PROLOGUE
1. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (1861), p. 89.
2. Quoted in Groom, Patriotic Fire, p. 37.
CHAPTER 1: FREEDOMS AT RISK
1. Andrew Jackson to Thomas Monteagle Bayly, June 27, 1807.
2. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (1861), p. 133.
3. Benton, Thirty Years’ View (1854), vol. 1, p. 736.
4. Andrew Jackson, Proclamation to the Tennessee Militia, March 7, 1812.
5. “Jackson’s Announcement to His Soldiers,” November 14, 1812.
6. Thomas Jefferson to Robert R. Livingston, April 18, 1802.
CHAPTER 2: HOW TO LOSE A WAR
1. Henry Clay, speech to Senate, February 22, 1810.
2. Thomas Jefferson to William Duane, August 4, 1812.
3. William Eustis to Henry Dearborn, July 9, 1812.
4. John Randolph, speech to Congress, December 10, 1811, in Annals of Congress, 12th Congress, 1st Session, p. 447.
5. Quoted in Groom, Patriotic Fire, p.166.
6. Andrew Jackson to Willie Blount, July 3, 1812.
7. Andrew Jackson, quoted in Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire (1977), p. 170.
8. “The Departure from Nashville, a Journal of the Trip Down the Mississippi,” in Jackson, Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1. (1926), pp. 256–71.
9. John Armstrong to Andrew Jackson, February 5, 1813.
10. James Madison to Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe, April 18, 1803.
11. John Armstrong to Andrew Jackson, February 5, 1813.
12. Andrew Jackson to John Armstrong, March 15, 1813.
13. “Jackson’s Announcement to His Soldiers,” November 14, 1812.
14. Andrew Jackson to Felix Grundy, March 15, 1813.
15. Andrew Jackson to James Wilkinson, March 22, 1813.
16. Andrew Jackson to James Madison, March 15, 1813.
17. Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson, March 15, 1813.
18. Nashville Whig, quoted in Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire (1977), p. 180.
19. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (1861), p. 382.
CHAPTER 3: THE MAKING OF A GENERAL
1. Groom, Patriotic Fire (2006), p. 38.
2. Charles Dickinson, May 21, 1806, in Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (1926), p. 143.
3. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (1861), p. 387.
4. Thomas Hart Benton to Andrew Jackson, July 25, 1813.
5. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (1861), p. 394.
6. Griffith, McIntosh and Weatherford (1988), p. 111.
7. Andrew Jackson to the Tennessee Volunteers, September 24, 1813.
8. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 33.
9. Crockett, Narrative of the Life of David Crockett (1834), p. 88.
10. John Coffee, Official Report, November 3, 1813, in Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (1861), p. 437.
11. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (1861), p. 439.
12. Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson, November 4, 1813.
13. Quoted in Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire (1977), p. 193.
14. Andrew Jackson to Willie Blount, November 11, 1813.
15. Crockett, Narrative of the Life of David Crockett (1834), p. 92.
CHAPTER 4: A RIVER DYED RED
1. John Borlase Warren to Lord Melville, November 18, 1812.
2. Matthew D. Cooper, quoted in Owsley, Struggle for the Gulf Borderland (1981), p. 69.
3. Colonel William Martin to Andrew Jackson, December 4, 1813.
4. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 84.
5. Andrew Jackson to the First Brigade, Tennessee Volunteer Infantry, December 13, 1813.
6. Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson, December 29, 1813.
7. Andrew Jackson to Willie Blount, December 29, 1813.
8. See Pickett, History of Alabama, vol. 2 (1851), pp. 324–25, and Griffith, McIntosh and Weatherford (1988), pp. 129–31.
9. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 136.
10. “Report of Jackson to Governor Blount,” March 31, 1814.
11. John Coffee to Andrew Jackson, April 11, 1814.
12. Andrew Jackson, “General Order,” March 24[?], 1814.
13. Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson, April 1, 1814.
14. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 165. Variant versions of Jackson and Weatherford’s meeting are found in Pickett, History of Alabama, vol. 2 (1851), pp. 348–52, and in Royall, Letters from Alabama (1830), pp. 17–19, as recounted by one of Jackson’s subalterns in 1817 to Anne Royall, whom some consider to be the first American woman journalist.
15. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 166.
16. Ibid., pp. 166–67.
17. Major John Reid, quoted in James, Life of Andrew Jackson (1933), p. 172.
18. Attributed to Andrew Jackson in Woodward, Woodward’s Reminiscences of the Creek (1939), p. 102.
19. John Armstrong to James Madison, May 14, 1814.
20. Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson, August 5, 1814.
21. American State Papers, Military Affairs, vol. 1, p. 379.
22. Ingersoll, Historical Sketch of the Second War, vol. 1 (1853), pp. 197–200.
CHAPTER 5: THE BRITISH ON OFFENSE
1. Crété, Daily Life in Louisiana (1978), p. 61.
2. Times (London), April 27, 1814.
3. Albert Gallatin to James Monroe, June 13, 1814.
4. Henry Clay to James Monroe, August 18, 1814.
5. Letter fragment of August 13, 1814, cited in James, Life of Andrew Jackson (1933), p. 184. See also letter of August 8, 1814, reprinted in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), pp. 184–85.
6. Andrew Jackson to Robert Butler, August 27, 1814.
7. Andrew Jackson to William C. C. Claiborne, August 30, 1814.
8. Andrew Jackson to Robert Butler, August 27, 1814.
9. Although the story of the Lafitte-Lockyer encounter has been told many times in different ways (including by Lafitte himself many years later in his less-than-reliable Journal), perhaps the best and most authoritative version appeared shortly after the Battle of New Orleans in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), pp. 24ff. See also James, Life of Andrew Jackson (1933) and “Napoleon, Junior” (1927).
10. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 41.
11. Edward Nicholls to Jean Lafitte, August 31, 1814, in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), appendix III, pp. 186–87.
12. Jean Lafitte to Jean Blanque, September 4, 1814, in ibid., appendix V, p. 189.
13. Jean Lafitte to William C. C. Claiborne, September 4, 1814, in ibid., p. 191.
CHAPTER 6: JACKSON UNLEASHED
1. Tatum, “Major H. Tatum’s Journal” (1922), p. 55.
2. Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, September 17, 1814.
3. Kouwenhoven and Patten, “New Light on ‘The Star Spangled Banner’” (1937), p. 199.
4. James Madison, “A Proclamation,” September 1, 1814.
5. Latimer, 1812: War with America (2007), p. 331.
6. Andrew Jackson to John Rhea, October 11, 1814.
7. Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, October 10, 1814.
8. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 221.
9. Charles Cassiday to Andrew Jackson, September 23, 1814.
10. González Manrique to Andrew Jackson, November 6, 1814.
11. “From Our Ministers at Ghent,” Niles’ Weekly Register, October 15, 1814.
12. Adams, Memoirs of John Quincy Adams, vol. 3 (1874), p. 45.
13. Albert Gallatin to James Monroe, August 20, 1814.
14. Albert Gallatin to William Crawford, April 21, 1814.
15. Henry Clay to James Monroe, October 26, 1814, in Papers of Henry Clay, vol. 1 (1959), p. 996.
16. James Monroe to Andrew Jackson, October 10, 1814.
CHAPTER 7: TARGET: NEW ORLEANS
1. Edward Codrington to his wife, November 12, December 10, 1814, quoted in Mahon, “British Command Decisions” (1965), p. 54.
2. Carter, Blaze of Glory (1971), pp. 87–88.
3. Alexander F. I. Cochrane to Earl Bathurst, July 14, 1814, reprinted in Crawford, ed., Naval War of 1812 (2002), p. 131.
4. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 240.
5. Adams, War of 1812, p. 223.
6. Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, November 20, 1814.
7. Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson, November 15, 1814. The medicament prescribed was a mix of calomel and the Mexican herbal jalap, which, like other purgatives in a time of primitive medicines, tended to induce vomiting or diarrhea.
8. Andrew Jackson to Rachel Jackson, February 21, 1814.
9. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 13.
10. Ibid., p. 15.
11. Reilly, British at the Gates (1974), p. 210.
12. Hatcher, Edward Livingston (1940), p. 123.
13. Hunt, Memoir of Mrs. Edward Livingston (1886), pp. 52–53; James, Life of Andrew Jackson (1933), p. 204.
14. Andrew Jackson to James Brown, February 4, 1815.
15. Tatum, “Major H. Tatum’s Journal” (1922), pp. 96–97.
16. Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 48.
17. Tatum, “Major H. Tatum’s Journal” (1922), p. 99.
18. Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 59.
CHAPTER 8: LOSING LAKE BORGNE
1. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 247.
2. Daniel Patterson to Andrew Jackson, quoted in McClellan, “Navy at the Battle of New Orleans” (1924), p. 2044.
3. Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 50.
4. Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, December 10, 1814.
5. B. E. Hill, quoted in Latimer, 1812: War with America (2007), p. 376.
6. Lossing, Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 (1868), p. 1026.
7. Alexander Cochrane, quoted in Carter, Blaze of Glory (1971), p. 123.
8. Thomas ap Catesby Jones to Daniel T. Patterson, March 12, 1815, reprinted in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 213.
9. Ibid., p. 214.
10. Carter, Blaze of Glory (1971), p. 126.
11. Thomas ap Catesby Jones to Daniel T. Patterson, March 12, 1815, reprinted in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 214.
CHAPTER 9: THE ARMIES ASSEMBLE
1. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 153.
2. Quoted in Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), p. 56.
3. Tatum, “Major H. Tatum’s Journal” (1922), p. 106.
4. Heaney, Century of Pioneering (1993), p. 380n16.
5. Andrew Jackson to W. Allen, quoted in Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire (1977), p. 254.
6. Tatum, “Major H. Tatum’s Journal” (1922), p. 105.
7. “Jackson’s Address to the Troops in New Orleans,” December 18, 1814.
8. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 260.
9. Aitchison, British Eyewitness at the Battle of New Orleans (2004), p. 61.
10. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), pp. 261–62.
11. Ibid., p. 262.
12. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), pp. 138–39n.
13. Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, December 27, 1814.
14. Latour, Historical Memoir (1816), p. 71.
15. Andrew Jackson to Major Reynolds, December 22, 1814.
16. Earl Bathurst to Edward Pakenham, October 24, 1814.
17. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 111.
18. Thomas Shields and Robert Morrell to Daniel T. Patterson, January 14, 1815, reprinted in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 219.
19. Keane, “A Journal of the Operations Against New Orleans,” reprinted in Wellington, Supplementary Despatches, vol. 10 (1863), p. 395.
20. Ibid., p. 397.
21. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), pp. 277–78.
22. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), pp. 150–51; see also James, Life of Andrew Jackson (1933), p. 820n55.
23. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 161.
24. Ibid., p. 157.
CHAPTER 10: THE FIRST BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
1. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 279.
2. Keane, “A Journal of Operations Against New Orleans,” reprinted in Wellington, Supplementary Despatches, vol. 10 (1863), pp. 396–97.
3. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), p. 84.
4. Cooke, Narrative of Events (1835), pp. 190–91.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 286.
8. Davis, Pirates Lafitte (2005), pp. 214–15.
9. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 286.
10. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 171.
11. Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 83.
12. Thomson, Historical Sketches of the Late War Between the United States and Great Britain (1817), p. 351.
13. Cooke, Narrative of Events (1835), p. 195.
14. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 292.
15. Quoted in Groom, Patriotic Fire (2006), p. 141.
16. Ibid., p. 294.
17. [Gleig], Subaltern in America (1833), p. 219.
CHAPTER 11: THE DEFENSIVE LINE
1. Andrew Jackson to William Claiborne, December 24, 1814.
2. Daniel Patterson to the secretary of the navy, December 29, 1814, reprinted in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 233.
3. Historical and Archaeological Investigations at the Chalmette Battlefield (2009), pp. 48–49.
4. John Donelson, quoted in Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), p. 102.
5. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 213.
6. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), pp. 301–2.
7. Surtees, Twenty-Five Years in the Rifle Brigade (1833), p. 356.
8. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 201.
9. Brands, Andrew Jackson (2005), pp. 272–73.
10. Cooke, Narrative of Events (1835), p. 203.
11. Remini, Battle of New Orleans (1999), p. 89.
12. General Keane to General Pakenham, December 26, 1814, reprinted in James, Full and Correct Account of the Military Occurrences of the Late War, vol. 2 (1818), p. 531.
13. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 212.
14. Dickson, “Artillery Services in North America in 1814 and 1815” (1919), p. 98.
15. Smith, Autobiography, vol. 1 (1902), p. 228.
16. Edward Livingston to Andrew Jackson, December 25, 1814.
17. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 226.
18. Ibid., p. 227.
19. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 309.
20. Andrew Jackson to John McLean, March 22, 1824.
21. Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 12.
22. Surtees, Twenty-Five Years in the Rifle Brigade (1833), p. 363.
23. Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), p. 95.
24. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), pp. 326–27.
25. Smith, Autobiography, vol. 1 (1902), n.p.
26. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 257.
27. Remini, Battle of New Orleans (1999), p. 109.
28. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 257.
29. Edward Pakenham, Orders, December 31, 1814, reprinted in Wellington, Supplementary Despatches, vol. 10 (1863), p. 398.
30. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 318.
31. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 238.
32. Smith, Autobiography, vol. 1 (1902), p. 233.
33. Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, January 3, 1815.
34. Buell, History of Andrew Jackson, vol. 1 (1904), p. 423.
35. Nolte, Fifty Years (1854), p. 219.
36. The numbers vary greatly, depending upon the source, among them Roosevelt, Naval War of 1812 (1889), pp. 225–26.
37. Jackson’s Manuscript Narrative, Library of Congress, quoted in James, Life of Andrew Jackson (1933), p. 241.
38. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), p. 188.
39. Edward Livingston, quoted in ibid., p. 228. See also Heaney, Century of Pioneering (1993), pp. 237–38.
CHAPTER 12: DAY OF DESTINY
1. Smith, Autobiography, vol. 1 (1902), p. 235.
2. Ibid., pp. 235–36.
3. Buell, History of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1904), p. 12; Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 338.
4. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), pp. 192–94.
5. Quoted in Groom, Patriotic Fire (2006), p. 196.
6. Reilly, British at the Gates (1974), p. 296.
7. Quoted in Carter, Blaze of Glory (1971), p. 254.
8. Cooke, Narrative of Events (1835), p. 231.
9. [Gleig], Subaltern in America (1833), p. 262.
10. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 335; Cooke, Narrative of Events (1835), p. 253.
11. Cooke, Narrative of Events (1835), p. 235.
12. Anonymous, “A Kentucky Soldier’s Account” (1926), reprinted in Hickey, ed., War of 1812 (2013), p. 671.
13. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 327.
14. Quoted in Remini, Battle of New Orleans (1999), p. 210.
15. Gayarré, Historical Sketch of Pierre and Jean Lafitte (1964).
16. Anonymous, “A Kentucky Soldier’s Account” (1926), reprinted in Hickey, ed., War of 1812 (2013), p. 670.
17. Nolte, Fifty Years (1854), p. 221.
18. John Lambert to Earl Bathurst, January 10, 1815, reprinted in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), pp. 312–13.
19. Cooper, Rough Notes of Seven Campaigns (1914), p. 139.
20. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 326.
21. Cooke, Narrative of Events (1835), p. 234.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., p. 252.
24. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), pp. 196–97.
25. The stories of Pakenham’s death vary. Among the choice versions are General Lambert’s account—see John Lambert to Earl Bathurst, January 10, 1815, reprinted in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816, 1999), pp. 312–13; Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), pp. 196–98; and Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 331.
26. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), p. 340.
27. Anonymous, “A Kentucky Soldier’s Account” (1926), reprinted in Hickey, ed., War of 1812 (2013), p. 672.
28. Arthur, Story of the Battle of New Orleans (1915), p. 239.
29. Mrs. Henry Clement, quoted in Clement, Plantation Life on the Mississippi (1952), pp. 135–36.
30. Heaney, Century of Pioneering (1993), p. 238.
31. Walker, Jackson and New Orleans (1856), pp. 346–47.
32. Anonymous, “A Kentucky Soldier’s Account” (1926), reprinted in Hickey, ed., War of 1812 (2013), p. 673.
33. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), pp. 208–9.
34. Ibid., p. 208.
35. Cooke, Narrative of Events (1835), p. 239.
CHAPTER 13: THE BRITISH WITHDRAW
1. For a fuller description of this deliberation, see Nolte, Fifty Years (1854), pp. 224–25, and Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), pp. 234–36.
2. Brown, Amphibious Campaign (1969), p. 160, and Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 361ff.
3. Andrew Jackson to James Monroe, January 19, 1815.
4. Ibid.
5. Latour, Historical Memoir (1816), p. 197.
6. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 367.
7. Andrew Jackson to Abbé Dubourg, January 19, 1815.
8. Arthur, Story of the Battle of New Orleans (1915), p. 236.
9. Andrew Jackson’s reply to the Reverend W. Dubourg, in Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 407.
10. Heaney, Century of Pioneering (1993), p. 239.
11. Quoted in Drez, War of 1812 (2014), p. 347n252.
12. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 365.
13. Andrew Jackson to James Winchester, January 30, 1815.
14. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 349.
15. Andrew Jackson address, February 19, 1815, reprinted in Latour, Historical Memoir (1816), p. xc.
16. Rachel Jackson to Robert Hays, March 5, 1815.
17. Nolte, Fifty Years (1854), p. 238.
18. Ibid., pp. 238–39.
19. Andrew Jackson address, March 14, 1815.
20. Reid and Eaton, Life (1817), p. 392.
21. Parton, Life of Andrew Jackson, vol. 2 (1861), pp. 330–31.
22. John Lowell, “Mr. Madison’s War,” in Boston Evening Post, July 31–August 10, 1812.
23. Niles’ Weekly Register, February 18 and March 14, 1815.
24. [Gleig], Narrative of the Campaigns of the British Army (1821), p. 374.
EPILOGUE
1. Andrew Jackson to Andrew Jackson Donelson, December 10, 1839.
2. Ibid.
3. Columbian Centinel, July 12, 1817.
4. Hunt, Memoir of Mrs. Edward Livingston (1886), p. 52.
5. Andrew Jackson, “General Orders,” January 21, 1815.
6. Griffith, McIntosh and Weatherford (1988), p. 252.
7. Heaney, Century of Pioneering (1993), p. 239.
8. Andrew Jackson to Martin Van Buren, December 23, 1839, quoted in Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy (1984), p. 456.
9. Nashville Union, January 22, 1840.