Notes

	ABBREVIATIONS
MGH	Monumenta Germaniae Historica
MGHS	Monumenta Germaniae Historica Scrtptores, ed. G. H. Pertz et al. (Hanover and Leipzig, 1826–)
ODNB	Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, ed. C. Matthew et al. (Oxford, 2004–)
RHC	Recueil des historiens des croisades
RHC Occ.	Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens Occidentaux (Paris, 1844–95)
RHF	Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, ed. M. Bouquet et al. (Paris, 1738–1876)
	INTRODUCTION
1.	E. Barker, The Crusades (London, 1923), p. 104.
2.	Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt lherusalem, trans. J. H. Hill and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia, 1968), Introduction, p. 14.
3.	William of Tyre, Historia, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Turnhout, 1986), bk XIX, ch. 3, pp. 867–8.
4.	D. D’Avray, Medieval Religious Rationalities (Cambridge, 2010), pp. 37–42.
5.	The third-century BC Alexandrian librarian Eratosthenes’ calculation -c.25–3 0,000 miles - was widely known through Pliny the Elder and the textbook of John of Sacrobosco, De Spera (c. 1230–45), see P. Biller, The Measure of Multitude (Oxford, 2000), p. 218; L. Thorndyke, The Sphere of Sacrobosco and its Commentators (Chicago, 1949). This was much more accurate than Ptolemy of Alexandria’s c.20,000 miles that became fashionable in the fifteenth century and probably influenced Columbus.
6.	M. Prestwich, Armies and Warfare in the Middle Ages: The English Experience (New Haven and London, 1996), pp. 341–2; G. Parker, The Military Revolution (Cambridge, 1988), p. 64.
7.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1864), pp. 168,172–3, 214, 353, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 167, 171, 204, 316–17.
8.	J. France, Victory in the East (Cambridge, 1994); J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–1221 (Philadelphia, 1986); W. C. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton, 1979); A. Murray, ‘The Army of Godfrey of Bouillon’, Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire, 70 (1992), pp. 301–29; idem, ‘Money and Logistics in the First Crusade’, in Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, ed. J. H. Pryor (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 229–50 and passim; J. H. Pryor, Geography, Technology and War (Cambridge, 1988); P. Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades (Cambridge, 2004).
9.	A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot, 2000).
10.	J. Gillingham, ‘Roger of Howden on Crusade’, Medieval Historical Writing in the Christian and Islamic Worlds, ed. D. O. Morgan (London, 1982), pp. 60–75.
11.	Geoffrey of Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. and French trans. E. Faral (Paris, 1938–9), trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963); Robert of Clari, The Conquest of Constantinople, ed. and trans. E. H. McNeal (repr. New York, 1966).
12.	Archives Nationales de France, MS J 456 no. 36; the changes are on folio 36-ii.
13.	For the Catalan computa, T. N. Bisson, The Fiscal Accounts of Catalonia under the Early Count-Kings (1151–1213) (Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 1984).
14.	The Bayeux Tapestry, ed. F. M. Stenton (London, 1957), esp. plates 37–42, and above, plates 15–19.
15.	Hayton, La Flor des estoires de la Terre Sainte, RHC Documents Arméniens (Paris, 1869–1906), vol. ii, p. 220.
	1. IMAGES OF REASON
1.	In general see C. Tyerman, The Debate on the Crusades (Manchester, 2011).
2.	Gesta Francorum at aliorum Hierosolimitanum, ed. and trans. R. Hill (London, 1962), p. 3 6 where Bohemimd is praised for being ‘sapiens et prudens’.
3.	E. Grant, God and Reason in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2001), p. 364.
4.	D. D’Avray, Medieval Religious Rationalities (Cambridge, 2010), esp. pp. 17–30.
5.	A. Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1978). For a sane, lively popular interpretation, see J. Hannam, God’s Philosophers (London, 2009).
6.	Grant, God and Reason, p. 9.
7.	R. Bartlett, The Natural and the Supernatural in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 2008), pp. 12–17; D’Avray, Medieval Religious Rationalities, pp. 15, 36–41.
8.	Anselm, Prayers and Meditations of St Anselm with the Proslogion, trans. B. Ward (London, 1973).
9.	Peter Abelard, Sic et Non: A Critical Edition, ed. B. B. Bryer and R. McKeon (Chicago, 1976–7), pp. 103,113. In general, see M. Clanchy, Abelard: A Medieval Life (Oxford, 1997).
10.	Murray, Reason and Society, pp. 132–6 and generally pp. 130–37.
11.	C. Morris, ‘Policy and visions: the case of the holy lance at Antioch’, in War and Government in the Middle Ages, ed. J. Gillingham and J. C. Holt (Woodbridge, 1984), pp. 33–45; the most partisan account in favour of the lance’s authenticity is Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, RHC Occ., vol. iii, pp. 253–61, 279–88; trans. J. H. Hill and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia, 1968), pp. 51–64, 93–108; the most hostile, Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi in expeditione Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol.iii,pp. 676–9, 682–3,trans.B.Bachrach and D. S. Bachrach, The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 118–21, 126–7.
12.	M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade (Harlow, 2003), pp. 227–47; in general, P. J. Geary, Furta Scara. Theft of Relics in the Central Middle Ages (Princeton, 1978). For Guibert of Nogent’s On the Relics of Saints (c.1120) see Guibert of Nogent, Monodies and On the Relics of Saints, trans. J. McAlhany and J. Rubinstein (London, 2011).
13.	P. Riant, Exuviae sacrae constantinopolitanae (Geneva, 1876–7), pp. xcv, xcvii, 127–40.
14.	Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, trans. N. P. Tanner (London and Washington, 1990), Lateran IV, canon 62, pp. 263–4.
15.	M. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record (London, 1979), but cf. M. Carlin and D. Crouch, Lost Letters of Medieval Life (Philadelphia, 2013).
16.	Richard FitzNeal, The Dialogue of the Exchequer, ed. C. Johnson (London, 1950).
17.	Roger of Wendover, Flores historiarum, ed. H. G. Hewlett (London, 1886–9), vol. h, p. 323 for Master Hubert’s roll of English crusaders in 1227; Registro del Cardinale Ugolino d’Ostia, ed. G. Levi (Rome, 1890), pp. 128–33 for lists of Italian recruits in 1221.
18.	Gesta Francorum, p. 75 describes how at Antioch in the autumn of 1098, Bohemund showed his fellow leaders his written account of expenses (‘suumque ostendit compotum’).
19.	See the incident of Baldwin I of Jerusalem and the autopsy on a dancing bear, fully discussed in the pioneering work by P. Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 159–63 and below pp. 251–5.
20.	Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus Miraculorum, ed. J. Strange (Cologne, 1851), vol. i, p. 212: bk IV, ch. 44; S. Flanagan, Doubt in an Age of Faith: Uncertainty in the Long Twelfth Century (Turnhout, 2008), p. 69.
21.	Theophilus, De Diversis Artibus, ed. and trans. C. R. Dodwell (Oxford, 1986), pp. 64–5, 71 and 142–58.
22.	Albert of Aachen, Historia lerosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 120–23.
23.	Lettres de Jacques de Vitry, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden, i960), p. 106; cf. Oliver of Paderborn, The Capture of Damietta, trans. E. Peters in Christian Society and the Crusades 1198–1221 (Philadelphia, 1971), p. 65 where Oliver himself modestly conceals his identity.
24.	Gervase of Canterbury, Opera historical ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1879–80), vol. i, pp. 6 and 19–21.
25.	J. H. Harvey, English Medieval Architects (London, 1987), p. 202.
26.	E.g. the frequently reproduced National Library of Austria, Vienna, Cod. 2554, fol. iv from the mid-thirteenth century, see J. H. Harvey, The Master Builders: Architecture in the Middle Ages (London, 1971), p. 49.
27.	Anna Abulafia, Christians and Jews in the Twelfth Century Renaissance (London, 1995); eadem, Christians and Jews in Dispute 1000–1150 (Aldershot, 1998).
28.	Clanchy, Abelard, pp. 288–321.
29.	J. Thijssen, Censure and Heresy at the University of Paris 1200–1400 (Philadelphia, 1998).
30.	C. Burnett, ed. Adelard of Bath (London, 1987) and idem, ‘Adelard of Bath’, ODNB.
31.	Baldwin of Forde, De commendatione fidei, ed. D. H. Bell (Turnhout, 1991), ch. lxxxv, pp. 433–4; cf. Flanagan, Doubt, p. 45; see C. Holdsworth’s ODNB entry on Baldwin.
32.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, trans. L. Thorpe (London, 1978), p. 184.
33.	Isidore of Seville, Etymologia, ed. W. M. Lindsay (Oxford, 1911), bk X, ch. 11; Chanson de Roland, ed. J. Dufornet (Paris, 1973), v. 1093; Gesta Francorum, pp. 6, 10, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 28, 32, 35, 36, 61, 63 and p. xviii for Hill’s dismissal of these epithets having any precise meaning.
34.	Robert of Rheims, Historia Iherosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, pp. 741, 745, 760, 780, 799.
35.	Baldric of Bourgueil, Historia Jerosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 23; for date, see The Historia Jerosolimitana of Baldric of Bourgueil, ed. S. Biddlecombe (Woodbridge, 2014), pp. xxiv-xxx.
36.	For example in Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 94–5 (Bohemund), 96–7 (Warner of Grez).
37.	William of Tyre, Historia, p. 453, trans. E. Babcock and A. Krey in A History of the Deeds done beyond the Sea (repr. New York, 1976), vol. i, p. 415.
38.	P. van Luyn, ‘Les milites dans la France du Xle siècle’, Le Moyen Age, 77 (1971), pp. 5–51, 193–235, esp. tables pp. 234–6.
39.	Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 605; trans. p. 22.
40.	W. L. Warren, Henry II (London, 1977), p. 208 and n. 3 for refs, to three contemporary commentators.
41.	Murray, Reason and Society, pp. 376–80.
42.	In general, M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven, 1984); G. Duby, The Chivalrous Society (London, 1977); J. Flori, L’Essor de Chevalerie xie-xiie siècles (Geneva, 1986); D. Crouch, The English Aristocracy 1070–1272. A Social Transformation (New Haven, 2011).
43.	Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 219; Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 235; for translations of Anselm’s letters, see E. Peters, ed., The First Crusade (Philadelphia, 1998), pp. 284–7, 289–91.
44.	Eadmer, Historia Novorum, ed. M. Rule (London, 1884), pp. 179–81; Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1969–80), vol. v, pp. 170–73; J. Shepard, ‘When Greek meets Greek: Alexius Comnenus and Bohemund in 1097–8’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 12 (1988), pp. 185–277; Canso d’Antioca, ed. and trans. C. Sweetenham and L. M. Paterson (Aldershot, 2003), pp. 5–6; Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, ed. and trans. M. R. James et al. (Oxford, 1983), pp. 476–7.
45.	In general, V. H. Galbraith, ‘The Literacy of Medieval English Kings’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 21 (1935), pp. 201–38; J. T. Rosenthal, ‘The Education of the Early Capetians’, Traditio, 25 (1969), pp. 366–76; R. V. Turner, ‘The Miles Literatus in Twelfth and Thirteenth Century England: How Rare a Phenomenon?’, American Historical Review, 83 (1978), pp. 928–45 (p. 931 for ‘pragmatic readers’); J. W. Thompson, The Literacy of the Laity in the Middle Ages (New York, 1960); Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record; M. Aurell, Le chevalier lettré: Savoir et conduit de l’aristocrade au xiie et xiiie siècle (Paris, 2011). For Stephen of Blois’s mother, see Guibert of Nogent, Gesta, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 147; for his wife, the formidable Adela, see L. Huneycutt’s ODNB article; for the final comment, N. Orme, Medieval Children (New Haven, 2001), p. 240.
46.	D. Crouch, The Beaumont Twins (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 7, 207–11.
47.	Riant, Exuviae sacrae constantinopolitanae, p. 133.
48.	Walter Map, De Nugis Curialium, pp. 12–13.
49.	Galbraith, ‘Literacy’, pp. 212–23 for refs.
50.	Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (New York, 1966), p. 333; Gerald of Wales, De Invectionibus, i, Opera Omnia, ed. J. Brewer et al. (London, 1861–91), vol. iii, p. 30.
51.	Fulk le Réchin, Fragmentum historiae Andegavensis, ed. L. Halphen and R. Poupardin, Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou et des seigneurs d’Amboise (Paris, 1913), pp. 206–45.
52.	William of Tyre, Historia, p. 631, trans. Babcock and Krey, History, vol. ii, p. 47.
53.	John of Marmoutier, Historia Gaufredi, Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou, pp. 176, 218; cf. similar eulogizing remarks by Stephen of Rouen, Draco Normannicus, ed. R. Howlett, Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, vol. ii (London, 1885), pp. 772–3.
54.	Warren, Henry II, pp. 38–9.
55.	William of Tyre, Historia, pp. 714–15, 864–5, 867–8; R. Huygens, ‘Guillaume de Tyre étudiant. Un chapitre (xix.12) de son “Historie” retrouvé’, Latomus, 31 (1962), pp. 811–29; P. Edbury and J. G. Rowe, William of Tyre (Cambridge, 1988), p. 17 and n. 17 and passim.
56.	Warren, Henry II, p. 208.
57.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, p. 143, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, p. 146 (cf. the Nestor epithet used for James of Avesnes, another Third Crusade commander, Itinerarium, p. 63, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, p.74); J. Gillingham, Richard I (New Haven and London, 1999), pp. 254–61.
58.	D. M. Stenton, ‘King John and the Courts of Justice’, Proceedings of the British Academy, 44 (1958), pp. 103–28; M. Lovatt’s ODNB article on Geoffrey.
59.	France, Victory in the East, pp. 45–6 and passim.
60.	Gerald of Wales, De Principis Instructione, Opera, vol. viii, pp. 39–43; R. Bartlett, Gerald of Wales (Oxford, 1982), pp. 69–71.
61.	See M. Gabriele, An Empire of Memory. The Legend of Charlemagne, the Franks, and Jerusalem before the First Crusade (Oxford, 2011); cf. G esta Francorum, p. 2 etc.
	2. ESTABLISHING A CASE FOR WAR
1.	The literature on Urban’s speech is vast. As a start, see J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), esp. chs. 1, 4 and 6; C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006), chs. I and 2.
2.	Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 124.
3.	Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, MGHS, vol. vi, p. 367.
4.	Robert of Rheims, Historia Iherosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 729, trans. C. Sweetenham, Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade (Farnham, 2006), p. 81; for the crusade decree, R. Somerville, The Councils of Urban II, vol. i, Decreta Claromontensia, Annuarium Historiae Conciliorum: Supplementum, i (Amsterdam, 1972), p. 74.
5.	W. Wiederhold, ‘Papsturkunden in Florenz’, Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Phil.-Hist. Kl (Göttingen, 1901), p. 313, trans. J. Riley-Smith and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality (London, 1981), p. 39.
6.	Gesta Francorum at aliorum Hierosolimitanum, ed. and trans. R. Hill (London, 1962), p. 1; J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 62.-3; for an early use of ‘pugnatores Dei\ see Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 325; similar formulae saturate the letters of crusaders themselves and contemporary commentators’ accounts.
7.	Wiederhold, ‘Papsturkunden in Florenz’, p. 313; H. Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (Innsbruck, 1901), pp. 137–8 (Urban to his supporters in Bologna, Sept. 1096); P. Kehr, Papsturkunden in Spanien, vol. i, Katalonien (Berlin, 1926), pp. 287–8, trans. Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 39–40. On representing the crusade as Christian charity, see J. Riley-Smith, ‘Crusading as an Act of Love’, History, 75 (1980), pp. 177–92.
8.	Ralph Glaber, Opera, ed. J. France et al. (Oxford, 1989), pp. 200–201; in general, C. Morris, The Holy Sepulchre and the Medieval West (Oxford, 2005).
9.	Albert of Aachen, Historia lerosolimitana, ed. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 2–9; Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, pp. 142–3; E. O. Blake and C. Morris, ‘A Hermit Goes to War: Peter and the Origins of the First Crusade’, in Monks, Hermits and the Ascetic Tradition, ed. W. J. Shields, Studies in Church History, vol. 22 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 79–109; J. Flori, Pierre L’Ermite et la première croisade (Paris, 1999); Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 65–6, 72–4.
10.	On the origins, see in general C. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of Crusade, trans. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton, 1977); for critiques see C. Tyerman, The Debate on the Crusades (Manchester, 2011), pp. 183–92; cf. Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 27–57.
11.	H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gregory VII’s “Crusading” Plans of 1074’, in Outremer, ed. B. Z. Kedar et al. (Jerusalem, 1982), pp. 27–40; The Register of Pope Gregory VII 1072–1085, trans. H. E. J. Cowdrey (Oxford, 2002), pp. 50–51, 122–4, 127–8; for Byzantine contacts with the west, see P. Frankopan, The First Crusade: The Call from the East (London, 2012), esp. pp. 57–100.
12.	Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 124.
13.	Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzusbriefe, p. 136, trans. Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 38.
14.	Bernold of St Blasien, Chronicon, MGHS, vol. v, p. 462.
15.	For example Raymond of Aguilers’ Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii or the Chanson d’Antioche, ed. S. Duparc-Quioc (Paris, 1977).
16.	Gesta Francorum, p. 1; cf. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 140.
17.	Vita Altmanni episcopi Pataviensis, MGHS, vol. xii, p. 230 for the 1064 pilgrimage.
18.	See Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 607–11, 802–4, 875–81.
19.	Ibid., pp. 100–106 and 282–6; cf. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade, pp. 50–57; R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (London, 1987), pp. 50–136; S. Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders (London, 1977).
20.	Hayton, La Flor des estoires de la Terre Sainte, RHC Documents Arméniens Paris, 1869–1906), vol. ii, p. 220; above p. 7.
21.	As in Urban’s letter to the monks of Vallombrosa, near Florence, Wiederhold, ‘Papstkurkunden in Florenz’, p. 313.
22.	A. Wauters, Table Chronologique des Chartes et Diplômes Imprimés concernant l’histoire de la Belgique, vol. iii (Brussels, 1871), p. 74; M. Purcell, Papal Crusading Policy 1244–91 (Leiden, 1975), pp. 200–201.
23.	H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Christianity and the Morality of Warfare During the First Century of Crusading’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. i, Western Approaches, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 175–92; idem, ‘Pope Gregory VII and the Bearing of Arms’, in Montjoie, ed. B. Z. Kedar et al. (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 21–3 5; in general, F. H. Russell, The fust War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, 1977).
24.	Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans. B. S. James (Stroud, 1998), no. 394, p.467.
25.	Gratian, Decretum, ed. A. Frieberg, Corpus Iuris Canonici, vol. i (Leipzig, 1879), Causa XXIII; cf. E.-D. Hehl, Kirche und Krieg im 12 Jahrhundert (Stuttgart, 1980); J. A. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusade (Madison, 1969), pp. 39–45; Russell, Just War, pp. 55–85.
26.	William of Tyre, Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Turnhout, 1986); Russell, Just War, pp. 86–126; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 120.
27.	The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, trans. J. A. Brundage (New York, 2003); C. Tyerman, ‘Henry of Livonia and the Ideology of Crusading’, in Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier, ed. M. Tamm et al. (Farnham, 2011), pp. 23–44.
28.	For what follows, see J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool, 1979), pp. 1–71.
29.	Tyerman, God’s War, p. 585.
30.	Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels, pp. 6–7.
31.	Ibid, esp. pp. 15–17; M. Villey, La Croisade: essai sur la formation d’une théorie juridique (Paris, 1942).
32.	Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, p. 367.
33.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 120 (Quia Maior 1213); Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 4–7; in general, see S. Throop, Crusading as an Act of Vengeance 1095–1216 (Farnham, 2011).
34.	Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, no. 391, p. 462. Cf. Chanson d’Antioche, 11. 39, 99, 173, 207, in general pp. 20–25; C. Morris, ‘Propaganda for War. The Dissemination of the Crusading Ideal in the Twelfth Century’, in Studies in Church History, ed. W. Shields, vol. xx (Oxford, 1983), esp. pp. 94–101; W. Jordan, The Representations of the Crusade in the Songs Attributed to Thibaud, Count Palatine of Champagne’, Journal of Medieval History, 25 (1999), pp. 2.7–34; for trans., by M. Routledge, see An Eyewitness History of the Crusades, ed. C. Tyerman (London, 2004), vol. iv, pp. 268–73; and notes 27 above and 36 below.
35.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 57–9, 64–7 for the bulls.
36.	J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844–64), vol. cciv, cols. 249–52, 350–61; Actes des comtes de Namur 946–1196, ed. F. Rousseau (Brussels, 1936), no. 28, pp. 61–4 (Othon de Trazegnies).
37.	Russell, Just War, pp. 98, 100; Throop, Crusading as an Act of Vengeance, pp. 76, 83,131; Bernard of Clairvaux, De laude novae mili-tiae, trans. M. Barber and K. Bate, The Templars (Manchester, 2002), p. 219. For papal acceptance of revenue, see the constitution Zelus fidei of Gregory X’s Second Council of Lyons, 1274, in N. P. Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (London and Washington, 1990), vol. i, p. 309.
38.	Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 606, trans. B. Bachrach and D. S. Bachrach, The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen (Aldershot, 2005), p. 22.
39.	Bonizo of Sutri, Liver de Vita Christiana, ed. E. Perels (Berlin, 1930), pp. 35, 56, 101, 248–9; on chivalry in general, M. Keen, Chivalry (New Haven, 1984).
40.	Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 606, trans. Bachrach and Bachrach, p. 22.
41.	Bernard of Clairvaux, De laude novae militia, p. 218. For the western tradition, see Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 38–57; for Byzantine holy war in the seventh century, see P. Sarris, Empires of Faith (Oxford, 2011), pp. 250–53, 258, 266–7.
42.	H. W. C. Davis, ‘Henry of Blois and Brian FitzCount’, English Historical Review, 25 (1910), pp. 301–3; cf. E. King, ‘The Memory of Brian Fitz-Count’, Haskins Society Journal, 13 (2004), pp. 89–90; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusade: Idea and Reality, p. 57.
43.	Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, pp. 461–2, no. 391.
44.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusade: Idea and Reality, p. 128; Keen, Chivalry, pp. 96–8.
45.	Robert of Rheims, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 728, trans. Sweeten-ham, Robert the Monk’s History, p. 80.
46.	Canso d’Antioca, ed. and trans. L. M. Patterson and C. Sweetenham (Aldershot, 2003); Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 514 and books i-vii, passim; William of Malmesbury, De Gestis Regum Anglorum, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1887–9), vol. ii, pp. 460–61; Geffrei Gaimar, Estoire des Engleis, ed. and trans. I. Short (Oxford, 2009), 1. 5 7 5o, p. 312; cf. Tyerman, Debate, pp. 12–15.
47.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. and trans. C. W. David (New York, 1976), pp. 104–7.
48.	De profectione Danorum in Hierosolymam, ed. M. C. Gertz, Scriptores Minores Historie Danicae (Copenhagen, 1970), vol. ii, pp. 465–7.
49.	Chevalier, Mult Estes Guarez, ed. J. Bédier, Les chansons de croisade (Paris, 1909), p. 10; Chronica regia Coloniensis, ed. G. Waitz, MGHS, vol. xviii, pp. 203–8, trans. A. J. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade (Leiden, 2000), p. 201.
50.	Ambroise, Estoire de la guerre sainte, trans. as The Crusade of Richard Lionheart by M. J. Hubert (New York, 1941 repr. 1976), 11. 4,665–6, p. 198; Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1864) passim and, for Roland and Oliver, pp. 143, 216 and 422, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aider-shot, 1997), pp. 145, 2,06, 367.
51.	Geoffrey of Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. E. Faral (Paris, 1938–9), trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963); Robert of Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. P. Lauer (Paris, 1924), trans. E. H. McNeal (New York, 1936 repr. 1966); John of Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, ed. N. de Wailly (Paris, 1874), trans. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades.
52.	Trans, by M. Routledge, in ed. Tyerman, Eyewitness History of the Crusades, vol. iii, pp. 12–13.
53.	Itinerarium peregrinorum régis Ricardi, p. 33, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, p. 48.
54.	Rutebeuf, La desputizons dou croisié et dou descroisié, Onze poems concernant la croisade, ed. J. Bastin and E. Faral (Paris, 1946), pp. 84–94; C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998), p. 53
55.	Archives nationales de France, JJ 59, no. 76; re-registered JJ 60, no. 100.
56.	Ordinatio de predicatione S. Crucis in Angliae, Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores, ed. R. Röhricht, Société de l’Orient Latin, vol. ii (Geneva, 1879), pp. 1–26, esp. p. 20.
57.	J. B. Pitra, Analecta Novissima (Paris, 1885–8), vol. ii, Sermon XI, pp. 328–31.
58.	Gesta Francorum, p. 20. For the Clermont decree, Somerville, Councils of Urban II, Décréta Claromontensia, p.74 and for honor, see Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, ed. J. F. Niermeyer et al. (Leiden, 1984), cols. 495–8.
59.	Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 324, trans. F. R. Ryan and H. Fink, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem (Knoxville, 1969), p. 67; Baldric of Bourgueil, Historia Jerosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 15, trans. Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 52; Canso d’Antioca, pp. 5–6, 201, 217, 229; Robert of Rheims, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 728, trans. Sweetenham, Robert the Monk’s History, p. 81; see below ch. 5, pp. 138–49.
60.	Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, RHC Occ., vol. v, p. 17.
61.	Gunther of Pairis, The Capture of Constantinople, ed. and trans. A. Andrea (Philadelphia, 1997), p.71
62.	For the material privileges in general, see Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader, pp. 159–90; for women taking the Cross as early as 1096, Riley-Smith, The First Crusade, p. 35, cf. idem, First Crusaders, pp. 198, 204, 205, 210 and 213. See below ch.10, pp. 245–7.
63.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusade: Idea and Reality, pp. 58–9.
64.	Ibid, pp. 121–2.
65.	Tyerman, Invention, pp. 55–62 for a brief general survey.
66.	Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. clxxx, col. 1063; Constitutiones Concilii quarti Lateranensis una cum Commentariis glossatorum, ed. A. Garcià y Garcià (Vatican City, 1981), p. 113; for a fuller discussion, see below ch. 8 pp. 204–7.
67.	In general, Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader, pp.139–58.
68.	Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, pp. 462, 467, Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 325, trans. Ryan and Fink, History of the Expedition, p. 68; Tyerman, Invention, pp. 81–3.
69.	Villehardouin, La Conquête, vol. i, p. 4; Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader, pp. 146–50 and p. 148 n. 33.
70.	For 1198 bull, Die Register Innocenz’ III, ed. O. Hageneder et al. (Graz, Cologne, Rome and Vatican City, 1964- ), vol. i, no. 336; Roger of Howden, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1868–71), vol. iv, pp. 70–75; Tyerman, Invention, p. 58 and refs.; for Languedoc, Peter of Les Vaux-de-Cernay, Historia Albigensis, trans. as The History of the Albigensian Crusade by W. A. Sibly and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge, 1998), p. 97; for one year qualification in the Baltic in 1230, see Gregory IX, Registres, ed. L. Auvray (Paris, 1890–1955), no. 493.
71.	Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, pp. 158–90; Tyerman, Invention, pp. 55–62.
72.	E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (London, 1997), pp. 79–80, 98–100; Tyerman, ‘Henry of Livonia and the Ideology of Crusading’.
73.	R. C. Smail, ‘Latin Syria and the West, 1149–87’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 5th series, 19 (1969), pp. 1–20.
74.	Register Innocenz’ III, vol. i, no. 336; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 120–21.
75.	D. E. Queller and T. F. Madden, The Fourth Crusade (Philadelphia, 1997), p. 16 and n. 54 and passim. In retrospect, Robert of Clari made clear the high command’s preference for the Egyptian strategy - La Conquête, trans. McNeal, pp. 36, 37.
76.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 64–7.
77.	See, for example, Peter of Blois’s Passio Reginaldi, in Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. ccvii, cols. 957–76.
78.	Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2001), p. 125.
79.	Used, e.g., in the conciliar decree Ad Liberandam of 1215, Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 128.
80.	Ibid, p. 120.
81.	Oliver of Paderborn, Historia Damiatina, trans. J. J. Gavigan, in Christian Society and the Crusades j 198–1229, ed. E. Peters (Philadelphia, 1971), pp. 89–91,112–14; James of Vitry, Lettres, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden, 1960), pp. 141–53.
82.	E. R. David, ‘Apocalyptic Conversion: The Joachite Alternative to the Crusades’, Traditio, 125 (1969), pp. 127–54; B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission (Princeton, 1984), pp. 112–16, 219–23.
83.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 122; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 596–9.
84.	On Gregory’s crusade schemes, see M. Lower, The Barons’ Crusade: A Call to Arms and its Consequences (Philadelphia, 2005).
85.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London, 1872–84), vol. iii, p. 620; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 762–3 and refs.
86.	T. Rymer, Foedera, 3rd edn (London, 1745), 1, i, pp. 148–9, new edn (London, 1816), I, i, pp. 258–9.
87.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, vol. v, pp. 521–2, 526, 532–3, 536; C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), pp. 120–23.
88.	In general, W. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton, 1979).
89.	For a discussion of papal policy, C. T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 52–6, 58–9 and refs.
90.	For partial coverage, N. Housley, The Italian Crusades (Oxford, 1982); idem, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades 1305–78 (Oxford, 1986).
91.	J. F. O’Callaghan, Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain (Philadelphia, 2003), pp. 62–4, 88–9 and passim.
92.	In general, Christiansen, Northern Crusades, passim.
93.	Tyerman, ‘Henry of Livonia and Crusading Ideology’, pp. 32–3; in general, I. Fonnesberg-Schmidt, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147–1254 (Leiden, 2007).
94.	Christiansen, Northern Crusades, p. 152 and refs.
95.	Above note 90.
96.	Innocent IV, Registres, ed. E. Berger (Paris, 1884–1921), no. 2945.
97.	Ibid., nos. 1981, 1986, 1987, 2487, 2572, 2878, 2883, 2945, 2956, 3812, 3842, 4062, 4094, 4681, 5083, 5279, 5336, 5345.
98.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusade: Idea and Reality, pp. 86–9; cf. Urban IV, Registres, ed. J. Guiraud (Paris, 1899–1958), nos. 809, 817.
99.	Above note 87; H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1988), pp. 320–21.
100.	P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade (Amsterdam, 1940), esp. pp. 69–213, 229–32; Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, vol. i, pp. 304, 309–14; and below pp. 283–5.
101.	Albert von Beham und Regesten Innocenz IV, ed. C. Hofler (Stuttgart, 1847), pp. 16–17; S. Lloyd, ‘Political Crusades in England’, in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 113–20; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 133–51.
102.	Kedar, Crusade and Mission, pp. 177–83.
	3. PUBLICITY
1.	The literature on the First Crusade is vast. See, on planning, C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006), pp. 58–89; J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 7–22, 53–143.
2.	R. Somerville, ‘The Council of Clermont’, in Papacy, Councils and Canon Law (London, 1990), vol. vii, p. 58 and passim; Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 149.
3.	For a short survey, T. Reuter, ‘Assembly Politics in Western Europe from the Eighth to the Twelfth Centuries’, in The Medieval World, ed. P. Linehan and J. Nelson (London, 2001), pp. 432–50.
4.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 276, 278–81, 286–8, 377–8, 381, 387, 392, 394, 499, 502–4 and refs.; C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), pp. 59–61, 75–6 and refs.; J. R. Sweeny, ‘Hungary in the Crusades 1169–1218’, International History Review, 3 (1981), pp. 475–6; Geoffrey of Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople ed. E. Faral (Paris, 1938–9), trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusade (London, 1963), pp. 29–31, 37–9; A. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade (Leiden, 2000), pp. 279–80.
5.	Ad Liberandam, decree no. 71 of Fourth Lateran Council, trans. N. P. Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (London and Washington, 1990), pp. 267–71; Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, ed. H.-F. Delaborde et al. (Paris, 1916–79), no. 1360; C. T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades. Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 31–95; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 772–4, 778–9, 785, 814–16 and refs.; N. Housley, The Later Crusades. From Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford, 1992), pp. 10–15, 28–30 and refs.; J. Maddicott, ‘The Crusade Taxation of 1268–70 and the Development of Parliament’, Thirteenth Century England, 2 (1988), pp. 93–117; idem, The Origins of the English Parliament 924–1327 (Oxford, 2010), pp. 266–72.
6.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 829–32, 865–6, 870 and refs.; for a detailed analysis of the 1313 festival, see E. A. R. Brown and N. F. Regalado, ‘La grant feste’, in City and Spectacle in Medieval Europe, eds. B. A. Hanawalt and K. L. Reyerson (Minneapolis, 1994), pp. 56–86.
7.	Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, trans. W. M. Conlon (London, 1955), p. 74; Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers, ed. J. Raine, Rolls Series (London, 1873), pp. 93–6.
8.	Landulph of St Paul, Liber Hystoriarum Mediolanensis Urbis, ed. C. Castiglioni (Bologna, 1935), pp. 4–5; in general, J. Richard, ‘La papauté et la direction de la première croisade’, Journal des savants (1960), pp. 49–59
9.	Baldric of Bourgueil, Historia Jerosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 15; Urban IPs letter to the Flemish, December 1095, H. Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (Innsbruck, 1901), pp. 136–7, trans. E. Peters, The First Crusade (Philadelphia, 1998), p. 42.
10.	Richard, ‘La papauté et la direction’, pp. 54–5, but Fulcher of Chartres is less specific, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 329 about Urban’s approval: ‘from whom we received a blessing’.
11.	In general see J. Phillips, The Second Crusade (New Haven, 2007), pp. 37–8, 39–41, 97 for a positive view of Eugenius’s role; for gossip about the legates and the French bishops, see John of Salisbury, Historia Pontificalis (London, 1962), pp. 54–6.
12.	Tyerman, God’s War, p. 282; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans. B. S. James (Stroud, 1998), letter no. 393, pp. 465–6.
13.	For examples, see Maier, Preaching the Crusades, pp. 51–2, 88–9, 137–41.
14.	For the Third Crusade preparations, see Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 374–99; for the role of bishops, Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 48, 142.
15.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, trans. L. Thorpe (London, 1978), p. 200; M. C. Gaposchkin, ‘The Pilgrimage and Cross-blessings in the Roman Pontificals of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries’, Medieval Studies, 73 (2011), pp. 261–86, esp. p. 279 and refs.; J. A. Brundage, ‘Cruce Signari: The Rite For Taking The Cross in England’, Traditio, 22 (1966), pp. 289–310; K. Pennington, ‘The Rite For Taking The Cross in the Twelfth Century’, Traditio, 30 (1974), pp. 429–35; for a trans. of an English example, see J. Riley-Smith and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095–1274 (London, 1981), pp. 137–9
16.	Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade, pp. 10–19 (the Narbonne version of the crusade bull), 20–21 for Fulk’s appointment; for Vacarius see the York version of the 1198 bull, in Roger of Howden, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1868–71), vol. iv, pp. 70–75.
17.	Gunther of Pairis, The Capture of Constantinople, ed. and trans. A. Andrea (Philadelphia, 1997), pp. 68–71.
18.	James of Vitry, Historia Occidentalis, ed. J. F. Hinnebusch (Freiburg, 1972), p. 101.
19.	J. L. Cate, ‘The English Mission of Eustace of Flay’, Etudes d’histoire dédiées à la mémoire de Henri Pirenne (Brussels, 1937), pp. 67–89; Roger of Howden, Chronica, vol. iv, pp. 123–4, 167–72.
20.	Pium et sanctum, trans. J. Bird, E. Peters and J. M. Powell, in Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia, 2013), p. 113; cf. Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 130–31.
21.	Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, p. 38; Thomas of Chob-ham, Summa de Arte Praedicandi, ed. F. Morenzoni (Turnholt, 1988), pp. 69–70.
22.	Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade, pp. 39–52, 72–3, 128, 152, 163–8, 171–6, 250–51; Gunther of Pairis, Capture of Constantinople, pp. 78–9.
23.	G. Dickson, The Children’s Crusade (Basingstoke, 2008), esp. chs. 2–5.
24.	J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–1221 (Philadelphia, 1986), pp. 15–50; for trans. of Quia Maior and the instructions to preachers, Pium et sanctum, Bird et al, Crusade and Christendom, pp. 106–13; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 129–33.
25.	Registri dei Cardinali Ugolino d’Ostia e Ottaviano degli Ubaldini, ed. G. Levi (Rome, 1890); for the intellectual background, see J. W. Baldwin, Masters, Princes and Merchants: The Social Views of Peter the Chanter and His Circle (Princeton, 1970).
26.	For an introduction to this see H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Christianity and the Morality of Warfare During the First Century of Crusading’, in The Experience of Crusading, ed. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge, 2003), vol. i, pp. 175–92; J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool, 1979).
27.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 140; ibid., p. 135 for the Parisian academics and, generally, pp. 119–20,135–41; for later laments, see the works of Thomas of Chobham and Humbert of Romans, notes 7 and 21 above.
28.	E. Baratier, ‘Une prédication de la croisade à Marseille en 1224’, Economies et sociétés au moyen âge: Mélanges offerts à Edouard Perroy (Paris, 1973), pp. 690–99, trans. Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 232–5; Powell, Anatomy, esp. ch. 4.
29.	Pay: Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 133 (Innocent III to the bishop of Regensberg, 10 Sept. 1213); for English examples from 1252, 1254 and 1290, Calendar of Patent Rolls 1247–58, pp. 168, 370; Register of Archbishop J. Le Romeyn, vol. ii, ed. W. Brown, Surtees Society (Durham, 1916), p. 93. Seals: Maier, Preaching the Crusades, p. 100 and n. 23, p.106 and n. 56.
30.	Maier, Preaching the Crusades, pp. 8–19 and passim for the friars’ role in general.
31.	Maier, Preaching the Crusades, esp. pp. 20–31.
32.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London, 1872–84), vol. iv, p. 256.
33.	Calendar of Close Rolls 1231–33, pp. 201–2.
34.	Historical Papers from Northern Registers, pp. 93–6; for Humbert’s treatise, above note 7; for the 1265 gourmands, Borelli de Serres, ‘Compte d’une mission de prédication pour secours à la Terre Sainte’, Mémoires de la Société de l’histoire de Paris et de l’île de France, 30 (1903), pp. 243–61, and generally pp. 243–80.
35.	Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1969–80), vol. vi, pp. 68–73, esp. 68–71; M. Barber, The New Knighthood (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 12–18; De profectione Danorum in Hierosoymam, ed. M. C. Gertz, Scriptores Minores Historiae Danicae (Copenhagen, repr. 1970), vol. ii, pp. 465–7.
36.	Thomas of Chobham, Summa de Arte Praedicandi, p. 54; Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, p. 47; for his insistence on extended learning by crusade preachers, see K. Michel, Das Opus Tripartitum des Humbertus de Romans OP (Graz, 1926), pp. 14–16; A. Lecoy de la Marche, ‘La prédication de la croisade au treizième siècle’, Revue des questions historiques, 48 (1890), pp. 15–18.
37.	Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vol. v, p. 324; for official misogyny (in this case Innocent Ill’s), Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 120; for a short summary and useful bibliography, see N. Hodgson, ‘Women’, in The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ed. A. V. Murray (Santa Barbara, 2006), pp. 1285–91.
38.	Ch. 20 of Humbert of Romans’ De predicatione s. crucis, in Michel, Opus Tripartitum, pp. 14–16; Lecoy de la Marche, ‘La prédication’, p. 15; J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844–64), vol. ccxvi, col. 1262; ibid, vol. cxcvii, cols. 187–8. See on various aspects, S. Edgington and S. Lambert, Gendering the Crusades (New York, 2002), esp. chs.1, 3, 6, 11.
39.	R. Somerville, The Councils of Urban II. Décréta Claromontensia (Amsterdam, 1972), p. 74 and passim; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 136–7 (NB: relatum means written record); see also P. Frankopan, The First Crusade: The Call from the East (London, 2012), pp. 60–61, 87–100 and refs.; in general M. Aurell, Le chevalier lettré: Savoir et conduit de l’aristocracie au xiie et xiiie siècle (Paris, 2011); M. Clanchy, From Memory to Written Record (London, 1979) and above pp. 20–27.
40.	Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 140,149.
41.	Bohemund, Gesta Francorum, ed. and trans. R. Hill (London, 1962), P- 75
42.	E. van Houts, The Normans in Europe (Manchester, 2000), pp. 130–31; M. Hagger, ‘A Pipe Roll for 25 Henry I’, English Historical Review, 122 (2007), pp. 133–40
43.	Albert of Aachen, Historia lerosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 6–7; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 144–6, 155–6, 175–6; Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 219; Peters, First Crusade, pp. 284–7, 289–91, 292–7.
44.	Chronicon S. Andreae in Castro Cameracesii, ed. L. C. Bethmann (Hanover, 1846), pp. 544–6; in general, C. Tyerman, The Debate on the Crusades (Manchester, 2011), esp. pp. 7–25 and pp. 32–3, nn. 1–15.
45.	Trans. Peters, First Crusade, pp. 293–6.
46.	N. L. Paul, ‘A Warlord’s Wisdom: Literacy and Propaganda at the Time of the First Crusade’, Speculum, 85 (2010), pp. 534–66; see also N. L. Paul, To Follow in Their Footsteps (Ithaca, 2012).
47.	E.g. Robert of Rheims, Historia Iherosolimitana, ed. D. Kempf and M. G. Bull (Woodbridge, 2013), pp. xlii-xlvii; cf. J. Flori, Chroniqueurs et propagandists: Introduction critique aux sources de la première croisade (Geneva, 2010).
48.	Monitum Willelmi Grassegals militis ad historias belli sacri, RHC Occ., vol. iii, pp. 317–18, trans. J. Rubinstein, ‘Fitting History to Use: Three Crusade Chronicles in Context’, Viator, 35 (2004), pp. 132–68, at p. 134.
49.	J. Phillips, ‘Odo of Deuil’s De profectione as a source’, in Experience of Crusading, ed. Bull and Housley, vol. i, pp. 83–4 and nn. 18 and 23.
50.	Robert of Rheims, above note 47, Introduction passim esp. pp. xlv-xlvi for the luxury illustrated ms; Quantum praedecessores, trans. Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 57–9.
51.	James of Vitry, Lettres, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden, 1960), pp. 135, 139; cf. William of Tyre’s Historia, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Turnholt, 1986), bk v ch. 10.
52.	Lecoy de la Marche, ‘La prédication’, pp. 15–18.
53.	C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998), pp. 14, 36–7; Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. cc, cols. 1294–6, vol. ccxvi, col. 822.
54.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 131–3; F. Kempf, ‘Das Rommersdorfer Briefbuch des 13 Jahrhunderts’, Mitteilungen des Österreichischen Instituts für Geschichtsforschung, Erganzungsband, 12 (1933), pp. 502–71.
55.	Maier, Preaching the Crusades, pp. 101–3.
56.	Above ch. 1 note 50.
57.	For Ilger Bigod, Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vol. v, pp. 170–72; Eadmer, Historia novorum, ed. M. Rule, Rolls Series (London, 1884), pp. 179–81; for Pons of Balazun, see above p. 21 and RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 235; for Anselm of Ribemont, Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 144–6, 155–6.
58.	Aurell, Le chevalier lettré, pp. 28–9 and passim.
59.	D. Crouch, Beaumont Twins (Cambridge, 1986), pp. 7, 207–11; John Hudson, ‘Ranulf Glanvill’, ODNB.
60.	Canso d’Antiocha, ed. L. M. Paterson and C. Sweetenham (Aldershot, 2003), pp. 5–17, 34–40; Aurell, Le chevalier lettré, p. 195.
61.	William of Tyre, Historia, bk 14 ch. 21
62.	See Bernard’s letter to the duke of Bohemia which he hopes the bishop of Moravia will explain, Bernard of Clairvaux, Opera, vol. viii, Epistolae, ed. J. Leclerq and H. Rochais (Rome, 1977), no. 458, pp. 436–7 (B. S. James’s trans., Letters n. 392, p. 464, is highly misleading); Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mie-row (New York, 1966), p. 75; in general Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 69–77.
63.	See for a discussion, J. H. Pryor, ‘Two excitationes for the Third Crusade’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 25 (2010), pp. 147–68, esp. pp. 152–7, 163, n. 163.
64.	For his three crusade pamphlets, De Hierosolymitana peregrinatione acceleranda; its associated Dialogus inter regem Henricum secundum et abbatem Bonnevallensem; and the hagiographical Passio Reginaldi, see Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. ccvii cols. 957–75, 976–88 and 1058–70; Tyerman, Invention, pp. 26–9; R. W. Southern, ‘Peter of Blois’, ODNB.
65.	Gerald of Wales, Opera, ed. J. S. Brewer, Rolls Series (London, 186191), vol. i, p. 79, trans. The Autobiography of Giraldus Cambriensis, ed. H. E. Butler (London, 1937), p. 104.
66.	Ambroise, Estoire de la guerre sainte, trans. M. J. Hubert (New York, 1976); Ordinatio de predicatione s. crucis in Angliae, in ed. R. Röhricht, Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores, Société de l’Orient Latin, vol. ii (Geneva, 1879), p. 20; for Villehardouin’s vernacular, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. E. Faral (Paris, 1938–9); La Chanson de la croisade albigeoise, ed. E. Martin-Chabot (Paris, 1931–61); Peter of les Vaux-de-Vernay, Hystoria albigensis, ed. P. Guébin and E. Lyon (Paris, 1926–39); trans. of Oliver of Paderborn, by J. J. Gavigan, is reproduced in Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 159–225.
67.	U. Berlière, ‘A propos de Jacques de Vitry’, Revue Bénédictine, 27 (1910), pp. 521–4; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 135–6; for Roger of Wendover and Oliver’s chronicle version, Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 132, 166; Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus miraculorum, ed. J. Strange (Cologne, Bonn and Brussels, 1851), vol. ii, p. 245; for Oliver’s texts in general, Schriften, ed. H. Hoogeweg (Tübingen, 1894).
68.	Regestri del Cardinale Ugolino, pp.7–153; Epistolae selectae saeculi XIII, ed. C. Rodenberg (Berlin, 1883–94), vol. i, pp. 89–91, no. 124, tabulated in Powell, Anatomy, pp. 100–101.
69.	Gesta Francorum, p. 75.
70.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 16–17, 78–81; idem, God’s War, pp. 276–7, 389–91. See below pp. 197–9.
71.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. and trans. C. W. David (New York, 1976), pp. 56–7
72.	Ilger Bigod, see above note 57; for legal impact, see Tyerman, Invention, pp. 55–62,
73.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 66, 70–71, 169–72.
74.	Roger of Wendover, Flores historiarum, ed. H. G. Hewlett, Rolls Series (London, 1884–9), vol. ii, p. 297; Berlière, ‘A propos’, pp. 522–4; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 135–6; Testimonia Minora de Quinto Bello Sacro, ed. R. Röhricht (Geneva, 1882), p. 177.
75.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 80 and below ch. 10.
76.	Ordinatio de predicatione s. crucis in Angliae, p. 22; M. Purcell, Papal Crusading Policy 1244–91 (Leiden, 1975), p. 200.
77.	S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 80, 81, 106–7, 115–23, 134–8, 144–5 and Appendix 5.
78.	Cf. Maier, Preaching the Crusades, p. 106.
	4. PERSUASION
1.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, trans. L. Thorpe (London, 1978), passim; idem, Opera, ed. J. S. Brewer, Rolls Series (London, 1861–91), vol. i, pp. 75, 77–8; Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus miraculorum, ed. J. Strange (Cologne, Bonn and Brussels, 1851), vol. i, pp. 70–72, vol. ii, pp. 234–5, 332–5; Testimonia Minora de Quinto Bello Sacro, ed. R. Röhricht (Geneva, 1882), p. 178.
2.	Oliver, above p. 82; James of Vitry, Lettres, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden, 1960), p. 77; J. Bird, E. Peters and J. M. Powell, Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia, 2013), pp. 232–5.
3.	G. R. Owst, Preaching in Medieval England (Cambridge, 1926), pp. 56–7, citing the Speculum Laicorum.
4.	Gerald of Wales, Opera, vol. i, p. 75.
5.	Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus, vol. i, p. 205; Ordinatio de predicatione s.Crucis in Angliae, ed. R. Röhricht, Quinti Belli Sacn Scriptores Minores, Société de l’Orient Latin, vol. ii (Geneva, 1879), p. 24.
6.	For surveys in English, see P. Cole, The Preaching of the Crusades to the Holy Land 1095–1291 (Cambridge, Mass., 1991); S. Menache, The Vox Dei: Communication in the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1990); C. T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades. Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994); idem, Crusade Propaganda and Ideology: Model Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross (Cambridge, 2000), esp. ch. 2; C. Muessig, ed., Preacher, Sermon and Audience in the Middle Ages (Leiden, 2002), esp. B. M. Kienzle, ‘Medieval Sermons and their Performance’, pp. 110–45.
7.	Thomas of Chobham in R. Copeland and I. Sluiter, Medieval Grammar and Rhetoric. Language, Arts and Literary Theory AD 500–14/5 (Oxford, 2009), pp. 628, 638; cf. Thomas of Chobham, Summa de Arte Praedicandi, ed. F. Morenzoni (Turnholt, 1988), p. 303 and passim; Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, trans. W. M. Conlon (London, 1955), passim.
8.	Baldwin of Forde, ‘Sermo de Sancta Cruce’, in Opera: Sermones de Commendatione Fidei, ed. D. N. Bell (Turnholt, 1991), p. 127,‘in militia vexillum, in victorie tropheum et triumphi titulum’. C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998), p. 73 and n. 185 for mss ref.
9.	Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, pp. 11–12.
10.	A. Lecoy de la Marche, ‘La prédication de la croisade au treizième siècle’, Revue des questions historiques, 48 (1890), pp. 19–20 and passim; Cole-Preaching, pp. 202–17; Maier, Preaching the Crusades, p. 115; for Humbert’s sermons, Maier, Crusade Propaganda, pp. 210–29.
11.	Lecoy de la Marche, ‘La prédication’, p. 25.
12.	Lecoy de la Marche, ‘La prédication’, pp. 15–18.
13.	The text was edited by Röhricht as Ordinatio de predicatione S.Crucis, in Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores (Geneva, 1879), pp. vii-x, 1–26; cf. Cole, Preaching, pp. 109–26; for the context, S. Lloyd, ‘Political Crusades in England’, in Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. Edbury (Cardiff, 1985), pp. 113–20; idem, English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 66–7 and pp. 9–70 for promotion in England generally.
14.	Ordinatio, pp. 22, 25 and generally pp. 18–26; cf. T. F. Crane, The Exempla of Jacques de Vitry (London, 1890), p. 41 no. lxxxix.
15.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London, 1872–84), vol. v, p. 101.
16.	J. Riley-Smith and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality 1095–1274 (London, 1981), p. 136; Testimonia Minora, ed. Röhricht, p. 145.
17.	Tyerman, Invention, p. 74.
18.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 43 trans. from K. Pennington, ‘The Rite for Taking the Cross in the Twelfth Century’, Traditio, 30 (1974), pp. 433–5; Bernard of Clairvaux, Letters, trans. B. S. James (Stroud, 1998), no. 391, p. 461; Robert of Rheims, Historia Iherososlimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 730; Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (New York, 1966), p. 75; Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainault, trans. L. Naplan (Woodbridge, 2005) , p. 112; Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, pp. 132, 169, 185, 200; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 135–6.
19.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in orientem, ed. V. G. Berry (New York, 1948), pp. 6–9.
20.	Otto of Freising, Deeds of Frederick, p.75.
21.	Gunther of Pairis, The Capture of Constantinople, ed. and trans. A. Andrea (Philadelphia, 1997), p. 68, pp. 69–71 for sermon.
22.	Baldric of Bourgueil’s version of Urban’s speech was appended to a manuscript of Humbert of Romans’s treatise of crusade preaching; Gerald of Wales, Opera, vol. i, p. 76, cf. G. Constable, The Language of Preaching in the Twelfth Century’, Viator, 25 (1994), pp. 142–51.
23.	E.g. Humbert of Romans, Maier, Preaching the Crusades, p. 106 and n. 60.
24.	C. Tyerman, God’s War: A New History of the Crusades (London, 2006) , pp. 74–5, 77–8,94–5; Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 142.
25.	For Genoa and Marseilles, above p. 71; H. C. Scheeben, Albert der Grosse: Zur Chronologie seines Lebens (Leipzig, 1931), ch. 9, ‘Kruez-zugspredigt in Deutschland (1263–1264)’, pp. 72–7; H. Wilms, Albert the Great (London, 1933), pp. 200, 203–5.
26.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 114; Geoffrey of Villehar-douin, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. E. Faral (Paris, 1938–9), p. 29 (although there is no explicit mention of a sermon); Eudes of Rouen, Register, ed. S. Brown and J. O’Sullivan (New York and London, 1964), p. 687.
27.	Clerkenwell hosted the failed sermon of Patriarch Heraclius of Jerusalem, C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), p. 51.
28.	Tyerman, God’s War, p. 74; Eudes of Rouen, Register, p. 687.
29.	Robert of Rheims, Historia Iherosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 727.
30.	Historical Papers and Letters from the Northern Registers, ed. J. Raine, Rolls Series (London, 1873), pp. 93–6; Register of Archbishop J. Le Romeyn, vol. ii, ed. W. Brown, Surtees Society (Durham, 1916), pp. 8–9 (and p. 90 n. 1), 113.
31.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 83–5 (Spain 1212) and 111 (Holy Land 1213); Register of Bishop John de Pontissara of Winchester, Surrey Record Society (London, 1913–24), pp. 191–4.
32.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 135–6; Testimonia Minora, ed. Röhricht, p. 177; J. Hanska, ‘Reconstructing the Mental Calendar of Medieval Preaching’, in Preacher, Sermon and Audience, ed. Muessig, p. 293; Maier, Preaching the Crusades, p. 107 n. 62; the experienced Franciscan preacher concerned, Berthold of Regensberg, regularly preached the Cross, including with Albert the Great in 1263–4; Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, pp. 41–3.
33.	G. Frenken, Die Exempla des Jacob von Vitry (Munich, 1914). 149.
34.	J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, 1969), pp. 154–5; H. E. Mayer, The Crusades, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1988), p. 321; Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 456.
35.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, vol. v, pp. 73–4.
36.	Arnold of Lübeck, Chronica Slavorum, ed. J. M. Lappenberg (Hanover, 1868), p. 215.
37.	C. Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusade to the Holy Land’, in idem, The Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), no. XIII, esp. p. 17; Tyerman. England and the Crusades, pp. 170–72.
38.	Ordinatio, p. 17; for a similar contemporary sermon use of nets as an image, see Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 118.
39.	Alan of Lille, Sermo de cruce domini, in Textes inédits, ed. M. T. Alverny (Paris, 1952), pp. 281–2; cf. usury provisions in Quantum praedecessores and see general introductory description in Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, pp. 179–83.
40.	Caffaro, De liberatione civitatum orientis, RHC Occ., vol. v, p. 49 (‘de melioribus’); James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 77; for occupations in general, Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusade to the Holy Land’, passim; and below ch. 6.
41.	Anecdotes historiques legendes et apologues d’Etienne de Bourbon, ed. A Lecoy de la Marche (Paris, 1877), no. 101, pp. 91–2.
42.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1864), p. 33, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), p. 48.
43.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 172, cf. p. 90 for Gerald’s visceral misogyny; Caesarius of Heisterbach, Dialogus, vol. ii, p. 234; cf. J. Brundage’s articles on crusaders’ wives, Studia Gratiana, 12 (1967), pp. 425–41 and 14 (1967), pp. 241–52; Innocent III on the matter, see Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 52, 120; for examples of abuse, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 209–11; Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, p. 154; Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 118 and n. 14.
44.	Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, pp. 29–33, 107–8.
45.	Mayer, Crusades, pp. 320–21.
46.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 233; James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 86; Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, pp. 74, 128–30.
47.	J.-L. Bataillon, ‘Approaches to the Study of Medieval Sermons’, La prédication au xiiie siècle en France et Italie (Aldershot, 1993), pp. 2.1–4; Maier, Crusade Propaganda, pp. 18–21; for examples, see Cole, Preaching, pp. 222–6; Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 115–19.
48.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 75.
49.	Robert of Rheims, Historia Iherosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 729, trans. C. Sweetenham, Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade (Farnham, 2006), p. 81; Maier, Crusade Propaganda, pp. 64–7.
50.	For processions for Spanish crusade of 1212, see Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 82–5; G. Dickson, The Children’s Crusade (Basingstoke, 2008), pp. 51–8.
51.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 802–4, 880–81 and refs.; Annales Paulini, Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and II, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1882–3), vol. i, pp. 156, 266; T. Guard, Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: The English Experience in the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge, 2013), pp. 23–4, 137–8.
52.	Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, MGHS, vol. vi, p. 367.
53.	Geoffrey of Auxerre, S. Bernardi Vita Prima, bk iii, in J. P. Migne, Patro-logia Latina (Paris, 1844–64), vol. clxxxv, p. 307; Gerald of Wales, Opera, vol. i, p. 76; Constable, ‘Language of Preaching’, p. 150 and, in general, pp. 131–52.
54.	Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, p. 32.
55.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. and trans. C. W. David (New York, 1976), pp. 70–71. Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 126.
56.	Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1969–80), vol. vi, pp. 68–73; De profectione Danorum in Hierosoymam, ed. M. C. Gertz, Scriptores Minores Historiae Danicae (Copenhagen, repr. 1970), pp. 466–7.
57.	Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, pp. 34–5.
58.	Chronicle of Jocelin of Brakelond, ed. and trans. H. E. Butler (London, 1949) p. 40.
59.	Humbert of Romans, Treatise on Preaching, p. 42; cf. Clement V’s insistence on vernacular preaching of the cross in 1309, Regestum (Rome, 1885–92), nos. 2989, 2990.
60.	For some general comments, Maier, Preaching the Crusades, pp. 96–7 and pp. 102–3 for the translated papal bull.
61.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 75; above note 53; History of the Expedition of the Emperor Frederick, trans. G. A. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (Farnham, 2010), p. 41.
62.	Barling’s Chronicle, Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and //, vol. ii, p. cxvi.
63.	In general, see now N. Paul, To Follow in Their Footsteps: The Crusades and Family Memory in the High Middle Ages (Cornell, 2012), pp. 1–203; for examples, E. A. R. Brown and M. W. Cothren, ‘The Twelfth-Century Crusading Window of the Abbey of St Denis’, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 49 (1986), pp. 1–40; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 117; F. Cardini, ‘Crusade and “Presence of Jerusalem” in Medieval Florence’, in Outremer, ed. B. Kedar et al. (Jerusalem, 1982), pp. 332–46; C. Morris, Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West (Oxford, 2005), esp. ch. 7; D. F. Glass, Portals, Pilgrimage and Crusade in Western Tuscany (Princeton, 1997); A. Linder, Raising Arms: Liturgy in the Struggle to Liberate Jerusalem in the Late Middle Ages (Turnhout, 2003); cf. C. Morris, ‘Propaganda for War. The Dissemination of the Crusading Ideal in the Twelfth Century’, Studies in Church History, 10 (1983), pp. 79–101; idem, ‘Picturing the Crusades: The Uses of Visual Propaganda’, in The Crusades and their Sources, ed. J. France and W. G. Zajac (Aldershot, 1998), pp. 196–216.
64.	For examples, see Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 43–7; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 137–9; M. Purcell, Papal Crusading Policy 1244–91 (Leiden, 1975), pp. 2.00–201. In general, see Kienzle, ‘Medieval Sermons and their Performance’.
65.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione, p. 9 n. 14 ref.; Thomas of Chobham, Summa de Arte Praedicandi, pp. 269–303 and see trans. in Copeland and Sluiter, Medieval Grammar, esp. pp. 628–38; Testimonia Minora, ed. Röhricht, p. 146.
66.	Gerald of Wales, Opera, vol. i. p. 75 (a hand-held cross, crucem porta-tilem); Westminster Chronicle 1381–1394, ed. L. C. Hector and B. F. Harvey (Oxford, 1982), pp. 32–3; H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Urban II and the Idea of the Crusade’, Studi Medievally 3rd ser., 3 6 (1995), pp. 737–8; De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 146–7.
67.	Winchester Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London, 1864–9), vol. h, p. 38; for tattoos and reactions RHC Occ., vol. iv, pp. 182–3, 251, vol. V, p. 255; Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, ed. H. Finke (Knoxville, 1969), p. 76.
68.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 8–9; Tyerman, God’s War y p. 71.
69.	Gerald of Wales, Opera, vol. i, p. 75; Lecoy de la Marche, ‘La prédication’, p. 25; Cole, Preaching, p. 203; Landulph of St Paul, Liber Hystoriarum Mediolanensis Urbis, ed. C. Castiglioni (Bologna, 1935), p. 5.
70.	Mayer, Crusades, pp. 320–21.
71.	Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2002), p. 125; Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle for the Crusading Period, trans. D. S. Richards, vol. ii (Aldershot, 2007), p. 363; in general, Morris, ‘Picturing the Crusades’, esp. p. 197.
72.	P. Edbury, ed. and trans., The Old French Translation of William of Tyre, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1998), p. 73.
73.	Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vol. vi, pp. 68–73; Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. ccxv, cols. 1070–71; cf. J. W. Harris, Medieval Theatre in Context (London, 1992), pp. 45–6.
74.	The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, trans. J. Brundage (New York, 2003), p. 53; N. H. Petersen, ‘The Notion of a Missionary Theatre: The ludus magnus of Henry of Livonia’s Chronicle’, in Crusading and Chronicle Writing on the Medieval Baltic Frontier, ed. M. Tamm, L. Kaljundi and C. Selch Jensen (Farnham, 2011), pp. 229–43.
75.	Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. clxxx, cols. 381–6.
76.	For trans. of the relevant passages in Salimbene’s Chronica, see Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 414–17.
77.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 141; Otto of Freising, Deeds of Frederick, p. 75; Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 8–11; J. Phillips, The Second Crusade (New Haven, 2007), pp. 81, 83, 94, 97 and refs.
78.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, vol. v, p. 191; idem, Historia Anglorum, ed. F. Madden, Rolls Series (London, 1886–9), vol. ii, p. 297; cf. Roger of Howden’s story of Christ crucified and the Cross appearing over Dunstable in August 1188 during the preaching of the Third Crusade, ‘Benedict of Peterborough’ (sic), Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1867), vol. ii, p. 47.
79.	Chartes et documents pour server à l’histoire de l’abbaye de Saint-Maixent, ed. A. Richard, Archives historiques de Poitou, vol. xvi (Poitiers, 1886), p. 222, no. 190.
80.	Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, pp. 250–51.
81.	Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay, Historia Albigensis, trans. W. A. Sibly and M. D. Sibly, The History of the Albigensian Crusade (Woodbridge, 1998), p. 147.
82.	Chronica regia Colonensis, ed. G. Waitz (Hanover, 1880), p. 281; Anecdotes historiques d’Etienne de Bourbon, p. 90.
83.	Roger of Wendover, Flores historiarum, ed. H. S. Hewlett, Rolls Series (London, 1884–9), vol. h, pp. 323–4, trans. Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 239–40.
84.	In general, Y. Congar, ‘Henri de Marcy’, Analecta Monastica, vol. v (Studia Anselmiana, fase. 43, Rome, 1958), pp. 1–90; Cole, Preaching, pp. 65–71; Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 41–5, 143–4; Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. cciv, cols. 249–52; Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainault, pp. no, 112–13.
85.	The English chroniclers William of Newburgh and Roger of Howden and the German anonymous Historia de Expeditione Friderici Impera-toris, trans. Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 37–41,141 for preaching and writing; J. H. Pryor, ‘Two excitationes for the Third Crusade’, Mediterranean Historical Review, 25 (2010), p. 163, n. 163; De profectione Danorum, pp. 464–5.
86.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. 26–8; J. Bédier and P. Aubry, Les Chansons de croisade (Paris, 1909), vol. iii, pp. 32–5.
87.	Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 37–43.
88.	Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. cciv, cols. 251–402, cols. 350–61 for Tract 13.
89.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 296, 381; Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 178.
90.	Peter of Blois, De Hierosolymitana Peregrinatione Acceleranda, Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. ccvii, col. 1063; cf. Henry of Albano, De peregrinante, Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. cciv, col. 352, and above p. 81.
91.	Henry of Albano, De peregrinante, col. 355; above note 71.
92.	Gilbert of Mons, Chronicle of Hainault, p. 112.
93.	Lpistolae Cantuariensis, ed. W. Stubbs, Chronicles and Memorials of Richard I, Rolls Series, vol. ii (London, 1865), nos. 158, 167; F. Opll, Das Itinerar Kaiser Friederich Barbarossas (1152–1190) (Cologne-Graz, 1978), p. 93.
94.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 200 and passim; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 61, 76,156 et seq.; P. Edbury, Treadling the Crusade in Wales’, in England and Germany in the High Middle Ages, ed. A. Haverkamp and H. Vollrath (Oxford, 1996), pp. 221–34; K. Hurlock, Wales and the Crusades c.1095–1291 (Cardiff, 2011), esp. ch. 2.
95.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 76.
96.	Maelgwn ap Cadwallon, prince of Maelienydd, Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 77.
97.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 185; cf. p. 164 for Baldwin’s determination to say Mass in every Welsh cathedral.
98.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 75. For Gerald and his writing in general, R. Barlett, Gerald of Wales (Oxford, 1982).
99.	Gerald of Wales, Opera, vol. i, p. 74
100.	Gerald of Wales, Opera, vol. i, pp. 75–6; idem, Journey through Wales, p. 141.
101.	Above p. 104.
102.	Gerald of Wales, Opera, vol. i, p. 77.
103.	Gerald of Wales, Journey through Wales, p. 172.
104.	Gerald of Wales, Opera, vol. i, p. 79. Others who actually did compose mémoires or histories of the crusade as participants included Tageno, dean of Passau, the Englishman Roger of Howden and the Norman Ambroise, who composed a verse account, and they were not alone. See Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 3–5; J. Gillingham, ‘Roger of Howden on Crusade’, in Medieval Historical Writing in the Christian and Islamic Worlds, ed. D. O. Morgan (London, 1982), reprinted in J. Gillingham, Richard Coeur de Lion (London, 1994), pp. 141–53; P. Damian-Grint, ‘Ambroise’, ODNB.
	5. RECRUITING AND REWARD
1.	Histoire générale de Languedoc, ed. C. de Vic and J. Vaisete (Toulouse, 1872–1905), vol. viii, cols. 1402–3, cf. col. 1258 and for other examples of contracts for the 1248 crusade, cols. 1221, 1223,1276–7.
2.	Gesta Francorum, trans. R. Hill (London, 1962), p. 75.
3.	Trans. J. Riley-Smith and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality (London, 1981), pp. 119–24 at p. 121.
4.	C. Tyerman, The Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), no. XIII, ‘Who went on Crusades to the Holy Land’ and no. XIV, ‘Paid Crusaders’.
5.	E. Siberry, ‘The Crusading Counts of Nevers’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 34 (1990), p. 65 and n. 5; Querimoniae Normannorum, RHF, vol. xxiv, p. 61, n. 464.
6.	Trans. A. J. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade (Leiden, 2000), p. 188.
7.	Trans. Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 39, Urban II to the congregation of Vallambrosa, 7 Oct. 1096.
8.	Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 701, cf. trans. B. S. Bachrach and D. S. Bachrach, The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen (Aldershot, 2005), p. 152.
9.	For a general account, P. Spufford, Money and its Use in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988), and esp. chs. 4–6.
10.	Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 278; cf. Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 220–21, 300–301; A. V. Murray, ‘Money and Logistics in the Forces of the First Crusade’, in Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, ed. J. H. Pryor (Aider-shot, 2006), esp. pp. 235–41; Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’ in Practices of Crusading, pp. 32–3.
11.	Spufford, Money, pp. 99, 161.
12.	Select Charters, ed. W. Stubbs, 9th edn (ed. H. W. C. Davis) (Oxford, 1921), p. 299.
13.	Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, pp. 8–10 and refs., esp. n. 26.
14.	John of Salisbury, Policraticus, ed. C. C. I. Webb (Oxford, 1909), vol. ii, p. 26 (bk VI, ch. X); ibid., p. 25 for quoting Luke 3:14; cf. S. Brown, ‘Military Service and Monetary Reward in the 11th and 12th Centuries’, History, 74 (1989), pp. 22–3.
15.	Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1969–80), vol. vi, pp. 348–51.
16.	Galbert of Bruges, Histoire du meutre de Charles le Bon, comte de Flandre, ed. H. Pirenne (Paris, 1891), p. 20, trans. J. Ross, The Murder of Charles the Good of Flanders (New York, 1967), p. iii; E. Oksanen, ‘The Anglo-Flemish Treaties and Flemish Soldiers in England 1101–1163’, in Mercenaries and Paid Men, ed. J. France (Leiden, 2000), pp. 261–3.
17.	William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1887–9), vol. ii, p. 320.
18.	J. Bumke, The Concept of Knighthood in the Middle Ages (New York, 1982), pp. 52–3, and generally, pp. 33–4, 41–3, 47–54.
19.	Benzonis Episcopi Albanesis ad Henricum IV Imperatorem Libri VII, MGHS, vol. xi, pp. 600–601; J. C. Andressohn, The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey de Bouillon (Bloomington, 1947), pp. 38–9 and nn. 51–3; Tyerman,‘Paid Crusaders’, pp. 10–11.
20.	Bumke, Concept of Knighthood, p. 52 and generally pp. 41–2,48–9; for mid-twelfth-century example, Constitutio Domus Regis, ed. C. Johnson, Dialogus de Scaccario (London, 1950), pp. 133–4 and generally pp. 128–35; J. O. Prestwich, The Military Household of the Norman Kings’, English Historical Review, 96 (1981), pp. 1–35.
21.	H.-F. Delaborde, Recueil des Actes de Philippe Auguste, vol. i (Paris, 1916), no. 292; Codice diplomatica della republica de Genova, ed. C. Imperiale de Saint’Angelo (Genoa, 1936–42), vol. ii, pp. 366–8; Chronica Regis Coloniensis cont. a 1195, ed. G. Waitz (Hanover, 1880), p. 157; J. F. Böhmer, Regesta Imperii IV, Die Regesten des Kaiserreiches unter Heinrich VI, ed. G. Baaken (Cologne and Vienna, 1972), p. 173 no. 425.
22.	B. Arnold, German Knighthood 10y0–1300 (Oxford, 1985), p. 101.
23.	Richard of San Germano, Chronica, MGHS, vol. xix, pp. 343–4, 3479; C. Tyerman, God’s War (London, 2006), pp. 742–3; Chronica regia Colonensis, ed. G. Waitz (Hanover, 1880), p. 157; Otto of St Blasien, Chronica, MGHS, vol. xliv, p. 45, trans. G. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (Farnham, 2010), p. 176; A. V. Murray, ‘Finance and Logistics of the Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa’, in In Laudem Hierosolymitani, ed. I. Shagrir et al. (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 3 57–68, esp. pp. 358–61.
24.	L. Paterson, The World of the Troubadours (Cambridge, 1993), pp. 40–89; K. Bosl, Die Reichsministerialitäder Salier und Staufer (Stuttgart, 1950), vol. ii, p. 90 cited by J. Prestwich, The Place of War in English History 1066–1214 (Woodbridge, 2004), p. 97 n. 83; Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vol. ii, p. 58.
25.	Dialogus de Scaccario, pp. 40–41; William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, eds. R. H. C. Davis and M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1998), p. 102.
26.	RHF, vol. x, p. 599 for 1016 evidence from Corbie in the Beauvaisis, vol. xxiii, pp. 699–700 for 40 days’ service; for other refs and discussion see P. Guilhiermoz, Essai sur l’origine de la noblesse en France au moyen âge (Paris, 1902), pp. 273–85, esp. pp. 273 n. 51, 274–5; H. A. Haskins, Norman Institutions (New York, 1918), pp. 20–22; M. Chibnall, ‘Military Service in Normandy before 1066’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 5 (1982), pp. 65–77.
27.	Select Charters, pp. 173–4, 175–8; English Historical Documents, vol. ii, ed. D. C. Douglas (London, 1953), pp. 447, 912 n. 228, and generally pp. 438–48, 903–15; Liber Eliensis, ed. E. O. Blake, Camden 3rd Series (London, 1962), pp. 216–17. On liberatio meaning wages, see J. O. Prestwich, ‘Mistranslations and Misinterpretations in Medieval English History’, Peritia, 10 (1996), pp. 324–5.
28.	‘Great Domesday’, fol. 56V, in Select Charters, p. 107; Domesday Book, trans. A. Williams and G. H. Martin (London, 1992), p. 136.
29.	Suger, Vie de Louis VI le Gros, ed. H. Waquet (Paris, 1964), p. 8.
30.	Suger, Vie de Louis VI, p. 8; Sugerii Vita, Suger, Oeuvres, ed. F. Gaspari (Paris, 1996–2001), vol. ii, p. 337.
31.	C. Erdmann, Die Enstehung des Kreuzzusgedankens (Stuttgart, 1935), pp. 251–2, trans. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart, The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade (Princeton, 1977), pp. 270–71.
32.	For early thirteenth-century examples see Ordinacio de predicatione S. Crucis in Angliae, ed. R. Röhricht, Quinti Belli Scari Scriptores Minores, Société de l’Orient Latin, vol. ii (Geneva, 1879), pp. 22–3; C. Maier, Crusade Propaganda and Ideology: Model Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 87, 89, 93, 111–13 (James of Vitry); cf. Bibliothèque nationale de France MS Lat. 14525, fols. 105vb-106rb, a sermon of John the Teuton observed by Dr Jesslaynn Bird who generously provided this reference.
33.	The Letters of St Bernard, trans. B. S. James (Stroud, 1998), p. 462; Gunther of Pairis, Historia Constantinopolitana, ed. P. Riant, Exuviae Sacrae Constantinopolitanae, vol. i (Geneva, 1877), p. 64 trans. A. Andrea, The Capture of Constantinople (Philadelphia, 1997), p. 71.
34.	Curia Regis Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office (London, 1922- ), vol. viii, p. 324; in general J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, 1969), pp. 159–90.
35.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 39, 58; Gunther of Pairis, Historia, p. 64, trans. Andrea, Capture, p. 71.
36.	R. Somerville, The Councils of Urban II, vol. i, Decreta Claromontensia (Amsterdam, 1972), p. 74; for probable meaning of honor, see Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon Minus, ed. J. F. Niermeyer et al. (Leiden, 1984), cols. 495–8; Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources, ed. D. R. Howlett et al. Fascicule IV (Oxford, 1989), p. 1169.
37.	Historia Peregrinorum, ed. A. Chroust, Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrichs I, MGH (Berlin, 1928), p. 9; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 66.
38.	Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 124; Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 606; trans. Bachrach and Bachrach, Gesta Tancredi, p. 22.
39.	Trans. and ed. E. Peters, The First Crusade (Philadelphia, 1998), pp. 293–6.
40.	Bernard of Clairvaux, De laude novae militiae, trans. M. Barber and K. Bate, The Templars (Manchester, 2002), p. 218.
41.	Above pp. 45–7 and refs.; Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 324, trans. F. R. Ryan and H. Fink, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem (Knoxville, 1969), p. 67; Robert of Rheims, Historia Hierosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 728, trans. C. Sweetenham, Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade (Aider-shot, 2005), p. 81; Baldric of Bourgueil, Historia Iherosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 15; cf. Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 52.
42.	For a recent discussion of these and the cult of memorialization, see N. I. Paul, To Follow in their Footsteps: The Crusades and Family Memory in the High Middle Ages (Ithaca, 2012), pp. 90–134, esp. pp. 90–95; History of William Marshal, ed. A. J. Holden (Fondon, 2002–6), vol. ii, 11. 18184–5, 18216–26.
43.	M. G. Bull, The Capetian Monarchy and the Early Crusading Movement’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 40 (1996), pp. 25–46.
44.	Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vol. vi, p. 287; in general see Tyerman, God’s War, ch. 8, pp. 243–67.
45.	P. Edbury, The Kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades 1191–1374 (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 22–5; J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders 1095–1131 (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 169–88; G. Perry, John of Bnenne (Cambridge, 2013).
46.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem, ed. V. G. Berry (New York, 1948), pp. 20–21; Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (New York, 1953), pp. 74–9.
47.	C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), pp. 36–56; T. Guard, Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: The English Experience in the Fourteenth Century (Woodbridge, 2013), p. 139 and n. 57.
48.	For regional examples, see Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 208–28; more widely, see C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998), esp. pp. 55–62, ‘Secular Law and the Crusader’; Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, pp. 115–90.
49.	The Book of the Foundation of Walden Monastery, eds. D. Greenway and L. Watkiss (Oxford, 1999), pp. 54–5.
50.	Gesta Francorum, pp. 73–4, 83, 87–9.
51.	Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 644, trans. Bachrach and Bachrach, Gesta Tancredi, p. 77; in general, Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, esp. pp. 29–30, 38–40.
52.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensis, ed. C. W. David (New York, 1976), pp. 84–5, 98–101, 110–13; Die Urkunden Konrads III, ed. F. Hausmann, MGH Diplomatum Regum, vol. ix (Vienna, 1969), p- 355; Otto of Freising, Deeds of Frederick, p. 102.
53.	Roger of Howden, alias ‘Benedict of Peterborough’, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1867), vol. ii, pp. 112, 186 (Howden was himself a crusader on this expedition); Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines Historiarum, Opera Historica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1876), vol. ii, p. 88; Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1864), pp. 213–14, 225–6, trans. H. J. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 204, 214.
54.	Chronica Coloniensis, p. 157; Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, pp. 17–18; W. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton, 1979), pp. 65–104, esp. p. 102 for figures.
55.	Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vol. v, pp. 170–72; Eadmer, Historia novorum, ed. M. Rule (London, 1884), pp, 179–81; and above p. 21.
56.	Regesta Chartarum Pistoriensium. Canonica di S. Zenone Secolo XI, ed. N. Rauty, Fonti Storiche Pistoiesi, 7 (Pistoia, 1985), nos. 297 and 298, pp. 241–3; cf. Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, pp. 37–8 and n. 163.
57.	John of Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, ed. N. de Wailly (Paris, 1868), p. 48 and generally pp. 40–48, trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963), pp. 191–2, 194–8.
58.	Gesta Francorum, pp. 19–20 and above, for material rewards, ch. 2 pp. 45–8.
59.	H. Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (Innsbruck, 1902), p. 149, trans. Peters, First Crusade, p. 287; for details of the First Crusade campaign, J. France, Victory in the East (Cambridge, 1994).
60.	A. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade (Leiden, 2000), p. 253 and n. 57; for the other examples, France, Victory in the East, pp. 165, 315; Urkunden Konrads III, p. 355; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 423–7, 442–6 and refs.
61.	E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (London, 1997), esp. chs. 3–5.
62.	For a summary, Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 563–605; D. Power, ‘Who Went on the Albigensian Crusade?’, English Historical Review, 128 (2013), pp. 1047–85.
63.	Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, vol. vi, pp. 100–101; N. L. Paul, ‘A Warlord’s Wisdom: Literacy and Propaganda at the Time of the First Crusade’, Speculum, 85 (2010), pp. 534–66; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 261–3.
64.	Ralph Niger, De Re Militari et Triplici Via Peregrinationis, ed. L. Schmugge (Berlin, 1977), pp. 193–4.
65.	Note 21 above; G. L. Tafel and G. M. Thomas, Urkunden zur alteren Handels- und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig (Vienna, 1856–7), vol. i, pp. 362–73; A. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, Collection de documents inédits sur l’histoire de France (Paris, 1841–8), vol. i, pp. 605–9, esp. p. 606 ‘retinere si voluerit’, vol. ii, pp. 51–67; cf. RHF, vol. xxii, pp. 404, 5I3-I5-
66.	Caffaro, De liberatione civitatum Orientis, ed. L. Belgrano, Fonti per la storia d’Italia (Rome, 1887–1993), vol. xi, p. 111, trans. M. Hall and J. Phillips, Caffaro Genoa and the Twelfth Century Crusades (Farnham, 2013), p. 117.
67.	Caffaro, De liberatione, p. 120, trans. Hall and Phillips, Caffaro, p. 122; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 265–6 and n. 54 for refs.
68.	Chronica Coloniensis, pp. 143, 144.
69.	Ambroise, Estoire de la guerre sainte ed. G. Paris (Paris, 1877), trans. M. J. Hubert, The Crusade of Richard the Fion-Heart (New York, 1976), p. 44,11. 365–70; cf. discussion in J. Gillingham, Richard I (New Haven and London, 1999), p. 128 and n. 13; Tyerman, God’s War, esp. pp. 118–22; De expugnatione Fyxbonensis, pp. 56–7.
70.	William of Tyre, Historia, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea (New York, 1976), pp. 193–4.
71.	Innocent III to the archbishop of Canterbury, in J. P. Migne, Patrologia Fatina (Paris, 1844–64), vol. ccxvi, col. 1261; A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Fand: The Crusade Proposals of the Fate Thirteenth and Early Fourteenth Centuries (Aldershot, 2000); Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard (London, 1872–84), vol. v, p. 107, vol. vi, p. 163.
	6. WHO WENT ON CRUSADE?
1.	Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 333, trans. F. R. Ryan and H. Fink, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem (Knoxville, 1969), p. 81; John of Tubia (or Tolve), De lohanne Rege Ierusalem, ed. R. Röhricht, Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores (Geneva, 1879), p. 139; Roger of Howden, alias ‘Benedict of Peterborough’, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1867), vol. ii, pp. 30–32.
2.	Urban II to supporters in Bologna, 19 Sept. 1096, trans. J. Riley-Smith and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality (London, 1981), p. 39.
3.	Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, ed. H.-F. Delaborde et al. (Paris, 1916–79), no. 1360.
4.	J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 197–226.
5.	Above ch. 3, pp. 83–4; C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), pp. 168–72.
6.	C. Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusade to the Holy Land?’, no. XIII in The Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), p. 17 and passim.
7.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 70–72 and refs.; in general see Tyerman, Practices of Crusading, nos. XIII passim and XIV (‘Paid Crusaders’), pp. 15–40.
8.	William of Tyre, Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Turnhout, 1986), vol. i, p. 137, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea (New York, 1976), vol. i, p. 94.
9.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1864), pp. 212–13, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), p. 203.
10.	Historia Peregrinorum, ed. A. Chroust, Quellen zur Geschichte des Kreuzzuges Kaiser Friedrichs I (Berlin, 1928), p. 123, trans. G. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (Farnham, 2010), p 141; cf. Historia de Expeditione Friderici, ed. Chroust, Quellen, pp. 13, 14–15, trans. Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 43, 45.
11.	C.Tyerman, God’s War (London, 2006), pp. 66, 276–80, 281–2, 286–7, 288, 377–8, 417–19, 489–91,615, 740–41 and refs.
12.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 502–3, 618–28, 757–64, 770–83, 807–11; cf. J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–1221 (Philadelphia, 1986), esp. pp. 67–87; M. Lower, The Barons’ Crusade (Philadelphia, 2005); W. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton, 1979), pp. 3–34.
13.	See above chs. 3 and 4.
14.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. C. W. David (New York, 1976), pp. 160–61, cf. pp. 54–7, 100–105.
15.	Caffaro, De liberatione civitatum Orientis, ed. L. Belgrano, Fonti per la storia d’ltalia (Rome, 1887–1993), vol. xi, p. 102, trans. M. Hall and J. Phillips, Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth Century Crusades (Farnham, 2013), p. 110.
16.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 73–4, 329 and refs.; A. Forey, The Military Order of St Thomas of Acre’, English Historical Review, 92 (1977), pp. 481–503; and below p. 253.
17.	Historia de Expeditione Eriderici, pp. 18–24, trans. Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 47–57.
18.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 217–18; trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 207–8 and notes; cf. Ambroise, L’Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, ed. G. Paris (Paris, 1877), 11. 4705–36, trans. M. J. Hubert, The Crusade of Richard the Lion-Heart (New York, 1976), pp. 199–201.
19.	Robert of Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople^ ed. P. Lauer (Paris, 1924), pp. 1–4, trans. E. H. McNeal, The Conquest of Constantinople (New York, 1966), pp. 31–4.
20.	Robert of Clari, La Conquête, p. 4.
21.	Robert of Clari, La Conquête, p. 10, trans. McNeal, Conquest, p. 40.
22.	Tyerman, Practices of Crusading, nos. XIII and XIV, esp. pp. 16–20, 29–40; S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988), esp. chs. 3 and 4; Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade,pp.14–34, 100–104.
23.	William of Newburgh, Historia rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett (London, 1884–5), vol. i, pp. 360, 383; Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines Historiarum, Opera Historica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1876), vol. ii, p. 88; Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 213–14, 225–6, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 204, 214; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 186.
24.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard (London, 1872–84), vol. iv, pp. 43–5 and esp. p. 44 n. 6; Lloyd, English Society, p. 136.
25.	Lloyd, English Society, p. 281: Appendix 5.
26.	For a magisterial account of the details of Edward’s preparations, see Lloyd, English Society, pp. 113–53, esp. pp. 137–45.
27.	Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade, p. 71; Lloyd, English Society, pp. 135–6.
28.	Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, Practices of Crusading, no. XIV, pp. 20, 21–5, 29–40; A. V. Murray, ‘Finance and Logistics of the Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa’, in In Laudem Hierosolymitani, eds. I. Shagrir et al. (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 357–68.
29.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem, ed. V. G. Berry (New York, 1948), pp. 10–15; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 66, 80–83; Geoffrey of Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. E. Faral (Paris, 1938–9), vol. i, pp. 51–2, trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963), pp. 40–41; Richard of San Germano, Chronica, MGHS, vol. xix, pp. 343–4, 347–9; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 742–3.
30.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 67 and refs.
31.	B. Arnold, German Knighthood 1050–1300 (Oxford, 1985), pp. 100–101; A. V. Murray, ‘The Army of Godfrey de Bouillon 1096–99’, Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire, 70 (1992), esp. pp. 302–3, 311 and refs.
32.	Historia de expeditione Friderici, ed. Chroust, Quellen, pp. 96–7, trans. Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 120–21.
33.	Titres de la maison ducale de Bourbon, ed. A. Huillard-Bréholles (Paris, 1867–74), vol. i, pp. 46–7, no. 221.
34.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, pp. 174–5.
35.	M. S. Giuseppi, ‘On the Testament of Sir Hugh de Nevill’, Archaeologia, 56 (1899), pp. 352–4; Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, ed. F. Madden (London, 1866–9), vol. iii, p. 55.
36.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. 30–32.
37.	F. M. Stenton, ‘Early Manumissions at Staunton’, English Historical Review, 26 (1911), pp. 95–6.
38.	Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Report on Various Collections, vol. i (London, 1901), pp. 235–6; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 171.
39.	J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844–64), vol. ccxvi, col. 1261.
40.	J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, 1969), pp. 176–7.
41.	Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusade?’, p. 17 and n. 12.
42.	Ibid, pp. 17–18 and nn. 13–14; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, esp. pp. 168–72.
43.	Robert of Clari, La Conquête, p. 46, trans. McNeal, Conquest, p. 72; John of Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, ed. N. de Wailly (Paris, 1868), trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963), p. 233.
44.	Councils and Synods with other documents relating to the English Church, ed. F. M. Powicke et al., vol. i (Oxford, 1961), pt 2, pp. 1025–9; Ambroise, L’Estoire, 11. 5695–8, trans. Hubert, Crusade, p. 233; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 61, 63.
45.	Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, pp. 208–46; Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusade?’, passim; for medics see below pp. 251–5.
46.	Albert of Aachen, Historia lerosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 120–21.
47.	Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 297, trans. J. H. Hill and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia, 1968), p. 124.
48.	Ambroise, L’Estoire, 11. 4475–6, 4498–512, trans. Hubert, Crusade, pp. 189–91; Itineranum Ricardi Regis, pp. 136–7; trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 136–7.
49.	Innocent IV, Registres, ed. E. Berger (Paris, 1884–1921), no. 2644.
50.	A Cartulary of the Hospital of St John the Baptist, ed. H. E. Salter, Oxford Historical Society, 68 (1915), ii, pp. 134–5; Cartulary of St Frideswide’s, Oxford, ed. S. R. Wigram, Oxford Historical Society, 28 and 31 (1894/1896), i, p. 418, no. 594; Eynsham Cartulary, ed. H. E. Salter, Oxford Historical Society, 49 (1906–7), i, p. 37, no. 7; Cartulary of Oseney Abbey, ed. H. E. Salter, Oxford Historical Society, 89 (1929), i, p. 319 no. 363.
51.	Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 22–3; De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 160–61; William of Newburgh, Historia, vol. i, pp. 308–24.
52.	Pleas before the King or his Justices 1198–1202, ed. D. M. Stenton (London, 1948–9), vol. i, pp. 135–6; vol. ii, p. 49, no. 248; Cartulary of Oseney Abbey, i, p. 319, no. 363; Giuseppi, Testament of Sir Hugh de Nevill, p. 353.
53.	Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusade?’, pp. 18–19 and n. 16.
54.	Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 39; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 277, 282, 296, 381, 499, 503–4, 588; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 68.
55.	Brundage, Medieval Canon Eaw, pp. 177–9.
56.	Layettes du Trésor des Chartes, vol. iii, ed. J. De Laborde (Paris, 1875), p. 104a.
57.	Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines, vol. ii, p. 88; Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 91, 116, 192–3, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 96, 119, 186; Ambroise, L’Estoire, 11. 1607–16, trans. Hubert, Crusade, p. 90; Robert of Clari, La Conquête, pp. 97–8, trans. McNeal, Conquest, pp. 117–18.
58.	The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, trans. J. Brundage (New York, 2003), pp. 33, 42, 91–2, 127–31 and passim.
59.	H. Kümper, ‘Oliver of Paderborn’, Encyclopaedia of the Medieval Chronicle, ed. G. Dunphy (Leiden, 2010) and refs.; J. Bird, E. Peters and J. M. Powell, Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia, 2013), pp. 158–9,16971; Oliver as the engineer was identified by James of Vitry, Lettres, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden, 1960), p. 106; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge MS 16, fol. 55 V; see frontispiece.
60.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. 47–8.
61.	See J. Schenk, Templar Families (Cambridge, 2012).
62.	Otto of Freising, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa, trans. C. C. Mierow (New York, 1953), p. 76.
63.	James of Vitry, Lettres, pp. 86–8; Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, vol. v, p. 1; F. Barlow, Thomas Becket (London, 1986), pp. 258–9; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 26, 69, 98, 158, 220–21, 315, 419 n 155.
64.	Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, pp. 126 n. 42, 174; C. T. Maier, Preaching the Crusades. Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 69–70 and refs.
65.	Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, pp. 32, 44, 77; idem, The Crusader’s Wife’, Studia Gratiana, 12 (1967), pp. 425–42; idem, The Crusader’s Wife Revisited’, Studia Gratiana, 14 (1967), pp. 241–52; N. Hodgson, Women, Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative (Woodbridge, 2007); S. Edgington and S. Lambert, Gendering the Crusades (Cardiff, 2001); for protection of women see below, p. 246.
66.	John of Tubia, De Iohanne, p. 139.
67.	Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. ccxvi, col. 1262; James of Vitry, Lettres, p. 77, this despite his characteristic preacher’s misogyny; idem, Sermones Vulgares, ed. T. F. Crane (London, 1890), p. 56.
68.	De expugatione Lyxbonensi, p. 57; Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Fifth Report, Appendix (London, 1872), p. 462; Layettes du Trésor des Chartes, vol. iii, pp. 103a-106a, 770; B. Kedar, The Passenger List of a Crusader Ship’, Studi Medievali, 13 (1972), pp. 267–79; Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 234.
69.	Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, trans. E. R. A. Sewter and P. Frankopan (London, 2003), p. 275.
70.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 101–2, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, p. 106.
71.	Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 126–9.
72.	Archives de l’Hôtel Dieu de Paris, ed. L. Briele (Paris, 1894), no. 203, pp. 87–8.
73.	Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, trans. Shaw, Chronicles, pp. 241, 262–3; and below p. 252.
74.	Kedar, ‘Passenger List’, pp. 273–4 and refs.
75.	D. M. Stenton, ‘Roger of Howden and Benedict’, English Historical Review, 68 (1953), pp. 576–7; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 149.
76.	Robert of Clari, La Conquête, pp. 3–4, trans. McNeal, Conquest, pp. 33–4.
77.	Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusade?’, p. 18, n. 15; P. Riant, Exuviae Sacrae Constantinopolitana (Geneva, 1876–7), vol. i, p. 135.
78.	M. Quantin, Cartulaire générale de l’Yonne (Auxerre, 1854–60), vol. i, p. 437, no. 283; William of Newburgh, Historia, vol. i, pp. 308–24.
79.	Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines, vol. ii, p. 88; Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 134–5, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 135–6; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 175. Barzella Merxadrus left 1 bezant to the army’s common chest at Damietta.
80.	For background, see J. Maddicott, The Origins of the English Parliament 924–1327 (Oxford, 2010), esp. pp. 139–47, 2.28–32; in general, see S. Reynolds, Kingdoms and Communities in Western Europe 900–1300 (Oxford, 1997).
81.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 20–21; Historia de expeditione Fri-derici, ed. Chroust, Quellen, pp. 24–5, trans. Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 57–8; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. no-11; idem, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1868–71), vol. iii, p. 8; De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 56–7, 104–5.
82.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 56–7, 100-in.
83.	Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines, vol. ii, pp. 65–6; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. 116, 117–19; Narratio de Itinere Navali Peregrinorum, ed. Chroust, Quellen, pp. 188, 189, 195, cf. trans. Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarrosa, pp. 198, 201, 204, 207; Gesta Crucigerorum Rhenanorum and De Itinere Frisonum, ed. R. Röhricht, Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores, Société de l’Orient Latin, vol. ii (Geneva, 1879), pp. 29–56, 59–70; Oliver of Paderborn, Capture of Damietta, Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 165; and below pp. 247–8.
84.	Innocent IV, Registres, no. 2644; F. Cardini, ‘Crusade and “Presence of Jerusalem” in Medieval Florence’, in Outremer, ed. B. Z. Kedar et al. (Jerusalem, 1982), p. 337 n. 36; C. Tyerman, ‘Court, Crusade and City: The Cultural Milieu of Louis I, Duke of Bourbon’, Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), no. IV, pp. 53–6.
85.	L. W. Marvin, ‘The White and Black Confraternities of Toulouse and the Albigensian Crusade 1210–11’, Viator, 40 (2009), pp. 133–50.
86.	C. Tyerman, ‘“Principes et Populus”: Civil Society and the First Crusade’, Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), no. XII, pp. 1–23.
87.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 467, 469, 510, 530–31, 547 and refs.
88.	RHF, vol. xxi, pp. 262–3; Kedar, ‘Passenger List’, pp. 271–2.
89.	Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, p. 112.
90.	Migne, Patrologia Latina, vol. ccxvi, col. 1261.
91.	Guillaume de Nangis, Gesta Ludovici, RHF, vol. xx, pp. 440–42.
92.	Stubbs, Select Charters, pp. 183–4; trans. English Historical Documents, vol. ii, ed. D. C. Douglas (London, 1953), pp. 416–17; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. i, pp. 279–80.
93.	D. Carpenter, ‘English Peasants in Politics 1258–1267’, Fast and Present, 136 (1992), pp. 3–42; finerollshenry3.org.uk/content/month/ fm-09–2010.html, accessed 31/5/2014.
94.	H. S. Bennett, Life on the English Manor (Cambridge, 1956), pp. 118–25; for the politicized ‘popular’ crusades, see Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 607–11, 802–4, 879–81; T. Guard, Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade (Woodbridge, 2013), pp. 23–9 and nn. 5 and 6.
95.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, vol. v, p. 107, vol. vi, p. 163.
96.	Registro del Cardinale Ugolino d’Ostia, ed. G. Levi (Rome, 1890), Fonti per la storia d’Italia, vol. viii, pp. 128–33, no. cv; Marino Sanudo Tor-sello, Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis, ed. J. Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanau, 1611), esp. bk II, pt. I, pp. 34–7.
97.	E.g. P. Alphandéry, La chrétienté et Vidée de croisade, ed. A. Dupront (Paris, 1954–9); M. Mollat, The Poor in the Middle Ages (London, 1986), esp. p. 72; cf. now J. Rubinstein, Armies of Heaven: The First Crusade and the Quest for the Apocalypse (New York, 2011).
98.	Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 251.
99.	William of Puylaurens, Chronicle, trans. W. A. Sibly and M. D. Sibly (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 33 n.6, 128.
100.	Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 329; trans. Ryan and Fink, History, pp. 75–6.
101.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 607–11.
102.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 78–81, 94–106.
103.	Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, pp. 132–8; Quia Maior, 1213, trans. Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, esp. pp. 121–2; in general see refs, under ‘vows, crusade, redemption of’ in Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 508.
104.	Tyerman, ‘Who Went on Crusade?’, p. 25 and nn. 40, 41, 42.
105.	Henry of Huntingdon, Historia Anglorum, ed. D. Greenway (Oxford, 1996), pp. 752–3.
106.	Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts, Report on Various Collections, vol. i, pp. 235–6.
107.	Alan of Lille, Sermo de cruce domini, Textes inédits, ed. M. T. d’Alverny, Etudes de philosophie médiéval, vol. 52 (Paris, 1965), pp. 281–2; and above pp. 100–101.
108.	Above, note 94.
	7. COSTS OF A CRUSADE
1.	Peter of Blois, De Hierosolymitana pererginatione acceleranda, J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844–64), vol. ccvii, col. 1068.
2.	Odo of Châteauroux, Sermon XIV, Analecta Novissima Spicilegii Soles-mensis (Paris, 1885–8), vol. ii, p. 332.
3.	RHC Documents Arméniens (Paris, 1869–1906), vol. ii, pp. 340 (Het-oum), 371, 402–7 (the Directonum); for Sanudo, see J. Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanau, 1611), vol. ii, esp. pp. 30–31; Humbert of Romans, Opusculum tripartitum, trans. J. Bird, E. Peters and J. M. Powell, Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia, 2013), pp. 462–3.
4.	RHF, vol. XV, p. 508.
5.	Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 328 n. 19 (refs, to two twelfth-century mss); cf. H. Hagenmeyer’s edition (Heidelberg, 1913), p. 163 n. 1; for crusaders’ materiel, see refs, in J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997), pp.109–14.
6.	Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 24–5; Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, ed. J. T. Appleby (London, 1963), p. 15; A. V. Murray, ‘Money and Logistics in the Forces of the First Crusade’, in Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, ed. J. H. Pryor (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 240–41.
7.	Matthew Paris, Historia Anglorum, ed. F. Madden (London, 1866–9), vol. iii, p. 55; Clement V, Regestum (Rome, 1885–92), no. 8205 (unsurprisingly Otto was robbed); Calendar of Close Rolls 1227–31, pp. 34–5.
8.	Trans. E. Peters, The First Crusade (Philadelphia, 1998), p. 293.
9.	On these schemes see A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot, 2000).
10.	J. Phillips, The Second Crusade (New Haven, 2007), pp. 115–22; C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), p. 60; idem, God’s War (London, 2006), p. 434.
11.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 80–81 and n. 121.
12.	Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, ed. H.-F. Delaborde et al. (Paris, 1916–79), vol. i, no. 252; Otto of St Blasien, Chronica, ed. A Hofmeister (Hanover, 1912), p. 4, trans. G. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (Farnham, 2010), p. 176; Chronica Regis Coloniensis cont. a 1197, ed. G. Waitz (Hanover, 1880), p. 157; Robert of Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople, pp. 4, 6, 8, trans. E. H. McNeal, The Conquest of Constantinople (New York, 1966), pp. 34, 36, 38.
13.	G. L. Tafel and G. M. Thomas, Urkunden zur alteren Handels- und Staatgeschichte der Republik Venedig (Vienna, 1856–7), vol. i, pp. 362–73; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 510–14, 525–7; The Deeds of the Bishops of Halberstadt, trans. A. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade (Leiden, 2000), p. 247.
14.	Querimoniae Normannorum, RHF, vol. xxiv, p. 22, no. 157, p. 40 no. 301; C Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), no. XIV, pp. 17–18 and refs.
15.	Trans. P. Jackson, The Seventh Crusade, 1244–1254 (Aldershot, 2007), pp. 34–5.
16.	Histoire générale de Languedoc, ed. C. de Vic and J. Vaisete (Toulouse, 1872–1905), vol. viii, cols. 706–7.
17.	S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 116–19; N. Housley, ‘Costing the Crusade’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. i, Western Approaches, eds. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge, 2003 )> pp. 50–5; C. Tyerman, ‘Philip VI and the Recovery of the Holy Land’, English Historical Review, 100 (1985), pp. 42–3, p. 43 n. 1.
18.	Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 245; Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 220–23; in general see above pp. 151–8.
19.	H. Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (Innsbruck, 1902), pp. 138, 140; Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 86–7, cf. pp. 72–3.
20.	Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Occ., vol. iii, pp. 680–81, trans. B. Bachrach and D. S. Bachrach, The Gesta Tancredi of Ralph of Caen (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 124–5.
21.	For a discussion of these, see Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, pp. 38–40, cf. pp. 6, 29–30, 31, 34.
22.	Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 120–23; Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, p. 7 n. 24.
23.	Gesta Francorum, trans. R. Hill (London, 1962), pp. 43, 72–3,91; Peter Tudebode, Historia de Hierosolymitana Itinere, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 50; Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 297; Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 356–7.
24.	Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 271; Tyerman,‘Paid Crusaders’, pp. 10–11.
25.	Baldric of Bourgueil, Historia Jerosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p.17; Robert of Rheims, Historia Iherosolimitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, pp. 741, 744, trans. C. Sweetenham, Robert the Monk’s History of the First Crusade (Aldershot, 2005), pp. 92, 93.
26.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientent, ed. V. G. Berry (New York, 1948), pp. 122–5, 136–7, 142–3.
27.	RHF, vol. XV, pp. 487, 488, 495–7,499, 500–502, 508–10, nos. xii, xiii, xxxvi, xxxvii, xxxviii, xxxix, xlv, xlviii, lii, lxvii, lxviii, lxix.
28.	Ralph of Diceto, Abbreviationes Chronicorum, Opera Historica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1876), vol. i, pp. 256–7; Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 107–12; Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, p. 27 and n. 116.
29.	Otto of Freising, Gesta Fridenci, p. 89, trans. C. C. Mierow, The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa (New York, 1953), p. 102; Phillips, Second Crusade, p. 184.
30.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. C. W. David (New York, 1976), pp. 56–7, 84–5, 98–101, 104–13.
31.	Rigord, Oeuvres, ed. H. F. Delaborde (Paris, 1882–5), vol. i, p. 106.
32.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 66, 80–81; Roger of Howden, alias ‘Benedict of Peterborough’, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1867), vol. ii, pp. 112, 186; Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1864), pp. 213–14, 225–6, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 2.04, 2.14; Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines Historiarum, Opera Historica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1876), vol. ii, p. 88.
33.	Episcopal Acts and Cognate Documents Relating to Welsh Dioceses 1066–1 zy2, ed. J. Conway Davies (Cardiff, 1946), vol. i, p. 326.
34.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, p. 116, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, p. 118.
35.	Roger of Howden, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1868–71), vol. iv, p. hi; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 96,190; James of Vitry, Historia Occidental, ed. J. F. Hinnebusch (Freiburg, 1972); Robert of Clari, La Conquête, pp. 4, 6, 8, trans. McNeal, Conquest, pp. 34, 36, 38; Geoffrey of Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. E. Faral (Paris, 1938–9), vol. i, pp. 51–3,103–4, vol. ii, pp. 28–9; A. Wauters, ed., Table chronologique des chartes et diplômes imprimés concernant l’histoire de la Belgique (Brussels, 1866–1965), vol. iii, p. 174; Cartulaire de Montier-le-Celle, ed. C. Lalone (Paris-Troyes, 1882), pp. 10–11, no. 9.
36.	In general, J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–1221 (Philadelphia, 1986), esp. pp. 51–106.
37.	Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, passim.
38.	Secreta Fidelium Cruets, Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos, bks 1 and 2.
39.	See now M. Carlin and D. Crouch, Lost Letters of Medieval Life (Philadelphia, 2013), esp. pp. 1–23; cf. M. Aurell, Le chevalier lettré (Paris, 2011).
40.	Gesta Francorum, p. 75.
41.	Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 271; Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 384–5.
42.	Above, ch. 1.
43.	See comments by Aurell, Chevalier Lettré, pp. 8–9,19–20, 34, 39, 62–3, 64, 80–86,195; for literate laymen and letters, see Peters, First Crusade, pp. 42–4, 284–9; for Robert of Normandy, see W. M. Aird, Robert Curthose (Woodbridge, 2008); Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii, 235, 275.
44.	Gerald of Wales, De rebus a se gestis, Opera Omnia, ed. J. S. Brewer, Rolls Series (London, 1861–91), vol. i, p. 79.
45.	Wace, Roman de Rou, ed. A. J. Holden (Paris, 1970–73), 11. 2003–8, trans. G. Burgess, History of the Norman People (Woodbridge, 2004), pp. 113–14 for the story of Bernard the Philosopher and Duke Richard II presiding over the reckoning of his accounts; cf. the source, Gesta Normannnorum Ducum, ed. E. M. C. Van Houts (Oxford, 1992–5), pp. 30–31 where the duke’s administrative task is less specific.
46.	D. Crouch, The Beaumont Twins (Cambridge, 1986), esp. pp. 163–6; R. Mortimer, ‘The Family of Ranulf de Glanville’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 54 (1981), pp. 1–16.
47.	E.g. Constitutio Domus Regis, c. 113 5–9, ed. with the Dialogus de Scaccario by C. Johnson (London, 1950), pp. 129–35; as ecclesiastical households could include or be run by laymen, the lay/cleric distinction may be artificial.
48.	English Lawsuits from William I to Richard I, ed. R. C. Van Caenegem (London, 1990–91), vol. ii, pp. 397–404, no. 408.
49.	For a Catalan agreement on estate renders of 1071, T. Bisson, ed., Fiscal Accounts of Catalonia under the Early Count-Kings (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1984), vol. ii, pp. 255–6, no. 139.
50.	History of William Marshal, ed. A. J. Holden (London, 2002–6), pp. 230–31,11. 4538–40 for the escrit of the knights at the Lagny tournament in 1179 available to the Marshal’s biographer in the 1220s (full list 11. 4457–780) and pp. 174–5, ll. 3414–24 for the accounts, including that for the Marshal and Roger of Jouy by the ‘clerk of the kitchen’, Wignant, also preserved for the Marshal’s biographer’s inspection. Gerald of Wales, De Principis Instructione, Opera, vol. viii, pp. 316–18.
51.	Ad sustentaculum militantium deo in loco prescripti martyris’ Die Tra-ditionem des Klosters Tegernsee 1003–1242, ed. P. Acht (Munich, 1952), p. 189, no. 250.
52.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 10–11, 14–15, is the only source for these negotiations.
53.	Crònica de Ramon Muntaner, ed. F. Soldevila (Barcelona, 2011), chs. 225,233; I owe this reference to a forthcoming essay by Professor David Jacoby.
54.	RHF, vol. xxii, pp. 404, 513–15; cf. W. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of the Crusade (Princeton, 1979), pp. 78–9 and nn. 94, 95.
55.	Housley, ‘Costing the Crusade’, pp. 47–52; F. Cardini, ‘I costi della cro-ciata’, Studi in memoria di Federigo Melis (Naples, 1978), vol. iii, pp. 179–210; J. B. Henneman, Royal Taxation in Fourteenth Century France: The Development of War Financing 1322–1356 (Princeton, 1971), pp. 348–9, Table 2.
56.	Henneman, Royal Taxation, pp. 349–51 for Philip Vi’s income.
57.	B. Kedar, ‘The Passenger List of a Crusader Ship’, Studi Medievali, 13 (1972), pp. 271–2; RHF, vol. xxi, pp. 262–3; above p. 171.
58.	Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, p. 112 and generally pp. 109–35; Murray, ‘Money and Logistics’, pp. 230–32.
59.	Figures derived from Murray, ‘Money and Logistics’, p. 234, who calculates in pennies, which can be divided by 12 to reach shillings; Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Occ., vol. iii, pp. 630, 703, trans. Bachrach and Bachrach, Gesta Tancredi, pp. 56, 155; Gesta Francorum, p. 59.
60.	Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, p. 109.
61.	Murray, ‘Money and Logistics’, pp. 240–41 (pennies into pounds, divide by 240); to convert Robert’s 10,000 marks, one mark sterling equals 0.66 per cent of a pound sterling; Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 271.
62.	Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 278.
63.	RHF, vol. XV, pp. 499, 500–502, 508–9, nos. xlv, xlviii, Iii, lxviii; J. M. Baldwin, The Government of Philip Augustus (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1986), pp. 44–58
64.	RHF, vol. xv, p. 487, no. xii; for a recent account of the French expedition, see Phillips, Second Crusade, pp. 184–206.
65.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 80–81 and in general pp.57–85
66.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. 89–90; Pipe Roll 2 Richard I, pp. 8–9.
67.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 82; Villehardouin, La Conquête, vol. i, pp. 50–53; Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 15, although palfries and pack-horses were sent to the continent perhaps to join Richard’s retinue and his flotilla of galleys at Marseilles; see below p. 265.
68.	Pipe Roll 2 Richard I, p. 131, cf. pp. 1, 53, 104, 112; Pipe Roll 3 Richard I, pp. h, 128; and Pipe Roll 35 Henry II, p. 106 for supplies of iron.
69.	Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 42; Chronica Coloniensis, p. 157.
70.	D. Carpenter, The Struggle for Mastery. Britain 1066–1284 (London, 2003), pp. 220, 246; R. Bartlett, England under the Angevin and Norman Kings (Oxford, 2000), pp. 175–7; Baldwin, Government of Philip Augustus, pp. 50–51; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 79.
71.	Rigord, Oeuvres, vol. i, p. 106; Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, vol. i, no. 252.
72.	Thomas of Split, Historia pontificum Spalatensis, ed. L. von Heineman, MGH Scriptores in Folio et Charto (Hanover and Leipzig, 1826–1934), vol. xxix, pp. 578–9.
73.	Baldwin, Government of Philip Augustus, p. 173.
74.	J. H. Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade’, in Experience of Crusading, vol. i, eds. Bull and Housley, pp. 103–23.
75.	Robert of Clari, La Conquête, pp. 8, 9, 10, trans. McNeal, Conquest, pp. 38,39,40.
76.	Kedar, ‘Passenger List’.
77.	Registro del Cardinale Ugolino d’Ostia, ed. G. Levi (Rome, 1890), Fonti per la storia d’Italia, vol. viii, pp. 128–33, no. cv; Powell, Anatomy of Crusade, pp. 97–102, esp. Table 5:1.
78.	Baldwin, Government of Philip Augustus, p. 353 and n. 94; MGH Constitutions et Acta Publica Imperatorum et Regum, ed. L. Weiland (Hanover, 1896), IV-ii, pp. 129–31, no. 102.
79.	RHF, vol. xxi, pp. 404, 513–15; A. Jal, Pacta Naulorum, Collection de documents inédits sur l’histoire de France (Paris, 1841–8), vol. i, pp. 605–9, vol. ii, pp. 51–67; Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, esp. pp. 70–79,103–4.
80.	Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, p. 71.
81.	See the discussion in Lloyd, English Society, pp. 115–19; J. R. Strayer, ‘The Crusades of Louis IX’, in A History of the Crusades, gen. ed. K. Setton (Madison, 1969), vol. ii, pp. 510–12.
82.	William of Newburgh, Historia rerum Anglicarum, ed. R. Howlett (London, 1884–5), vol. i, pp. 360, 383.
83.	N. Vincent, Peter des Roches (Cambridge, 1996), esp. pp. 235–6.
84.	Baldwin, Government of Philip Augustus, p. 173.
85.	Carpenter, Struggle for Mastery, p. 262.
86.	M. Prestwich, Edward I (London, 1988), pp. 200 (£120,000 on Wales) and 400 (£750,000 between 1294 and 1298 on wars in France and Scotland); cf. Lloyd, English Society, pp. 144–8.
87.	Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, p. 67 and n. 22.
88.	E. Boutaric, ‘Documents relatives à l’histoire de Philippe le Bel’, Notices et Extraits, 20 (1865), pp. 112–18, no. v; William of Poitiers, Gesta Guillelmi, eds. R. H. C. Davies and M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1998), p. 102.
	8. PAYING FOR A CRUSADE
1.	J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, 1969), esp. pp. 159–90.
2.	Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, pp. 183–4; Roger of Howden, alias ‘Benedict of Peterborough’, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1867), vol. h, p. 31; C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), p. 70 for English exemptions.
3.	Rigord, Oeuvres, ed. H. F. Delaborde (Paris, 1882–5), vol. i, pp. 84–5; Recueil des actes de Philippe Auguste, ed. H.-F. Delaborde et al. (Paris, 1916–79), no. 13 60; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 71, 135, 204, 219, 221.
4.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 219 and n.146; cf. papal crusade encyclicals on Jewish usury in 1145/6, 1198, 1213, 1215,1234, etc.
5.	J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 123–5.
6.	Cartulaires de Vabbaye de Moslesme 916–1x50, ed. J. Laurent (Paris, 1907–11), pp. 83–4, no. 78.
7.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 199, 206–7.
8.	As stated pointedly by Corliss Slack, Crusade Charters (Tempe, 2001), pp. xxix-xxx, and indicated by Quantum praedecessores, which forbad any challenge to the title of property pledged by crusaders.
9.	Trans. J. Riley-Smith and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality (London, 1981), pp. 58–9.
10.	Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 109–35.
11.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 16–17.
12.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 75–80.
13.	Roger of Howden, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1868–71), vol. iii, p. 8.
14.	Roger of Plowden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 90.
15.	Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, ed. J. T. Appleby (London, 1963), p. 9.
16.	C. Tyerman, God’s War (London, 2006), pp. 442, 444 and n. 82.
17.	Register of St. Benet of Holme, ed. J. R. West, Norfolk Record Society, 2 and 3 (1932), i, 87, no. 155; cf. G. Constable, ‘The Financing of the Crusades’, Crusaders and Crusading in the Twelfth Century (Farnham, 2008), esp. p. 126 for a similar observation.
18.	Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1969–80), vol. vi, pp. 18–19.
19.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 46, 47 and refs.
20.	W. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade (Princeton, 1979), p. 103; S. Lloyd, English Society and the Crusade 1216–130? (Oxford, 1988), p. 145 and n. 150.
21.	In general, C. Maier, Preaching the Crusades: Mendicant Friars and the Cross in the Thirteenth Century (Cambridge, 1994).
22.	Peter the Venerable, Letters, ed. G. Constable (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), vol. i, pp. 327–30.
23.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 192–3.
24.	Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, pp. 84–6, 98–9.
25.	RHF, vol. xv, pp. 496, 501–2, 508, nos. xxxvii, lii, lxvii; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 31; J. Bird, E. Peters and J. M. Powell, Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia, 2013), pp. 126, 139;, J. M. Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade 1213–1221 (Philadelphia, 1986), pp. 92–3; ‘Ernoul’, trans, P. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (London, 1996), pp. 35–6; MGH Constitutiones et Acta Publica Imperatorum et Regum, ed. L. Weiland (Flanover, 1896), IV-ii, no. 102.
26.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 109,127,129; Lloyd, English Society, p. 145.
27.	Calendar of Patent Rolls 1223–32, pp. 89–90; Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 6.
28.	Pleas before the King or his Justices, 1198–1202, ed. D. M. Stenton (London, 1948–9), vol. i, pp. 135–6, vol. ii, p. 49, no. 248; on gold supply, see in general P. Spufford, Money and its Use in Medieval Europe (Cambridge, 1988).
29.	M. S. Giuseppi, ‘On the Testament of Sir Hugh de Nevill’, Archaeologia, 56 (1899), pp. 352–4
30.	A. V. Murray, ‘Money and Logistics in the Forces of the First Crusade’, in Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, ed. J. H. Pryor (Aider-shot, 2006), p. 239 n. 30 for full references; Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 24–5; Constable, ‘Financing the Crusades’, pp. 117–18 and n. 3.
31.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 116; idem, Chronica, vol. iv, pp. 5–6.
32.	Rigord, Oeuvres, vol. i, p. 106.
33.	Chronica Regis Coloniensis cont. a 1195, ed. G. Waitz (Hanover, 1880), p. 157; Richard of San Germano, Chronica, MGHS, vol. xix, pp. 348–9; D. Abulafia, Frederick II (London, 1988), pp. 220–23.
34.	D. Carpenter, The Gold Treasure of King Henry III’, The Reign of Henry III (London, 1996), pp. 107–36; N. Vincent, Peter des Roches (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 238–9 and n. 53.
35.	Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, pp. 100–101.
36.	See, e.g., the letters trans. E. Peters, The First Crusade (Philadelphia, 1998), pp. 283–4, 296–7; J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), pp. 23,40–41, 72,123–5, 162; Brundage, Medieval Canon Law, pp. 127–38.
37.	Chronica Monasterii de Melsa, ed. E. A. Bond (London, 1866–8), vol. i, p. 76.
38.	Urban II to his supporters in Bologna, 19 Sept. 1096, trans. Peters, First Crusade, p. 44; still going in 1188, Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 61; cf. Quia Maior (1213) and Rachel suum videns (1234) dispensing with suitability tests, Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. no, 274–5.
39.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 64–5 and refs.
40.	Gerald of Wales, De principis instructione, Opera omnia, ed. J. S. Brewer, Rolls Series (London, 1861–91), vol. viii, pp. 236–9, trans W. Lunt, Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages (New York, 1965), vol. ii, pp. 485–7 and, generally, for redemptions legacies and donations, vol. i, p. 125, vol. ii, pp. 485–97, 512–28; Maier, Preaching the Crusades, pp. 135–60.
41.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 47–52 and refs. p. 49 for docs, and a convenient summary.
42.	A. Andrea, Contemporary Sources for the Fourth Crusade (Leiden, 2000), pp. 30–31 (Innocent III, 31 Dec. 1199); Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 49–50 (Innocent III, 1200).
43.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. no, 129, and pp. 119, 13541 for attendant confusion.
44.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 270–76; in general, M. Lower, The Barons’ Crusade (Philadelphia, 2005).
45.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 193–4 and refs.; Lloyd, English Society, pp. 22,149,151,178; Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, pp. 67–8.
46.	Lunt, Papal Revenues, vol. ii, pp. 488–90.
47.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard (London, 1872–84), vol. iv, pp. 133–4; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 194–5.
48.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 398.
49.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 162; Maier, Preaching the Crusades, pp. 139–43 and refs.
50.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 455.
51.	Lloyd, English Society, p. 149; Jordan, Louis IX the Challenge of Crusade, p. 100 and n. 214.
52.	Innocent IV, Registres, ed. E. Berger (Paris, 1884–1921), no. 3708.
53.	Calendar of Papal Registers, ed. W. T. Bliss et al. (London, 1893–1960), vol. i, 444, 445; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 195 and n. 38; Lloyd, English Society, p. 146 and n. 157.
54.	Lunt, Papal Revenues, vol. i, pp. 111–25, vol. h> pp. 448–85; Historical Papers and Letters from Northern Registers, ed. J. Raine (London, 1873), pp. 200–201 for redemptions worth only £25 14s 8d out of £500 raised in the archdiocese of York for the 1308 Hospitaller crusade; the bulk of the balance came from indulgence sales.
55.	Lunt, Papal Revenues, vol. i, pp. 71–7, vol. ii, pp. 82–152; cf. Constable, ‘Financing the Crusades’, pp. 117–23.
56.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 271.
57.	Ibid, p. 34.
58.	Ibid, p. 108.
59.	Andrea, Contemporary Sources, p. 29.
60.	Recueil des chartes de Vabbaye de Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire, ed. M. Prou et al. (Paris, 1900–1907), vol. i, pp. 340–43, no. 150; Constable, ‘Financing the Crusades’, pp. 116–17.
61.	Actes de Philippe Auguste, vol. i, no. 252; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. 44–5; Ralph Niger, Chronica, ed. H. Krause (Frankfurt, 1985), p. 288.
62.	Richard of San Germano, Chronica, MGHS, vol. xix, pp. 348–9; Reg-istro del Cardinale Ugolino d’Ostia, ed. G. Levi (Rome, 1890), Fonti per la storia d’Italia, vol. viii, pp. 7–9,11–13,19–2.4,101,109–10,113–14, 121–3, 128–33, 138–40, 152–3; Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 274–5; Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, pp. 35–64; J. R. Maddicott, ‘The Crusade Taxation of 1268–70’, Thirteenth Century England, 2 (1988), pp. 93–117; idem, The Origins of the English Parliament 924-J327 (Oxford, 2010), pp. 266–72; C. Tyerman, ‘Philip V of France, the Assemblies of 1319–20 and the Crusade’, Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), no. II, pp. 15–34.
63.	Lloyd, English Society, p. 77; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 91–2,121.
64.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 387–8, trans. from the Register of Archbishop Eudes of Rouen, and pp. 454–65 for some Lyons II material; on the Lyons II reports, see P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade (Amsterdam, 1940); M. Aurell, Des chrétiens contre les croisades (Paris, 2013), pp. 310–27.
65.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 45–6 and nn. 37, 38 for refs, pp.75–80.
66.	Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, ed. N. P. Tanner, vol. i (Washington, DC, 1990), pp. 227–71; Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, p. 50 n. 46.
67.	Lunt, Papal Revenues, vol. i, pp. 71–7; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 616-i7, 778–9, 815–16, 829–31.
68.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 17 and nn. 37, 45, 96; Riley-Smith and Riley-Smith, Crusades: Idea and Reality, p. 144 and above note 62.
69.	Discussed in Constable, ‘Financing the Crusades’, pp. 118–20; cf. Tyerman, ‘Paid Crusaders’, Practices of Crusading, no. XIV, p. 27 and n. 116.
70.	Ralph Niger, Chronica, p. 288.
71.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. no, 126; Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, p. 94; Registro Ugolino, p. 7, no. iv, pp. 11–12, no. ix (viii (sic) in text).
72.	Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, pp. 94–9.
73.	G. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (Farnham, 2010), p. 121; Actes de Philippe Auguste, vol. i, no. 237, vol. iv, no. 1708; Tyerman, God’s War, p. 508 and n. 20; Histoire générale de Languedoc, ed. C. de Vic and J. Vaisete (Toulouse, 1872–1905), vol. viii, cols. 148990 (cf. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, p. 100 for an earlier, limited hearth tax of Alphonse).
74.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 101,191, although the suggestion that Peter des Roches took some of this tax money with him on crusade is unjustified, Vincent, Peter des Roches, p. 238, n. 51.
75.	Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 45 and refs. n. 37 and p. 47, n. 48.
76.	Gervase of Canterbury, Historical Works, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1879–80), vol. i, pp. 422–3; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, esp. pp. 75–80; for details on the Pipe Rolls 34 Henry II, pp. 11, 106, 216; I Richard I, pp. 1, 5, 12, 53, 104, 112, 131; 2 Richard I, p. 112.
77.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. i, pp. 336–7, vol. ii, p. 32; idem, Chronica, vol. ii, p. 302.
78.	Powell, Anatomy of a Crusade, pp. 100–101; Regestro Ugolino, pp. 128–33; Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, pp. 82,98; P. Guido, Rationes decimarum Italiae nei secoli XIIIe: Tuscia: la décima degli anni 1274–90, Studi e Testi, vol. lviii (Vatican City, 1932), pp. xli-xliii.
79.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 586, 600–601.
80.	R. Bartlett, The Making of Europe (London, 1993), p. 268.
81.	Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, p. 100.
82.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 802–4 and refs. ,
83.	Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 274–5, 455, 462.
84.	Strayer, ‘Crusades of Louis IX’, p. 508; William Rishanger, Chronica, ed. H. T. Riley (London, 1865), p. 78.
85.	E. Christiansen, The Northern Crusades (London, 1997), esp. pp. 82–92, 123–38.
86.	For these and other schemes, see A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot, 2000) and S. Schein, Fideles Crucis (Oxford, 1991).
87.	P. Dubois, The Recovery of the Holy Land, ed. W. I. Brandt (New York, 1956) and comments in P. Biller, The Measure of Multitude (Oxford, 2000), pp. 242–4; J. Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanau, 1611), vol. ii, p. 23.
88.	N. Housley, ‘Costing the Crusade’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. i, Western Approaches, eds. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge, 2003), p. 49; F. Cardini, ‘I costi della crociata’, Studi in memoria di Federigo Melis (Naples, 1978), vol. iii, p. 188.
89.	Political Songs of England, ed. T. Wright (London, 1839), p. 128.
	9. CO-ORDINATION
1.	H. Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (Innsbruck, 1902), pp. 165–7 and p. 136 for departure date, trans. E. Peters, The First Crusade (Philadelphia, 1998), pp. 42, 291–2; for English involvement, C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), pp. 19–21; Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 327, trans. F. R. Ryan and H. Fink, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem (Knoxville, 1969), pp. 71–2 for harvest; in general, C. Tyerman, God’s War (London, 2006), chs. 2–3; J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London, 1986), chs. 1–2; J. France, Victory in the East (Cambridge, 1994), ch. 4.
2.	RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 149, trans. R. Levine, The Deeds of God Through the Franks (Woodbridge, 1997), p. 251.
3.	Albert of Aachen, Historia lerosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 60–63.
4.	J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 139–43.
5.	Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 12–13,18–21, 62–71.
6.	For a robust view of such Byzantine-crusader relations, P. Frankopan, The First Crusade: The Call from the East (London, 2012), esp. chs. 6–8.
7.	See now C. West, ‘All in the Same Boat: East Anglia, the North Sea World and the 1147 Expedition to Lisbon’, in East Anglia and its North Sea World in the Middle Ages, ed. D. Bates and R. Liddiard (Woodbridge, 2013), pp. 286–300.
8.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. C. W. David (New York, 1976), pp. 112–13.
9.	For general accounts of these, see Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 54–5, 398, 413–14, 627–8, 664–5, 685, 689–92.
10.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem, ed. V. G. Berry (New York, 1948), pp. 32–3.
11.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 70–71.
12.	The De expugnatione Lyxbonensi.
13.	For general information, J. Phillips, The Second Crusade (New Haven, 2007), esp. chs. 4, 5,7; for a key assessment of the lack of overarching strategy, A. Forey, ‘The Second Crusade: Scope and Objectives’, Durham University Journal, 86 (1994), pp. 165–75.
14.	For these, Phillips, Second Crusade, p. 169; Odo of Deuil, De profectione , pp. 22–3, 66–9, 78–9.
15.	Roger of Howden alias ‘Benedict of Peterborough’, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1867), vol. ii, p. 56; in general, Tyerman, God’s War, chs. 12–13.
16.	G. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (Farnham, 2010), pp. 15–18 and refs., 43–4, 47–55; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 56.
17.	Guy of Bazoches, Liber Epistularum, ed. H. Adolfsson (Stockholm, 1969), no. xxxiv, p. 148.
18.	Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, pp. 92, 145; Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines Historiarum, Opera Historical ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1876), vol. ii, pp. 51–4.
19.	Guy of Bazoches, Liber Epistolarum, no. xxxv, pp. 152–3; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 440–41; The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2007), vol. ii, p. 374; Baha al-Din Ibn Shaddad, The Rare and Excellent History of Saladin, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2002), p. 106.
20.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1864), pp. 64–8, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 73–7; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 402–17.
21.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 92–4, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 97–9; The Old French Continuation of William of Tyre 1184–97 trans. P. Edbury (Aldershot, 1998), p. 94.
22.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. 112–26; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 80–82; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 431–41
23.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 112; Ambroise, L’Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, ed. G. Paris (Paris, 1877), 11. 449–90, trans. M. J. Hubert, The Crusade of Richard the Lion-Heart (New York, 1976), pp. 46–7; Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, p. 152, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, p. 153.
24.	Geoffrey of Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. E. Faral (Paris, 1938–9), esp. vol. i, pp. 1–57, trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963), pp. 29–39; Robert of Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople, pp. 1–8, trans. E. H. McNeal, The Conquest of Constantinople (New York, 1966), pp. 31–9; J. Riley-Smith, Towards an Understanding of the Fourth Crusade as an Institution’, in Urba Capta, ed. A. Laiou (Paris, 2005), pp. 71–88; in general Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 501–60 and refs.
25.	Villehardouin, La Conquête, vol. i, pp. 50–53, 102–5, vol. ii, pp. 28–9.
26.	1. Fonnesberg-Schmidt, The Popes and the Baltic Crusades 1147–1x54 (Leiden, 2007), pp. 79–131; C. Tyerman, ‘Henry of Livonia and the Ideology of Crusading’, Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), no. VII, pp. 32–7; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 596–9.
27.	Ad Liberandam, trans. J. Bird, E. Peters and J. M. Powell, Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia, 2013), pp. 124–9.
28.	Oliver of Paderborn, Historia Damiatina, trans. Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, pp. 166–7.
29.	J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina (Paris, 1844–64), vol. ccxvi, col. 830, no. xxxv.
30.	Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 626–7; Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 158.
31.	For some relevant trans. documents, see Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom , pp. 133–41.
32.	M. Lower, The Barons’ Crusade (Philadelphia, 2005), passim; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 755–69.
33.	W. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade (Princeton, 1979), esp. pp. 65–104, remains the best study; for Richard, see Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 57–85 and above pp. 197–9 and below pp. 262–3.
34.	Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, pp. 3–64.
	10. HEALTH AND SAFETY
1.	T. F. Crane, The Exempla of Jacques de Vitry (London, 1890), p. 57, no. cxxiv; John of Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, ed. N. de Wailly (Paris, 1868), trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963), p. 191; cf. Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 328, trans. F. R. Ryan and H. Fink, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem (Knoxville, 1969), p. 74.
2.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. C. W. David (New York, 1976), pp. 130–31.
3.	J. Brundage, Medieval Canon Law and the Crusader (Madison, 1969), pp. 139–90; C. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998), pp. 14–2-8, 30–41, 55–62.
4.	Cf. J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 81–143; C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), pp. 195–228.
5.	Pipe Rolls 3 and 4 Richard J, p. 285.
6.	Calendar of Close Rolls 1251–53, p. 210; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 209–11.
7.	J. Brundage, ‘The Crusader’s Wife: A Canonistic Quandary’ and ‘The Crusader’s Wife Revisited’, Studia Gratiana, 12 (1967), ii, pp. 425–41, iv, pp. 241–52; cf. Quia Maior, trans. J. Bird, E. Peters and J. M. Powell, Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia, 2013), p. no.
8.	Raymond of Aguilers; cf. C. Tyerman, ‘“Principes et Populus”: Civil Society and the First Crusade’, Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), no. XII, pp. 1–23.
9.	Urban II to the Flemish, H. Hagenmeyer, Die Kreuzzugsbriefe aus den Jahren 1088–1100 (Innsbruck, 1902), p. 136, trans. E. Peters, The First Crusade (Philadelphia, 1998), p. 42; Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 106–9.
10.	Trans. J. Riley-Smith and L. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: Idea and Reality (London, 1981), pp. 57–9.
11.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, pp. 56–7, 176–7 (breaking a secondary deal with the king of Portugal collectively agreed).
12.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientent, ed. V. G. Berry (New York, 1948), pp. 124–5.
13.	See trans. of Historia de expeditione Friderici Imperator is, in G. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (Farnham, 2010), pp. 47, 57–8, 64–5.
14.	Roger of Howden alias ‘Benedict of Peterborough’, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1867), vol. ii, pp. 30–33; Gervase of Canterbury, Historical Works, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1879–80), vol. i, pp. 409–10; Councils and Synods with other documents relating to the English Church, ed. F. M. Powicke et al., vol. i (Oxford, 1961), pt. 2, pp. 1025–9; Tyerman, England and the Crusades, pp. 61–4.
15.	Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, ed. J. T. Appleby (London, 1963), p. 22; cf. M. Strickland, War and Chivalry (Cambridge, 1996), p. 37.
16.	Roger of Plowden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. no-11.
17.	Roger of Plowden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. 129–32; idem, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1868–71), vol. iii, pp. 58–60.
18.	Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines Historiarum, Opera Historica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1876), vol. ii, p. 88.
19.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 132; Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1864), trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1997), pp. 136–7.
20.	R. Röhricht, ed., Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores (Geneva, 1879), Gesta crucigerorum Rhenanorum, pp. 29, 31–4, De intinere Frisonum, P- 59
21.	For Alcazar, Gesta crucegerorum Rhenanorum, in Röhricht, ed., Quinti Belli Sacri Scriptores Minores, pp. 31–4; Robert of Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople, trans. E. H. McNeal, The Conquest of Constantinople (New York, 1966), pp. 100–102; Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 270 for discontent at stitch-up after the siege of Ma’arrat al-Numan.
22.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 20–21.
23.	What follows relies on the research by Piers Mitchell, Medicine in the Crusades (Cambridge, 2004); cf. S. Edgington, ‘Medical Knowledge of the Crusading Armies’, in The Military Orders, ed. M. Barber, vol. i (Aldershot, 1994), pp. 320–26.
24.	Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, p.109, trans. Shaw, Chronicles, p. 241.
25.	Albert of Aachen, Historia lerosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 142–5; Mitchell, Medicine, pp. 149–50.
26.	Mitchell, Medicine, pp. 26–7.
27.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, p. 43, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, p. 55.
28.	H. E. Mayer, Crusades, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1988), p. 142; Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. P. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (Aldershot, 1998), p. 90; Mitchell, Medicine, pp. 90–91.
29.	Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines, Opera, vol. ii, pp. 80–81; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, pp. 89–90, 116–18; A. Forey, ‘The Military Order of St. Thomas of Acre’, English Historical Review, 92 (1977), pp. 481–503; Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, trans. Shaw, Chronicles, pp. 196–7; James of Vitry, Lettres, ed. R. B. C. Huygens (Leiden, 1960), no. II, pp. 80–83.
30.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 249–50, 272, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 237, 255.
31.	Continuation of William of Tyre, trans. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, p. 90.
32.	Mitchell, Medicine, pp. 143–5, 176–7.
33.	Discussed by Mitchell, Medicine, pp. 185–6.
34.	Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 664–7; Guibert of Nogent, G esta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., vol. iv, p. 231; discussed by Mitchell, Medicine, pp. 159–63; and above pp. 14–15.
35.	Bibliothèque nationale de France MS Latin 11015, fols. 32–41; cf. A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aldershot, 2000), pp. 42–3.
	11. SUPPLIES
1.	The Bayeux Tapestry, ed. F. Stenton (London, 1957), esp. scenes 37–42, 46–51; Napoleon’s remark that ‘an army marches on its stomach’ has also been attributed to Frederick the Great of Prussia.
2.	Bayeux Tapestry, scenes 37, 49, 50 and 68 for the militant Odo.
3.	C. Tyerman, God’s War (London, 2006), plate 10.
4.	Mappae Clavicula: A Little Key to the World of Medieval Techniques, ed. C. S. Smith and J. G. Hawthorne, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 64 (1974), pt. 4, esp. pp. 68–9.
5.	See above p. 15 and, for example, Theophilus, De Diversis Artibus, ed. C. R. Dodwell (Oxford, 1986), pp. ix-x, xix, xxxiii-xxxix, 20, 64–5, 71, 142–58.
6.	R. Rogers, Latin Siege Warfare in the Twelfth Century (Oxford, 1984), pp. 3, 21–2, 238–43; J. Harvey, The Medieval Architect (London, 1972), pp. 87–100; for an international architects’ competition for the rebuilding of Canterbury Cathedral in the 1170s, Gervase of Canterbury, Historical Works, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1879–80), vol. i, p. 6.
7.	For a discussion, Rogers, Siege Warfare, pp. 237–9; for Geoffrey and the crusading engineers, above pp. 15, 23–4; for Henry, Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1969–80), vol. vi, pp. 340–43.
8.	N. Tanner, Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils (Washington, DC, 1990), pp. 223, 267–71; see now S. Stantchev, Spiritual Rationality: Papal Embargo as Cultural Practice (Oxford, 2014), esp. pp. 17–89.
9.	B. Bachrach, ‘Caballus et caballarius in Medieval Warfare’, Warfare and Military Organisation in pre-Crusade Europe (Aldershot, 2002), ch. 12, p. 183.
10.	F. Gabrieli, Arab Historians of the Crusades (London, 1984), pp. 204–6.
11.	John of Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, ed. N. de Wailly (Paris, 1868), trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963), p. 197; W. Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade (Princeton, 1979), pp. 76–7; S. Lloyd, English Society and Crusade 1216–1307 (Oxford, 1988), p. 140, n. 122 and refs.
12.	Albert of Aachen, Historia Ierosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 220–23; Oliver of Paderborn, Historia Damiatina, trans. J. Bird, E. Peters and J. M. Powell, Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia, 2013), p. 200.
13.	On the latter, T. Madden, ‘Food and the Fourth Crusade’, in Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, ed. J. H. Pryor (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 209–28.
14.	J. H. Pryor, ‘Modelling Bohemond’s March to Thessalonica’, in Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, ed. J. H. Pryor (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 9–15 and refs.; R. W. Unger, ‘The Northern Crusaders’, in Logistics of Warfare, ed. Pryor, p. 262.
15.	Tyerman, God’s War, p. 251 and refs.
16.	Pryor, ‘Modelling Bohemond’s March’, pp. 15–20.
17.	Above p. 136; Pryor, ‘Modelling Bohemond’s March’, pp. 10–11 and nn. 24–7.
18.	Madden, ‘Food’, pp. 211–19.
19.	Sécréta Fidelium Crucis, ed. J. Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanau, 1611), vol. ii, pp. 60–64 (bk II, pt IV, ch. 10), trans. P. Lock (Farnham, 2011), pp. 108–13 (in general, bk II, pt IV).
20.	Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 26–7 (cf. pp. 24–5 for the profusion of carts with Peter’s army), 62–71.
21.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientent, ed. V. G. Berry (New York, 1948), pp. 24–5.
22.	G. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (Farnham, 2010), pp. 64–5.
23.	Rigord, Oeuvres, ed. H. F. Delaborde (Paris, 1882–5), vol. i, pp. 99, 107.
24.	Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, ed. J. T. Appleby (London, 1963), p. 15; cf. Roger of Howden alias ‘Benedict of Peterborough’, Gesta Regis Hen-rici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1867), vol. ii, p. 117; C. Tyerman, England and the Crusades (Chicago, 1988), pp. 67, 80–84.
25.	Pipe Rolls 2 Richard I, pp. 1, 8–9, 53 104,112,131–2,178; 3 Richard I, p. ii.
26.	The calculations are those of Bachrach, ‘Cabalius et caballarius’, pp.198–9.
27.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 186.
28.	For examples of the system on crusade, in these cases in Languedoc, and how it could come unstuck, Querimoniae Normannorum 1247, RHF, vol. xxiv, pp. 22, 23, 29, 38, nos. 157, 168, 230, 282.
29.	In general, J. H. Pryor, ‘Transportation of Horses by Sea During the Era of the Crusades’, The Mariner’s Mirror, 68 (1982), pp. 9–30, 10325, 389–90; idem, ‘The Naval Architecture of Crusader Transport Ships’, The Mariner’s Mirror, 70 (1984), pp. 171–219, 275–92, 363–86; cf. C. D. Stanton, Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean (Woodbridge, 2011); Unger,‘Northern Crusaders’, pp. 253–73.
30.	Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 330, trans. F. R. Ryan and H. Fink, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem (Knoxville, 1969), p. 76 for horses coming to grief crossing the Adriatic in 1097.
31.	De expugnatione Lyxbonensi, ed. C. W. David (New York, 1976), passim; cf. M. Bennett, ‘Military Aspects of the Conquest of Lisbon’, in The Second Crusade, ed. J. Phillips and M. Hoch (Manchester, 2001), pp.71–89
32.	Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 384, trans. Ryan and Fink, History, p. 150.
33.	Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 449, trans. Ryan and Fink, History, p. 239.
34.	Extrapolated from Bachrach,‘Caballus et caballarius\ p. 182 and various modern estimates accessed online; cf. Pryor, ‘Modelling Bohemond’s March’, pp. 15–23 for horse feed.
35.	Pipe Roll 2 Richard I, pp. 53, 131; Bachrach, ‘Caballus et caballarius’, pp. 198–9; Loud, Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa, p. 19.
36.	See trans. of 1190 Genoa deal, in M. Hall and J. Phillips, Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth Century Crusades (Farnham, 2013), pp. 218–20 and n. 150; for Venice treaty and Louis’s contracts, above pp. 200–202.
37.	See the discussions at the Second Council of Lyons in 1274, P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade (Amsterdam, 1940), pp. 231–2; for prayers from the Lambrecht rite, see Bird et al., Crusade and Christendom, p. 45; the blessing, Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, trans. Shaw, Chronicles, p. 196.
38.	Trans. J. H. Pryor, ‘Ships’, in The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, ed. A. V. Murray (Santa Barbara, 2006), p. 1102 and generally, pp.1096–103.
39.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard (London, 187284), vol. v, p. 93; Pryor, ‘Ships’, p. 1102; cf. for crusade sea power, J. Prestwich, The Place of War in English History 1066–1214 (Woodbridge, 2004), esp. pp. 33–40.
40.	P. Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romananorum ad 1198 (Leipzig, 1885–8), no. 16373.
41.	Unger, ‘Northern Crusaders’, p. 264 and n. 39.
42.	Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, pp. 15, 28; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 112.
43.	Pipe Roll 2 Richard I, pp. 8–9; J. H. Pryor, ‘The Venetian Fleet for the Fourth Crusade’, in The Experience of Crusading, vol. i, Western Approaches, eds. M. Bull and N. Housley (Cambridge, 2003), pp. 115–2-3.
44.	Pryor, ‘Venetian Fleet’, pp. 102, 121–3; for the variety of vessels, see, as e.g., index to Nicholson’s translation of the Itinerarium Ricardi Regis under ‘ships’: H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aider-shot, 1997).
45.	Robert of Clari, La Conquête de Constantinople, p. 43, trans. E. H. McNeal, The Conquest of Constantinople (New York, 1966), p. 68.
46.	Discussed Pryor, ‘Transportation of Horses’, pp. 23–4.
47.	Jordan, Louis IX and the Challenge of Crusade, pp. 70–71, 76; Pryor, ‘Transportation of Horses’, pp. 103–6; idem, ‘Ships’, p. 1101.
48.	Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, trans. Shaw, Chronicles, pp. 164, 203–4.
49.	Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 15; J. H. Pryor, Business Contracts of Medieval Provence. Selected Notulae from the Cartulary of Giraud Amalric of Marseilles 1248 (Toronto, 1981), pp. 194–6, Notula 72; Pryor, ‘Ships’, p. 1102.
50.	B. Kedar, ‘The Passenger List of a Crusader Ship’, Studi Medievally 13 (1972); Joinville implies 800 in the laudatory preface but over 500 in Histoire de Saint Louis, pp. 5, 224, trans. Shaw, Chronicles, pp. 165, 321; Pryor, ‘Ships’, p. 1102; Richard of Devizes, Chronicle, p. 15; Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 117 (says 80 for London ship’s company); cf. idem, Chronica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1868–71), vol. iii, p. 43 (amended to 100, perhaps by including the crew); Ralph of Diceto, Ymagines Historiarum, Opera Historica, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1876), vol. ii, pp. 65–6.
51.	Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 158–61 (‘w hoc navali collegio’ was a ‘magister universorum consodalium’).
52.	Geoffrey of Villehardouin, La Conquête de Constantinople y ed. E. Faral (Paris, 1938–9), vol. ii, pp. 44–5, trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963), p. 90; Pryor, ‘Venetian Fleet’, pp. 116–17.
53.	Pryor, Business ContractSy pp. 77–81; idem, ‘Ships’, p. 1102.
54.	Villehardouin, La Conquêtey vol. ii, pp. 44–5, trans. Shaw, ChonicleSy p. 90; Robert of Clari, La Conquêtey p. 44, trans. McNeal, Conquest, pp. 70–71; Oliver of Paderborn, Historia Damiatinay trans. Bird et al., pp. 169–70; Phillips, Second Crusade, p. 157.
55.	The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period, trans. D. S. Richards (Aldershot, 2007), vol. ii, p. 289.
56.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London, 1864), p. 313, trans. H. Nicholson, The Chronicle of the Third Crusade (Aider-shot, 1997), p. 2–87.
57.	Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ.y vol. iii, p. 298.
58.	Unger, ‘Northern Crusaders’, p. 270.
59.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 218–19, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 208–9; above p. 253.
60.	Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 112–13.
61.	Rogers, Siege Warfare y pp. 25, 237–8; Tyerman, God’s Wary pp. 586, 595, 608.
62.	Itinerarium Ricardi RegiSy p. 209, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, p. 199.
63.	Continuation of William of Tyre y trans. P. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (London, 1996), p. 94.
64.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 215, 352, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 205, 316.
65.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 218–19, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 208–9; Villehardouin, Conquête, vol. i, pp. 76–7, trans. Shaw, Chronicles, p. 46. For a trebuchet’s throwing power, R. L. Toms, Catapult Design (San Antonio, 2006), pp. 27–30.
66.	Itinerarium Ricardi Regis, pp. 168, 172–3, 214, trans. Nicholson, Chronicle, pp. 167, 171, 204; Wace, Roman de Rou, ed. H. Andresen (Heilbronn, 1877–9), ll. 6509 ff
	12. STRATEGY
1.	Albert of Aachen, Historia lerosolimitana, ed. and trans. S. Edgington (Oxford, 2007), pp. 15 8–61; Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. M. Chibnall (Oxford, 1969–80), vol. iii, pp. 134–6, vol. v, pp. 156–9; C. Tyerman, God’s War (London, 2006), pp. 82–3.
2.	As in Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 2–45 (pp. 4–5 for ‘primus auctof).
3.	See P. Frankopan’s suggestion in The First Crusade: The Call from the East (London, 2012), pp. 115–16.
4.	Gesta Erancorum, trans. R. Hill (London, 1962), p. 2.
5.	Fulcher of Chartres, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., vol. iii, pp. 380–81, 475–6, trans. F. R. Ryan and H. Fink, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem (Knoxville, 1969), pp. 41,44 and refs., 145–6, 284–8; for pilgrims’ accounts, J. Wilkinson, Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185 (London, 1988); D. Pringle, Pilgrimage to Jerusalem and the Holy Land 118?-1291 (Farnham, 2012).
6.	Matthew Paris, ‘Itinerary from London to Jerusalem (1250–9)’, Pringle, Pilgrimage, p. 207; in general R. Allen, ed., Eastward Bound: Travel and Travellers 1050–1550 (Manchester, 2004), esp. B. Hamilton, ‘The Impact of the Crusades on Western Geographical Knowledge’, pp. 15–34, although his acceptance of an early date for the information on the Atlantic in Adam of Bremen’s chronicle (p. 15) should not necessarily be followed, as the passage is likely to be a twelfth-century interpolation. For an older view, J. K. Wright, Geographical Lore of the Time of the Crusades, 2nd edn (New York, 1965); P. D. A. Harvey, Medieval Maps (London, 1991); idem, Medieval Maps of the Holy Land (London, 2012); J. B. Harley et al., The History of Cartography, vol. i (Chicago, 1987).
7.	Guy of Bazoches, Liber Epistularum, ed. H. Adolfsson (Stockholm, 1969), pp. 145–56.
8.	P. Gautier Dalché, Carte marine et portulan au xiie siècle (Rome, 1995), esp. pp. xi, 6–7, 15–16, 20–21, 36–82, 183–203, 304–5; but cf. D. Jacoby, ‘An Unpublished Portolan of the Mediterranean in Minneapolis’, Shipping, Trade and Crusade in the Medieval Mediterranean (Farnham, 2013), esp. pp. 65, 71–2.
9.	R. Röhricht, Regesta regni hierosolymitani (Innsbruck, 1893–1904), no. 1083; in general A. Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land (Aider-shot, 2000), pp. 8–51; cf. J. Riley-Smith’s hyperbole in The First Crusaders (Cambridge, 1997), p. 143, ‘the crusaders might almost have been on the moon for all their relations could tell’.
10.	Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, passim, esp. re William Adam, Hetoum and Roger Stanegrave.
11.	See esp. Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, pp. 329–39, trans. Ryan and Fink, History, pp. 74–8 and 79–92.
12.	Odo of Deuil,’De profectione Ludovici VII in Orientem, ed. V. G. Berry (New York, 1948), pp. 28–33, 88–9.
13.	De expugatione Lyxbonensi, ed. C. W. David (New York, 1976), pp. 58–69, 86–93; cf. the so-called letter of Duodechin, MGHS, vol. xvii, pp. 27–8.
14.	G. Loud, The Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa (Farnham, 2010), pp. 193–6; Roger of Howden alias ‘Benedict of Peterborough’, Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi, ed. W. Stubbs (London, 1867), vol. ii, pp. 11226, 192–206; R. Röhricht, ed., Quinti Belli Sacri Scnptores Minores (Geneva, 1879), Gesta crucigerorum Rhenanorum, pp. 29–34, De inti-nere Frisonum, pp. 59–62.
15.	Caffaro, De liberatione civitatum Orientis, ed. L. Belgrano, Fonti per la storia d’Italia (Rome, 1887–1993), vol. xi, pp. 114–16, trans. M. Hall and J. Phillips, Caffaro, Genoa and the Twelfth Century Crusades (Farnham, 2013), pp. 118–20; Gautier Dalché, Carte marine, pp. 62–3.
16.	Roger of Howden, Gesta Henrici Secundi, vol. ii, p. 198.
17.	P. Gautier Dalché, De Yorkshire à Finde. Une ‘Géographie’ urbaine et maritime de la fin di xiie siècle (Roger de Howden?) (Geneva, 2005), esp. pp. 24–30,172 for conductors; cf. J. Gillingham, ‘Roger of Howden on Crusade’, in Medieval Historical Writing, ed. D. O. Morgan (London, 1983), pp. 60–75; idem, ‘The Travels of Roger of Howden’, Anglo-Norman Studies, 20 (1997), pp. 151–69.
18.	Gautier Dalché, Carte marine, pp. 6, 63.
19.	Harvey, Medieval Maps of the Holy Land, pp. 60–93, plates 35,40–44; cf. L. Donkin and H. Vorholt, Imagining Jerusalem in the Medieval West (Oxford, 2012).
20.	Harvey, Medieval Maps of the Holy Land, pp. 94–154, p. 99 for quotation; for Burchard’s text, Peregrinatores medii aevi quatuor, ed. J. C. M. Laurent (Leipzig, 1893), pp. 19–94, trans. Pringle, Pilgrimage, pp. 241–320.
21.	In general, R. J. Pujades i Bataller, Les cartes portolanes (Barcelona, 2007); E. Edson, ‘Reviving the Crusade: Sanudo’s Scheme and Vescon-te’s Maps’, in Eastward Bound, ed. Allen, pp. 131–55, esp. p. 137; Harvey, Medieval Maps of the Holy Land, pp. 29–30, 112–13, plates 7, 20; cf. J. Prawer’s introduction to the Jerusalem 1972 reprint of Bongars’ edition of Sanudo’s Secreta, plate p. XII; on the compass, Gautier Dalché, Carte marine, pp. 76–8.
22.	B. Z. Kedar, ‘Reflections on Maps, Crusading and Logistics’, in Logistics of Warfare in the Age of the Crusades, ed. J. H. Pryor (Aldershot, 2006), pp. 159–83.
23.	Guillaume de Nangis, Gesta Sancti Ludovici, RELF, vol. xx, pp. 444–5.
24.	Sanudo, Secreta Fidelium Crucis, ed. J. Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos (Hanau, 1611), vol. ii, pp. 5, trans. P. Lock (Farnham, 2011), p. 25; Harvey, Medieval Maps of the Holy Land, p. 107, n. 1 and 107–27.
25.	Sanudo, Secreta, bk III, pt. 14, ch. 3, ed. Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos , vol. ii, pp. 246–9, trans. Lock, pp. 392–8; for plate, see Prawer’s edn of Secreta, plate IX, and above, plate 29.
26.	Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos, vol. ii, p. 296; C. Tyerman, ‘Court, Crusade and City: The Cultural Milieu of Louis I Duke of Bourbon’, Practices of Crusading: Image and Action from the Eleventh to the Sixteenth Centuries (Farnham, 2013), no. IV, p. 59, n. 52; F. Kunstmann, ‘Studien über Marin Sanudo’, Königliche Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Abhanglungen Phil- Historische Classe, 7 (1855), p. 794.
27.	E. Edson, ‘Jerusalem under Siege: Marino Sanudo’s Map of the Water Supply, 1320’, in Donkin and Vorholt, Imagining Jerusalem, esp. pp. 211–17; Harvey, Medieval Maps of the Holy Land, pp. 107–27; for Acre and Jerusalem maps, Prawer, Secreta, pis. X and XI.
28.	P. Throop, Criticism of the Crusade (Amsterdam, 1940), p. 232; on discussions after 1274, S. Schein, Fideles Crucis (Oxford, 1991); Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land; for the 1274 crusade bull Zelus fidei, trans. J. Bird, E. Peters and J. M. Powell, Crusade and Christendom (Philadelphia, 2013), pp. 466–73.
29.	For an overview, Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 45–51, 54–7, 66–71; cf. a different view of papal strategy, P. Chevedden, The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades’, History, 93 (2008), pp. 181–200; idem, The View of the Crusades from Rome and Damascus’, Onens 39/2 (2011), pp. 257–329.
30.	E. de Rozière, Cartulaire de l’église du saint Sépulchre de Jérusalem (Paris, 1849), p. 8 no. 9; I am grateful to Dr Kevin Lewis for discussion of this document.
31.	Gesta Francorum, pp. 20–21, 73; Fulcher of Chartres, Historia, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 468, trans. Ryan and Fink, History, p. 271; B. Z. Kedar, Crusade and Mission (Princeton, 1984), esp. pp. 57–74, 108.
32.	Odo of Deuil, De profectione, pp. 70–71; J. Tolan, Saracens: Islam in the Medieval Imagination (New York, 2002).
33.	Kedar, Crusade and Mission, esp. chs. 3–5.
34.	J. Bédier, Les chansons de croisade (Paris, 1909), pp. 8–11.
35.	Above p. 35.
36.	J. Muldoon, Popes, Lawyers and Infidels (Liverpool, 1979).
37.	Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 594–7, but see n. 28.
38.	M. A. Köhler, Allianzen und Verträge zwischen fränkischen und islamischen Herrschern im Vor denen Orient (Berlin, 1991), pp. 1–72; C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 44–7; J. France, Victory in the East (Cambridge, 1994), pp. 165–6, 211, 252–4, 302, 304, 317, 325–6, 334, 358, 368.
39.	Urban IPs letter to the Flemish, trans. E. Peters, The First Crusade (Philadelphia, 1998), p. 42; Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii. pp. 301, 302; de Rozière, Cartulaire de l’église du saint Sépulchre, p. 8, no. 9; J. Shepherd, ‘When Greek meets Greek: Alexius Comnenus and Bohemund in 1097–8’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 12 (1988), pp. 185–277. Cf. a sceptical view of co-ordinated planning, J. H. Pryor, ‘A View From a Masthead: The First Crusade at Sea’, Crusades, 7 (2008), esp. pp. 125–43.
40.	For considered views on Outremer strategy, M. Barber, The Crusader States (New Haven and London, 2012).
41.	This is the argument pursued in Tyerman, God’s War; cf. J. Harris, Byzantium and the Crusades (London, 2003); M. Angold, The Fourth Crusade (London, 2003), pp. 3–108.
42.	God’s War, pp. 488–96, 736–55, 761–3.
43.	Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum, RHC Occ., vol. iii, p. 292, trans. J. H. Hill and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia, 1968), p. 115.
44.	William of Tyre, Historia, bk 21, ch. 7, trans. E. A. Babcock and A. C. Krey, A History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea (New York, 1976), p. 408; P. Edbury, The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade (London, 1996), pp. 3–7.
45.	Richard I to the Genoese, trans. Edbury, Conquest of Jerusalem, pp. 181–2; for Richard’s strategy in Palestine, Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 448–74; cf. J. Gillingham, Richard I (New Haven and London, 1999) pp. 172–221.
46.	Guillaume de Nangis, Gesta Sancti Ludovici, RHF, vol. xx, pp. 446–9.
47.	Pierre Dubois, The Recovery of the Holy Land, trans. W. I. Brandt (New York, 1956); Sanudo, Seer eta, above note 24.
48.	Matthew Paris, Chronica Majora, ed. H. R. Luard (London, 1872–84), vol. V, p. 107, vol. vi, p. 163; Tyerman, God’s War, pp. 799–802, cf. pp. 638–41, 739–55, 770–71*
49.	Dubois, Recovery, pp. 124, 138–9.
50.	Sanudo, Secreta, bks I and II; Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, chs. 2 and 4; S. Stantchev, Spiritual Rationality: Papal Embargo as Cultural Practice (Oxford, 2014); S. Menache, ‘Papal Attempts at a Commercial Boycott of the Muslims in the Crusader Period’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, 63 (2012), pp. 236–59.
51.	John of Joinville, Histoire de Saint Louis, ed. N. de Wailly (Paris, 1868), trans. M. R. B. Shaw, Chronicles of the Crusades (London, 1963), pp. 197–8; P. Jackson, The Mongols and the West (Harlow, 2005), pp. 1–195 for the best accessible recent account; Tyerman, God’s War, esp. pp. 784–6.
52.	Jackson, Mongols and West, p. 104.
53.	Sanudo, Secreta, ed. Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos, vol. ii, p. 36, trans. Lock, pp. 71–2; cf. in general, Leopold, How to Recover the Holy Land, esp. pp. 111–19.
54.	Leopold, How to Rercover the Holy Land, p. 118; for Hetoum’s gazetteer of Asia and Mongol history, La Flor des estoires de la terre d’Orient, RHC Documents Arméniens (Paris, 1869–1906), vol. ii, pp. 113–219, and pp. 521–55 for William Adam’s similarly well-informed De Modo Saraceni Extirpandi.