1. Allan Berube, Coming Out Under Fire: The History of Men and Women in World War Two (New York: Free Press, 1990), 156.
2. Ibid., 147.
3. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
4. Nancy Hanley, Body Politics: Power, Sex, and Nonverbal Communication (Englewood, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1977), 152.
1. Alfred C. Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Female (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1953), 469.
2. Ibid., 472.
1. Janice G. Raymond, The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male (Boston: Beacon Press, 1979).
2. Tey Meadow, “Child,” Transgender Studies Quarterly 1, no. 1 (forthcoming).
1. “Sexual Abuse: A Major Cause of Homosexuality?,” H.O.M.E. (Heterosexuals Organized for a Moral Environment) website, http://www.home60515.com.
2. American Psychiatric Association profile, Born Gay website, http://borngay.procon.org/.
3. Jeff Johnston, “Childhood Sexual Abuse and Male Homosexuality,” CitizenLink, June 17, 2010, http://www.citizenlink.com.
4. John Wihbey, “Global Prevalence of Child Sexual Abuse,” Journalist’s Resource, November 15, 2011, http://journalistsresource.org.
5. Anita Bryant and Bob Green, At Any Cost (Grand Rapids, MI: Fleming H. Revell, 1978).
1. Alfred C. Kinsey et al., Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company, 1948), 168.
2. George Weinberg, Society and the Healthy Homosexual (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1972), 78.
3. Netta Weinstein et al., “Parental Autonomy Support and Discrepancies Between Implicit and Explicit Sexual Identities: Dynamics of Self-acceptance and Defense,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102, no. 4 (April 2012): 815–32.
1. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, “How to Bring Your Kids Up Gay,” Social Text 29 (1991): 20; K. J. Zucker and R. L. Spitzer, “Was the Gender Identity Disorder of Childhood Diagnosis Introduced into DSM-III as a Backdoor Maneuver to Replace Homosexuality? A Historical Note,” Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 31 (2005): 31–42.
2. Zucker and Spitzer; and Jack Drescher, “Queer Diagnoses: Parallels and Contrasts in the History of Homosexuality, Gender Variance, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 39, no. 2 (2010): 427–60.
3. Gilbert Herdt, ed., Third Sex, Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History (New York: Zone Books, 1993).
1. Quoted in Alex Witchel, “Life After ‘Sex,’” New York Times Magazine, January 19, 2012. For video of the speech (March 13, 2010), see “Cynthia Nixon Accepts the Vito Russo Award at the 21st Annual GLAAD Media Award,” March 16, 2010, YouTube.com.
2. Summarized in Marcia Malory, “Homosexuality & Choice: Are Gay People ‘Born This Way?’” Scientific American, October 19, 2012, http://blogs.scientificamerican.com. For original study, see Simon LeVay, “A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men,” Science 253 (1991): 1034–37.
3. Malory, “Homosexuality & Choice.”
4. Rebecca Jordan-Young, Brain Storm: The Flaws in the Science of Sex Differences (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 144.
5. Edward Stein, The Mismeasure of Desire: The Science, Theory, and Ethics of Sexual Desire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 148–53.
6. Ibid., 153.
7. Ibid., 148.
8. Malory, “Homosexuality & Choice”; Stein, The Mismeasure of Desire, 267–68.
9. Stein, The Mismeasure of Desire, 273.
10. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), vol. VII of The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1955), 125–243.
11. Irving Bieber et al., Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study (Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson, 1988), 319.
1. Marcie Gallo, Different Daughters: A History of the Daughters of Bilitis and the Rise of the Lesbian Rights Movement (Seattle: Seal Press, 2006).
2. R. Drummond Ayres, “Gay Woman Loses Custody of Her Son to Her Mother,” New York Times, September 8, 1993.
3. Charles E. Morris III, “Pink Herring & the Fourth Persona: J. Edgar Hoover’s Sex Crime Panic,” Quarterly Journal of Speech 88, no. 2 (May 2002): 228–44.
4. Judith Stacey and Timothy J. Biblarz, “(How) Does the Sexual Orientation of Parents Matter?,” American Sociological Review 66, no. 2 (April 2001): 159–83.
1. Reported in William N. Eskridge Jr., “Six Myths That Confuse the Marriage Equality Debate,” Valparaiso University Law Review 46, no. 1 (Fall 2011): 107.
2. Stanley Kurtz, “The End of Marriage in Scandinavia: The ‘Conservative Case’ for Same-Sex Marriage Collapses,” Weekly Standard, February 2, 2004, http://www.weeklystandard.com.
3. M. V. Lee Badgett, “Prenuptial Jitters: Did Gay Marriage Destroy Heterosexual Marriage in Scandinavia?,” Slate.com, May 20, 2004.
4. Nancy Cott, testimony in Perry et al. v. Schwarzenegger, US District Court, Northern District, vol. 1 (January 11, 2010): 208.
5. David K. Li, “Gay or Straight, Guys Reluctant to Say I Do,” New York Post, July 5, 2011.
1. Ruth Vanita, “Hinduism and Homosexuality,” in Queer Religion: Homosexuality in Modern Religious History, vol. 1, eds. Donald L. Boisvert and Jay Emerson Johnson (Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger, 2012), 1–23. See also Arvind Sharma, “Homosexuality and Hinduism,” in Homosexuality and World Religions, ed. Arlene Swidler (Valley Forge, PA: Trinity Press, 1993), 70.
2. Janet R. Jakobsen and Ann Pellegrini, Love the Sin: Sexual Regulation and the Limits of Religious Tolerance (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004). Much of this chapter is indebted to the joint work of Jakobsen and Pellegrini in Love the Sin and elsewhere.
3. José Ignazio Cabezón, “Homosexuality and Buddhism,” in Homosexuality and World Religions, 81–101; Robert Shore-Goss, “Queer Buddhists: Re-Visiting Sexual Gender Fluidity,” in Queer Religion, 25–49.
4. Bernadette Brooten, Love Between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
5. Khalid Duran, “Homosexuality and Islam,” in Homosexuality and World Religions, 181–82.
6. Aisha Geissinger, “Islam and Discourses of Same-Sex Desire,” in Queer Religion, 69–90, esp. 74–80.
7. Geissinger, “Islam and Discourses of Same-Sex Desire,” 80–84.
8. Daniel Boyarin, “Are There Any Jews in ‘The History of Sexuality’?,” Journal of the History of Sexuality 5, no. 3 (January 1995): 339.
9. Rebecca T. Alpert, “Religious Liberty, Same-Sex Marriage and the Case of Reconstructionist Judaism,” in God Forbid: Religion and Sex in American Public Life, ed. Kathleen Sands (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 124–32.
10. Jakobsen and Pellegrini, Love the Sin, 127–47.
1. Andrew Koppelman, “You Can’t Hurry Love: Why Antidiscrimination Protections for Gay People Should Have Religious Exemptions,” Brooklyn Law Review 72, no. 125 (2006–07): 136.
2. Martha Minow, “Should Religious Groups Be Exempt from Civil Rights Laws?,” Boston College Law Review 48 (2007): 786.
3. “Enforcement Standards for Licensing Regulations,” 102 Mass. Code Regs. 1.03(1) (2007).
4. Jana Singer, “Balancing Away Marriage Equality,” SCOTUSblog, August 29, 2011, http://www.scotusblog.com.
5. Winnifred Fallers Sullivan, The Impossibility of Religious Freedom (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).
6. Bob Jones University v. United States, 461 US 574 (1983), 605.
7. Minow, “Should Religious Groups Be Exempt from Civil Rights Laws?,” 848.
1. Cheryl Clarke, “The Power to Transform: Homophobia in the Black Community,” in Barbara Smith, Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology (New York: Kitchen Table/Women of Color Press, 1983).
2. Kimberlé W. Crenshaw (1991), “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6. (1991): 1241–99.
3. Martha Albertson Fineman, The Neutered Mother, the Sexual Family and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies (New York: Routledge, 1995).
4. Kim E. Nielsen, A Disability History of the United States (Boston: Beacon Press, 2012).
1. Cited in Winnie McCroy, “The Myth of Lesbian Bed Death,” Village Voice, June 22, 2010, http://www.villagevoice.com.
2. Navi Pillay, “The Shocking Reality of Homophobic Rape,” UN Human Rights Office website, June 20, 2011, http://www.ohchr.org.
3. Ibid.
4. Adrienne Rich, “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5, no, 4 (Summer 1980): 631–60.
5. Lisa Duggan and Nan D. Hunter, Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent and Political Culture (New York: Routledge, 1995).
6. Muriel Dimen, “Politically Correct? Politically Incorrect?,” in Pleasure and Danger: Exploring Female Sexuality, ed. Carole Vance (New York: Routledge/Kegan Paul, 1984), 138–48.
7. All of these women are contributors to the important anthology Pleasure and Danger.
8. SAMOIS, eds., Coming to Power: Writing and Graphics on Lesbian S/M, 2nd revised and updated ed. (Boston: Alyson Press, 1982).
9. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 22.
10. Gayle Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality” (1984), in The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader, eds. Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin (New York: Routledge, 1993), 15.
1. Natalie Shainess, quoted in “The New Bisexuals,” Time, May 13, 1974.
1. Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
2. Genny Beemyn and Susan Rankin, The Lives of Transgender People (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 33–34.
3. Ibid., 34.
4. Ibid., 35.
5. Amy L. Stone, Gay Rights at the Ballot Box (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2012).
1. Tey Meadow, “Child,” Transgender Studies Quarterly, 1, no. 1 (2013 [forthcoming]).
2. Tey Meadow, “‘Deep Down Where the Music Plays’: How Parents Account for Gender Variance,” Sexualities 14, no. 6 (2011): 725–47.
1. Michael Schiavi, Celluloid Activist: The Life and Times of Vito Russo (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011).
1. In Lara Flanders, “An Erotic Politics: What’s the Future of the LGBTQ Movement?,” Truthout, June 26, 2012, http://truth-out.org.
2. Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963).
3. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Doubleday, 1959); Erving Goffman, Strategic Interaction (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1969).
4. George Chauncey, Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 7–8.
5. Martha Shelley, “Gay Is Good,” reprinted in A History of Our Time: Readings on Postwar America, eds. William H. Chafe, Harvard Sitkoff, Beth Bailey (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 226.
6. Ritch Savin-Williams, The New Gay Teenager (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
1. Jerome Hunt, A State-by-State Examination of Nondiscrimination Laws and Policies: State Nondiscrimination Policies Fill the Void but Federal Protections Are Still Needed (Washington, DC: Center for American Progress, June 2012), 1, http://www.americanprogress.org.
2. See, for example, Jeff Krehely, “Polls Show Huge Public Support for Gay and Transgender Workplace Protections,” Center for American Progress, June 2, 2011, http://www.americanprogress.org.
3. Ibid.
4. Quoted in Janet R. Jakobsen, Working Alliances and the Politics of Difference: Diversity and Feminist Ethics (Bloomington, IN: University of Indiana Press, 1998), 131.
5. Elizabeth A. Castelli, “Persecution Complexes: Identity Politics and the ‘War on Christians,’” differences 18, no. 3 (Fall 2007): 152–80.
6. Ibid., 156.
7. Janet R. Jakobsen and Ann Pellegrini, Love the Sin: Sexual Regulation and the Limits of Religious Tolerance (Boston: Beacon Press, 2004), 45–73.
8. “Transgender Employees Now Protected by Anti-Discrimination Law After ‘Landmark’ EEOC Ruling,” Huffington Post, April 24, 2012.
1. Annette Seigel Gross, “Mike Pence’s Alignment with The Family Research Council: Siding AGAINST Hate Crimes Legislation,” Greater Indianapolis for Change website, n.d., http://indyvanguard.org.
2. Wade Henderson, “Why We Need Bias Laws,” New York Times, March 7, 2012.
3. JoAnn Wypijewski, “A Boy’s Life: For Matthew Shepard’s Killers, What Does It Take to Pass as a Man,” Harper’s, September 1999.
1. Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concept of Pollution and Taboo (New York: Routledge, 2000), 3–5.