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Admiralty: Beaufort Scale adopted by; Hydrographic Office; meteorological observations encouraged by; surveys and exploration sponsored by
Adventure, HMS
Airy, George: overview; background; meteorological work at Royal Observatory; helps Glaisher with work for Registrar General; sets up weather network; nominates Glaisher for Royal Society; corresponds with James re wind chart initiative; supports studies of the upper atmosphere; Le Verrier writes to about sharing weather data; attitude to weather prediction; Smith suggests he would be better conductor of weather forecasting than FitzRoy; complains about Glaisher’s time keeping
Allnutt, John
almanacs
altitude sickness
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Philosophical Society
Anglesey
anticyclones see cyclones and anticyclones
Aquilon, HMS
Arago, François: overview; jots down bells’ benediction for the weather; quotes from Forster; on Espy; compliments Morse on his telegraph; on Le Verrier’s discovery of Neptune; death
Aristotle
Arrhenius, Svante
Arrogant, HMS
art: Constable; the picturesque
Asia Minor, hydrographic survey
astrological meteorology
Astronomical Society
Athenaeum Club
atlases
atmosphere: height of; historical meaning; Howard on; strata; studies of upper
aurora borealis
Australia
Babbage, Charles
Babington (FitzRoy’s clerk): works with FitzRoy at Meteorological Department; attends FitzRoy’s funeral; Sabine recommends he continue with FitzRoy’s weather forecasting system; questioned by committee investigating the Meteorological Department; continuing belief in FitzRoy’s system
Bache, Professor Alexander
Bacon, Francis
Baldwin, Robert
ballooning
Banks, Sir Joseph
Barbados
Barnes, Albert
barometers
Barrow, John
Beagle, HMS: description; Fitzroy as captain; survey voyages with FitzRoy; Darwin voyage
Beaufort, Reverend Daniel Augustus
Beaufort, Fanny see Edgeworth, Fanny
Beaufort, Francis: overview; background and education; earliest surviving weather diaries; relationship with Edgeworth; works on Ireland’s first optical telegraph line; returns to Navy; invents wind scale; Navy career progresses; hydrographic survey of southern Asia Minor; retires from Navy; elected to Royal Society; returns to London; Karamania; rises to become Hydrographer to the Navy; offers FitzRoy new survey voyage with Darwin; and Reid; Beaufort Scale officially adopted by Admiralty; continuing hard work at Admiralty; FitzRoy visits; and summer storm of 1846; and Airy; promoted to admiral; offers FitzRoy a job supervising a tidal survey; consulted over international wind charts’ plan; Hydrographic Office achievements assessed; retires; last days; legacy
Beaufort Testimonial Prize
Beechey, Frederick
Belcher, Admiral Edward
Bicknell, Maria see Constable, Maria
Bjerknes, Vilhelm
Blackwell, John
Bligh, Captain William
Blossom, HMS
Board of Trade: sets up Meteorological Department; FitzRoy’s relations with; Sulivan appointed chief naval officer; FitzRoy submits storm-warning proposal to; approves setting up of weather network; slashes Meteorological Department’s budget; shuts down FitzRoy’s forecasting system; after complaints, allows partial resumption; see also Meteorological Department
Boulton, Matthew
Boyle, Robert
Brandes, Heinrich Wilhelm
Brewster, Sir David
Bridgman, Percy W.
British Association for the Advancement of Science: overview; Reid speaks at; Espy speaks at; and meteorology; and FitzRoy; upper atmosphere studies; Buys Ballot speaks at meeting; storm warning systems discussed by
British Meteorological Society
Brunel, Isambard Kingdom
Buccleuch, William Montagu Douglas Scott, Duke of
Buch, Leopold von
Bulletin météorologique
Burke, Edmund
Buys Ballot, C.D.H.
Byron, John (‘Foul Weather Jack’)
Cable, Captain
Callendar, G.S.
Callendar Effect
Cape Horn
Capper, Colonel James
carbon dioxide see climate change
Castlereagh, Lord
censuses
Chappe, Claude
chiaroscuro
Chiloé
cities, climate of
Claridge, John
climate change
clouds: classification schemes; Constable’s studies and depiction; and convection; cumulonimbus; formation; Glaisher on; rain formation; and weather prediction
communications: pre-telegraph; see also the telegraph
Conrad, Joseph
Constable, John; Branch Hill Pond, Hampstead; The Chain Pier in Brighton; The Hay Wain; Landscape Ploughing Scene in Suffolk (A Summerland); meteorological annotations to sketches; Old Sarum; Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows; Seascape Study with Rain Cloud; Spring: East Bergholt Common; Vale of Dedham
Constable, Maria (née Bicknell)
Cook, Captain James
Cook, William
Cooke, Christopher
Coreolis, Gustave
Coreolis Effect
Cowper, William
Coxwell, Henry Tracy
Croghan Hill
Cummings, General
cyclones and anticyclones
Daily News
Dalrymple, Alexander
Dalton, John
Daniell, John Frederic
Darwall, Rupert
Darwin, Charles: Beagle voyage; relationship with FitzRoy; on winter 1855; publishes On the Origin of Species; the book’s effect on religious belief; reaction to FitzRoy’s death; Sulivan writes to about FitzRoy’s funeral; writes to Hooker about FitzRoy; on the ideal scientist
Darwin, Erasmus
David Malcolm (merchant ship)
Davy, Humphry
Dawlish
Defoe, Daniel
Deism
Delaval, Sir Francis
Dennis, Jeffery
Descartes, René
dew
Dibdin, Charles
Dickens, Charles
Dickinson, Emily
Dodgson, Reverend Charles (Lewis Carroll)
Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm
dry adiabatic lapse rate
Dryden, John
Dublin
Dunsink Observatory
Dunthorne, John
East Bergholt
Edgeworth, Charlotte
Edgeworth, Fanny (née Beaufort)
Edgeworth, Maria
Edgeworth, Richard Lovell: background; experiments with telegraph; Erasmus Darwin writes to; relationship with Beaufort; works on Ireland’s first optical telegraph line; replaced as chief telegrapher; Beaufort corresponds with; reunion with Beaufort; writes to Beaufort re Karamania; death
Edwards, Ernest
electrical meteorology
Ellsworth, Annie
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
error law
Espy, James P.: overview; background; wind and storm studies; controversy with Redfield; rain-making scheme; The Philosophy of Storms; advises Smithsonian; FitzRoy studies; death; wind theory assessed
Evans, Staff Commander
evolution, theory of
exhalations
Falkland Islands
Faraday, Michael
Farrer, Thomas
Faulke, William
Ferrel, William
Fish, Michael
FitzRoy, Laura
FitzRoy, Maria Isabelle (née Smyth): background and marriage; family visits; moves to Upper Norwood; concerns over husband’s health; and husband’s death; defends him against Smith’s attacks
FitzRoy, Mary (née O’Brien): background and marriage; experiences storm on voyage with husband; influence on husband; Norland Square home; left at home when husband sails with Arrogant; death; continuing influence on husband
FitzRoy, Admiral Robert: background and education; on weather clerks; takes part in Admiralty survey of South America, keeping weather records all the way; Beagle voyage with Darwin; parliamentary career; becomes governor of New Zealand; dangerous voyage home; Christian rebirth; visits Darwin; visits Beaufort; lack of confidence and uncertain temper in middle age; wife’s death; becomes principal private secretary to Lord Hardinge; remarries; becomes Meteorological Statist; invents FitzRoy Barometer; Barometer and Weather Manual; appointed trustee of Beaufort Testimonial Prize; and 1859 autumn storm; investigates Royal Charter wreck; implements storm-warning system; breaks with Darwin over the theory of evolution; supports studies of the upper atmosphere; uneasy working relationship with Le Verrier; issues first storm warnings and weather forecasts; publishes The Weather Book; relationship with Galton; weather forecasts attacked; public reputation; his religious beliefs hamper his scientific advancement; more attacks; included in Portraits of Men of Eminence; health deteriorates; last days; suicide; public reaction; inquest; funeral; achievements assessed; financial debts; weather forecasts come under attack again; forecasting system investigated and stopped; complaints lead to partial resumption; later reputation; list of most important meteorologists in The Weather Book
Flamsteed, John
Florio, John
Forbes, James
Forster, Thomas: overview; background; meteorological and cloud studies; and phrenology; and weather forecasting; attempts to set up meteorological society; balloon ascent; death
France: Espy supported by; first storm-warning system; French and British forecasting systems compared; meteorological data shared with British; meteorological maps; weather networks; see also Arago, François; Le Verrier, Urbain; Paris Observatory
Franklin, Benjamin: overview; kite experiments; Gulf Stream mapping; lightning conductors; storm tracking; family; electricity studies
Franklin, Sir John
Franklin Institute
Franz, Dr
Frederickssteen, HMS
Freycinet, Commodore
Friedrich, Caspar David, Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog
frogs
Gale, Leonard
Galileo Galilei
Galle, Johann
Galton, Francis: overview; background; meteorological studies; reviews FitzRoy’s Weather Book; Meteorographica; and evolution theory; prayer experiments; sits on committee investigating FitzRoy’s forecasting system; draws first daily weather map to appear in The Times; death
Galvani, Luigi
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis
geology
George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland
Gibbs Bright Shipping Company
Gibson, Milner
Gilpin, William
Gladstone, Sir John
Gladstone, John Hall
Gladstone, Sir Thomas
Gladstone, William
Glaisher, Cecilia
Glaisher, James: overview; background; storm studies; dew studies; work at Royal Observatory; weather journalism; gathers data for Registrar General; becomes secretary of Meteorological Society; corresponds with Henry; attends Great Exhibition; snow studies, attitude to Meteorological Register; supports studies of the upper atmosphere; balloon ascents; Smith suggests he would be better conductor of weather forecasting than FitzRoy; FitzRoy on his balloon ascents; more balloon ascents; Hooker on; obituary for FitzRoy; suggested as replacement for FitzRoy at Meteorological Department; speaks in favour of resuming FitzRoy’s weather forecasts; at height of fame; more balloon ascents; resigns from Royal Observatory; last days and death
global warming see climate change
Goad, Dr J.
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von
Good Intent (fishing vessel)
Great Britain, SS
Great Eastern, SS
Great Exhibition (1851)
Great September Gale (1821)
Great Storm (1703)
Green, Charles
greenhouse gases see climate change
Gulf of Peñas (Distress)
Gulf Stream
hail
Halley, Edmund
Hardinge, Lord
Hardwicke, Lord
Hare, Robert
Harvey, George
Henry, Joseph: overview; on Espy; electromagnetism paper; encourages Morse to continue telegraph experiments; opens Smithsonian; sets up US weather network
Herschel, Sir John: overview; background; and British Association; and Reid; appeals to scientific community to track 1836 storm; nominates Glaisher for Royal Society; correspondence with FitzRoy; and evolution; supports studies of the upper atmosphere; FitzRoy sends copy of The Weather Book to; criticises FitzRoy’s lunisolar theories; FitzRoy complains about his eyesight to
Herschel, William
Holyhead
Hooke, Robert
Hooker, Joseph Dalton
Horn Island
horse racing
Hoskins, Sir Brian
Hoste, Sir William
Howard, Luke: overview; on the atmosphere; cloud studies; Constable’s paintings compared to his theories; and astrological meteorology; on micro climates of cities; death; achievements assessed
Humboldt, Alexander von
hurricanes
Hutton, James
Huxley, Thomas
hydrological cycle
hygrometers
Illustrated London News
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Ireland: climate; first optical telegraph line; Napoleonic invasion threat
Jackson, Dr Charles T.
James, Henry
Jefferson, Thomas
Jenkinson, George
Jerome Channel
jet stream
Johns, William
Johnson, Dr Samuel
Kepler, Johannes
King, Captain Phillip: supervises Admiralty surveys; on williwaws; on Stokes’ death; and astrological meteorology; writing skills
Kingsley, Charles
kites
La Plata
Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste
latent caloric
latent heat
Latona, HMS
Lawrence, Sir Thomas
Lawson, Nigel
Le Verrier, Urbain: overview; discovers Neptune; work at Paris Observatory; shares meteorological data with British; supports establishment of French weather network; meteorological maps; FitzRoy unsettled by letter from; achievements reviewed by Galton
Leslie, Charles
lightning
Linnaeus, Carl
Linnean Society
London: Big Ben; Buckingham Palace; frost fair (1814); and the Great Storm (1703); Hampstead; Houses of Parliament; Onslow Square; in summer 1859; summer storm of 1846; Waterloo Bridge
Loomis, Elias
Lough Ennell
Luchon
Lunar Society
Lunardi, Vincenzo
lunisolar action
Lyell, Charles
Lyon, George Francis
Lyon, Sir James
Madrid
Magellan, Strait of
Maldonado Bay
Mammoth (balloon)
maps: Admiralty surveys and maps; see also weather maps
March, Lord
Marié Davy, E.H.
Markham, Clements
Martial (French ship)
Martin, Commodore
Martineau, Harriet
mathematics, nineteenth-century development
Maury, Matthew: overview; wind charts; and FitzRoy; Hooker on
Medina Sidonia, Duke of
Melville, Viscount
Meteorological Department: establishment; FitzRoy’s work there; FitzRoy on establishment and growth; FitzRoy’s forecasting system investigated and stopped; FitzRoy’s system assessed; complaints lead to partial resumption
Meteorological Office
Meteorological Register
Meteorological Society see British Meteorological Society
meteorology: astrological; classical and historical meteorological thought; electrical; etymology; nineteenth-century tools
meteors and meteorites
Mill, John Stuart
Milne Home, D.
Moelfre
the moon: lunar halo; and the weather
Morristown, Richard (‘Zadkiel’)
Morse, Samuel F.B.
Morse, Sidney
Morse Code
Murchison, Sir Roderick
Muybridge, Eadweard
Nadar, Felix
Napoleon Bonaparte, French emperor
Napoleon III, French emperor
Napoleonic Wars
Natural Religion
navigation see maps; shipping
Nelson, Horatio
nepheloscopes
Neptune
Netherlands
New Zealand
Newmarket
Newton, H.A.
Newton, Isaac
Nicholas I, Tsar
North Sea storm (1869)
North-West Passage
Northcote, Sir Stafford
O’Brien, Mary see FitzRoy, Mary
Olmstead, Denison
Ordnance Survey
oxygen deprivation see altitude sickness
Palmer, Charles
pamperos
Paris Observatory
Patagonia
Pattrickson (draughtsman)
Peacock, George
Peacock, W.F.
Peirce, Benjamin
Pell, Captain W.
Phaeton, HMS
Philip II, King of Spain
Photographic Society
phrenology
the picturesque
Piddington, Henry
Pitt, William, the Younger
planets, and the weather
pluviometers
Poe, Edgar Allan
Pond, John
Popper, Karl
Portraits of Men of Eminence in Literature, Science and Art (anthology)
Portsmouth Royal Naval College
Poyer, John
prayer
Priestley, Joseph
Ptolemy
Punch
Quetelet, Adolphe
railways: Dawlish line destroyed by storm (1859), and in (2014); use for weather reporting
rain; rain-making schemes
rainbows
Redfield, John
Redfield, William C.: overview; background; wind and storm studies; controversy with Espy; relationship with Reid; supports the telegraph; FitzRoy studies; death; wind theory assessed; FitzRoy’s belief in theories
Registrar General of Births, Marriages and Deaths
Reid, Captain William: overview; background; oversees rebuilding of Barbados after hurricane; this stimulates him to wind and storm studies; relationship with Redfield; Law of Storms; controversy with Espy; and Great Exhibition; FitzRoy studies; death; FitzRoy’s belief in theories
religion: and attitudes to weather; and evolution theory
Rennell, James
Rio de Janeiro
Rives, W.C.
Rogers, Joseph
Romme, Gilbert
Romney, George
Royal Astronomical Society
Royal Charter (steam clipper)
Royal Charter Gale (1859)
Royal Geographical Society
Royal National Lifeboat Institution
Royal Navy: training and examinations; see also Admiralty
Royal Observatory
Royal Society: establishment; and Beaufort; compared to the British Association for the Advancement of Science; John Herschel as secretary; Reid elected to; and Glaisher; Daniell’s criticism of weather data collecting; and Hooke; and FitzRoy; and Galton; establishes committee to investigate FitzRoy’s weather forecasting system; committee’s findings criticised; Tyndall lectures about greenhouse gases; Thatcher addresses about same
Ruskin, John
Russia
Ruysdael, Salomon van
Sabine, Edward
St Jude’s Storm (2013)
Sarmiento, Mount
Saussure, Horace-Bénédict de
Savannah la Mar Hurricane (1780)
Scarborough
science: coining of word ‘scientist’; historical meaning; nineteenth-century attitude
SDUK see Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
seal hunting
sextants
Shakespeare, William
Shelley, Mary
Shelley, Percy Bysshe
shepherds, and weather forecasting
Sheppard, Mr (electoral opponent of FitzRoy)
shipping: nineteenth-century increase in British merchant; and weather charts; and weather forecasts; wind charts
shipwrecks
shooting stars
the sky: colour; Constable’s studies and depiction; historical attempts to classify
Slingo, Dame Julia
Slough railway station
Smeaton, John
Smith, Augustus
Smith, William
Smithsonian Institute
Smyth, Frederick James, woodcuts by
Smyth, Maria Isabelle see FitzRoy, Maria Isabelle
snow
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (SDUK)
Somerville, Mary
South America: Admiralty surveys; map
South Shetland Islands
Spanish Armada (1588)
standard deviation
Stanley, Lord
steamboats, and safety
Stewart, Lady Frances
Stocker, Thomas
Stokes, Pringle
storm-warning systems; see also weather forecasts
storms: cyclones and anticyclones; eye of the storm; Great September Gale (1821); Great Storm (1703); historical attitudes to; hurricanes; London’s summer storm (1846); North Sea storm (1869); pamperos; Royal Charter Gale (1859); St Jude’s Storm (2013); scientific studies; thunderstorms; and wind; winter storms 2014
the Sublime
Sulivan, Bartholomew
Sully (packet ship)
sunset
Sykes, Colonel
sympiesometers
Taylor, Captain Thomas
tea making
telegraph: electro-magnetic telegraph; line under the Channel; optical telegraph; use for weather reporting and warning
Tempier, Etienne, Bishop of Paris
terrestrial radiation
Thackeray, William Makepeace
Thatcher, Margaret
thermals
thermometers
Thetis, HMS
Thompson, Harry
Thoreau, Henry David
Thornes, John
thunder rods
thunderstorms
tides
Tierra del Fuego
time measurement
The Times: issues first weather forecasts; criticises FitzRoy’s forecasts; publishes daily weather maps
Tindal, Matthew
Townsend (FitzRoy’s clerk)
Trafalgar, battle of (1805)
Tremlett (friend of FitzRoy)
Trinity House
Turner, J.M.W.
twilight
Tyndall, John
underground railways
Uranus
US Army Weather Bureau
USA: weather networks
Usher, Dr Henry
Vail, Alfred
Vail, Judge Stephen
Van Buren, Martin
Vansittart (East Indiaman)
vapour see water vapour
ventilators
vesicles
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland
Villeneuve, Vice Admiral
Washington, Captain John
water vapour
Watt, James
weather, historical attitudes to
weather forecasts: almanacs’ attempts; barometers as means of; coining of term; early nineteenth-century attempts at; first British (FitzRoy’s); first state attempts; and maps; modern; storm-warning systems
weather journalism and bulletins
weather maps; synoptic charts; wind charts
weather networks
Weddell, James
Wedgwood, Josiah
weights and measures
Wells, W.C.
Welsh, John
West, Benjamin
West Indies
Wheatstone, Charles
Whewell, William
Whitbread, Samuel
Whitby
White, Gilbert
White, W.H.
Wilberforce, Samuel
Wilkins, John, Bishop of Chester
William Cummings (sailing ship)
williwaws
wind: Beaufort’s wind scale; behaviour; cyclones and anticyclones; FitzRoy’s studies; jet stream; measuring speed and direction; predicting direction and force; and storms; williwaws
wind charts
wind shear
windmilling and windmills
Wodehouse, P.G.
Wolverhampton
Woodbridge, William C.
Woodbury, Levi
Woolwich (storeship)
Woolwich Dockyard
Wrottesley, Lord
York Minster (Tierra del Fuego)
Zadkiel see Morristown, Richard