Map 1. The Spread of Islam, 750–1700. Adapted from Malise Ruthven, Historical Atlas of Islam, Harvard University Press, 2004, pp. 32–33.
Map 2. The Abbasid Empire. Adapted from Malise Ruthven, Historical Atlas of Islam, Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 37.
Map 3. Premodern Islamic Empires and States. Adapted from Malise Ruthven, Historical Atlas of Islam, Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 54–55.
Map 4. The Muslim World under Colonial Domination (until World War II). Adapted from Malise Ruthven, Historical Atlas of Islam, Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 117.
Map 5. Linguistic Regions of Islam. Adapted from Andreas Birken, Atlas of Islam: 1800–2000, Brill, 2010, p. 21.
Map 6a–b. Worldwide Muslim Population in 2010 (see table, pp. xlii–xliv). Muslim-majority countries are shaded.
