Glossary

The question of the proper treatment of names in a history of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 is peculiarly difficult to resolve. For an English language history most of the sources come from the 19th century; commentators such as journalists, military attachés and historians used transliterations of Russian, Bulgarian and Turkish names with a cheerful inconsistency, and it is by no means easy to follow a straight path. Much of the difficulty stems from the fact that names, especially place names, were recorded phonetically, and their transfer to the written page descended on what the listener thought he heard, and the language which he himself spoke.

Since this is a history in English, I have followed the sources that are historically most familiar, and have not attempted to use the modern day equivalents – a decision which I realise will offend the purists. I have, however, had great assistance from Robert Williams with regard to Russian names. He has pointed out that in the 19 th century English writers did a particularly bad job of transliterating these. Thanks to his help I am able to set out below the spelling of various names as they appear in the text, with their proper transliteration as well as the Russian version. Where possible, two transliterations are given for foreign names, the first being the spelling in the original language and the second being the exact transliteration from the Russian.

Bulgarian place names present even more difficulty. Both the Bulgarian and Turkish versions of such place names were used interchangeably by 19th century writers, with all their phonetic misspelling; and in any case they often bear little relation to their modern equivalents. I have therefore used the formulation most frequently used by contemporary writers.

Finally, there are the names of Turkish places and individuals. Modern Turkish produces very considerable variations in the spelling of both; again, I have followed the 19th century version.

The senior Turkish ranks are given in Turkish; their approximate Western equivalents are as follows:

Mushir	Marshal
Ferik	Lieutenant General
Mirliva	Brigadier General
Miralai	Colonel
Kaim-makam	Lieutenant-Colonel
Bimbashi	Major
Yuzbashi	Captain

RUSSIAN NAMES

Name in Text	Correct transliteration	Original Russian
Alkhazov	Alkhazov	Алхазов
Amilakhvari	Amilakhvari	Амилахвари
Arnoldi	Arnoldi or Arnol’di	Арнольди
Astafeev	Astafeyev	Астафеев
Avinov	Avinov	Авинов
Baranov	Baranov	Баранов
Bariatinsky	Baryatinsky	Барятинский
Belinsky	Belinsky	Белинский
Biskoupsky	Biskupsky	Бискупский
Boreisha	Boreysha	Борейша
Boutchkiev	Buchkiyev	Бучкиев
Bronevsky	Bronevsky	Броневский
Brunnow	Brunnov	Бруннов
Bulmering	Bulmering or Bul’mering	Бульмеринг
Cherniaev	Chernyayev	Черняев
Chernozubov	Chernozubov	Чернозубов
Chernyshev	Chernyshyov	Чернышёв
Danilov	Danilov	Данилов
De Firks	Firks	Фиркс
Dehn	Dehn or Den	Ден
Dellinghausen	Dellinghausen or Delensgausen	Деленсгаузен
Denibekov	Denibekov	Денибеков
Derozhinsky	Derozhinsky	Дерожинский
Devel	Devel or Devel	Девель
Dobrovolsky	Dobrovolsky	Добровольский
Dolgorukov	Dolgorukov	Долгоруков
Dombrovsky	Dombrovsky	Домбровский
Doukhonine	Dukhonin	Духонин
Dragomirov	Dragomirov	Драгомиров
Driesen	Driesen or Drizen	Дризен
Dubassov	Dubasov	Дубасов
Ellis	Ellis	Эллис
Fadeyev	Fadeyev	Фадеев
Fofanov	Fofanov	Фофанов
Ganetsky	Ganetsky	Ганецкий
Gorchakov	Gorchakov	Горчаков
Goremykin	Goremekin	Горемыкин
Gortalov	Gortalov	Горталов
Gourko	Gurko	Гурко
Grabbe	Grabbe	Граббе
Hahn	Hahn or Gan	Ган
Heimann	Heimann or Geyman	Гейман
Ignatiev	Ignat’yev	Игнатьев
Imeretinsky	Imeretinsky	Имеретинский
Karassev	Karasev	Карасев
Kartsov	Kartsov	Карцов
Khilkov	Khilkov	Хилков
Khomenko	Khomenko	Хоменко
Kiselev	Kiselyov	Киселёв
Kleinhaus	Kleinhaus or Kleyngaus	Клейнгаус
Klenveshahl	Kleveshahl or Klevezal’	Клевезаль
Knorring	Knorring	Кнорринг
Komarov	Komarov	Комаров
Korf	Korf	Корф
Korsakov	Korsakov	Корсаков
Kouzminsky	Kuzminsky	Кузминский
Kovalevsky	Kovalevsky	Ковалевский
Kravchenko	Kravchenko	Кравченко
Krock	Krock or Krok	Крок
Krüdener	Krüdener or Kridener	Криденер
Kuropatkin	Kuropatkin	Куропаткин
Lavrov	Lavrov	Лавров
Lazarev	Lazarev	Лазарев
Leonov	Leonov	Леонов
Leontiev	Leont’yev	Леонтьев
Levitsky	Levitsky	Левицкий
Lioubovitsky	Lyubovitsky	Любовицкий
Lipinsky	Lipinsky	Липинский
Lockarev	Lashkaryov	Лашкарёв
Loris-Melikov	Loris-Melikov	Лорис-Меликов
Martinov	Martynov	Мартынов
Maximilianovich	Maksimilianovich	Максимилианович
Miliutin	Milyutin	Милютин
Muraviev	Murav’yev	Муравьев
Nepokoitschitsky	Nepokoychitsky	Непокойчицкий
Novikov	Novikov	Новиков
Obruchev	Obruchev	Обручев
Oklobju	Oklobzhio	Оклобжио
Orlov	Orlov	Орлов
Pamoutine	Panyutin	Панютин
Panin	Panin	Панин
Petrouschevsky	Petrushevsky	Петрушевский
Philippov	Filipov	Филипов
Popov	Popov	Попов
Prokhorov	Prokhorov	Прохоров
Radetzky	Radetzky or Radetsky	Радецкий
Rauch	Rauch or Raukh	Раух
Rodionov	Rodionov	Родионов
Rodzevich	Rozdevich	Роздевич
Roop	Roop	Рооп
Rosenbach	Rosenbach or Rozenbakh	Розенбах
Rosenbaum	Rosenbaum or Rozenbaum	Розенбаум
Rostovsev	Rostovtsev	Ростовцев
Rounov	Runov	Рунов
Rydzevsky	Rydzevsky	Рыдзевский
Scalon	Scalon or Skalon	Скалон
Schack	Schack or Shak	Шак
Schildner-Schuldner	Schilder-Schuldner	Шильдер-Шульднер
Schnitnikov	Shnitnikov	Шнитников
Schwabe	Schwabe or Shvabe	Швабе
Shakofskoy	Shakhovskoy	Шаховской
Shelemetiev	Shelemet’yev	Шелеметьев
Shelkovnikov	Shelkovnikov	Шелковников
Shestakov	Shestakov	Шестаков
Shuvalov	Shuvalov	Шувалов
Skobelev	Skobelev	Скобелев
Sobelev	Sobolev	Соболев
Stroukov	Strukov	Струков
Sukhozanet	Sukhozanet	Сухозанет
Sviatopolk-Mirsky	Svyatopolk-Mirsky	Святополк-Мирский
Tatischev	Tatishchev	Татищев
Tchelistchev	Chelishchev	Челищев
Tchereminissov	Cheremisinov	Черемисинов
Tebjanik	Tebyakin	Тебякин
Tergukassov	Tergukasov	Тергукасов
Tiajelnikov	Tyazhel’nikov	Тяжельников
Todleben	Todleben or Totleben	Тотлебен
Tolstoy	Tolstoy	Толстой
Tsertelev	Tsertelev	Цертелев
Tsiliadzev	Tsitlyadzev	Цитлядзев
Tsvietsinsky	Tsvetsinsky	Цвецинский
Tutolmin	Tutolmin	Тутолмин
Vannovsky	Vannovsky	Ванновский
Veliaminov	Vel’yaminov	Вельяминов
Vodjakin	Vodyakin	Водякин
Vorontsov	Vorontsov	Воронцов
Wielopolski	Wielopolski or Velyopol’sky	Велёпольский
Yolchine	Yolchin	Елчин
Zamoyski	Zamoysky	Замойский
Zeddeler	Seddeler or Zeddeler	Зедделер
Zimmermann	Zimmermann or Tsimmerman	Циммерман
Zotov	Zotov	Зотов