Index

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Admiralty: Beaufort Scale adopted by; Hydrographic Office; meteorological observations encouraged by; surveys and exploration sponsored by

Adventure, HMS

Airy, George: overview; background; meteorological work at Royal Observatory; helps Glaisher with work for Registrar General; sets up weather network; nominates Glaisher for Royal Society; corresponds with James re wind chart initiative; supports studies of the upper atmosphere; Le Verrier writes to about sharing weather data; attitude to weather prediction; Smith suggests he would be better conductor of weather forecasting than FitzRoy; complains about Glaisher’s time keeping

Allnutt, John

almanacs

altitude sickness

American Association for the Advancement of Science

American Philosophical Society

Anglesey

anticyclones see cyclones and anticyclones

Aquilon, HMS

Arago, François: overview; jots down bells’ benediction for the weather; quotes from Forster; on Espy; compliments Morse on his telegraph; on Le Verrier’s discovery of Neptune; death

Aristotle

Arrhenius, Svante

Arrogant, HMS

art: Constable; the picturesque

Asia Minor, hydrographic survey

astrological meteorology

Astronomical Society

Athenaeum Club

atlases

atmosphere: height of; historical meaning; Howard on; strata; studies of upper

aurora borealis

Australia

Babbage, Charles

Babington (FitzRoy’s clerk): works with FitzRoy at Meteorological Department; attends FitzRoy’s funeral; Sabine recommends he continue with FitzRoy’s weather forecasting system; questioned by committee investigating the Meteorological Department; continuing belief in FitzRoy’s system

Bache, Professor Alexander

Bacon, Francis

Baldwin, Robert

ballooning

Banks, Sir Joseph

Barbados

Barnes, Albert

barometers

Barrow, John

Beagle, HMS: description; Fitzroy as captain; survey voyages with FitzRoy; Darwin voyage

Beaufort, Reverend Daniel Augustus

Beaufort, Fanny see Edgeworth, Fanny

Beaufort, Francis: overview; background and education; earliest surviving weather diaries; relationship with Edgeworth; works on Ireland’s first optical telegraph line; returns to Navy; invents wind scale; Navy career progresses; hydrographic survey of southern Asia Minor; retires from Navy; elected to Royal Society; returns to London; Karamania; rises to become Hydrographer to the Navy; offers FitzRoy new survey voyage with Darwin; and Reid; Beaufort Scale officially adopted by Admiralty; continuing hard work at Admiralty; FitzRoy visits; and summer storm of 1846; and Airy; promoted to admiral; offers FitzRoy a job supervising a tidal survey; consulted over international wind charts’ plan; Hydrographic Office achievements assessed; retires; last days; legacy

Beaufort Testimonial Prize

Beechey, Frederick

Belcher, Admiral Edward

Bicknell, Maria see Constable, Maria

Bjerknes, Vilhelm

Blackwell, John

Bligh, Captain William

Blossom, HMS

Board of Trade: sets up Meteorological Department; FitzRoy’s relations with; Sulivan appointed chief naval officer; FitzRoy submits storm-warning proposal to; approves setting up of weather network; slashes Meteorological Department’s budget; shuts down FitzRoy’s forecasting system; after complaints, allows partial resumption; see also Meteorological Department

Boulton, Matthew

Boyle, Robert

Brandes, Heinrich Wilhelm

Brewster, Sir David

Bridgman, Percy W.

British Association for the Advancement of Science: overview; Reid speaks at; Espy speaks at; and meteorology; and FitzRoy; upper atmosphere studies; Buys Ballot speaks at meeting; storm warning systems discussed by

British Meteorological Society

Brunel, Isambard Kingdom

Buccleuch, William Montagu Douglas Scott, Duke of

Buch, Leopold von

Bulletin météorologique

Burke, Edmund

Buys Ballot, C.D.H.

Byron, John (‘Foul Weather Jack’)

Cable, Captain

Callendar, G.S.

Callendar Effect

Cape Horn

Capper, Colonel James

carbon dioxide see climate change

Castlereagh, Lord

censuses

Chappe, Claude

chiaroscuro

Chiloé

cities, climate of

Claridge, John

climate change

clouds: classification schemes; Constable’s studies and depiction; and convection; cumulonimbus; formation; Glaisher on; rain formation; and weather prediction

communications: pre-telegraph; see also the telegraph

Conrad, Joseph

Constable, John; Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead; The Chain Pier in Brighton; The Hay Wain; Landscape Ploughing Scene in Suffolk (A Summerland); meteorological annotations to sketches; Old Sarum; Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows; Seascape Study with Rain Cloud; Spring: East Bergholt Common; Vale of Dedham

Constable, Maria (née Bicknell)

Cook, Captain James

Cook, William

Cooke, Christopher

Coreolis, Gustave

Coreolis Effect

Cowper, William

Coxwell, Henry Tracy

Croghan Hill

Cummings, General

cyclones and anticyclones

Daily News

Dalrymple, Alexander

Dalton, John

Daniell, John Frederic

Darwall, Rupert

Darwin, Charles: Beagle voyage; relationship with FitzRoy; on winter 1855; publishes On the Origin of Species; the book’s effect on religious belief; reaction to FitzRoy’s death; Sulivan writes to about FitzRoy’s funeral; writes to Hooker about FitzRoy; on the ideal scientist

Darwin, Erasmus

David Malcolm (merchant ship)

Davy, Humphry

Dawlish

Defoe, Daniel

Deism

Delaval, Sir Francis

Dennis, Jeffery

Descartes, René

dew

Dibdin, Charles

Dickens, Charles

Dickinson, Emily

Dodgson, Reverend Charles (Lewis Carroll)

Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm

dry adiabatic lapse rate

Dryden, John

Dublin

Dunsink Observatory

Dunthorne, John

East Bergholt

Edgeworth, Charlotte

Edgeworth, Fanny (née Beaufort)

Edgeworth, Maria

Edgeworth, Richard Lovell: background; experiments with telegraph; Erasmus Darwin writes to; relationship with Beaufort; works on Ireland’s first optical telegraph line; replaced as chief telegrapher; Beaufort corresponds with; reunion with Beaufort; writes to Beaufort re Karamania; death

Edwards, Ernest

electrical meteorology

Ellsworth, Annie

Emerson, Ralph Waldo

error law

Espy, James P.: overview; background; wind and storm studies; controversy with Redfield; rain-making scheme; The Philosophy of Storms; advises Smithsonian; FitzRoy studies; death; wind theory assessed

Evans, Staff Commander

evolution, theory of

exhalations

Falkland Islands

Faraday, Michael

Farrer, Thomas

Faulke, William

Ferrel, William

Fish, Michael

FitzRoy, Laura

FitzRoy, Maria Isabelle (née Smyth): background and marriage; family visits; moves to Upper Norwood; concerns over husband’s health; and husband’s death; defends him against Smith’s attacks

FitzRoy, Mary (née O’Brien): background and marriage; experiences storm on voyage with husband; influence on husband; Norland Square home; left at home when husband sails with Arrogant; death; continuing influence on husband

FitzRoy, Admiral Robert: background and education; on weather clerks; takes part in Admiralty survey of South America, keeping weather records all the way; Beagle voyage with Darwin; parliamentary career; becomes governor of New Zealand; dangerous voyage home; Christian rebirth; visits Darwin; visits Beaufort; lack of confidence and uncertain temper in middle age; wife’s death; becomes principal private secretary to Lord Hardinge; remarries; becomes Meteorological Statist; invents FitzRoy Barometer; Barometer and Weather Manual; appointed trustee of Beaufort Testimonial Prize; and 1859 autumn storm; investigates Royal Charter wreck; implements storm-warning system; breaks with Darwin over the theory of evolution; supports studies of the upper atmosphere; uneasy working relationship with Le Verrier; issues first storm warnings and weather forecasts; publishes The Weather Book; relationship with Galton; weather forecasts attacked; public reputation; his religious beliefs hamper his scientific advancement; more attacks; included in Portraits of Men of Eminence; health deteriorates; last days; suicide; public reaction; inquest; funeral; achievements assessed; financial debts; weather forecasts come under attack again; forecasting system investigated and stopped; complaints lead to partial resumption; later reputation; list of most important meteorologists in The Weather Book

Flamsteed, John

Florio, John

Forbes, James

Forster, Thomas: overview; background; meteorological and cloud studies; and phrenology; and weather forecasting; attempts to set up meteorological society; balloon ascent; death

France: Espy supported by; first storm-warning system; French and British forecasting systems compared; meteorological data shared with British; meteorological maps; weather networks; see also Arago, François; Le Verrier, Urbain; Paris Observatory

Franklin, Benjamin: overview; kite experiments; Gulf Stream mapping; lightning conductors; storm tracking; family; electricity studies

Franklin, Sir John

Franklin Institute

Franz, Dr

Frederickssteen, HMS

Freycinet, Commodore

Friedrich, Caspar David, Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog

frogs

Gale, Leonard

Galileo Galilei

Galle, Johann

Galton, Francis: overview; background; meteorological studies; reviews FitzRoy’s Weather Book; Meteorographica; and evolution theory; prayer experiments; sits on committee investigating FitzRoy’s forecasting system; draws first daily weather map to appear in The Times; death

Galvani, Luigi

Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis

geology

George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland

Gibbs Bright Shipping Company

Gibson, Milner

Gilpin, William

Gladstone, Sir John

Gladstone, John Hall

Gladstone, Sir Thomas

Gladstone, William

Glaisher, Cecilia

Glaisher, James: overview; background; storm studies; dew studies; work at Royal Observatory; weather journalism; gathers data for Registrar General; becomes secretary of Meteorological Society; corresponds with Henry; attends Great Exhibition; snow studies, attitude to Meteorological Register; supports studies of the upper atmosphere; balloon ascents; Smith suggests he would be better conductor of weather forecasting than FitzRoy; FitzRoy on his balloon ascents; more balloon ascents; Hooker on; obituary for FitzRoy; suggested as replacement for FitzRoy at Meteorological Department; speaks in favour of resuming FitzRoy’s weather forecasts; at height of fame; more balloon ascents; resigns from Royal Observatory; last days and death

global warming see climate change

Goad, Dr J.

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von

Good Intent (fishing vessel)

Great Britain, SS

Great Eastern, SS

Great Exhibition (1851)

Great September Gale (1821)

Great Storm (1703)

Green, Charles

greenhouse gases see climate change

Gulf of Peñas (Distress)

Gulf Stream

hail

Halley, Edmund

Hardinge, Lord

Hardwicke, Lord

Hare, Robert

Harvey, George

Henry, Joseph: overview; on Espy; electromagnetism paper; encourages Morse to continue telegraph experiments; opens Smithsonian; sets up US weather network

Herschel, Sir John: overview; background; and British Association; and Reid; appeals to scientific community to track 1836 storm; nominates Glaisher for Royal Society; correspondence with FitzRoy; and evolution; supports studies of the upper atmosphere; FitzRoy sends copy of The Weather Book to; criticises FitzRoy’s lunisolar theories; FitzRoy complains about his eyesight to

Herschel, William

Holyhead

Hooke, Robert

Hooker, Joseph Dalton

Horn Island

horse racing

Hoskins, Sir Brian

Hoste, Sir William

Howard, Luke: overview; on the atmosphere; cloud studies; Constable’s paintings compared to his theories; and astrological meteorology; on micro climates of cities; death; achievements assessed

Humboldt, Alexander von

hurricanes

Hutton, James

Huxley, Thomas

hydrological cycle

hygrometers

Illustrated London News

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Ireland: climate; first optical telegraph line; Napoleonic invasion threat

Jackson, Dr Charles T.

James, Henry

Jefferson, Thomas

Jenkinson, George

Jerome Channel

jet stream

Johns, William

Johnson, Dr Samuel

Kepler, Johannes

King, Captain Phillip: supervises Admiralty surveys; on williwaws; on Stokes’ death; and astrological meteorology; writing skills

Kingsley, Charles

kites

La Plata

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste

latent caloric

latent heat

Latona, HMS

Lawrence, Sir Thomas

Lawson, Nigel

Le Verrier, Urbain: overview; discovers Neptune; work at Paris Observatory; shares meteorological data with British; supports establishment of French weather network; meteorological maps; FitzRoy unsettled by letter from; achievements reviewed by Galton

Leslie, Charles

lightning

Linnaeus, Carl

Linnean Society

London: Big Ben; Buckingham Palace; frost fair (1814); and the Great Storm (1703); Hampstead; Houses of Parliament; Onslow Square; in summer 1859; summer storm of 1846; Waterloo Bridge

Loomis, Elias

Lough Ennell

Luchon

Lunar Society

Lunardi, Vincenzo

lunisolar action

Lyell, Charles

Lyon, George Francis

Lyon, Sir James

Madrid

Magellan, Strait of

Maldonado Bay

Mammoth (balloon)

maps: Admiralty surveys and maps; see also weather maps

March, Lord

Marié Davy, E.H.

Markham, Clements

Martial (French ship)

Martin, Commodore

Martineau, Harriet

mathematics, nineteenth-century development

Maury, Matthew: overview; wind charts; and FitzRoy; Hooker on

Medina Sidonia, Duke of

Melville, Viscount

Meteorological Department: establishment; FitzRoy’s work there; FitzRoy on establishment and growth; FitzRoy’s forecasting system investigated and stopped; FitzRoy’s system assessed; complaints lead to partial resumption

Meteorological Office

Meteorological Register

Meteorological Society see British Meteorological Society

meteorology: astrological; classical and historical meteorological thought; electrical; etymology; nineteenth-century tools

meteors and meteorites

Mill, John Stuart

Milne Home, D.

Moelfre

the moon: lunar halo; and the weather

Morristown, Richard (‘Zadkiel’)

Morse, Samuel F.B.

Morse, Sidney

Morse Code

Murchison, Sir Roderick

Muybridge, Eadweard

Nadar, Felix

Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor

Napoleon III, French emperor

Napoleonic Wars

Natural Religion

navigation see maps; shipping

Nelson, Horatio

nepheloscopes

Neptune

Netherlands

New Zealand

Newmarket

Newton, H.A.

Newton, Isaac

Nicholas I, Tsar

North Sea storm (1869)

North-West Passage

Northcote, Sir Stafford

O’Brien, Mary see FitzRoy, Mary

Olmstead, Denison

Ordnance Survey

oxygen deprivation see altitude sickness

Palmer, Charles

pamperos

Paris Observatory

Patagonia

Pattrickson (draughtsman)

Peacock, George

Peacock, W.F.

Peirce, Benjamin

Pell, Captain W.

Phaeton, HMS

Philip II, King of Spain

Photographic Society

phrenology

the picturesque

Piddington, Henry

Pitt, William, the Younger

planets, and the weather

pluviometers

Poe, Edgar Allan

Pond, John

Popper, Karl

Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science and Art (anthology)

Portsmouth Royal Naval College

Poyer, John

prayer

Priestley, Joseph

Ptolemy

Punch

Quetelet, Adolphe

railways: Dawlish line destroyed by storm (1859), and in (2014); use for weather reporting

rain; rain-making schemes

rainbows

Redfield, John

Redfield, William C.: overview; background; wind and storm studies; controversy with Espy; relationship with Reid; supports the telegraph; FitzRoy studies; death; wind theory assessed; FitzRoy’s belief in theories

Registrar General of Births, Marriages and Deaths

Reid, Captain William: overview; background; oversees rebuilding of Barbados after hurricane; this stimulates him to wind and storm studies; relationship with Redfield; Law of Storms; controversy with Espy; and Great Exhibition; FitzRoy studies; death; FitzRoy’s belief in theories

religion: and attitudes to weather; and evolution theory

Rennell, James

Rio de Janeiro

Rives, W.C.

Rogers, Joseph

Romme, Gilbert

Romney, George

Royal Astronomical Society

Royal Charter (steam clipper)

Royal Charter Gale (1859)

Royal Geographical Society

Royal National Lifeboat Institution

Royal Navy: training and examinations; see also Admiralty

Royal Observatory

Royal Society: establishment; and Beaufort; compared to the British Association for the Advancement of Science; John Herschel as secretary; Reid elected to; and Glaisher; Daniell’s criticism of weather data collecting; and Hooke; and FitzRoy; and Galton; establishes committee to investigate FitzRoy’s weather forecasting system; committee’s findings criticised; Tyndall lectures about greenhouse gases; Thatcher addresses about same

Ruskin, John

Russia

Ruysdael, Salomon van

Sabine, Edward

St Jude’s Storm (2013)

Sarmiento, Mount

Saussure, Horace-Bénédict de

Savannah la Mar Hurricane (1780)

Scarborough

science: coining of word ‘scientist’; historical meaning; nineteenth-century attitude

SDUK see Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

seal hunting

sextants

Shakespeare, William

Shelley, Mary

Shelley, Percy Bysshe

shepherds, and weather forecasting

Sheppard, Mr (electoral opponent of FitzRoy)

shipping: nineteenth-century increase in British merchant; and weather charts; and weather forecasts; wind charts

shipwrecks

shooting stars

the sky: colour; Constable’s studies and depiction; historical attempts to classify

Slingo, Dame Julia

Slough railway station

Smeaton, John

Smith, Augustus

Smith, William

Smithsonian Institute

Smyth, Frederick James, woodcuts by

Smyth, Maria Isabelle see FitzRoy, Maria Isabelle

snow

Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK)

Somerville, Mary

South America: Admiralty surveys; map

South Shetland Islands

Spanish Armada (1588)

standard deviation

Stanley, Lord

steamboats, and safety

Stewart, Lady Frances

Stocker, Thomas

Stokes, Pringle

storm-warning systems; see also weather forecasts

storms: cyclones and anticyclones; eye of the storm; Great September Gale (1821); Great Storm (1703); historical attitudes to; hurricanes; London’s summer storm (1846); North Sea storm (1869); pamperos; Royal Charter Gale (1859); St Jude’s Storm (2013); scientific studies; thunderstorms; and wind; winter storms 2014

the Sublime

Sulivan, Bartholomew

Sully (packet ship)

sunset

Sykes, Colonel

sympiesometers

Taylor, Captain Thomas

tea making

telegraph: electro-magnetic telegraph; line under the Channel; optical telegraph; use for weather reporting and warning

Tempier, Etienne, Bishop of Paris

terrestrial radiation

Thackeray, William Makepeace

Thatcher, Margaret

thermals

thermometers

Thetis, HMS

Thompson, Harry

Thoreau, Henry David

Thornes, John

thunder rods

thunderstorms

tides

Tierra del Fuego

time measurement

The Times: issues first weather forecasts; criticises FitzRoy’s forecasts; publishes daily weather maps

Tindal, Matthew

Townsend (FitzRoy’s clerk)

Trafalgar, battle of (1805)

Tremlett (friend of FitzRoy)

Trinity House

Turner, J.M.W.

twilight

Tyndall, John

underground railways

Uranus

US Army Weather Bureau

USA: weather networks

Usher, Dr Henry

Vail, Alfred

Vail, Judge Stephen

Van Buren, Martin

Vansittart (East Indiaman)

vapour see water vapour

ventilators

vesicles

Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland

Villeneuve, Vice Admiral

Washington, Captain John

water vapour

Watt, James

weather, historical attitudes to

weather forecasts: almanacs’ attempts; barometers as means of; coining of term; early nineteenth-century attempts at; first British (FitzRoy’s); first state attempts; and maps; modern; storm-warning systems

weather journalism and bulletins

weather maps; synoptic charts; wind charts

weather networks

Weddell, James

Wedgwood, Josiah

weights and measures

Wells, W.C.

Welsh, John

West, Benjamin

West Indies

Wheatstone, Charles

Whewell, William

Whitbread, Samuel

Whitby

White, Gilbert

White, W.H.

Wilberforce, Samuel

Wilkins, John, Bishop of Chester

William Cummings (sailing ship)

williwaws

wind: Beaufort’s wind scale; behaviour; cyclones and anticyclones; FitzRoy’s studies; jet stream; measuring speed and direction; predicting direction and force; and storms; williwaws

wind charts

wind shear

windmilling and windmills

Wodehouse, P.G.

Wolverhampton

Woodbridge, William C.

Woodbury, Levi

Woolwich (storeship)

Woolwich Dockyard

Wrottesley, Lord

York Minster (Tierra del Fuego)

Zadkiel see Morristown, Richard