The following books by the author are referred to in abbreviated form throughout the notes:
Central Problems in Social Theory (London: Hutchinson, 1977)
- CPST.
New Rules of Sociological Method (London: Hutchinson, 1976)
- NRSM.
Studies in Social and Political Theory (London: Hutchinson, 1977) - SSPT.
The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies (London: Hutchinson, 1979; revised edition, 1981) — CSAS.
A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (London: Macmillan, 1981), vol. I - CCHM. vol. I.
Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory (London: Macmillan, 1982) - PC ST.
The Constitution of Society (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984) — CS.
1 State, Society and Modern History
1. cf. CPST, chapter 2; CS, passim.
2. For a fuller exposition, see CPST, chapter 3.
3. K. Marx, ‘Preface’ to ‘A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy’, in K. Marx and F. Engels, Selected Works in One Volume (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1968); cf. CPST, chapter 3.
4. CS, chapter 5.
5. See especially CCHM, vol. 1, chapters 3, 4 and 5; CS, chapters 4 and 5.
6. NRSM, chapter 3.
7. Talcott Parsons, ‘On the concept of political power', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 107, 1963.
8. CPST, p. 9Iff.
9. CSAS, pp. 156-62.
10. CS, chapter 5.
11. Ibid., p. 14ff.
12. CPST, pp. 88-94.
13. Ibid.
14. G. W. F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), p. 126.
15. CPST, chapter 2; CS, chapter 1 and passim.
16. On this matter see the celebrated debate between Lévi-Strauss and Sartre about the nature of history. For a summary version, cf. Claude Lévi-Strauss: ‘Réponses à quelques questions', Esprit. 31, 1963.
17. CS chapter 3 and passim. Simmel's remarks on such matters can still be read with profit. See ‘Der Raum und die räumlichen Ordnungen der Gesellschaft’, in his Soziologie (Leipzig: Duncker and Humbolt, 1908).
18. CPST, pp. 84-5.
19. CCHM, vol. I, pp. 97—100. The work of Jane Jacobs, however it might be criticized in some respects, is particularly important here.
20. In this book 1 use ‘violence’ in a straightforward sense, not in the much wider meaning attributed to it by Bourdieu and others. I mean by ‘control of the means of violence’ control over the •capabilities of doing physical harm to the human body by the use of force.
21. CCHM, pp. 140—56.
22. CS, pp. 166ff.
23. Emile Durkheim: Professional Ethics and Civic Morals (London: Routledge, 1957), pp. 79—80.
24. cf. A. Giddens, ‘The nation-state and violence', in Walter W. Powell and Richard Robbins, Conflict and Consensus (New York: Free Press, 1984).
25. Max Weber, Economy and Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), vol. I, p. 56.
26. Ibid., p. 55.
27. Ibid., p. 54.
28. CPST, pp. 81 — 111; CCHM, vol. I, pp. 46—8.
29. G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of Right (London: Bell, 1896), section 261.
30. Janowitz notes that, during the first four World Congresses of Sociology, the topics of military institutions and war were not discussed. At the Fifth World Congress, held in Washington in 1962, a single paper on the role of the military in the new nations
was presented in the political sociology section. Only in 1964 was there introduced a special section on ‘The Professional Military and Militarism’. Morris Janowitz, ‘Armed forces and society: a world perspective’, in Jacques van Doorn, Armed Forces and Society (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), p. 15. cf. also my discussion in CCHM, vol. I, pp. 177-82.
31. Herbert Spencer, The Evolution of Society, edited by Robert L. Carneiro, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), p. 61. Spencer accepts that modern societies are still in a transitory phase between military society and industrialism. Thus he holds that ‘a certain brutalisation has to be maintained during our passing phase of civilisation’, and that ‘while national antagonisms continue strong and national defence a necessity, there is a fitness in this semimilitary discipline.’ But he also makes clear that this cannot last in the longer term, for ‘the direct effect of war on industrial progress is repressive.’ See H. Spencer, The Study of Sociology (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1961), pp. 172, 173 and 179.
32. E. Durkheim, Socialism (New York: Collier, 1962), pp. 80—105 and passim.
33. E. Durkheim, Professional Ethics & Civic Morals, p. 53.
34. Ibid., p. 74.
35. Engels to Marx, 7 Jan. 1858, in K. Marx and F. Engels, Werke (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1963), vol. 24, p. 252.
36. The most useful general source on these issues is B. Semmel, Marxism and the Science of War (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1981). cf. Solomon F. Bloom, The World of Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1941), pp. 11—32.
37. K. Marx and F. Engels, ‘The Communist Manifesto’, in Marx & Engels, Selected Works in One Volume, pp. 38—9.
38. Bloom, The World of Nations, pp. 206 — 7. See also Gallie’s comments, in W. B. Gallie, Philosophers in Peace and War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), chapter 4.
39. Felix Gilbert, The Historical Essays of Otto Hintze (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), p. 183. Hintze is critical, however, of the social Darwinism of Gumphowicz and Ratzenhofer, cf. also Jacques Novicow, La guerre et ses prétendus bienfaits (Paris: Alcan, 1894).
40. Ibid. (I have somewhat modified the translation).
41. Still an essential source for understanding Weber’s views in this respect is Wolfgang J. Mommsen, Max Weber und die deutsche Politik, 1890—1920 (Tübingen: Mohr, 1959).
42. cf. ‘Max Weber on facts and values’, in SSPT.
43. CCHM, vol. I, chapter 9.
44. See, for example, the otherwise admirable survey given in Bob Jessop, The Capitalist State (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1982).
45. Contrast the by now classic study, Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship (Harmondsworth Penguin, 1969), which places particular emphasis upon force and violence in the shaping of modern states.
46. Reinhard Bendix, Kings or People (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), p. 16.
47. Ibid., p. 4.
48. See ‘From Marx to Nietzsche? The new conservatism, Foucault, and problems in contemporary political theory’, in PCST.
49. Bernard-Henri Levy, Barbarism With a Human Face (New York: Harper, 1977).
50. CCHM, vol. I, chapter 8.
51. See especially CS, chapter 5.
52. CCHM, vol. I, pp. 76-81.
53. Ernest Gellner, Thought and Change (London: Weidenfeld, 1964), pp. 12—13. cf. CS, chapter 5.
54. CCHM, vol. I, chapter 3 and passim.
2 The Traditional State: Domination and Military Power
1. I shall also use the term ‘non-modern’ societies, in preference to ‘non-capitalist’, which I employed in CCHM, vol. I. I used the second of these to break with the conventional usage of ‘precapitalist’, because the capitalist societies for a long period of time co-existed with other types of society. But ‘non-capitalist’ might suggest that the industrialized state socialist societies belong in the same category as tribal and class-divided societies, which is not all that felicitous.
2. S. N. Eisenstadt, The Political Systems of Empires (Glencoe: Free Press, 1963). Compare H. J. M. Claessen and P. Skalnik, The Early State (The Hague: Mouton, 1978).
3. John A. Wilson, ‘Egypt through the New Kingdom’, in Carl H. Kraeling and Robert M. Adams, City Invincible (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960). It should be emphasized that most nomadic states still do have territorial affiliations. 'Nomadism . . . [is] organised mobility over a space that may be vast but is delimited by custom, treaties, or tacit agreements with competing or related groups.’ See Jean-Paul Roux, Les traditions des nomades (Paris: Maisonneuve, 1970), p. 37.
4. Gideon Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1960), p. 5.
5. Ibid., pp. 95ff.
6. Weber, Economy & Society, vol. 2, p. 1213.
7. Sjoberg, The Preindustrial City, p. 67.
8. Paul Wheatley, The Pivot of the Four Quarters (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1971).
9. Weber, Economy <6 Society, vol. 2, p. 1222.
10. Ibid., p. 1223.
11. Ibid., p. 1229 and ff. See also M. Weber, The Religion of China (Glencoe: Free Press, 1964).
12. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism; Louis Baudin, A Socialist Empire. The Incas of Peru (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1961).
13. See also Alfred Metraux, The History of the Incas (New York: Schocken, 1970).
14. Weber, Economy Society, vol. 2, p. 1402.
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid., pp. 1044-5.
17. cf. W. M. F. Petrie, Social Life in Ancient Egypt (London: Constable, 1923); J. E. M. White, Ancient Egypt (London: Allen Wingate, 1952); William F. Edgerton, The question of feudal institutions in ancient Egypt", in Rushton Coulborn, Feudalism in History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956).
18. Robert Griffeth and Carol G. Thomas, The City-State in Five Cultures (California: Santa Barbara, 1981).
19. Ibid., p. 186.
20. Ibid., p. 190. cf. also Robert J. Braidwood & Gordon Willey, Courses Toward Urban Life (Chicago: Atdine, 1962); M. E. L. Mallowan, ‘The development of cities: from A1 Ubaid to the end of Uruk’, in the The Cambridge Ancient History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), vol. I.
21. cf. CCHM, vol. I, pp. 94-5.
22. cf. Bloomfield: ‘Writing is not language, but merely a way of recording language by means of visible marks’. L. Bloomfield, Language. (New York: Allen & Unwin, 1933), p. 21.
23. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974) and other works.
24. See, in particular, Paul Ricoeur, Hermeneutics & The Human Sciences (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981); and also John B. Thompson, ‘Action, ideology and the text’, in his Studies in the Theory of Ideology (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1984). I am particularly indebted to Thompson’s paper for my discussion here.
25. E. Benveniste, Problems in General Linguistics (Florida: University of Miami Press, 1971).
26. Thompson, ‘Action, ideology and the text’.
27. Roy Turner, ‘Words, utterances and activities’, in his Ethno-methodology (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974).
28. P. Ricoeur, ‘The model of the text: meaningful action considered as a text’ in his Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences, p. 201.
29. cf. Paul Ziff, Semantic Analysis (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1960).
30. P. Ricoeur: ‘What is a text? Explanation & Understanding’, in his Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences.
31. I. J. Gelb, A Study of Writing (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1952), chapter 1. See also S. N. Kramer, From the Tablets of Sumer (Indian Hills: Colorado University Press, 1956).
32. Gelb, A Study of Writing, p. 60ff.
33. Jack Goody, The Domestication of the Savage Mind (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1977), p. 83. This book is a
fundamental source for considering questions of the relation of
writing to power.
34. A. H. Gardiner, Ancient Egyptian Onomastica (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947), vol. I, p. 1.
35. Goody, The Savage Mind, p. 86.
36. D. J. Wiseman, ‘Books in the Ancient Near East and in the Old Testament', in P. R. Ackroyd, C. F. Evans and G. W. H. Lampe, The Cambridge History of the Bible (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1963), vol. I, p. 45.
37. Edward McNall Burns and Philip Lee Ralph, ‘The civilisations of the Nile’, in their World Civilisations (New York: Norton, 1974).
38. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish (London: Allen Lane,
1977).
39. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism.
40. Edmund Leach, ‘Hydraulic society in Ceylon’, Past and Present,
15, 1959.
41. Wolfram Eberhard, Conquerors and Rulers (Leiden: Brill, 1970).
42. I. E. S. Edwards, The Pyramids of Egypt (Baltimore: Max Parrish,
1962); A. W. Shorter, Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt (London: Marston & Co., 1932).
43. On this see Weber, Economy & Society, vol. 2, p. 1168ff.
44. F. Ratzel, Anthropogeographie (Stuttgart: 1882); Politische Geographie (Berlin: R. Oldenboug, 1897).
45. F. Ratzel, Politische Geographie, p. 584ff. However cf. J. Ancel, Les frontières (Paris: Gallimard, 1938).
46. J. R. V. Prescott, Boundaries and Frontiers (London: Croom Helm,
1978), chapter 2.
47. Ibid., p. 40ff.
48. G. W. B. Huntingford, The Galla of Ethiopia (London: Hakluyt Society 1955), p. 116.
49. Owen Lattimore, Inner Asian Frontiers of China (New York: Oxford University Press, 1940); J. Baradez, Fossatum Africae (Paris: Arts et Metiers, 1949); R. G. Collingwood, Roman Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1932).
50. Baradez, Fossatum Africae.
51. Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India (London: Asia Publishing House, 1963).
52. Eberhard, Conquerors & Rulers.
53. H. A. R. Gibb and Harold Bowen, Islamic Society and the West (London: Oxford University Press, 1950), vol. I, p. 209.
54. John H. Kautsky, The Politics of Aristocratic Empires (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), p. 120. cf. also Bendix, who says that in traditional social orders ‘the term “society” is applied only with difficulty, since the people themselves live in fragmented subordination, while their rulers constitute “the society” because they are persons worthy of note in the country.’ See Reinhard Bendix, Nation Building and Citizenship (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p. 401.
55. For a recent discussion of the so-called ‘warfare theory’ of the state, see Claessen and Skalnik, The Early State.
56. Marvin Harris, Cannibals and Kings (London: Fontana, 1978), p.
41.
57. cf. K. F. Otterbein, The Evolution of War (New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press, 1970).
58. As Harris puts it, virtually all small societies, including Hunters and gatherers, ‘carry out some form of intergroup combat in which teams of warriors deliberately try to kill each another’. See Harris, Cannibals and Kings, p. 41; cf. Quincy Wright, A Study of War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), chapter 6; T. Brock and J. Galting, ‘Belligerence among the primitives’, Journal of Peace Research, 3, 1966.
59. William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983), p. 1.
60. V. Gordon Childe, Man Makes Himself (London: Watts, 1956), p. 234.
61. Griffeth and Thomas, The City-State in Five Cultures, p. 197.
62. Weber, The Religion of India (Glencoe: Free Press, 1958), p. 64.
63. John A. Wilson, The Burden of Egypt (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951).
64. Burns and Ralph, ‘The Mesopotamian and Persian civilisations’, in World Civilizations, p. 63. See also Yigael Yadin, The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands in the Light of Archaeological Study (London: Weidenfeld, 1963), 2 vols.
65. A. T. E. Olmstead, History of Palestine & Syria (New York: Charles Scribner, 1931).
66. Chung-li Chang, The Chinese Gentry (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1955); Wolfram Eberhard, A History of China (London: Routledge, 1950); John K. Fairbank, Chinese Thought and Institutions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1959).
67. CCHM, vol. I, chapter 7.
68. Weber, Economy & Society, vol. 2, p. 980ff.
69. cf. Eric Hobsbawm, Primitive Rebels (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1959). cf. also Philip A. Kuhn, Rebellion and its Enemies in Late Imperial China (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970), chapter I.
70. Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires, pp. 73 and 150.
71. Michael Rawdin, The Mongol Empire: its Rise & Legacy (New
York: Free Press, 1967).
72. Robert G. Wesson, The Imperial Order (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967), p. 248. cf. also G. H. Stevenson, Roman Provincial Administration (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1949); Jules Toutain, The Economic Life of the Ancient World (London: Kegan Paul, 1930).
73. The Sacred Law of the Ottoman Empire supposedly stood higher than the Sultan, although in practice this was more or less meaningless.
74. Nevin O. Winter, The Russian Empire of Today & Yesterday (London: Simpkin, 1914), p. 440.
75. W. T. De Bary, ‘Chinese despotism and the Confucian ideal: A seventeenth century View’, in Fairbank, Chinese Thought and Institutions.
76. Joseph Needham, Science & Civilisation in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954), vol. 1.
77. K. Marx, ‘The British rule in India’, in Shlomo Avineri (ed.), Karl Marx on Colonialism and Modernisation (New York: Doubleday, 1968).
78. Weber, The Religion of China, pp. 91 and 93; see also Eberhard, A History of China, p. 64ff.
79. T. J. A. Le Goff and D. M. G. Sutherland, ‘The revolution and the rural community in eighteenth-century Brittany’, Past and Present, 62, 1974, p. 97.
3 The Traditional State: Bureaucracy, Class, Ideology
1. Wesson, The Imperial Order, p. 116.
2. C. Hucker, ‘The Tung-Lin movement of the Late Ming Period', in Fairbank, Chinese Thought and Institutions.
3. Weber, Economy & Society, vol. 2, pp. 1032— 8.
4. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, pp. 302 — 3.
5. This was the view I once advocated. See CSAS, pp. 132—8 and
passim.
6. S. Wells Williams, The Middle Kingdom (New York: Wiley, 1879), vol. I, pp. 354—6.
7. Marx & Engels: ‘The Communist Manifesto’, p. 35. Engels later added to this the reservation ‘That is, all written history’ which, from the point of view discussed here, does not alter anything of ! the substance of the claim.
8. cf. CCHM, vol. 1, pp. 105-8.
9. Eric Wolf, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century (New York:
Harper, 1969), p. 279.
10. Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires, pp. 281 —92.
11. W. Eberhard, Das Toba-Reich Nordchinas. (Leiden: Brill, 1949). I Kautsky, mistakenly in my view, tries to associate all peasant uprisings with commercialization, arguing that in the relevant I period of Chinese history there was a significant acceleration of j commerce.
12. Eberhard, Conquerors & Rulers, p. 89ff.
13. cf. CCHM, vol. 1, p. 220ff.
14. This point is made in Michael Mann, ‘States, ancient and modern’, ]
Archives européennes de sociologie. 18, 1977.
15. CS, chapter 4.
16. Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (London: Victor Gollancz,! 1945).
17. CCHM, vol. I, chapter 5.
18. Jacques Soustelle, Daily Life of the Aztecs on the Eve of thei
Spanish Conquest (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1970).
19. Particularly in K. Marx, Grundrisse (Harmondsworth: Penguin,!
1973), p. 107ff.
20. If this is not a contradiction in terms. See, for example, Wolf, Peasant Wars, p. 10—11, where he defines the ‘peasantry’ as agrarian workers who have to transfer part of their product to a ruling group.
21. K. Marx and F. Engels, The German Ideology (London: Lawrence i and Wishart, 1965), p. 61.
22. cf. Jorge Larrain, Marxism & Ideology (London: Macmillan, 1983).
23. Soustelle, Daily Life of the Aztecs, pp. 100—1.
24. B. P. Lamb, India: a World in Transition (New York: Praeger,
1963), pp. 26—7.
25. Weber, Economy Society, vol. I, pp. 472 — 80.
26. Ibid., p. 431.
27. Arthur F. Wright, The Confucianist Persuasion (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1960).
28. Kung-chuan Hsiao, Rural China, Imperial Control in the Nineteenth Century (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1960).
29. On the role of eunuchs in Rome, see A. H. M. Jones, The Later Roman Empire (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964), vol. II, p. 570ff.
30. Edward Gibbon, The Decline & Fall of the Roman Empire (New York: Modern Library, 1932), vol. I, p. 102ff.
31. Gordon Tullock, The Politics of Bureaucracy (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1965), pp. 215—16.
32. K. Marx, Capital, vol. I (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1970), p. 376.
33. A. D. Alderson, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956), p. 76.
34. Calculations given in Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires, p. 247.
35. Li Chien-nung, The Political History of China, 1840—1928 (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1956), p. 43.
36. Albert H. Lyber, The Government of the Ottoman Empire (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1963), p. 29.
37. cf. M Frederick Nelson, Korea the Old Order in Eastern Asia (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1946), p. 84ff.
38. cf. Jeremy A. Sabloff & C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, Ancient Civilisation and Trade (Alberquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1975); Robert M. Adams, ‘Anthropological perspectives on ancient trade’, Current Anthropology, 15, 1974.
39. Samuel Noah Kramer, History Begins at Sumer (New York: Anchor, 1959).
4 The Absolutist State and the Nation-State
1. cf. CCHM, vol. I, pp. 182—6.
2. Of course, such a statement brusquely shoves aside a range of
complex issues much debated by historians, which a more detailed discussion would necessarily have to examine at some length. Although it is ageing, probably the most useful general discussion in English is still Rushton Coulborn, Feudalism in History
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956). cf. also Owen
Lattimore, ‘Feudalism in history’, Past and Present, 12, 1957; F. Cheyette, Lordship and Community in Mediaeval Europe (New York, 1968).
3. Perry Anderson, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism (London:
New Left Books, 1974), and Lineages of the Absolutist State
(London: New Left Books, 1974).
4. Maurice Ashley, The Golden Century, Europe 1598—1917
(London: Weidenfeld, 1969), p. 217.
5. Geoffrey Barraclough, European Unity in Thought & Action (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1963). Compare René Albrecht-Carré, The Unity of Europe: an Historical Survey (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1966).
6. cf. Meinecke, Der Idee der Staatsräson (Berlin: R. Oldenbourg, 1924).
7. E. M. Satow, A Guide to Diplomatic Practice (London: Longman, 1922); Garrett Mattingly, Rennaissance Diplomacy (London: Jonathan Cape, 1955).
8. G. N. Clark, The Seventeenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1947), p. 135.
9. A. Sorel, LEurope et la révolution française (Paris: E. Plon, 1885), vol. I, pp. 33—4. cf. Manning on the emergence of ‘metadiplomatics’ — the attribution of individuality to states in a manner unknown in prior state forms. C. A. W. Manning, The Nature of International Society (London: Bell, 1962).
10. cf. Meinecke, Der Idee der Staaträson.
11. Quoted in Clark, The Seventeenth Century.
12. Ibid., p. 141ff.
13. Ibid., p. 144.
14. Roger Lockyer, Hapsburg and Bourbon Europe 1470—1720 (London: Longman, 1974).
15. Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
16. The term ‘the West’ is of course of quite recent provenance, and was favoured by Continental (especially German) authors some while before it came into widespread use among English-speaking writers.
17. This means taking issue with Wallerstein’s formulation of ‘world system theory’ which, of course, has been the subject of much critical discussion in any case (see the discussion on pp. 161 —71).
18. Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State, pp. 39 and 29. Anderson does say that diplomacy ‘was one of the great institutional inventions of the age’, and that ‘with its emergence an international state system was born in Europe.' (p. 37).
19. See Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 2 vols, especially vol. 2, p. 286ff.
20. Clark, The Seventeenth Century, p. 219, cf. Betrand de Jouvenel, Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957).
21. cf. C. B. Macpherson, ‘A political theory of property’ in Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1973), p. 125ff.
22. cf. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down (London: Temple Smith, 1972).
23. Well analysed by Hintze, in Staat und Verfassung (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck, 1962), p. 264ff.
24. John C. Rule, Louis XIV and the Craft of Kingship (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1969).
25. Lockyer, Hapsburg and Bourbon Europe, pp. 481 — 2.
26. K. Marx, ‘The civil war in France', in Marx & Engels, Selected Works, p. 289.
27. Anderson, Lineages of the Absolutist State, p. 18.
28. Quoted in William F. Church, The Greatness of Louis XIV, Myth or Reality? (Boston, Mass: Heath, 1959), p. 47.
29. Pierre Goubert, Beauvais et le Beauvaisis de 1600 ä 1780 (Paris: SEUPEN, 1960), p. 13ff.
30. Gianfranco Poggi, The Development of the Modern State (London: Hutchinson, 1978), p. 73. Poggi’s discussion of the development of law in the absolutist state, although brief, is exemplary.
31. Weber, Economy & Society, vol. 2, pp. 800—2.
32. cf. P. Vinogradoff, Roman Law in Mediaeval Europe (London: Harper, 1909).
33. Preston King, The Ideology of Order (London: Allen & Unwin,
1974), p. 75.
34. cf. Klaus Doerner, Madmen and the Bourgeoisie (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981).
35. Sean McConville, A History of English Prison Administration (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), p. 31 ff.
36. Doerner, Madmen and the Bourgeoisie, pp. 15—16.
37. Clark, The Seventeenth Century, p. 98.
38. Trevor Aston, Crisis in Europe 1560—1660 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1965). Of course, the theme of the ‘general crisis' has been discussed almost ad nauseam in the subsequent literature.
39. A key source for the early seventeenth century in France is A. D. Lublinskaya, French Absolutism: The Crucial Phase, 1620 —29 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968), chapters 3 and 5.
40. E. N. Williams, The Ancien Regime in Europe (London: Bodley Head, 1970), pp. 2 and 14.
41. C. Tilly, ‘Reflections on the history of European state-making’ in his edited volume The Formation of National States in Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 38.
42. Beautifully analysed in Clark, The Seventeenth Century, p. 155ff.
43. Frank A. Kierman and John K. Fairbank, Chinese Ways in Warfare, (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1974). See, in particular, the article by Herbert Franke, ‘Siege and defence of towns in mediaeval China’.
44. Charles O. Hucker, Chinese Government in Ming Times: Seven Studies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969). A very useful survey of Chinese military strength appears in chapter 2 of William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,
1983).
45. cf. Kautsky, Aristocratic Empires, chapters 2—3.
46. Charles W. C. Oman, The Art of War in the Middle Ages, 375—1515 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1953). See also Sidney Toy, A History of Fortification from 3000 BC to 1700 (London: Heinemann, 1955).
47. L. T. White, Mediaeval Technology and Social Change (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), chapter I.
48. Samuel E. Finer, ‘State- and nation-building in Europe: the role of the military’, in Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States, p. 103.
49. The mechanization of weaponry antedates by centuries its application to the ‘logistics of war’. Horses and human muscle remained the basis of military transportation even in the First World War, in which the British army shipped more tons of oats and hay to the Front than ammunition. The average foot-soldier throughout the history of civilization could not march more than between twelve and eighteen miles a day, or carry more than some eighty pounds, including two weeks’ rations, cf. S. L. A. Marshall, The Soldier's Load and the Mobility of a Nation (Washington: Combat Forces Press, 1950).
50. Theodore Ropp, War in the Modern World (Westport: Greenwood,
1959).
51. Pitrim Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics (New York: American Book Company, 1937), vol. 3.
52. Ropp, War in the Modern World, p. 7.
53. Geoffrey Parlier, ‘The “military revolution” 1550—1660 — a myth?’, Journal of Modern History, 48, 1976, p. 206.
54. Bernard Brodie, A Guide to Naval Strategy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1958).
55. Garrett Mattingly, The Defeat of the Spanish Armada (London: Jonathan Cape, 1959).
56. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power, p. 100. See also Carlo M. Cipolla, Guns and Sails in the Early Phase of European Expansion 1400-1700 (London: Collins, 1965).
57. cf. Jean Gimpel, The Mediaeval Machine (London: Victor Gollancz, 1977).
58. The phrase is from Clark, The Seventeenth Century, p. 65.
59. Lewis Mumford, The Myth of the Machine (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1967), and The Pentagon of Power (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1971).
60. Maury D. Feld, The Structure of Violence (Beverly Hills: Sage,
1977), p. 6ff; see also Jacques van Doorn, The Soldier and Social Change (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1975), p. 9ff.
61. Van Doorn, The Soldier and Social Change, p. 11.
62. Feld, The Structure of Violence, p. 7.
63. Foucault, Discipline and Punish.
64. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and The State (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1957), p. 20.
65. A classical work on the subject is R. Ehrenberg, Das Zeitalter der Fugger (Jena, 1896). W. Sombart's Krieg und Kapitalismus (Duncker and Humbolt, Munich, 1913) remains suggestive, although some of its key ideas are now somewhat discredited. For a well-known critique, see J. U. Nef, War and Human Progress (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1950). cf. also J. M. Winter, ‘The economic and social history of war’, in his War and Economic Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975).
66. Recapitulating the discussion offered in CCHM, vol. I, pp. 190—6.
67. Frederik Barth, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries (Bergen: Universi-tats-fur Paget, 1969).
68. John A. Armstrong, Nations Before Nationalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), p. 5.
69. A. D. Alderson, The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956).
70. Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and States (London: Methuen, 1982), p. 26ff.
71. G. W. S. Barrow, Feudal Britain (London: Arnold, 1956), p. 4lOff.
72. Albert C. Baugh, A History of the English Language (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1951).
73. Seton-Watson, Nations and States, pp. 44—5.
74. E. Kedourie, Nationalism (London: Hutchinson, 1961).
75. cf. S. B. Jones, Boundary Making: a Handbook for Statesmen (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Monograph, 1945).
76. Prescott, Boundaries and Frontiers, p. 65.
77. CCHM, vol. I, p. 190.
5 Capitalism, Industrialism and Social Transformation
1. Cf. ‘Four myths in the history of social thought’, in SSPT.
2. Stephen Kalberg, ‘Max Weber’s universal-historical architectonic of economically-oriented action’, in Scott McNall, Current Perspectives in Social Theory, vol. 4, 1983, p. 266ff; Weber, Economy & Society, vol. I, p. lOOff.
3. From a different theoretical standpoint, Parsons and Luhmann have developed a parallel idea. Money for them is, as such, a ‘medium of communication’, together with other overlapping media. See Niklas Luhmann, Trust and Power (Chichester: Wiley,
1979), chapter 3; and, particularly, Parsons: ‘On the concept of political power’.
4. Weber, Economy & Society, vol. I, pp. 101—2.
5. Ibid., p. 102. In the passage concerned, Weber discusses both pre-monetary systems and socialist theories of the abolition of money. The ‘irrational’ aspect of provision in kind refers to the latter, which in Weber’s eyes are wholly impracticable in a modern economic setting.
6. cf. Paul Einzig, Primitive Money (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966), part 4.
7. Ibid., p. 447.
8. Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (London: Allen & LJnwin, 1976), p. 17ff.
9. Weber, Economy & Society, vol. I, p. 165.
10. Ibid. See also M. Weber, General Economic History (New York: Collier, 1961), pp. 232—3.
11. Ibid., p. 163.
12. Ibid., pp. 83—4.
13. Weber, Genera! Economic History, p. 231.
14. Ibid., pp. 224—5.
15. K. Marx, Capital (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1970), vol. I, p. 715.
16. Ibid., p. 714.
17. Ibid., p. 713.
18. Ibid., p. 714.
19. cf. CCHM, vol. I, p. 96ff.
20. Ibid., chapter 6.
21. K. Marx: ‘Economic & Philosophical Manuscripts' in T. B. Bottomore, Karl Marx, Early Writings (New York: McGraw-Hill,
1964), pp. 189-91.
22. Marx, Capital, vol. I, p. 96.
23. For further discussion of this point, see CCHM, vol. I, chapters 2-5.
24. See especially Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation.
25. cf. CCHM, vol. I, p. 113ff.
26. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 11.
27. Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1966), p. 105.
28. Keith Tribe, Genealogies of Capitalism (London: Macmillan, 1981), p. 106.
29. cf. ‘Four myths in the history of social thought', in SSPT.
30. cf. Sidney Pollard, The Genesis of Modern Management (London: Arnold, 1965).
31. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, p. 37Iff.
32. Weber, General Economic History, chapter 27.
33. cf. CCHM, vol. 1, chapter 6.
34. For a discussion of some of these issues (not expressed wholly in the same form in which 1 would put them today), see CSAS, chapter 3 and passim.
35. CCHM, vol. 1, p. 1 lOff.
36. Harry Braverman, Labour and Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967).
37. CCHM, vol. I, chapter 5.
6 Capitalism and the State: from Absolutism to the Nation-State
1. Joseph Schumpeter, ‘The crisis of the tax state', in Alan T. Peacock et al., International Economic Papers (New York: Macmillan, 1954).
2. Weber, Economy & Society, vol. I, p. 328ff.
3. Weber, General Economic History, p. 251.
4. Weber, Economy & Society, vol. 1, pp. 334—7.
5. Victor M. Perez-Diaz, State. Bureaucracy and Civil Society (London: Macmillan, 1978). For the best discussion of Marx on the issue, although strictly limited in terms of its own critical standpoint, see S. De Brunhoff, Marx on Money (London: Pluto Press, 1977).
Useful comments connecting with my discussion here are to be found in G. K. Ingham, Capitalism Divided? {London: Macmillan,
1984). Among other works see, in particular, R. F. Harrod, Money (London: Macmillan, 1969).
6. cf. Max Weber, General Economic History, p. 258ff.
7. cf. Antony Cutler, Marx’s Capital and Capitalism Today (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978), vol. 2, p. 30ff.
8. Ibid., p. 35.
9. Rudolf Braun, Taxation, sociopolitical structure, and state-building: Great Britain and Brandenburg-Prussia’, in Tilly, The Formation of National States, p. 246.
10. Rudolf Goldscheid: ‘Staat, öffenticher Haushalt und Gesellschaft',
Handbuch der Finanzwissenschaft (Tübingen: Möhr, 1926), vol. I, p. 149.
11. CCHM, vol. I, chapter 6 and passim.
12. When these are portrayed in a particular fashion. See CCHM, vol.
I, chapter 2.
13. See, for example, CPST, chapter 6; CS, chapter 5.
14. Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System (New York:
Academic Press, 1974), chapter 1. cf. also Terence K. Hopkins,
‘The study of the capitalist world economy: some introductory
considerations’, in Walter L. Goldfrank, The World-System of Capitalism: Past and Present (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979).
15. I. Wallerstein, ‘Modernisation: Requiescet in Pace’, in his The Capitalist World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 133 & 134'.
16. Wallerstein, Three paths of national development’, Ibid., p. 39.
17. Ibid., p. 41.
18. Wallerstein: ‘The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: concepts for comparative analysis’, Ibid., p. 19.
19. Wallerstein, ‘The rural economy in modern world society’, Ibid., p. 125.
20. For example R. Brenner, ‘The origins of capitalist development: a critique of neo-Smithian Marxism’, New Left Review, 105, 1977; Theda Skocpol, ‘Wallerstein’s world-capitalist system: a theoretical and historical critique’, and M. Janowitz ‘A sociological perspective on Wallerstein’, both in American Journal of Sociology, 82, 1977.
21. cf. T. K. Hopkins and 1. Wallerstein, ‘The comparative study of national societies', Social Science Information, 6, 1967.
22. I. Wallerstein, ‘Dependence in an interdependent world: the limited possibilities of transformation within the capitalist world-economy’, in The Capitalist World-Economy, p. 69. It should be pointed out that Wallerstein has in later works tried to move away from his earlier functionalism. But he has not done so convincingly. As Connell says, ‘Wallerstein repeatedly speaks of struggle and practice, but it is hard to feel them in his more general formulations.’ See R. W. Connell, ‘Class formation on a world scale’, in his Which Way is Up? (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1983).
23. cf. CP ST, p. 73ff.
7 Administrative Power, Internal Pacification
1. D. G. Janelle, ‘Central place development in a time—space framework’, Professional Geographer, 20, 1968. See also Don Parkes and Nigel Thrift, Times, Spaces and Places (Chichester: Wiley, 1980), chapter 7.
2. J. Bischoff, A Comprehensive History of the Woollen and Worsted Manufactures (London, 1842), p. 428. This passage is quoted and criticized in some part by Derek Gregory, who suggests that the road system was in fact rather better than it implies. See his Regional Transformation and Industrial Revolution (London: Macmillan, 1982, pp. 54—5).
3. cf. Evitar Zerubavel, Hidden Rhythms (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
4. Lewis Mumford, Interpretations and Forecasts (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1973).
5. Frank Norris, The Octopus (London: Grant Richards, 1901), p. 42.
6. cf. Evitar Zerubavel, Hidden Rhythms.
7. Derek Howse, Greenwich Time and the Discovery of the Longtitude (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 121.
8. Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space 1880—1918 (London: Weidenfeld, 1983), p. 12.
9. Ibid., p. 13.
10. Figures 2 and 3 from Ronald Abler, ‘Effects of space-adjusting technologies on the human geography of the future’, in Abler et ai, Human Geography in a Shrinking World (North Scituate: Duxbury, 1975), pp. 39 and 41.
11. Ibid., p. 40.
12. Ithiel da Sola Pool, The Social Impact of the Telephone (Boston, Mass: MIT Press, 1977).
13. H. A. Innis, Empire and Communications (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950), p. 7.
14. Although it could be claimed McLuhan managed to do so. For a more sober, yet instructive, appraisal see in particular Elizabeth L. Eisenstein, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
15. cf. Anthony Oberschall, The Establishment of Empirical Social Research in Germany, (The Hague: Mouton, 1965). On the growth of state documentation, see B. R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics, 1750—1970 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975).
16. cf. CS, chapter 6.
17. Foucault, Discipline and Punish.
18. Doerner, Madmen and the Bourgeoisie, p. 16ff.
19. George Rosen, ‘The hospital: historical sociology of a community institution’, in Eliot Freidson, The Hospital in Modern Society (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1963).
20. Brian Tierney, Mediaeval Poor Law (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959).
21. Sean McConville, A History of English Prison Administration (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981), vol. 1, p. 31 ff.
22. cf. ‘From Marx to Nietzsche? Neo-conservatism, Foucault, and problems in contemporary political theory’, in PCST; see also CS, chapter 3.
23. cf. George Rusche and Otto Kirchheimer, Punishment and Social Structure (New York: Russell & Russell, 1968), p. 42ff.
24. cf. Michael Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain (London: Macmillan,
1978).
25. cf. CS, chapter 2.
26. Sidney Pollard, The Genesis of Modern Management (London: Arnold, 1965), p. 163.
27. See the work by Horace Bleackley, The Hangmen of England, reprinted in its entirety in John Lofland, State Executions (Montclair NJ: Patterson Smith, 1977).
28. Ibid., p. 312. See also Alice Morse Earle, Curious Punishments of Bygone Days (Montclair: Smith, 1969). Originally published in 1896.
29. cf. Eberhard, Conquerors and Rulers.
30. T. J. A. Le Goff and D. M. G. Sutherland, ‘The Revolution and the rural community in eighteenth century Brittany’, Past and Present,
62, 1974, p. 97.
31. Alan Macfarlane, The Justice and the Mare's Ale (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981), pp. 189-90.
32. Quoted in T. A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales (London: Constable, 1978), p. 22.
33. S. and B. Webb, English Local Government (London: Macmillan, 1922), vol. 4, p. 408.
34. Ted Robert Gurr, Rogues, Rebels and Reformers (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1976), p. 34ff.
35. Macfarlane, The Justice and the Mare's Ale, p. 189.
36. Although it is analysed at greater length in CCHM, vol. I.
37. On this matter there are major disagreements among interpreters of Marx. For a relevant discussion, see Steven Lukes, Marxism and Morality (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).
38. Gurr, Rogues, Rebels and Reformers.
39. CCHM, vol. I, chapter 5.
40. For a discussion of regionalization, see CS, chapter 3.
41. Philippe Ariès, Western Attitudes Towards Death (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1974), p. 58. See also Joachim Whaley,
Mirrors of Mortality (London: Europa, 1981); and Le Roy Ladurie, 'Chanu, Lebrun, Vovelle: la nouvelle histoire de la mort’, in Le Territoire de l'historien (Paris: Gallimard, 1973—8), 2 vols.
42. Norbert Elias, The Civilising Process (Oxford: Basil Blackwell,
1978).
43. CS, chapter 2; CPST, pp. 123—8.
44. CCHM, vol. 1, pp. 230-9.
8 Class, Sovereignty and Citizenship
1. So little importance does Bendix attach to class division that neither the concept of ‘class’, nor any related notions employing the concept, appear in the index of Kings or People. In this respect the indexer has been perfectly true to the claims of the book.
2. Charles E. Lindblom, Politics and Markets (New York: Basic Books, 1977), pp. 132 — 3 and passim. Lindblom relies heavily upon R. A. Dahl, Polyarchy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971). See also Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1956).
3. Dahl, Polyarchy, pp. 1—2.
4. Again following Dahl, Polyarchy.
5. T. H. Marshall, Class. Citizenship and Social Development (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1973).
6. Parsons, ‘On the concept of political power’, and ‘Some reflections on the place of force in social process’, in Harry Eckstein, Internal War (Glencoe: Free Press, 1964). See also Luhmann, Trust and Power.
/ 7. Here I draw extensively upon ‘Class division, class conflict and
citizenship rights', in PCST.
8. Quoted in Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development, p. 46.
9. Marshall, Ibid., pp. 84 and 96—7.
10. cf. CCHM, vol. I, chapter 6.
11. K. Marx, ‘The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte’, in Marx & Engels, Selected Works, pp. 171—2.
12. cf. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), 2 vols.
13. Alvin W. Gouldner, The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology (New York: Seabury, 1976), p. 95.
14. CPST, pp. 221-3.
15. CCHM, vol. I, pp. 190-1.
16. Armstrong, Nations Before Nationalism, p. 9ff.
17. John Breuilly, Nationalism and the State (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1982), p. 19ff. I have modified the categories somewhat.
18. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983), p. 129.
19. cf. Bloom, The World of Nations.
20. As Gellner accepts, while denying that what makes it illuminating
has much to do with Marxist thought. See his Nations and Nationalism, p. 96.
21. Tom Nairn, The Break-up of Britain (London: New Left Books, 1977).
22. Nairn, The Break-up of Britain, pp. 351 and 353.
23. E. Gellner, ‘Nationalism, or the new confessions of a justified
Edinburgh sinner’, in his Spectacles and Predicaments (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
24. Karl W. Deutsch, Nationalism and Social Communication (Boston: MIT Press, 1966).
25. Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, p. 140.
26. See, for example, L. Doob, Patriotism and Nationalism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964); Anthony D. Smith, Theories of Nationalism (London: Duckworth, 1971).
27. cf. David Apter, The Politics of Modernisation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), and ‘Political religion in new nations’, in Clifford Geertz, Old Societies and New States (New York: Collier-Macmillan, 1963).
28. Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1979), p. 3. cf. Benedict Anderson on the ‘shrunken imaginings of recent history’ generic to nationalism. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London: Verso, 1983).
29. cf. Elie Kedourie, Nationalism (London: Hutchinson, 1960).
30. Here I follow the analysis given in CCHM, vol. I, pp. 192—6.
31. Smith, Nationalism in the Twentieth Century, p. 187.
32. As Hobsbawm comments in respect of ‘invented traditions’:
One marked difference between old and invented practices may be observed. The former were specific and strongly binding social practices, the latter tended to be quite unspecific and vague ... But if the content of British patriotism or ‘Americanism’ was notably ill-defined, though usually specified in commentaries associated with ritual occasions, the practices symbolising it were virtually compulsory — as in standing up for the singing of the National Anthem in Britain, the flag ritual in American schools. The crucial element seems to have been the invention of emotionally and symbolically charged signs of club membership rather than the statutes and objects of the club. Their significance lay precisely in their undefined universality.
Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, The Invention of Tradition
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), Introduction, p. 11.
9 Capitalist Development and the Industrialization of War
1. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power, p. 143.
2. C. B. Otley, ‘Militarism and the social affiliations of the British army elite’, in van Doorn, Armed Forces and Society, p. 85.
3. Ropp, War in the Modern World, p. 143ff.
4. William McElwee, The Art of War, Waterloo to Mons (London:
Weidenfeld, 1974), p. 106ff.
5. Ibid., p. 110.
6. Michael Lewis, The History of the British Navy (London: Allen &
Unwin, 1959), p. 199. See also McNeill, The Pursuit of Power,
p. 226ff.
7. G. A. Shepperd, Arms and Armour 1660 to 1018 (London: Hart-Davis, 1971).
8. O. F. G. Hogg, The Royal Arsenal (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), vol. 2, pp. 783-92.
9. Ropp, War in the Modern World, p. 224.
10. Henry Williamson, The Wet Flanders Plain (London: Beaumont Press, 1929), pp. 14—16.
11. Amos Perlmutter, The Military and Politics in Modern Times
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), p. 21.
12. Samuel P. Huntington, The Soldier and the State (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1957). Some of Huntington’s claims have nevertheless been extensively, and justly, subject to serious criticism however.
13. Ibid., p. 29.
14. Ibid., p. 37.
15. Samuel E. Finer, ‘State and nation-building in Europe: the role of the military’, p. 150. cf. also R. D. Challener, The French Theory of the Nation in Arms, 1866—1939 (New York: Russell & Russell, 1965).
16. Feld, The Structure of Violence, p. 146.
17. cf. Maurice Pearton, The Knowledgeable State (London: Burnett,
1982), p. 19.
18. Ibid., p. 22.
19. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power, pp. 248—9.
20. Pearton, The Knowledgeable State, pp. 33—4.
21. Morris Janowitz, Military Conflict (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1975), p.
70. In what follows I draw extensively on his analysis.
22. Feld, The Structure of Violence, pp. 145 — 6.
23. Janowitz, Military Conflict, p. 76.
24. On this issue see Raymond Aron, The Century of Total War (London: Verschoyle, 1954), p. 96ff. and passim.
25. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis (London: Thornton & Butterworth, 1923), vol. I, pp. 10—11.
26. Arthur Marwick, War and Social Change in the Twentieth Century (London: Macmillan, 1974), pp. 88—9.
27. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power, p. 331.
28. Marwick, War and Social Change.
29. B. L. Hart, The Tanks (London: Cassell, 1959), 2 vols.
30. cf. Gerald Feldman, Army, Industry ct Labour (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966); Alan S. Milward, The Economic Effects of the World Wars on Britain (London: Macmillan, 1970); John Terraine, Impacts of War (London: Hutchinson, 1970).
31. S. E. Morison et ai. The Growth of the American Republic (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), vol. 2, chapter 6.
32. cf. John Erikson, The Soviet High Command: a Military-Political History (London: Macmillan, 1962); Moshe Lewin, Political Undercurrents in Soviet Economic Debates (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974).
33. D. C. Watt, Too Serious a Business: European Armed Forces and the Approach of the Second World War (London: Temple Smith
1975); B. Klein, Germany’s Economic Preparation for War (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1959).
34. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power, pp. 353—6. cf. also his America, Britain and Russia: Their Cooperation and Conflict, 1941 — 1946 (London: Oxford University Press, 1953).
35. Michael Mandlebaum, The Nuclear Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 2.
36. Ibid., p. 3.
37. Milward, Economic Effects of the World Wars.
38. Marwick, War and Social Change, p. 163.
39. Richard Polenberg, War & Society: The United States. 1941—45 (New York: J. P. Lippincott, 1972). cf. also Joyce and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power (New York: Harper, 1972).
40. Peter Calvocoressi, World Politics Since 1945 (London: Longman, 1968), p. 23.
41. Harold D. Lasswell, The garrison-state hypothesis today’, in Samuel P. Huntingdon, Changing Patterns of Military Politics (Glencoe: Free Press, 1962), p. 51; H. Elan, ‘H. D. Lasswell’s developmental analysis’, Western Political Quarterly, 11, 1958. The thesis was first set out in Lasswell’s World Politics and Personal Insecurity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935).
42. Lasswell, The garrison-state hypothesis today’, p. 54.
43. Gavin Kennedy, Defense Economics (London: Duckworth, 1983), p. 45. For calculations on world military expenditure, see the World Armaments and Disarmament Yearbook. 1984. (London: Taylor and Francis).
44. cf. Michael Mann, ‘Capitalism and Militarism’, in Martin Shaw, War. State and Society (London: Macmillan, 1984).
45. Mills’s analysis is concentrated on the USA, and he does not claim that it holds in its entirety for other industrialized countries. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (New York: Oxford University Press, 1956). For versions of the ‘economic’ view see, for example, Paul A. Baran and Paul A. Sweezy, Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1966); Ernest Mandel, Marxist Economic Theory (London: Merit Publishers, 1968); Michael Kidron, Western Capitalism Since the War (London: Weidenfeld, 1968).
46. Kennedy, Defense Economics, p. 156.
47. cf. Stanley Lieberson, ‘An empirical study of military-industrial linkages’, in Sam C. Sarkesian, The Military-Industrial Complex: a Reassessment (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1972).
48. Jacques Gansler, The Defence Industry (Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, 1980).
49. S. E. Finer, The Man on Horseback (London: Pall Mall, 1962), p. 6.
50. Ibid., p. 15ff.
51. Perlmutter, Military and Politics in Modern Times, p. 141 ff.
52. cf. Robin Luckham, ‘Militarism: force, class and international conflict’, in Mary Kaldor and Asbjorn Eide, The World Military Order (London: Macmillan, 1979), p. 245.
53. cf. Ralph E. Lapp, The Weapons Culture (New York: Norton, 1968).
54. Jan Oberg, The new international military order: a threat to human security’, in Asbjorn Eide and Marek Thee, Problems of Contemporary Militarism (London: Croom Helm, 1980), p. 47.
55. Mary Kaldor, The Baroque Arsenal (London: Deutsch, 1982). p. 133ff.
56. Kaldor and Eide, The World Military Order, p. 5.
57. Francis A. Beer, Peace Against War (San Francisco: Freeman,
1981), p. 310.
58. cf. W. Epstein, The Last Chance: Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control (New York: Free Press, 1975).
59. Kaldor, The Baroque Arsenal, p. 132.
60. Miles D. Wolpin, Military Aid and Counter Revolution in the
Third World (Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books, 1972).