules of Engagement with North Korea,” New York Times, October 19, 2002.
199. Joshua D. Pollack, “The United States, North Korea, and the End of the Agreed Framework,” Naval War College Review, Summer 2003, pp. 13–14.
200. Ibid., p. 37.
201. Manyin and Jun, “U.S. Assistance to North Korea,” p. 4.
202. “Worldwide Threats to U.S. Security,” Senate Committee on Armed Services, February 12, 2003.
203. “DPRK ‘Editorial Bureau Special Article’: Military-First Politics Brings ‘Invincibility,’” Korean Central Broadcasting Station (Pyongyang), April 2, 2003.
204. “Rodong Sinmun on U.S. Policy of Pressure,” KCNA (Pyongyang), June 29, 2003. The same theme was enunciated in “United States Accused of Letting Loose War Outcries,” KCNA, February 24, 2007. Translations courtesy of the Open Source Center.
205. Reiss, Gallucci, et al., “Red-Handed.”
206. Pritchard, Failed Diplomacy, p. 65.
207. Ibid., p. 103.
208. Ibid.
209. Jack [sic] Pritchard, “What I Saw in North Korea,” New York Times, January 21, 2004.
210. Richard Boucher, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, March 4, 2004.
211. Pritchard, Failed Diplomacy, p. 108.
212. Ibid., p. 113.
213. U.S. Department of State, “Joint Statement of the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks,” Beijing, September 19, 2005.
214. Catherine Armitage, “N Korea Abandons Its Nukes,” Australian, September 20, 2005.
215. Mark E. Manyin, “U.S. Assistance to North Korea,” CRS Report for Congress, April 26, 2005, p. 1.
216. “Spokesman for DPRK Foreign Ministry on Six-Party Talks,” KCNA (Pyongyang), September 20, 2005.
217. Sonni Efron, “A Tilt Toward N. Korea,” Los Angeles Times, September 21, 2005.
218. Laurence Brahm, “In from the Cold?” South China Morning Post, October 24, 2006.
219. Devika Bhat, “Rice Tells Japan: ‘We Will Defend You,’” Times (London), October 18, 2006.
220. Mark Mazzetti and William J. Broad, “The Right Confronts Rice over North Korea Policy,” New York Times, October 25, 2007.
221. As quoted in Sung Chull Kim and David C. Kang, “Engagement as a Viable Alternative to Coercion,” in Engagement with North Korea: A Viable Alternative, ed. Sung Chull Kim and David C. Kang (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2009), p. 2.
222. Michael Abramowitz and Colum Lynch, “U.S. Urges Sanctions on North Korea,” Washington Post, October 10, 2006.
223. UN Security Council Resolution 1718 (October 14, 2006).
224. Larry A. Niksch, “North Korea: Terrorism List Removal?” CRS Report for Congress, July 10, 2008, p. 3.
225. Ibid., pp. 8–9.
226. Michishita, North Korea’s Military-Diplomatic Campaigns, p. 173.
227. Jim Yardley, “North Korea to Close Reactor in Exchange for Raft of Aid,” New York Times, February 13, 2007.
228. “What Would a Diplomat Do?” New York Times, July 23, 2007.
229. James A. Kelly, “Two for Now,” National Interest, November–December 2008.
230. Yardley, “North Korea to Close Reactor in Exchange for Raft of Aid.”
231. “Pyongyang’s Accomplice,” Wall Street Journal, December 7, 2010.
232. “DPRK Party Organ Decries ‘Imperialists’ for ‘Crafty’ Methods, Use of ‘Aid,’” KCNA (Pyongyang), April 5, 2007.
233. Glenn Kessler, “U.S. Ready to Ease Sanctions on N. Korea,” Washington Post, April 11, 2008.
234. Winston Lord and Leslie H. Gelb, “Yielding to N. Korea Too Often,” Washington Post, April 26, 2008.
235. “North Korea Given Time to Send Data,” Reuters, January 8, 2008.
236. Larry A. Niksch, “North Korea’s Nuclear Weapons Development and Diplomacy,” CRS Report for Congress, March 30, 2009, pp. 3–4.
237. U.S. Embassy Seoul, “Mongolia’s Consultation with DPRK Vice Foreign Minister Kim,” August 13, 2009, Ulaanbator 234.
238. Jin Dae-woong, “Obama Must Be Bold on N.K. Policy,” Korea Herald, December 3, 2008.
239. “Nuclear Disarmament Would Follow U.S. Diplomatic Ties, North Korea Says,” Global Security Newswire, January 12, 2009.
240. Secretary Robert Gates interview with Fox News, U.S. Department of Defense, News Transcript, March 29, 2009.
241. Stephen W. Bosworth, “U.S. Policy Regarding North Korea,” U.S. Department of State, April 3, 2009.
242. “N. Korea Using Clinton Visit ‘to Promote Kim’s Son,’” Agence France-Presse, August 9, 2009.
243. U.S. Embassy Seoul, “Mongolia’s Consultation with DPRK Vice Foreign Minister Kim,” August 13, 2009, Ulaanbator 234.
244. Twitter/StateDept, May 20, 2010, 3:01 p.m.
245. Joel S. Wit, “Don’t Sink Diplomacy,” New York Times, May 19, 2010.
246. Matthew Lee, “US: North Korean War Damages Claim ‘Preposterous,’” Associated Press, June 25, 2010.
247. “North Korea Threatens Harsher Punishment for US Detainee,” AsiaOne (Singapore), June 24, 2010.
248. Mark Landler, “U.S. Considers Possibility of Engaging North Korea,” New York Times, August 28, 2010.
249. Jimmy Carter, “North Korea Wants to Make a Deal,” New York Times, September 15, 2010.
250. Jimmy Carter, “North Korea’s Consistent Message to the U.S.,” Washington Post, November 24, 2010.
251. “U.S. Urged to Make Switchover to Dialogue and Fence Mending,” KCNA (Pyongyang), January 19, 2011.
252. Chico Harlan, “South Korean President Hardens Stance,” Washington Post, December 29, 2010.
253. “U.S. Officials Made Secret Visit to Pyongyang in August,” Chosun Ilbo (Seoul), October 10, 2013.
254. Josh Rogin, “Exclusive: U.S. and North Korea Held Secret Meeting in March,” Foreign Policy, April 9, 2013.
255. “S. Korea’s Spy Agency Confirms N. Korea Restarted Yongbyon Reactor,” Yonhap (Seoul), October 8, 2013.
256. Michael R. Gordon, “China Set to Press North Korea Further on Nuclear Aims, Kerry Says,” New York Times, February 15, 2014.
257. Meet the Press, NBC, July 9, 2006.
258. Korean Central Broadcasting Station (Pyongyang), 0900 GMT, August 24, 2010, as provided by BBC Worldwide Monitoring.
259. Pae Kum-hui, “Absurdity of So-Called Theory of Concluding Nonaggression Treaty,” Rodong Sinmun (Pyongyang), November 19, 2013.
260. U.S. Embassy Seoul, “A/S Campbell Discusses DPRK Future with Experts,” February 18, 2010, Seoul 248.
261. U.S. Department of State, “Post Requested to Follow Up on Ongoing Matters of Proliferation Concern Raised at APEC by President Bush,” November 3, 2007, State 152317.
262. U.S. Embassy Beijing, “PRC/DPRK: Chinese Scholars on UNSCR 1874 and Possible Next Steps for China and Washington,” June 26, 2009, Beijing 1761.
Chapter 4: Lying Down with Libyans
1. Final Report of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, April 1, 2005, p. 252.
2. Mahmoud G. ElWarfally, Imagery and Ideology in U.S. Policy Toward Libya, 1969–1982 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988), pp. 75–76, 86–88.
3. Mohamed Eljahmi, “Libya and the U.S.: Qadhafi Unrepentant,” Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2006.
4. Col. Muammar Qadhafi, “A Message to the American People,” Arab-American People-to-People Dialogue Conference, Tripoli, October 9, 1978.
5. ElWarfally, Imagery and Ideology in U.S. Policy Toward Libya, pp. 63–66.
6. Ibid., p. 106.
7. Jimmy Carter, White House Diary (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2010), pp. 438–39.
8. “Cables from Libya: Billy Carter’s Visit ‘a Positive Event,’” Washington Post, August 1, 1980.
9. Bob Woodward, “Intelligence ‘Coup’ Tied Libya to Blast; Berlin Messages Read,” Washington Post, April 22, 1986.
10. Sandy Grady, “Go Ahead, Make My Departure! The Reagan-Gadhafi Show’s Big Finish,” Miami Herald, January 6, 1989; James McCartney, “Sending a Message to Terrorists,” Miami Herald, February 16, 1989.
11. “Mu’ammar al-Qadhafi’s Speech on September 4, 1986,” Voice of the Greater Arab Homeland (Harare), September 4, 1986, translation by BBC Summary of World Broadcasts; “Libya Deplores Alleged Gorbachev Invitations to Reagan and Thatcher,” JANA (Tripoli) in Arabic, 1850 GMT, August 25, 1986, translation by BBC Summary of World Broadcasts.
12. Gideon Rose, “The United States and Libya,” in Trans-Atlantic Tensions: The United States, Europe, and Problem Countries, ed. Richard Haass (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 1999), p. 143.
13. Ibid., p. 145.
14. Willy Tuohy, “U.S. Pressing Allies on Libya Chemical Plant,” Los Angeles Times, January 3, 1989.
15. U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “U.K. Visit to Rabta Chemical Weapons Production Facility,” July 14, 2008, Tripoli 574.
16. Jonathan Schwartz, “Dealing with a ‘Rogue State’: The Libya Precedent,” American Journal of International Law, 2007, p. 560.
17. Ronald Bruce St. John, “‘Libya Is Not Iraq’: Preemptive Strikes, WMD, and Diplomacy,” Middle East Journal, Summer 2004.
18. Michael Ross, “Libya Plant ‘Tour’ Only Fuels Doubt; Foreign Press Gets View from Bus after Dark,” Los Angeles Times, January 8, 1989.
19. Gary Hart, “My Secret Talks with Libya, and Why They Went Nowhere,” Washington Post, January 18, 2004.
20. Ibid.
21. “Implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement of the Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,” IAEA Board of Governors, February 20, 2004, GOV/2004/12.
22. Milton Viorst, “The Colonel in His Labyrinth,” Foreign Affairs, March–April 1999.
23. Patterns of Global Terrorism: 1998, U.S. Department of State, April 1999.
24. “With Eye on U.S., Libya Denounces Terrorism,” Associated Press, December 3, 1999.
25. Schwartz, “Dealing with a ‘Rogue State’: The Libya Precedent,” p. 567.
26. “Libyan Leader Urges Aid for US Victims,” JANA (Tripoli) in Arabic, 2030 GMT, September 11, 2001, as provided by the Open Source Center.
27. Jessica Berry, “Expelled Libyan Spy Chief Returns for Talks with MI6,” Sunday Telegraph (London), October 7, 2001.
28. Richard Boucher, Daily Press Briefing, U.S. Department of State, October 12, 2001.
29. “Libya ‘Ready to Pay’ for Lockerbie,” CNN.com, August 8, 2002.
30. Schwartz, “Dealing with a ‘Rogue State’: The Libya Precedent,” pp. 569–70.
31. Scott MacLeod, “Behind Gaddafi’s Diplomatic Turnaround,” Time, May 18, 2006.
32. Douglas Frantz and Josh Meyer, “The Deal to Disarm Kadafi,” Los Angeles Times, March 13, 2005.
33. Robert G. Joseph, Countering WMD: The Libyan Experience (Fairfax, Va.: National Institute Press, 2009), p. 15.
34. Ibid.
35. Frantz and Meyer, “The Deal to Disarm Kadafi.”
36. Robin Wright, “State Dept. Official Meets with Gaddafi on Relations,” Washington Post, March 24, 2004.
37. “Libya Seeks U.S. Compensation for 1986 Airstrikes,” Deutsche Presse-Agentur, August 11, 2004.
38. “Libyan Official Criticizes US State Department Spokesman on Compensation,” Great Jamahiriyah TV (Tripoli) in Arabic, 1930 GMT, August 11, 2004, translation provided by the Open Source Center.
39. LBC Satellite TV, Beirut, 0500 GMT, May 16, 2004, as provided by BBC Monitoring International Reports.
40. “Saddam’s Defense Committee Funded by Arab Countries,” Associated Press, July 6, 2004.
41. U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “Libya Enforces Travel Restrictions Against U.S. Officials,” July 21, 2008, Tripoli 588.
42. Curt Weldon, “Time’s Up, Qadhafi,” New York Times, April 5, 2011.
43. “Rescission of Libya’s Designation as a State Sponsor of Terrorism,” Office of the Spokesman, U.S. Department of State, May 15, 2006.
44. Matt Roper, “Cobblers to You, Tony,” Mirror (London), March 27, 2004.
45. John Mintz and Peter Slevin, “Alleged Plot to Kill Saudi Ruler Detailed; Libyan Leader Behind It, Detainee Says,” Washington Post, June 11, 2004; Libya TV, Tripoli, 1600 GMT, June 10, 2004, as provided by BBC Monitoring International Reports; Al-Watan website (Abha), June 13, 2004, as provided by BBC Monitoring International Reports.
46. Matthew L. Wald, “U.S. Drops Libya from List of Terrorist Countries,” New York Times, July 7, 2006.
47. Christopher M. Blanchard, “Libya: Background and U.S. Relations,” CRS Report for Congress, March 16, 2010.
48. Tom Barkley, “U.S., Libya Sign Trade and Investment Pact to Improve Ties,” Wall Street Journal, May 20, 2010.
49. Patrick E. Tyler, “Libyan Stagnation a Big Factor in Qaddafi Surprise,” New York Times, January 8, 2004.
50. Timothy J. Burger, “Qadhafi’s 9/11 Fears,” Time, April 4, 2006. This point was reinforced by interviews that a Norwegian scholar conducted with Libyan officials; see Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “Libya’s Nuclear Turnaround: Perspectives from Tripoli,” Middle East Journal, Winter 2008.
51. George Tenet, “DCI’s Worldwide Threat Briefing,” Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, February 11, 2003.
52. Joseph, Countering WMD, p. 3.
53. John Bolton, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs, interview with Radio Sawa, April 16, 2003.
54. Charles Krauthammer, “Aftershocks of War,” Washington Post, December 26, 2003.
55. Joseph, Countering WMD, pp. 12–13.
56. “Dans un entretien au ‘Figaro’, le numéro un libyen estime que le président français doit ‘tenir bon’; Kadhafi : ‘La victoire de Bush ne serait que provisoire’,” Le Figaro (Paris), March 11, 2003.
57. Braut-Hegghammer, “Libya’s Nuclear Turnaround: Perspectives from Tripoli.”
58. Ronald Bruce St. John, “‘Libya Is Not Iraq’: Preemptive Strikes, WMD, and Diplomacy,” Middle East Journal, Summer 2004.
59. Bruce W. Jentleson and Christopher A. Whytock, “Who ‘Won’ Libya?” International Security, Winter 2005–6, p. 80.
60. “President Bush: Libya Pledges to Dismantle WMD Programs,” The White House, December 19, 2003.
61. Joseph, Countering WMD, p. 15.
62. Final Report of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction, April 1, 2005, pp. 252–53; Joby Warrick, “U.S. Displays Nuclear Parts Given by Libya,” Washington Post, March 16, 2004; Prime Minister Tony Blair, press conference, Tripoli, March 29, 2004.
63. Colin Powell, Speech to the United States Institute of Peace, Washington, D.C., July 15, 2004.
64. Libyan Jamahiriya Broadcasting Corporation, July 17, 2004.
65. Ari Fleischer, Press Briefing, The White House, January 23, 2003.
66. Socialist People’s Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Department of the Americas, “Reply of the Socialist People’s Arab Jamahiriya to the Report Issued by the Office of Democracy, Human Rights and Labour at the US State Department, on February 28, 2005.”
67. “Libya’s Qadhafi Urges Backers to ‘Kill’ Enemies,” Reuters, September 1, 2006.
68. Chester A. Crocker, chairman, and C. Richard Nelson, rapporteur, U.S.-Libyan Relations: Toward Cautious Reengagement (Washington: The Atlantic Council of the United States, April 2003), p. xi.
69. Sudarsan Raghavan, “Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi, a Proponent of Change, May One Day Lead Libya,” Washington Post, May 26, 2010; Landon Thomas Jr., “Unknotting Father’s Reins in Hope of ‘Reinventing’ Libya,” New York Times, February 28, 2010. For other examples, see Omri Ceren, “Middle East Experts Got Saif Qaddafi Exactly Backward, Didn’t They?” Commentary, February 21, 2011.
70. “President, Mrs. Bush Mark Progress in Global Women’s Human Rights,” Remarks by the First Lady and the President on Efforts to Globally Promote Women’s Human Rights, The White House, March 12, 2004.
71. U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “Scenesetter for Secretary Rice’s Visit to Libya,” August 29, 2008, Tripoli 680.
72. U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “Regime-Orchestrated Attacks Against Berbers in Yefren,” January 13, 2009, Tripoli 22.
73. Eli Lake, “Ex-Envoy, Bechtel Gain from Revolving Door,” Washington Times, February 20, 2009.
74. Dana Moss, Reforming the Rogue: Lessons from the U.S.-Libya Rapprochement (Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2010), p. 48.
75. U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “Libya: 2009 Country Reports on Terrorism Ref: State 109980,” December 22, 2009, Tripoli 1030; U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “Scenesetter for the Visit of General William Ward to Libya,” March 5, 2009, Tripoli 201.
76. Moss, Reforming the Rogue, p. 35.
77. U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “Libya Seeks to Purchase 130,000 Kalashnikovs for Unknown End-Users,” August 18, 2008, Tripoli 650.
78. “Qadhafi: Don’t Make Me Kill Again,” Associated Press, April 27, 2004; Judy Dempsey, “Gadaffi Threatens to Support ‘Freedom Fighters’ if West Rejects Offer of Peace,” Financial Times, April 28, 2004.
79. “Gadhafi Son Allegedly Linked to Iraq Bomb Blast,” Associated Press, January 26, 2008.
80. “Libya Defends Syria against WMD Accusation,” Khaleej Times (Dubai), May 15, 2004.
81. Alex Bollfrass, “Libya Backs Out of CW Destruction Agreement,” Arms Control Today, July–August 2007; U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “Libya’s Chemical Weapons Destruction Chief Defends Extension Request Ref: A) State 100809; B) Tripoli 490,” October 5, 2009, Tripoli 795.
82. Bollfrass, “Libya Backs Out of CW Destruction Agreement.”
83. Moss, Reforming the Rogue, p. 4.
84. “Libyan Leader Calls for UN Reform, Says Swine Flu ‘Manufactured,’” Al Jamahiriya TV in Arabic, 1500 GMT, September 23, 2009, translation provided by the Open Source Center.
85. U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “Libyan Atomic Energy Establishment Confirms Desire to Sell Uranium Yellowcake,” January 15, 2009, Tripoli 32; U.S. Embassy Tripoli, “Libyans Seek Renewed Commitment from U.S. in Return for Progress on HEU Shipment,” November 30, 2009, Tripoli 941.
86. James Risen and Eric Lichtblau, “Hoard of Cash Lets Qaddafi Extend Fight against Rebels,” New York Times, March 10, 2011.
Chapter 5: Tea with the Taliban
1. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “Meeting with the Taliban in Kandahar: More Questions than Answers,” February 15, 1995, Islamabad 01686.
2. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “Finally, a Talkative Talib: Origins and Membership of the Religious Students’ Movement,” February 20, 1995, Islamabad 1792.
3. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “A/S Raphel Discusses Afghanistan,” April 22, 1996, Islamabad 3466.
4. Warren Christopher, U.S. Department of State, “Dealing with the Taliban in Kabul,” September 28, 1996, State 203322.
5. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “Afghanistan: Taliban Deny They Are Sheltering HUA Militants, Usama Bin Laden,” November 12, 1996, Islamabad 9517.
6. Christina B. Rocca, U.S. Department of State, “U.S. Engagement with the Taliban on Usama Bin Laden,” p. 2.
7. U.S. Department of State, “Afghanistan: Taliban Rep Won’t Seek UN Seat for Now,” December 13, 1996, State 254682.
8. Rocca, “U.S. Engagement with the Taliban on Usama Bin Laden,” p. 2.
9. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “Afghanistan: Raising Bin Ladin with the Taliban,” March 28, 1997, Islamabad 2533.
10. Ibid.
11. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “Afghanistan: Raising Bin Ladin with the Taliban,” March 4, 1997, Islamabad 1750.
12. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “Official Informal for SA Assistant Secretary Robin Raphel and SA/PAB,” March 10, 1997, Islamabad 1873.
13. Thomas W. Lippman, “U.N. Ambassador Will Deliver Message to Afghan Faction,” Washington Post, April 9, 1998.
14. Judy Woodruff, “Bill Richardson Brokers Truce Between Afghanistan’s Rival Factions,” CNN WorldView, April 17, 1998.
15. Karl Inderfurth, “Afghanistan: Meeting with the Taliban,” December 11, 1997, State 231842.
16. Strobe Talbott, “Afghanistan: Meeting with the Taliban,” December 11, 1997, State 231842.
17. Madeleine Albright, “Afghanistan: Taliban’s Mullah Omar’s 8/22 Contact with State Department,” August 23, 1998, State 154712.
18. “Taleban Chief Denies Protecting Taliban,” AFP (Hong Kong), August 29, 1998; Aimal Khan, “Report: Taliban Bans All Contacts with Bin Ladin,” Frontier Post (Peshawar), February 11, 1999.
19. Alan Eastham, “Afghanistan: Demarche to the Taliban on New Bin Laden Threat,” September 14, 1998, Islamabad 6863.
20. Madeleine Albright, “Message to Mullah Omar,” October 1, 1998, State 181837.
21. William B. Milam, “Usama Bin Laden: High-Level Taliban Official Gives the Standard Line on Bin Laden with a Couple of Nuances,” October 12, 1998, Islamabad 7665.
22. Madeleine Albright, “Afghanistan: Message to Taliban on Usama Bin Laden,” November 11, 1998, State 210367.
23. Abdul Salam Zaeef, My Life with the Taliban (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), p. 137.
24. Assistant Secretary Karl F. Indefurth to Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, “Your Meeting on Usama Bin Laden,” Talking Points, November 24, 1998.
25. Karl F. Inderfurth, “A Taliban ‘Rope-a-Dope’ Strategy?” Foreign Policy, January 25, 2012.
26. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “Osama bin Laden: Taliban Spokesman Seeks New Proposal for Resolving bin Laden Problem,” November 28, 1998, State 220495.
27. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “Usama bin Ladin: Charge Reiterates U.S. Concern to Key Taliban Official, Who Sticks to Well-Known Taliban Positions,” December 19, 1998, Islamabad 9222.
28. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “Usama bin Ladin: Charge Underscores U.S. Concerns on Interviews; Taliban Envoy Says Bin Ladin Hoodwinked Them and It Will Not Happen Again,” December 30, 1998, Islamabad 9488.
29. UN Security Council Resolution 1267 (October 15, 1999); UN Security Council Resolution 1333 (December 19, 1999).
30. Jessica Stern, Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill (New York: HarperCollins, 1993), p. 193.
31. U.S. Embassy Islamabad, “A/S Inderfurth and S/CT Sheehan Meet Taliban Representatives,” February 1, 2000, Islamabad 567.
32. Zaeef, My Life with the Taliban, p. 138.
33. Ibid., p. 139.
34. U.S. Department of State, “Taliban Deliver Letter from Muttawakil; Say They Will Comply with Office Closing in New York,” February 15, 2001.
35. Zaeef, My Life with the Taliban, pp. 137–38.
36. Ibid., p. 138.
37. Hafeez Malik, U.S. Relations with Afghanistan and Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2009), p. 174.
38. Dudley Althaus, “U.S. Intensifies Air Attack; Powell: Taliban May Have Place in Future,” Houston Chronicle, October 17, 2001.
39. Fareed Zakaria, “A Turnaround Strategy,” Newsweek, February 9, 2009.
40. Ashley J. Tellis, Reconciling with the Taliban? Toward an Alternative Grand Strategy in Afghanistan (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2009), pp. 13, 25.
41. Ibid., p. 10.
42. Mike Mount, “Gates: U.S. Would Support Afghan Peace Talks with Taliban,” CNN International, October 10, 2008, as quoted in Tellis, Reconciling with the Taliban, p. 9.
43. Asharq al-Awsat (London), March 15, 2009, as translated by MEMRI, Special Dispatch 2353, May 12, 2009.
44. Al-Hayat (London), March 25, 2009, as translated by MEMRI, Special Dispatch 2353, May 12, 2009.
45. Hizb-e-Islami website, March 11, 2009, translation courtesy of MEMRI.
46. Syed Saleem Shahzad, “Afghanistan: Taliban Leader Rejects Prospect of Truce,” ADNKronos International, November 25, 2008, as quoted in Tellis, Reconciling with the Taliban, p. 13.
47. Dexter Filkins and Carlotta Gall, “Taliban Leader in Secret Talks Was an Impostor,” New York Times, November 22, 2010.
48. “Afghan Taliban Comments on Imposter Mullah Akhtar Muhammad,” SITE Intelligence Group, November 30, 2010.
49. “Counterterrorism Activities (Neo-Taliban),” Issue Paper for Vice President Cheney, December 9, 2005.
50. Fotini Christia and Michael Semple, “Flipping the Taliban,” Foreign Affairs, July–August 2009.
51. Davood Moradian, “Reconciliation with the Taliban: The View from Kabul,” International Institute for Strategic Studies, October 15, 2009.
52. Ibid.
53. “Browne: The Taliban Must Take a Role in the Afghan Peace Process,” Daily Mail (London), September 25, 2007.
54. Karen DeYoung, “British Official Urges Afghan Leaders to Negotiate with Taliban,” Washington Post, March 11, 2010.
55. Kim Sengupta, “Exclusive: Army Chief: ‘We Must Tackle Taliban Grievances,” Independent (London), September 18, 2009.
56. News (Karachi), January 26, 2010, as distributed by MEMRI, Special Dispatch 2770, January 26, 2010.
57. Moradian, “Reconciliation with the Taliban: The View from Kabul.”
58. Helene Cooper and Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “Obama Ponders Outreach to Elements of Taliban,” New York Times, March 7, 2009.
59. President Barack Obama, Address to the Nation at the United States Military Academy at West Point, December 1, 2009.
60. Rob Crilly, Ben Farmer, and Dean Nelson, “US Seeks Direct Talks with Taliban’s Mullah Omar,” Telegraph (London), June 5, 2011.
61. Mark Landler and Alissa J. Rubin, “War Plan for Karzai: Reach Out to Taliban,” New York Times, January 29, 2010.
62. General David Petraeus interview with David Gregory, Meet the Press, NBC, August 15, 2010.
63. Christoph Reuter, Gregor Peter Schmitz, and Holger Stark, “How German Diplomats Opened Channel to Taliban,” Spiegel Online International, January 10, 2012.
64. Steven Lee Myers, Matthew Rosenberg, and Eric Schmitt, “Against Odds, Path Opens Up for U.S.-Taliban Talks,” New York Times, January 11, 2012.
65. Meet the Press, NBC, March 14, 2011.
66. “Colonel Imam Offers to Facilitate Contact between United States, Mullah Omar,” Jinnah (Islamabad), January 28, 2010, translation provided by the Open Source Center.
67. Missy Ryan, Warren Strobel, and Mark Hosenball, “Exclusive: Secret U.S., Taliban Talks Reach Turning Point,” Reuters, December 19, 2011.
68. Ben Farmer, “Taliban Diplomats Arrive in Qatar,” Telegraph (London), January 26, 2012.
69. Ali M. Latifi, “Taliban Talks in Doha Drag On Endlessly,” Al Jazeera, February 26, 2013.
70. Salman Siddiqui, “Taliban ‘Waiting for Baradar to Reopen Peace Talks in Doha,’” Gulf Times (Doha), September 23, 2013.
71. Crilly et al., “US Seeks Direct Talks with Taliban’s Mullah Omar.”
72. “U.S. Withdrawal Date Has Boosted Morale of Taliban, Says General,” Reuters, August 24, 2010.
73. Indira A. R. Lakshmanan, “Clinton Says U.S. Met with Militants Who Later Attacked Embassy in Kabul,” Bloomberg, October 21, 2011.
74. Meet the Press, NBC, June 1, 2014.