EPIGRAPHS
Stigler quote is from George J. Stigler, The Citizen and the State: Essays on Regulation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975), p. 10.
Fearing quote is from Kenneth Fearing, “Conclusion,” Collected Poems of Kenneth Fearing (New York: Random House, 1940), p. 35.
1. See, for example, Carlo M. Cipolla, “Editor’s Introduction,” The Economic Decline of Empires (London: Methuen, 1970), p. 15; Bernard Lewis, “Some Reflections on the Decline of the Ottoman Empire,” ibid., p. 227; Bernard Lewis, Islam in History, second edition (Chicago: Open Court, 1993), pp. 211–212.
2. See Thomas Sowell, A Conflict of Visions (New York: Morrow, 1987).
3. Ibid., pp. 227–228.
4. Edmund Burke, The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, edited by R. B. McDowell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), Vol. VIII, p. 138.
5. Thomas Robert Malthus, Population: The First Essay (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1959), p. 3.
6. William Godwin, Of Population (London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, 1820), pp. 520, 550, 554.
7. F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944), pp. 55, 185.
8. Myron Magnet, The Dream and the Nightmare: The Sixties Legacy to the Underclass (New York: Morrow, 1993), p. 23.
9. Ibid., p. 25.
10. Andrew Hacker, Two Nations: Black and White, Separate, Hostile, Unequal (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1992), p. 51.
11. Jean-François Revel, The Flight from Truth: The Reign of Deceit in the Age of Information (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 192.
12. Joseph Epstein, “True Virtue,” New York Times Magazine, November 24, 1985, p. 95.
CHAPTER 2: THE PATTERN
1. Joseph A. Schumpeter, review of Keynes’s General Theory, Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1936, p. 795.
2. “Public Welfare Program—Message from the President of the United States (H. Doc. No. 325),” Congressional Record—House, February 1, 1962, p. 1405.
3. Ibid., p. 1406.
4. Ibid., p. 1405.
5. “Relief Is No Solution,” New York Times, February 2, 1962, p. 28.
6. Congressional Quarterly, February 2, 1962, p. 140.
7. Marjorie Hunter, “Johnson Signs Bill to Fight Poverty; Pledges New Era,” New York Times, August 21, 1964, p. 1.
8. Ibid.
9. “Excerpts from President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Address to the Nation on Civil Disorders, July 27, 1967,” Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, March 1, 1968, p. 297; “Transcript of Johnson’s TV Address on the Riots,” New York Times, July 28, 1967, p. A11.
10. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, March 1, 1968, p. 91.
11. Robert B. Semple, Jr., “Dr. King Scores Poverty Budget,” New York Times, December 16, 1966, p. A33; Robert B. Semple, Jr., “2 More Score U. S. on Help for Poor,” New York Times, December 7, 1966, p. A32.
12. See, for example, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding: Community Action in the War on Poverty (New York: Free Press, 1969), pp. xxvi–xxvii.
13. Charles Mohr, “‘Viva Goldwater’ Greets Senator,” New York Times, February 16, 1964, p. 47.
14. “Goldwater Sees Johnson Retreat,” New York Times, January 19, 1964, p. 49.
15. James T. Patterson, America’s Struggle Against Poverty: 1900–1980 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), pp. 145, 146, 149, 152.
16. Henry Hazlitt, “The War on Poverty,” Newsweek, April 6, 1964, p. 74.
17. Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1960 (New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 57.
18. Ibid., p. 64.
19. James T. Patterson, America’s Struggle Against Poverty, p. 132.
20. Ibid., pp. 64–65.
21. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P60-185 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), p. ix. The poverty rate as a percentage of the total population was not yet as high as in 1964 but the absolute number of people in poverty was. This rise in the absolute number of people in poverty began in the late 1970s. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 173 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1991), p. 18.
22. Charles Murray, Losing Ground, pp. 49, 67.
23. James T. Patterson, America’s Struggle Against Poverty, p. 170.
24. Ibid., pp. 164–165.
25. James T. Patterson, America’s Struggle Against Poverty, p. 164.
26. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Maximum Feasible Misunderstanding, pp. liii, 150, 156.
27. Hodding Carter III, “‘Disarmament’ Spells Defeat in War on Poverty,” Wall Street Journal, August 11, 1983, p. 21.
28. “How Great Was the Great Society?” in The Great Society: A Twenty Year Critique (Austin, Tex.: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, 1986), p. 125.
29. Hodding Carter III, “‘Disarmament’ Spells Defeat in War on Poverty,” Wall Street Journal, August 11, 1983, p. 21.
30. Harry J. Middleton, “Welcome,” The Great Society: A Twenty Year Critique, p. 1.
31. Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Welcome,” ibid., p. 2.
32. Lucia Mount, “U.S. War on Poverty: No Sweeping Victory, But Some Battles May Have Been Won,” Christian Science Monitor, September 19, 1984, pp. 3–4.
33. United States Senate, Ninetieth Congress, first session, Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Employment, Manpower, and Poverty of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare, Part 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1967), pp. 2170–2171.
34. Aida Tores, Jacqueline Darroch Forrest, and Susan Eisman, “Family Planning Services in the United States, 1978–79,” Family Planning Perspectives, Vol. 13, No. 3 (May/June 1981), pp. 139, 141.
35. Patricia Schiller, “Sex Education That Makes Sense,” NEA Journal, February 1968, p. 19.
36. Theodore Ooms, Teenage Pregnancy in a Family Context (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1981), p. 26.
37. Alan Guttmacher Institute, Informing Public Change (New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1980), p. 7.
38. Cheryl D. Hayes, editor, Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987), p. 160.
39. Theodore Ooms, Teenage Pregnancy in a Family Context, pp. 39–40.
40. H. S. Hoyman, “Should We Teach About Birth Control in High School Sex Education?” Education Digest, February 1969, p. 22.
41. United States Senate, Eighty-ninth Congress, second session, Family Planning Program: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Employment, Manpower and Poverty of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1966), p. 84.
42. Joanne Zazzaro, “Critics or No Critics, Most Americans Still Firmly Support Sex Education in Schools,” American School Board Journal, September 1969, p. 31.
43. Robert P. Hildrup, “Why Sex Education Belongs in the Schools,” PTA Magazine, February 1974, p. 13.
44. Jacqueline Kasun, The War Against Population (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1988), p. 144.
45. Today’s VD Control Problem: Joint Statement by American Public Health Association, American Social Health Association, American Venereal Disease Association, Association of State and Territorial Health Officers in Co-operation with the American Medical Association, February 1966, p. 20.
46. Lester A. Kirkendall, “Sex Education: A Reappraisal,” The Humanist, Spring 1965, p. 82.
47. “Three’s a Crowd,” New York Times, March 17, 1972, p. 40.
48. Fred M. Hechinger, “Introduction,” Sex Education and the Schools, edited by Virginia Hilu (New York: Harper & Row, 1967), p. xiv.
49. John Kobler, “Sex Invades the Schoolhouse,” Saturday Evening Post, June 29, 1968, p. 26.
50. Jacqueline Kasun, The War Against Population, pp. 142, 144.
51. Cheryl D. Hayes, editor, Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1987), p. 66.
52. Ibid., p. 58.
53. Alan Guttmacher Institute, Informing Public Change, p. 30.
54. Hearings before the Select Committee on Population, Ninety-fifth Congress, second session, Fertility and Contraception in America: Adolescent and Pre-Adolescent Pregnancy (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978), Vol. II, p. 253.
55. Ibid., p. 625.
56. Les Picker, “Human Sexuality Education Implications for Biology Teaching,” American Biology Teacher, Vol. 46, No. 2 (February 1984), p. 92.
57. Hearings before the Select Committee on Population, Ninety-fifth Congress, second session, Fertility and Contraception in America: Adolescent and Pre-Adolescent Pregnancy (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1978), Vol. II, p. 1.
58. Paul A. Reichelt and Harriet H. Werley, “Contraception, Abortion and Venereal Disease: Teenagers’ Knowledge and the Effect of Education,” Family Planning Perspectives, March/April 1975, p. 83.
59. Ibid., p. 88.
60. Peter Scales, “The New Opposition to Sex Education: A Powerful Threat to a Democratic Society,” Journal of School Health, April 1981, p. 303.
61. Fertility and Contraception in the United States: Report Prepared by the Select Committee on Population (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1978), p. 5.
62. Sylvia S. Hacker, “It Isn’t Sex Education Unless…” Journal of School Health, April 1981, p. 208.
63. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, Inside American Education (New York: Free Press, 1992), Chapter 3.
64. Suzanne Fields, “‘War’ Pits Parents vs. Public Policy,” Chicago Sun-Times, October 17, 1992, p. 19.
65. Ibid.
66. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, Inside American Education, pp. 51–53, 255.
67. On the denigration of parents within the classroom, see ibid., pp. 48–53.
68. James Hottois and Neal A. Milner, The Sex Education Controversy: A Study of Politics, Education, and Morality (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Health and Co., 1975), p. 6.
69. David L. Bazelon, “The Imperative to Punish,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1960, p. 41.
70. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 414.
71. Ibid.
72. David L. Bazelon, “The Imperative to Punish,” p. 41.
73. Ibid., p. 42.
74. Ibid., p. 43.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid., p. 47.
80. William J. Brennan, “Foreword,” David L. Bazelon, Questioning Authority: Justice and Criminal Law (New York: Knopf, 1988), pp. ix–xii.
81. Ibid., pp. xi, xii.
82. William O. Douglas, The Court Years: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 1980), p. 84.
83. Ramsey Clark, Crime in America: Observations on Its Nature, Causes, Prevention and Control (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), p. 220.
84. Ibid., p. 202.
85. Tom Wicker, “Introduction,” ibid., pp. 11, 14.
86. “Pick of the Paperbacks,” Saturday Review, November 27, 1971, p. 48.
87. Robert Shnayerson, “Force and the Law,” Time, November 30, 1970, pp. 83–84; Herbert Packer, “Causes of Crime,” New Republic, November 7, 1970, pp. 28–30.
88. “The Liberals’ Friend,” Times Literary Supplement, November 26, 1971, p. 1467.
89. See, for example, Macklin Fleming, The Price of Perfect Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1974), Chapter 9.
90. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1975), p. 173; Ernest van den Haag, Punishing Criminals: Concerning a Very Old and Painful Question (New York: Basic Books, 1975), p. 158; U.S. Department of Justice, The Case for More Incarceration, 1992, NCJ-139583 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1992), pp. 1–5.
91. David L. Bazelon, “The Imperative to Punish,” Atlantic Monthly, July 1960, p. 42.
92. Ibid., p. 46.
93. Max Frankel, “Johnson Derides Urban Reform Foes,” New York Times, June 26, 1967, p. 45.
94. Thomas A. Johnson, “Muskie, in Jersey, Calls Wallace ‘The Man We’ve Got to Defeat,’” New York Times, October 24, 1968, p. 42.
95. Fred P. Graham, “Dissenters Bitter: Four View Limitation on Confessions as Aid to Criminals,” New York Times, June 17, 1966, pp. 1ff.
96. Sidney E. Zion, “Attack on Court Heard by Warren,” New York Times, September 10, 1965, pp. 1ff.
97. James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein, Crime and Human Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), p. 409.
98. Charles H. Silberman, Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice (New York: Random House, 1978), p. 4.
99. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, p. 415.
100. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports: Crime in the United States, 1991 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 280.
101. “No Shackles on the Law,” New York Times, August 15, 1966, p. 26.
102. “There are striking examples of ‘crime waves’ which turned out to be nothing more than statistical reporting waves.” Yale Kamisar, “Public Safety v. Individual Liberties: Some ‘Facts’ and ‘Theories,’” Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, Vol. 63 (1962), p. 187. “They have made loud noises about the ‘disastrous’ and ‘catastrophic’ prices we are paying to effectuate constitutional liberties, but they have yet to furnish convincing evidence that the price is even substantial.” Ibid., p. 193.
103. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime (New York: Basic Books, 1975), p. 75.
104. Michael Stern, “Menninger Discounts Criminality in Nation,” New York Times, October 30, 1968, p. 49.
105. Charles E. Silberman, Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice (New York: Random House, 1978), p. 261.
106. James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein, Crime and Human Nature, pp. 424–425.
107. Ibid., p. 429.
108. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), p. 414.
109. James Q. Wilson, Thinking About Crime, p. 17.
110. Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime Reports: Crime in the United States, 1991, p. 13.
111. Newsweek called Silberman’s book “one of the most thorough and provocative studies ever made of crime in America.” Jerold K. Footlick, “White Fear, Black Crime,” Newsweek, October 23, 1978, p. 134. Similar praise appeared in the New Yorker, the New York Review of Books, and other bastions of the anointed. See Naomi Bliven, “Crime and Punishment,” New Yorker, March 26, 1979, pp. 3–4; “As American as Jesse James,” Time, November 6, 1978, pp. 76, 78; Peter Gardner, review, Psychology Today, January 1979, p. 99.
112. Fred P. Graham, “Warren Says All Share Crime Onus,” New York Times, August 2, 1968, pp. 1, 13.
113. Chief Justice Earl Warren, The Memoirs of Earl Warren (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977), p. 317.
CHAPTER 3: BY THE NUMBERS
1. Kenneth Fearing, “Andy and Jerry and Joe,” Collected Poems of Kenneth Fearing (New York: Random House, 1940), p. 7.
2. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 1990 (Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Public Health Service, 1991), p. 41. The corresponding graphs are on pages 9 and 11.
3. “More Babies Are Dying,” New York Times, August 9, 1990, p. A22.
4. “Infant Deaths,” Washington Post, March 13, 1990, p. A24.
5. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 1990, p. 41.
6. Ibid.
7. Marian Wright Edelman, “The Status of Children and Our National Future,” Stanford Law Policy Review, Fall 1989, p. 20. An essay on Marian Wright Edelman and the Children’s Defense Fund in the New Yorker magazine said: “C.D.F. was able to show that increasing health service to children actually led to decreased government costs in doctor and hospital bills further down the line—an economic argument that has proved persuasive with Congress.” Calvin Tomkins, “A Sense of Urgency,” New Yorker, March 27, 1989, p. 70. As in many other cases, “persuasive” does not necessarily mean accurate. For a more critical example of the Children’s Defense Fund, see John Hood, “Children’s Crusade,” Reason, June 1992, pp. 32–35.
8. Jane Huntington and Frederick A. Connell, “For Every Dollar Spent—The Cost-Savings Argument for Prenatal Care,” New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 331, No. 19 (November 10, 1994), pp. 1303–1307.
9. Gina Kolata, “Reassessing Costs of Prenatal Care,” New York Times, November 10, 1994, p. A10.
10. Joel Glenn Brenner, “A Pattern of Bias in Mortgage Loans,” Washington Post, June 6, 1993, p. A1.
11. Jesse Jackson, “Racism Is the Bottom Line in Home Loans,” Los Angeles Times, October 28, 1991, p. B5.
12. See, for example, Paulette Thomas, “Blacks Can Face a Host of Trying Conditions in Getting Mortgages,” Wall Street Journal, November 30, 1992, p. A8.
13. Rochelle Sharpe, “Losing Ground: In Latest Recession, Only Blacks Suffered Net Employment Loss,” Wall Street Journal, September 14, 1993, p. 14.
14. Vladimir G. Treml, Alcohol in the USSR: A Statistical Study (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1982), pp. 64, 71, 81; Andrew M. Greeley, That Most Distressful Nation (New York: Quadrangle Books, 1972), pp. 129, 132; Australian Government Commission into Poverty, Welfare of Migrants (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1975), p. 108; Raphael Patai, The Jewish Mind (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1977), pp. 441–443.
15. See, for example, Hélène Carrère d’Encausse, Decline of an Empire: The Soviet Socialist Republics in Revolt (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), pp. 68–69; Thomas Sowell, “Three Black Histories,” Essays and Data on American Ethnic Groups, edited by Thomas Sowell and Lynn D. Collins (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1978), pp. 41–42; “Part Two: Statistical Data on American Ethnic Groups,” ibid., pp. 257–258, 273–277, 291–295, 309–313, 327–331, 357–361, 369–373, 393–397, 411–415. For differences in fertility rates between nations, see U.S. Bureau of the Census, World Population Profile: 1991 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991), pp. 18–20.
16. K. M. de Silva, “University Admissions and Ethnic Tension in Sri Lanka, 1977–1982,” From Independence to Statehood: Managing Ethnic Conflict in Five African and Asian States (London: Frances Pinter, 1984), pp. 98–99, 103; James R. Flynn, Asian Americans: Achievement Beyond <i>IQ (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1991), pp. 95–98; Robert Klitgaard, Elitism and Meritocracy in Developing Countries: Selection Policies for Higher Education (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 121; Mohamed Suffian bin Hashim, “Problems and Issues of Higher Education Development in Malaysia,” Development of Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Problems and Issues, edited by Yat Hoong Yip (Singapore: Regional Institute of Higher Education, 1973), pp. 63–64; Padma Ramkrishna Velaskar, “Inequality in Higher Education: A Study of Scheduled Caste Students in Medical Colleges of Bombay,” Ph.D. dissertation, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (Bombay), 1986, pp. 335–337; Leonard P. Ayres, Laggards in Our Schools: A Study of Retardation and Elimination in Our City Schools (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1909), passim.
17. “Lightning Hits More Men,” USA Today, April 16, 1992, p. 1.
18. Vladimir G. Treml, Alcohol in the USSR, p. 73.
19. Mohamed Suffian bin Hashim, “Problems and Issues in Higher Education Development in Malaysia,” Development of Higher Education in Southeast Asia, edited by Yat Hoong Yip, Table 8, pp. 63, 64.
20. Charles Assawi, “The Transformation of the Economic Position of the Millets in the Nineteenth Century,” Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: The Functioning of a Plural Society, edited by Benjamin Braude and Bernard Lewis, Vol. I: The Central Lands (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1982), pp. 261–285.
21. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 448, 451.
22. Myron Weiner, Sons of Soil: Migration and Ethnic Conflict in India (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 91, 103–104.
23. Mavis Puthucheary, “Public Policies Relating Business and Land,” From Independence to Statehood: Managing Ethnic Conflict in Five African and Asian States, edited by Robert B. Goldmann and A. Jeyaratnam Wilson (London: Frances Pinter, 1984), p. 158.
24. S. J. Tambiah, “Ethnic Representation in Ceylon’s Higher Administrative Services, 1870–1964,” University of Ceylon Review, Vol. 13 (1955), p. 130.
25. See Leonard Ramist and Solomon Arbeiter, Profiles, College-Bound Seniors, 1985 (New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1986), pp. 42, 82.
26. Ralph R. Premdas, “The Political Economy of Ethnic Strife in Fiji and Guyana,” Ethnic Studies Report (International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Sri Lanka), July 1991, p. 36.
27. Ingeborg Fleischhauer, “The Germans’ Role in Tsarist Russia: A Reappraisal,” The Soviet Germans: Past and Present, edited by Edith Rogovin Frankel (New York: St. Martin’s, 1986), pp. 17–18; Fred C. Koch, The Volga Germans: In Rusia and the Americas, from 1763 to the Presents, (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977), p. 195.
28. James L. Tigner, “Japanese Immigration into Latin America,” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, November 1981, p. 476.
29. Carl Solberg, Immigration and Nationalism: Argentina and Chile, 1890–1914 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970), p. 50.
30. Daniel J. Elazar, Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1983), p. 243.
31. Carl Solberg, Immigration and Nationalism, p. 63.
32. See, Mohamed Suffian bin Hashim, “Problems and Issues of Higher Education Development in Malaysia,” Development of Higher Education in Southeast Asia: Problems and Issues (Singapore: Regional Institute of Higher Education and Development, 1973), pp. 56–78; Sammy Smooha and Yochanan Peres, “The Dynamics of Ethnic Inequalities: The Case of Israel,” Studies of Israeli Society, Vol. I: Migration, Ethnicity and Community, edited by Ernest Krausz (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1980), p. 173; George H. Brown, Nan L. Rosen, and Susan T. Hill, The Condition of Education for Hispanic Americans (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Educational Statistics, 1980), p. 119; Thomas Sowell, “Ethnicity in a Changing America,” Daedalus, Winter 1978, p. 214; Chandra Richard de Silva, “Sinhala-Tamil Relations in Sri Lanka: The University Admissions Issue—the First Phase, 1971–7,” From Independence to Statehood: Managing Ethnic Conflict in Five African and Asian States, edited by R. B. Goldmann and A. J. Wilson (London: Frances Pinter, 1984), pp. 125–146; Paul Compton, “The Conflict in Northern Ireland: Demographic and Economic Considerations,” Economic Dimensions of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives, edited by S. W. R. de A. Samarasinghe and Reed Coughlan (London: Pinter Publishers, 1991), p. 42.
33. Computed from statistics in The Chronicle of Higher Education Almanac, August 25, 1993, p. 17.
34. Ibid., p. 16.
35. See Thomas Sowell, Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality? (New York: Morrow, 1984), p. 58.
36. U. S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 173, Population Profile of the United States, 1991 (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1991), p. 20.
37. Paulette Thomas, “Behind the Figures: Federal Reserve Detail Pervasive Racial Gap in Mortgage Lending,” Wall Street Journal, March 31, 1992, p. A1.
38. Glenn B. Canner, “Expanded HMDA Data on Residential Lending: One Year Later,” Federal Reserve Bulletin, November 1992, p. 801.
39. Alicia H. Munnell, Mortgage Lending in Boston: Interpreting HMDA Data, Working Paper No. 92–7, October 1992, Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, pp. 2, 24, 25.
40. Ibid., p. 25.
41. Ibid., p. 24.
42. Ibid., p. 2.
43. Ibid.
44. Peter Brimelow and Leslie Spencer, “The Hidden Clue,” Forbes, January 4, 1993, p. 48.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Herbert Stein and Murray Foss, An Illustrated Guide to the American Economy (Washington, D.C.: AEI Press, 1992), p. 140.
48. U.S. v. Syufy Enterprises, 903 F. 2d 659 (9th Cir. 1990) at 665.
49. See, for example, Greg J. Duncan, et al., Years of Poverty, Years of Plenty: The Changing Economic Fortunes of American Workers and Families (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1984); Income Mobility and Economic Opportunity, report prepared for Representative Richard K. Armey, Ranking Republican, Joint Economic Committee, June 1992, p. 5.
50. Income Mobility and Economic Opportunity, p. 5.
51. Greg J. Duncan, et al., Years of Poverty, Years of Plenty: The Changing Economic Fortunes of American Workers and Families (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1984), pp. 3, 13, 41.
52. Robert Rector, “Poverty in U. S. Is Exaggerated by Census,” Wall Street Journal, September 25, 1990, p. A18.
53. Ibid.
54. Carolyn Lochhead, “How Hungry? How Many?” Insight, June 27, 1988, pp. 8–9.
55. Robert E. Rector, “Hunger and Malnutrition Among American Children,” Backgrounder, No. 843 (August 2, 1991), The Heritage Foundation, p. 2.
56. “Media Eat Up Hunger Study,” Media Watch, April 1991, p. 1.
57. Ibid.
58. Christina Hoff Sommers, Who Stole Feminism: How Women Have Betrayed Women (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p. 196.
59. Anna Quindlen, “Game Time,” New York Times, June 25, 1994, p. A15.
60. Christina Hoff Sommers, Who Stole Feminism, pp. 189–192.
61. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 177 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991), p. 19.
62. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 184 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), p. 7.
63. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 179 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 27.
64. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 184 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), p. 5.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., p. 49.
67. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 181 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 14; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 477 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), p. A-1.
68. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 181 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 14; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 477 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1993), p. A-1.
69. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 184, p. xiv.
70. Ibid., pp. xvi, B-2; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 167, p. 68.
71. Compare U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 167, pp. 9, 68.
72. Louis Uchitelle, “Trapped in the Impoverished Middle Class,” New York Times, November 17, 1991, p. F1. See a similar refrain in Tom Wicker, “Let ’Em Eat Swiss Cheese,” New York Times, September 2, 1968, p. A27.
73. Compare Tom Wicker, “LBJ’s Great Society,” New York Times, May 7, 1990, p. A15; Tom Wicker, “Let ’Em Eat Cheese,” New York Times, September 2, 1988, p. A27.
74. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 184, p. 7.
75. These statistical disparities would be even greater if we took into account the fact that people die, so that all these age brackets would not be the same in size, even at a constant birth rate. If people die before reaching their peak earnings years, that will tend to increase the inequalities in income and wealth. Inheritance would also tend to increase inequalities, if elderly people leave much of their wealth to their spouses in the same age brackets, with their children receiving the inheritance of both parents as those children are entering their own peak earnings years.
76. John Flinn, “Census Shows Stanford Among Area’s Poorest,” San Francisco Examiner, June 21, 1992, p. B3.
77. “More Babies Are Dying,” New York Times, August 9, 1990, p. A22; “Infant Deaths,” Washington Post, March 13, 1990, p. A24.
78. Nicholas Eberstadt, “Parents and the District’s Endangered Children,” Washington Times, February 23, 1994, p. A19.
79. Victor R. Fuchs and Diane M. Reklis, “America’s Children: Economic Perspectives and Policy Options,” Science, Vol. 255 (January 3, 1992), p. 45.
80. Calvin Tomkins, “A Sense of Urgency,” New Yorker, March 27, 1989, p. 74.
81. Marian Wright Edelman, “The Status of Children and Our National Future,” Stanford Law and Policy Review, Fall 1989, p. 26.
82. Richard B. Freeman, Black Elite (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976), Chapter 4.
83. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 80 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, no date), p. 44.
84. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 366 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1981), pp. 182, 184.
85. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-23, No. 181 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), p. 32.
86. Nicholas Eberstadt, “America’s Infant Mortality Puzzle,” The Public Interest, Fall 1991, p. 38.
87. “Reader’s Digest Poll Reveals Family Gap—Powerful Hidden Force in Presidential Politics,” news release, Reader’s Digest, June 10, 1992, pp. 2–3. Fred Barnes, “The Family Gap,” Reader’s Digest, July 1992, p. 52.
88. Ann W. Richards, “Girls, Pull Your Freight,” New York Times, June 25, 1994, p. A15.
89. Haynes Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History: America in the Reagan Years (New York: Anchor Books, 1992), p. 451; Ann Richards, “Girls, Pull Your Own Freight,” p. A15; Barbara Ehrenreich, “Burt, Loni and Our Way of Life,” Time, September 25, 1994, p. 92.
90. U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Marital Status and Living Arrangements,” Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 468 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), p. vii.
91. Ibid., p. xvi.
92. Ibid., p. 1.
93. Ibid., p. vii.
94. Henry A. Walker, “Black-White Differences in Marriage and Family Patterns,” Feminism, Children and New Families, edited by Sanford M. Dornbusch and Myra H. Strober (New York: Guilford Press, 1988), p. 92.
95. U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Marital Status and Living Arrangements: March 1992,” Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 468, pp. 1, 2.
96. Ibid., p. 93.
97. Arlene Skolnick, “The American Family,” Focus on Children: The Beat of the Future, Report of the 1992 Media Conference at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism (no publisher, no date), p. 60.
98. Ibid.
99. Ibid., p. xii.
100. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (New York: International Publishers), Vol. VI, p. 354.
101. See, for example, Hillary Rodham, “Children Under the Law, Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 43, No. 4 (November 1973), pp. 487–514; Larry Rohter, “11-Year-Old Seeks Right to ‘Divorce Parents,’” New York Times, July 8, 1992, p. A10.
102. Emily Flynn, “Child Abuse: The Facts,” NZ Listener (New Zealand), August 13, 1988, p. 17.
103. Clark E. Vincent, “Teen-Age Unwed Mothers in American Society,” Journal of Social Issues, April 1966, p. 22.
104. Ibid., p. 25.
105. Ibid., p. 27.
106. Ibid., p. 23.
107. Ibid., p. 29.
108. Ibid., p. 32.
109. Quoted in Nicholas Eberstadt, “America’s Infant Mortality Puzzle,” The Public Interest, Fall 1991, p. 37.
110. Hillary Rodham, “Children Under the Law,” Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 43, No. 4 (November 1973), p. 513.
CHAPTER 4: THE IRRELEVANCE OF EVIDENCE
1. John Adams: A Biography in His Own Words, edited by James Bishop Peabody (New York: Newsweek, 1973), pp. 121–122.
2. John Kenneth Galbraith, The Affluent Society (Cambridge, Mass.: Riverside Press, 1958), p. 82.
3. Ibid., p. 84.
4. Ibid., p. 85.
5. Ibid., pp. 84, 86.
6. Ibid., p. 97.
7. Ibid., p. 103.
8. John Kenneth Galbraith, The New Industrial State (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), p. 76.
9. Ibid., p. 58.
10. Ibid.
11. Robert L. Bartley, The Seven Fat Years: And How to Do It Again (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 140.
12. Paul R. Ehrlich, The Population Bomb (revised) (Rivercity, Mass.: Rivercity Press, 1975), p. xi.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., pp. xi–xii.
15. “Appraisal of Current Trends in Business and Finance,” Wall Street Journal, December 28, 1970, p. 1.
16. “The Population ‘Explosion,’” Wall Street Journal, December 16, 1974, p. A14.
17. Roy J. Harris, Jr., “With Birth Rate Falling, Makers of Infant Goods Decide to Diversify,” Wall Street Journal, January 4, 1972, p. 1.
18. “Maternity Ward Closings Free Hospital Staff for Other Duties,” Wall Street Journal, April 23, 1974, p. 1.
19. Ibid., p. 6.
20. Calculation may be found in Thomas Sowell, The Economics and Politics of Race (New York: Morrow, 1982), p. 209.
21. U.S. Bureau of the Census, World Population Profile: 1991 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991), pp. A33, A34.
22. See, for example, Jean W. Sedlar, East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994), pp. 90, 98, 99; Peter Gunst, “Agrarian Systems of Central and Eastern Europe,” The Origins of Backwardness in Eastern Europe: Economics and Politics from the Middle Ages Until the Early Twentieth Century, edited by Daniel Chirot (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 53–54, 63–64.
23. John Stuart Mill, Autobiography of John Stuart Mill (New York: Columbia University Press, 1944), p. 102.
24. John Tierney, “Betting the Planet,” New York Times, December 2, 1990, Section VI, pp. 74, 81.
25. American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book: Petroleum Industry Statistics, Vol. XIII, No. 3 (Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute, 1993), Section II, Tables 1, 1a.
26. Vance Packard, The Waste Makers (New York: David McKay, 1960), p. 200.
27. American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book: Petroleum Industry Statistics, Vol. XIII, No. 3, Section II, Table 1.
28. Ralph Nader, “The Safe Car You Can’t Buy,” The Nation 1865–1990: Selections from the Independent Magazine of Politics and Culture, edited by Katrina vanden Heuvel (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1990), p. 238.
29. Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1965), p. 36.
30. Ibid., p. 26.
31. Ibid., p. 67.
32. Ibid., p. 5.
33. Ibid., p. 60.
34. Ibid., p. xi.
35. Ibid., pp. 65–66, 73.
36. Ibid., p. 40.
37. Ibid., p. 70.
38. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1975), Part 2, pp. 719–720.
39. Nader himself refers to such policies as “saving an estimated 11,000 lives a year on the highways in 1981.” Ralph Nader and Mark Green, “Passing on the Legacy of Shame,” The Nation, April 2, 1990, p. 445.
40. Ibid., p. 718.
41. See Congressional Record: Senate, March 27, 1973, pp. 9748–9774.
42. Ralph de Toledano, Hit and Run: The Rise—and Fall?—of Ralph Nader (New Rochelle, N. Y.: Arlington House Publishers, 1975), p. 43.
43. Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed, Chapter 2.
44. Quoted in Ralph de Toledano, Hit and Run, p. 44.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., p. 45.
47. Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed, p. ix.
48. Ibid., p. viii.
49. Ralph Nader, “The Safe Car You Can’t Buy,” p. 238.
50. Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed, p. 25.
51. Ibid., p. 317.
52. Ibid., p. 42.
53. Charles McCarry, Citizen Nader (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972), p. 13.
54. Rich Thomas, “Safe at This Speed?” Newsweek, August 22, 1994, p. 40.
55. It is not sufficient for the anointed to be able to set social goals. They must also be able to prescribe how those goals are to be met. Reducing air pollution, for example, can be accomplished in a number of ways, including allowing polluters to reduce pollution by prescribed amounts but in whatever ways they find most effective. Yet the anointed seldom find such policies acceptable, whatever their demonstrated efficacy, and prefer to micro-manage the process itself. One program, for example, allows companies to buy up old cars—a major source of air pollution—and destroy them, crediting the amount of pollution they reduce against the amount of pollution they are required to reduce from their own operations. Since it is often cheaper to do this than to make a corresponding reduction by installing cleaning devices on smokestacks, one oil company bought up thousands of old cars and destroyed them. Yet a Sierra Club spokesman opposed this program. It allowed no role for the anointed. See Sharon Begley and Mary Hagee, “Cold Cash for Old Clunkers,” Newsweek, April 6, 1992, p. 61.
56. Quoted in Werner Meyer, “Snake Oil Salesmen,” Policy Review, Summer 1986, pp. 74–76, passim.
57. “Can a Conservative Conserve Oil?” New York Times, November 14, 1980, p. A31.
58. Quoted in Werner Meyer, “Snake Oil Salesmen,” p. 75.
59. Tom Wicker, “A Mere Beginning,” New York Times, May 29, 1979, p. A23.
60. Ibid.
61. Werner Meyer, “Snake Oil Salesmen,” p. 74.
62. American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book, Vol. XIII, No. 3 (September 1993), Section VI, Table 3 (Washington, D.C.: American Petroleum Institute, 1993).
63. “Resolving the Energy Problem: Interview with James R. Schlesinger, Secretary of Energy,” U.S. News and World Report, July 10, 1978, p. 26; Dale Bumpers, “Ration Gasoline Now? Yes,” U.S. News and World Report, July 9, 1979, p. 19; “What’s Ahead for You at the Gas Pump: Interview with Charles W. Duncan, Jr., Secretary of Energy,” U.S. News and World Report, February 25, 1980, p. 75.
64. American Petroleum Institute, Basic Petroleum Data Book, Vol. XIII, No. 3 (September 1993), Section IV, Table 1.
65. “Gas Is Cheap, But Taxes Are Rising,” Consumer Research, August 1994, pp. 28–29.
66. “Transcript of Kennedy’s Speech at Georgetown University on Campaign Issues,” New York Times, January 29, 1980, p. A12.
67. Donella H. Meadows, et al., The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind (New York: Universe Books, 1973), p. 124.
68. Ibid., p. 126.
69. Ibid., p. 44.
70. Ibid., p. 153.
71. Ibid., p. 162.
72. Ibid., pp. 181–182.
73. Ibid., pp. 196–197.
74. Ibid., p. 194.
75. Ibid., p. 195.
76. Ibid., p. 183.
77. Quoted in Edith Efron, The Apocalyptics: Cancer and the Big Lie (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984).
78. Quoted in Robert L. Bartley, The Seven Fat Years: And How to Do It Again (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 175.
79. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 468 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992), p. vi.
80. Ibid., p. xii.
81. See ibid., p. 27.
82. Ibid., p. 37.
83. Henry A. Walker, “Black-White Differences in Marriage and Family Patterns,” Feminism, Children and New Families, edited by Sanford M. Dornbusch and Myra H. Strober (New York: Guilford Press, 1988), p. 91.
84. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, Ethnic America: A History (New York: Basic Books, 1981), p. 198.
85. Ibid., p. 92.
86. Ibid., pp. 97–99.
87. Ibid., p. 98.
88. “Starved of tax revenues and confronted with a growing budget deficit,” was Robert Reich’s characterization of the federal government during the Reagan administration. Robert B. Reich, “Clintonomics 101,” New Republic, August 31, 1992, p. 26.
89. See Budget of the United States Government: Historical Tables (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1994), p. 14.
90. Quoted in Robert L. Bartley, The Seven Fat Years, p. 173.
91. Christopher Jencks, The Homeless (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), pp. 96–98.
92. Quoted, with the last eight words italicized, in Gore Vidal, United States: Essays 1952–1992 (New York: Random House, 1992), p. 1003.
93. Haynes Johnson, Sleepwalking Through History (New York: Anchor Books, 1992), p. 447.
94. Meg Greenfield, “Misplaying Gingrich,” Newsweek, December 19, 1994, p. 78.
95. James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein, Crime and Human Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985), pp. 430–433.
96. Ibid., p. 433.
97. Ibid., p. 428.
98. Ibid., pp. 426–428.
99. Some of the complexities of the death penalty debate are discussed in Thomas Sowell, Knowledge and Decisions (New York: Basic Books, 1980), pp. 283–288.
100. Anthony Lewis, “Life and Death,” New York Times, April 23, 1992, p. A19.
101. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 112 S. Ct. 2791 (1992) at 2844.
102. Ibid.
103. For an example of this kind of reasoning, see Jay Parini, “Academic Conservatives Who Decry ‘Politicization’ Show Staggering Naivete About Their Own Biases,” Chronicle of Higher Education, December 7, 1988, p. B1.
104. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 202.
105. Alexander M. Bickel, The Least Dangerous Branch (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1962), p. 36.
106. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (New York: Everyman’s Library, 1967), pp. 19–20.
107. Tom Wicker, “What Are the Real Issues?” Current, June 1969, p. 5.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid., p. 6.
110. Ibid.
111. Frank Clifford and David Ferrell, “Los Angeles Strongly Condemns King Verdicts, Riots,” Los Angeles Times, May 4, 1992, p. A4.
112. Ramsey Clark, Crime in America: Observations on Its Nature, Causes, Prevention and Control (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), pp. 37–38.
113. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1966), p. 27.
114. Anna Quindlen, Thinking Out Loud: On the Personal, the Political, the Public and the Private (New York: Random House, 1993), p. 252.
115. Ibid., p. 5.
116. “Text of Address by Clinton Accepting the Democratic Nomination,” New York Times, July 17, 1992, p. A13.
117. Tom Wicker, “The Right to Income,” New York Times, December 24, 1967, Section 4, p. E9.
118. See, for example, Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously, p. xi.
CHAPTER 5: THE ANOINTED VERSUS THE BENIGHTED
1. Bertrand Russell, Sceptical Essays (New York: Norton, 1928), p. 28.
2. David L. Bazelon, Questioning Authority: Justice and Criminal Law (New York: Knopf, 1988), pp. 196–197.
3. Ibid., p. 295.
4. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976), p. 170.
5. B. Bruce-Briggs, The War Against the Automobile (New York: E. P. Hutton, 1977), p. 125.
6. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), Vol. I, p. 276.
7. Ramsey Clark, Crime in America: Observations on Its Nature, Causes, Prevention and Control (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), p. 220.
8. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1946), Vol. II, pp. 144–145.
9. Neville Chamberlain, In Search of Peace (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1939), pp. 14, 34, 50, 52, 74, 97, 105, 106, 133, 210, 234, 252.
10. Ibid., pp. 34, 40, 120, 209, 210, 216, 230, 240, 242, 250, 271.
11. Ibid., p. 44.
12. Ibid., p. 37.
13. Ibid., p. 27.
14. Ibid., p. 163.
15. Ibid., p. 204.
16. Tom Wicker, “Plenty of Credit,” New York Times, December 5, 1989, p. A35.
17. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: New American Library, 1961), p. 46.
18. “Excerpts from Lyndon B. Johnson’s Address to the Nation on Civil Disorders, July 27, 1967,” Report of the National Advisory Committee on Civil Disorders, March 1, 1968, p. 297; “Transcript of Johnson’s TV Address on the Riots,” New York Times, July 28, 1968, p. A11.
19. “More Babies Are Dying,” New York Times, August 9, 1990, p. A22.
20. Sidney E. Zion, “Attack on Court Heard by Warren,” New York Times, September 10, 1965, pp. 1ff.
21. Karl Menninger, Man and Society in an Age of Reconstruction (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1940), pp. 199–200.
22. Ibid., p. 201.
23. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1946), p. 123.
24. Edmund Burke, The Correspondence of Edmund Burke, edited by Albert Cobban and Robert A. Smith (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), Vol. VI, p. 392.
25. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, 1976), p. 380.
26. Will and Ariel Durant, The Lessons of History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968), p. 35.
27. Letter to Harold J. Laski, August 12, 1916, Holmes-Laski Letters: The Correspondence of Mr. Justice Holmes and Harold J. Laski, 1916–1935, edited by Mark DeWolfe Howe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1953), Vol. I, p. 12.
28. Oliver Wendell Holmes, “Speech at a Dinner Given to Chief Justice Holmes by the Bar Association of Boston on March 7, 1900,” Oliver Wendell Holmes, Collected Legal Papers (New York: Peter Smith, 1952), p. 247. Holmes was chief justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court at the time.
29. Mark DeWolfe Howe, ed., Holmes-Laski Letters, Vol. I, p. 42.
30. Ibid., p. 49.
31. Jean-François Revel, The Flight from Truth: The Reign of Deceit in the Age of Information (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 142.
32. John Stuart Mill, “Utilitarianism,” Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Vol. X: Essays on Ethics, Religion and Society (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), p. 215.
33. However, Mill’s inconsistencies often had him contradicting his assertions with his provisos. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, A Conflict of Visions (New York: Morrow, 1987), pp. 111–112. For similar inconsistencies in Mill’s discussions of technical economic issues, see Thomas Sowell, Say’s Law: An Historical Analysis (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972), Chapter 5.
34. John Stuart Mill, “Civilization,” Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Vol. XVIII: Essays on Politics and Society (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), p. 139.
35. John Stuart Mill, “De Tocqueville on Democracy in America [I],” ibid., p. 86.
36. John Stuart Mill, “Civilization,” ibid., p. 128.
37. John Stuart Mill, “On Liberty,” ibid., p. 269.
38. John Stuart Mill, “Civilization,” ibid., p. 121.
39. John Stuart Mill, “De Tocqueville on Democracy in America,” ibid., p. 86.
40. John Stuart Mill, “On Liberty,” ibid., p. 222.
41. Letters to Alexander Bain, August 6, 1859, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, Vol. XV: The Later Letters of John Stuart Mill, 1849–1873, edited by Francis E. Mineka and Dwight N. Lindsey (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972), p. 631.
42. John Stuart Mill, “On Liberty,” ibid., Vol. XVIII, p. 262.
43. Ibid., p. 263.
44. Ibid., p. 269.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid., pp. 228, 240.
47. Ibid., p. 219.
48. Ibid., p. 272.
49. Ibid., p. 270.
50. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 239.
51. See, for example, R. Bruce-Briggs, The War Against the Automobile (New York: E. P. Hutton, 1977), pp. 2–5, 24–29.
52. Alexander Hamilton, Selected Speeches and Writings of Alexander Hamilton, edited by Morton J. Frisch (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1985), p. 210.
53. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., The Common Law (Boston: Little, Brown, 1976), p. 2.
54. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1967), p. 93.
55. Ibid., p. 83.
56. Will and Ariel Durant, The Lessons of History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1968), p. 101.
57. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1967), p. 84.
58. Keith Michael Baker, editor, Condorcet: Selected Writings (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1976), pp. 87, 157.
59. Quoted in Michael Stern, “Menninger Discounts Criminality in Nation,” New York Times, December 30, 1968, p. 49.
60. Tom Wicker, “America, 1964,” The Johnson Years: The Difference He Made (Austin: Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 1993), p. 10; Anna Quindlen, “Without Windows,” New York Times, December 16, 1992, p. A17.
61. U.S. News and World Report, March 28, 1994, cover.
62. William L. Shirer, “The Hubris of a President,” The Nation, 1865–1990: Selections from the Independent Magazine of Politics and Culture, edited by Katrina vanden Heuvel (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 1990), pp. 282, 284.
63. Vance Packard, The Waste Makers (New York: David McKay, 1960), p. 6.
64. “Transcript of President’s Address to Country on Energy Problems,” New York Times, July 16, 1979, p. A10.
65. “Address by Hillary Clinton,” Tikkun, May–June 1993, p. 8.
66. “Transcript of President’s Address to Country on Energy Problems,” New York Times, July 16, 1979, p. A10.
67. Anna Quindlen, Thinking Out Loud: On the Personal, the Political, the Public, and the Private (New York: Random House, 1993), p. 252.
68. “Snoopy at the Smithsonian,” Wall Street Journal, October 25, 1994, p. A18.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid.
71. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract (New York: Penguin Books, 1968), p. 89.
72. Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1955), p. 114.
73. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. I, p. 446.
74. Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism (New York: Brentano’s Publishers, 1928) p. 456.
75. Edmund Wilson, Letters on Literature and Politics: 1912–1972, edited by Elena Wilson (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1977), p. 36.
76. Ibid., pp. 217, 220. Decades later, upon seeing the poverty of Italy at the end of World War II, Wilson said, “that isn’t the way white people ought to live.” Ibid., p. 423.
77. William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, Vol. II, p. 122.
78. F. A. Hayek, Studies in Philosophy, Politics and Economics (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1969), pp. 96–105; F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. I (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973), pp. 35–54.
79. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), pp. 128, 249–250, 460, 537.
80. Ibid., p. 423.
81. Richard A. Lester, “Shortcomings of Marginal Analysis for Wage-Employment Problems,” American Economic Review, March 1946, pp. 63–82.
82. George J. Stigler, “Professor Lester and the Marginalists,” American Economic Review, March 1947, p. 157.
83. Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1970), p. 35.
84. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, p. 16.
85. “… differences among individual men are probably smaller than those of some domesticated animals (especially dogs).” F. A. Hayek, The Collected Works of F. A. Hayek, Vol. I: The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, edited by W. W. Bartley III (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 79.
86. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Collected Legal Papers (New York: Peter Smith, 1952), p. 194.
87. F. A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), p. 30.
88. See examples in Thomas Sowell, Preferential Policies: An International Perspective (New York: Morrow, 1993), pp. 22–24, 28–30, 32–35, 36, 51, 59, 64, 115, 142; Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 662; Walter E. Williams, South Africa’s War Against Capitalism (New York: Praeger, 1989), pp. 83–87.
89. See, for example, Walter E. Williams, South Africa’s War Against Capitalism (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1989), pp. 81–82, 104–105, 112–113; Merle Lipton, Capitalism and Apartheid: South Africa, 1910–1984 (Totowa, N. J.: Rowman and Allanheld, 1985), pp. 152, 153, 187, 208; Brian Lapping, Apartheid: A History (New York: George Braziller, 1986), pp. 164–165. Racial discrimination laws which existed before full-scale apartheid were likewise evaded. See W. H. Hutt, The Economics of the Colour Bar: A Study of the Economic Origins and Consequences of Racial Segregation in South Africa (London: Andre Deutsch, Ltd., 1964), pp. 83–84.
90. Walter E. Williams, South Africa’s War Against Capitalism, pp. 112–113.
91. Professor Thomas Ferguson of the University of Massachusetts in Boston, quoted in The Johnson Years: The Difference He Made, edited by Robert L. Hardee (Austin, Tex.: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, 1993), p. 117.
92. Neil Pedlar, The Imported Pioneers: Westerners Who Helped Build Modern Japan (New York: St. Martin’s, 1990), pp. 22–23.
93. Herbert Stein, Presidential Politics: The Making of Economic Policy from Roosevelt to Reagan and Beyond (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1988), p. 90.
94. “An Impact Analysis of Requiring Child Safety Seats in Air Transportation,” Child Restraint Systems on Aircraft, Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Aviation of the Committee on Public Works and Transportation, House of Representatives, July 12, 1990, p. 215.
CHAPTER 6: CRUSADES OF THE ANOINTED
1. John Corry, My Times: Adventures in the News Trade (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1993), p. 131.
2. Elizabeth M. Whelan, Toxic Terror (Ottawa, III.: Jameson Books, 1985), p. 69.
3. Ibid., p. 76.
4. Peter W. Huber, Liability: The Legal Revolution and Its Consequences (New York: Basic Books, 1990), p. 104.
5. Quoted in Scott Minerbrook, “The Politics of Cartography,” U.S. News and World Report, April 15, 1991, p. 60.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Quoted in John Dart, “‘New’ World Map Gets Church Council Support,” Los Angeles Times, December 10, 1991, Section 1B, p. 11.
9. See, for example, The Eyewitness Atlas of the World (London: Dorling Kindersley, Ltd., 1994), p. 19.
10. Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers, fourth edition (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1988), pp. 115, 116, 117, 120, 123.
11. Mary Munter, “Avoiding Sexism on the Job: A Test for Bias-Free Writing and Speaking,” Without Bias: A Guidebook for Nondiscrimination, second edition (New York: Wiley, 1982), p. 88.
12. Senator Paul Simon said to Judge Souter: “What am I looking for? The two essentials I mentioned to you in your visit to my office: I want a champion of basic civil liberties, because the Supreme Court must be the bastion of liberty; and I want someone who will champion the cause of the less fortunate, the role assigned to the Court in our system.” Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, 101st Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1991), p. 39.
13. William O. Douglas, The Court Years, 1939–1975: The Autobiography of William O. Douglas (New York: Random House, 1980), p. 160.
14. Linda Greenhouse, “A Capacity to Change as Well as to Challenge,” New York Times, February 27, 1994, p. E4.
15. Harold Hongju Koh, “Justice Done,” New York Times, April 8, 1994, p. A13.
16. Richard F. Kreimer v. Bureau of Police for the Town of Morristown, 958 F. 2d 1242 (3rd Cir. 1992) at 1247.
17. David Ellis, “Star of His Own Sad Comedy,” Time, March 9, 1992, p. 62.
18. Richard F. Kreimer v. Bureau of Police for the Town of Morristown, U. S. District Court 765 F. Supp. 181, at 183, 184.
19. David Ellis, “Star of His Own Sad Comedy,” p. 63.
20. Richard F. Kreimer vs. Bureau of Police for the Town of Morristown, 765 F. Supp. 181 at 187.
21. Ibid., at 186.
22. Ibid., at 189.
23. Ibid., at 193.
24. Ibid., at 196.
25. Ibid., at 197.
26. Kreimer v. Bureau of Police for Town of Morristown, 865 F. Supp. 181 (D. N.J. 1991) at 183.
27. David Ellis, “Star of His Own Sad Comedy,” p. 62.
28. Ibid., p. 63.
29. Jean-François Revel, The Flight from Truth: The Reign of Deceit in the Age of Information (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 262.
30. Richard W. White, Jr., Rude Awakenings: What the Homeless Crisis Tells Us (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992), p. 13.
31. Ibid., p. 9.
32. Ibid., pp. 30–35.
33. Thomas Szasz, The Myth of Mental Illness: Foundations of a Theory of Personal Conduct (New York: Hoeber-Harper, 1961).
34. See, for example, Antoine-Nicolas de Condorcet, Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind (Westport, Conn.: Hyperion Press, 1955), p. 193; William Godwin, Enquiry Concerning Political Justice and Its Influence on Morals and Happiness (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969), Vol. II, pp. 323–324, 353–354, 462.
35. Joseph D. McNamara, “When in Trouble, Don’t Call the Feds,” Wall Street Journal, August 24, 1994, p. A10.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Fred Graham, Happy Talk: Confessions of a TV Newsman (New York: Norton, 1990), p. 134.
39. David L. Bazelon, Questioning Authority: Justice and Criminal Law (New York: Knopf, 1987), p. 44.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., p. 46.
42. Ibid., p. 67.
43. Phillip Hager, “U.S. Plans No Prosecution of Dan White,” Los Angeles Times, November 22, 1983, p. 1.
44. Leon Dash, “Stealing Became a Way of Life for Rosa Lee,” Washington Post, September 19, 1994, p. A8.
45. “Rosa Lee’s Story,” Washington Post, September 18, 1994, p. A1.
46. David L. Bazelon, Questioning Authority, p. 129.
47. Ibid., p. 14.
48. Ibid., p. 17.
49. Ibid., pp. 94–95.
50. “No judgment shall be set aside, or new trial granted, in any cause, on the ground of misdirection of the jury, or of the improper admission or rejection of evidence, or for any error as to any matter of pleading, or for any error as to any matter of procedure, unless, after an examination of the entire cause, including the evidence, the court shall be of the opinion that the of the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.” Constitution of the State of California, Section 13, adopted November 6, 1966.
51. People v. Hamilton, 46 Cal. 3d, 123.
52. People v. Frierson, 39 Cal. 3d, 803.
53. Tom Wicker, “A Naked Power Grab,” New York Times, September 14, 1986, p. E25.
54. Tom Wicker, “Bradley and Bird,” New York Times, January 17, 1986, p. A31.
55. Tom Wicker, “Bird and Rehnquist,” New York Times, September 12, 1986, p. 27.
56. “Support for the Justices,” Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1986, Section II, p. 6.
57. “Systemic Failure, and Support,” New York Times, November 8, 1986, p. 30.
58. Anthony Lewis, “Chief Justice Bird: Calm at the Center,” New York Times, October 23, 1986, p. A27.
59. “Rose Bird Results,” San Francisco Examiner, November 5, 1986, p. A11.
60. “The ‘Onion Field’ Parole: Rose Bird’s Parting Shot,” Newsweek, January 12, 1987, p. 26.
61. School Board of Nassau County, Florida, et al. v. Arline, 480 U.S. 273, at 282.
62. Ibid., at 279.
63. Ibid., at 284.
64. Ibid., at 285.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., at 287.
67. Ibid., at 289.
68. Ibid., at 28, footnote 7.
69. Alan Sandres, “Fighting AIDS Discrimination,” Time, September 5, 1988, p. 38.
70. Ronald Sullivan, “Ex-Inmate Wins Award in Bias Case,” New York Times, August 6, 1992, p. B4.
71. Lynda Richardson, “Westchester Medical Faces Loss of Federal Funds,” New York Times, October 1, 1992, p. B8.
72. Michael Wineship, “Groups Setting Up Own Blood Banks,” New York Times, June 26, 1985, p. A26.
73. Michael Chapman, “How Safe Is the Blood Supply?” Consumer’s Research, April 1994, p. 13.
74. Randy Shilts, “Rise in AIDS from Transfusions,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 30, 1984, p. 4.
75. Geoffrey Cowley and Mary Hager, “How Safe Is the Blood Supply?” Newsweek, June 3, 1991, p. 58.
76. Michael Chapman, “How Safe Is the Blood Supply?” p. 10.
77. Howard Kurtz, “Heckler Discounts AIDS Disease Fear,” Washington Post, June 15, 1983, p. A1.
78. Richard J. Newman et al., “Bad Blood,” U.S. News and World Report, June 27, 1994, p. 69.
79. Mark Z. Barabak, “4 S.F. General Nurses Lose in Dispute over AIDS Masks,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 10, 1985, p. 6.
80. Michael Specter, “CDC Report on AIDS Played Down,” Washington Post, May 24, 1987, p. A11.
81. “AIDS Virus Infects 2 Workers,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 27, 1985, p. 4.
82. “Doctors and AIDS,” Newsweek, July 1, 1991, pp. 54–57.
83. Ibid., p. 48.
84. “The AIDS Secret Worth Keeping,” New York Times, November 15, 1987, p. E26.
85. Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin’s, 1987), p. 147.
86. Ibid., pp. 138, 196–197, 200, 208, 247, 251.
87. Ibid., p. 165. See also pp. 198, 200.
88. See, for example, “AIDS Virus Carrier Charged,” New York Times, August 9, 1987, p. A24; “Deadly Weapon in AIDS Verdict Is Inmate’s Teeth,” New York Times, June 25, 1987, p. A18; “AIDS Virus Carrier Indicated,” New York Times, April 12, 1987, p. 29; Kirk Johnson, “Woman Charged With Biting Officer,” New York Times, June 10, 1987, p. A29; “Louisianian Convicted of Transmitting H.I.V.,” New York Times, November 10, 1992, p. A19; “High Court to Hear AIDS Assault Case,” Los Angeles Times, September 24, 1991.
89. “Paroling Prisoners with AIDS,” New York Times, March 11, 1987, p. A30.
90. Price v. Workman’s Compensation Appeals Board, 37 Cal.3d, 559.
91. Ruth L. Hammond v. International Harvester, 691 F.2d, 646 (1982) at 652.
92. Ferebee v. Chevron Chemical Co., 736 F2d. 1529 at 1534.
93. Ibid., at 1542.
94. Ibid., at 1543.
95. Ibid., at 1539.
96. Peter W. Huber, Liability: The Legal Revolution and Its Consequences (New York: Basic Books, 1990), p. 76.
97. Ibid., pp. 56, 57, 59.
98. Ibid., pp. 81–82.
99. Ibid., p. 103.
100. Ibid., p. 110.
101. Ibid., p. 55.
102. “Asides,” Wall Street Journal, August 27, 1994, p. A10.
103. Peter W. Huber, Liability, p. 111.
104. Ibid., p. 74.
105. Ibid., pp. 129–130.
106. Robert L. Maginnis, “The Myths of Domestic Violence,” Family Research Council, p. 2U.
107. Christina Hoff Sommers, Who Stole Feminism: How Women Have Betrayed Women (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), pp. 199–200.
108. U.S. Department of Justice, Criminal Victimization in the United States: 1973–1990 Trends: A National Crime Victimization Survey Report, December 1992, NCJ-139564 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1992), pp. 40, 41.
109. Marilyn Gardner, “Sexual Harassment Is Never Acceptable,” Christian Science Monitor, October 12, 1990, p. 13.
110. Multiplying 60 seconds in a minute by 60 minutes in an hour by 24 hours in a day and 365 days in a year, we get 60 x 60 x 24 x 365 = 31,536,000 seconds in a year. Divide that by the 5,000,000 women mentioned and the result is one every 6.3 seconds.
111. See Christina Hoff Sommers, Who Stole Feminism?, pp. 192–194.
112. Ibid., pp. 194–198.
113. Robert L. Maginnis, “The Myths of Domestic Violence,” p. 4
114. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Collected Works (New York: International Publishers), Vol. VI, p. 354.
115. See, for example, Hillary Rodham, “Children Under the Law,” Harvard Education Review, Vol. 43, No. 4 (November 1973), pp. 487–514; “11-Year-Old Seeks Right to ‘Divorce’ Parents,” New York Times, July 8, 1992, p. A10.
116. Emily Flynn, “Child Abuse: The Facts,” NZ Listener (New Zealand), August 13, 1988, p. 17.
117. Stephen R. Redmond, M.D., and Michael E. Pichichero, M.D., “Hemophilus Influenzae Type b Disease: An Epidemiologic Study with Special Reference to Day Care Centers,” Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 252, No. 18 (November 9, 1984), pp. 2581–2584.
118. Karl Zinsmeister, “Brave New World: How Day-Care Harms Children,” Policy Review, Spring 1988, pp. 43–44.
119. Ibid., pp. 42–43.
120. Elena Neuman, “Child Welfare or Family Trauma?” Insight, May 8, 1994, p. 6.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid., p. 10.
123. Ibid., p. 12.
124. County of Allegheny, et al., v. American Civil Liberties Union, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, et al., 492 U.S. 573 at 610.
125. Ibid.
126. Ibid., p. 611.
127. Ibid., p. 615.
128. Ibid., p. 615n.
129. Ibid., p. 615.
130. Ibid., p. 617.
131. Ibid., p. 620.
132. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, Inside American Education (New York: Free Press, 1992), Chapter 3.
133. Mozert v. Hawkins County Public Schools, 647 F. Supp. 1194 (E.D. Tenn., 1986), at 1195.
134. Stephen Bates, Battleground: One Mother’s Crusade, the Religious Right, and the Struggle for Control of Our Classrooms (New York: Poseidon Press, 1993), p. 277.
135. Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Louis Grumet et al. in Daily Appellate Report (Supplement to the Los Angeles Daily Journal), p. 8926.
136. Ibid., p. 8927.
137. Ibid.
138. Ibid., p. 8921.
139. Ibid., p. 8922.
140. Ibid., p. 8939.
141. Ibid., p. 8926.
142. Ibid., p. 8925.
143. Ibid., p. 8934.
144. Ibid., p. 8924.
CHAPTER 7: THE VOCABULARY OF THE ANOINTED
1. James Fitzjames Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1993), pp. 121–122.
2. Vance Packard, The Waste Makers (New York: David McKay, 1960), p. 290.
3. Bob Herbert, “A Season of Service,” New York Times, August 31, 1994, p. A13.
4. Richard D. McKenzie, “Decade of Greed? Far from It,” Wall Street Journal, July 24, 1991, p. A10; Robert L. Bartley, The Seven Fat Years: And How to Do It Again (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 5.
5. Jean Evangelauf, “Average Faculty Salary Reaches $41,650, up 6.1% in a Year, AAUP Survey Finds,” Chronicle of Higher Education, April 18, 1990, p. A13.
6. Gary Putka, “Do Colleges Collude on Financial Aid?” Wall Street Journal, May 2, 1989, p. B1; Gary Putka, “Colleges Cancel Meetings Under Scrutiny,” Wall Street Journal, March 12, 1991, p. B1.
7. “The Economic Role of Women,” The Economic Report of the President, 1973 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973), p. 103.
8. Marcia I. LaGanga, “A Deck Stacked Against the Young,” Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1994, p. A1.
9. David L. Bazelon, Questioning Authority: Justice and Criminal Law (New York: Knopf, 1987), p. 100.
10. Fred P. Graham, “Warren Says All Share Crime Onus,” New York Times, August 2, 1968, p. 1.
11. Ramsey Clark, Crime in America: Observations on Its Nature, Causes, Prevention and Control (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), pp. 319–320.
12. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966), at 472.
13. Barbara J. Jordan and Elspeth D. Rostow, The Great Society: A Twenty-Year Critique (Austin, Tex.: Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, 1986), p. 71.
14. F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II: The Mirage of Social Justice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 64.
15. Ibid., p. 33.
16. Anna Quindlen, “No Bright Lines,” New York Times, July 6, 1991, p. A21.
17. James Fitzjames Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1993), p. 212.
18. David L. Bazelon, Questioning Authority, p. 23.
19. Employee Benefit Research Institute, Special Report and Issue Brief Number 133 (January 1993), p. 25.
20. Stanley Fish, “Reverse Racism or How the Pot Got to Call the Kettle Black,” Atlantic Monthly, November 1993, p. 130.
21. Derek Bok, Beyond the Ivory Tower (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982), p. 103.
22. Stanley Fish, “Reverse Racism,” p. 132.
23. During his career, Ted Williams hit home runs in 6.8 percent of his official times at bat—that is, not counting the times when he was walked—while the corresponding percentages were 5.4 percent for Roger Maris and 6.1 percent for Hank Aaron. The Baseball Encyclopedia (New York: Macmillan, 1990), pp. 617, 1180, 1601.
24. Ted Williams was walked 2,019 times during his career, compared to 1.402 times for Hank Aaron and 652 times for Roger Maris. Ibid.
25. J. M. Keynes, “Some Economic Consequences of a Declining Population,” Eugenics Review, April 1937, p. 14.
26. “Excerpts from President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Address to the Nation on Civil Disorders, July 27, 1967,” Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, March 1, 1968, p. 297; “Transcript of Johnson’s TV Address on the Riots,” New York Times, July 28, 1967, p. A11.
27. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937), pp. 3–21.
28. Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (New York: Everyman’s Library, 1967), p. 42.
29. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Collected Legal Papers (New York: Peter Smith, 1952), pp. 47–48.
30. William J. Brennan, “Foreword,” David L. Bazelon, Questioning Authority, p. xii.
31. John Dewey, “Traditional vs. Progressive Education,” Intelligence in the Modern World: John Dewey’s Philosophy, edited by Joseph Ratner (New York: Modern Library, 1939), p. 660.
32. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Collected Legal Papers, pp. 187, 301.
33. Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 144.
34. William O. Douglas, The Court Years: 1939–1975 (New York: Random House, 1980), p. 174.
35. F. A. Hayek, “Why I Am Not a Conservative,” The Essence of Hayek, edited by Chiaki Nishiyama and Kurt R. Leube (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1984), pp. 281–298.
36. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962), pp. 5–6.
37. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. xi.
38. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1976), p. 4.
39. Ibid., p. 43.
40. Ibid., p. 250.
41. Ibid., p. 301.
42. Ibid., p. 302.
43. Ronald Dworkin, “Will Clinton’s Plan Be Fair?” New York Review of Books, January 13, 1994, p. 22.
44. See, for example, a review of Race and Culture in the Wilson Quarterly, October 4, 1994, p. 196.
45. Durham v. United States 214 F.2d. 862 at 871.
46. Ibid., p. 45.
47. Ibid., p. 46.
48. William J. Brennan, Jr., “Foreword,” ibid., p. xi.
49. Ibid., p. xii.
50. Ibid., p. xxi.
51. David L. Bazelon, Questioning Authority: Justice and Criminal Law (New York: Knopf, 1987), p. 50.
52. Randy Shilts, And the Band Played On: Politics, People, and the AIDS Epidemic (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987).
53. Paul Johnson, Enemies of Society (New York: Atheneum, 1977), p. 246.
54. Phil Gailey, “Jackson Condemns ‘Economic Violence’ as He Opens Headquarters in Iowa,” New York Times, March 20, 1987, p. A14; Gerald F. Seib, “Jesse Jackson Enters Presidential Race Vowing an End to ‘Economic Violence,” ’ Wall Street Journal, October 12, 1987, p. A44.
55. Quoted in David Sanford, Me and Ralph: Is Nader Unsafe for America? (Washington, D.C.: New Republic Book Co., 1976). p. 125.
56. Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities: Children in America’s Schools (New York: HarperCollins, 1991).
57. Kenneth B. Clark, “In Cities, Who Is the Real Mugger?” New York Times, January 14, 1985, p. 17.
58. Herbert Marcuse, New York Times Magazine, October 27, 1968. See also Paul Johnson, Enemies of Society, pp. 237, 245.
59. Hodding Carter III, ‘ “Disarmament’ Spells Defeat in War on Poverty,” Wall Street Journal, August 11, 1983, p. 21.
60. Tom Wicker, “L.B.J.’s Great Society,” New York Times, May 7, 1990, p. A15.
61. Philip Taylor, The Distant Magnet: European Emigration to the U.S.A. (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), pp. 86–88.
62. Compare U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P-60, No. 167 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1990), pp. 9, 168.
63. See Thomas Sowell, Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality? (New York: Morrow, 1984), p. 49; Daniel P. Moynihan, “Employment, Income, and the Ordeal of the Negro Family,” Daedalus, Fall 1965, p. 752.
CHAPTER 8: COURTING DISASTER
1. Bertrand de Jouvenel, On Power: The Natural History of Its Growth (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1993), p. 351.
2. Quoted in Friedrich A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. II: The Mirage of Social Justice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), p. 86.
3. John Bartlett, Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), p. 802.
4. David L. Bazelon, Questioning Authority: Justice and Criminal Law (New York: Knopf, 1988), pp. 152–153.
5. Ibid., p. 153.
6. Ibid., p. 151.
7. Noam Chomsky, “Equality,” The Noam Chomsky Reader, edited by James Peck (New York: Pantheon, 1987), p. 185.
8. See, for example, Richard Epstein, Takings: Private Property and the Power of Eminent Domain (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985).
9. Justice Roy L. Herdon of the California Court of Appeal, quoted in Macklin Fleming, The Price of Perfect Justice: The Adverse Consequences of Current Legal Doctrine on the American Courtroom (New York: Basic Books, 1974), p. 17.
10. Judge J. Edward Lumbard quoted in ibid., p. 27.
11. Macklin Fleming, The Price of Perfect Justice: The Adverse Consequences of Current Legal Doctrine on the American Courtroom (New York: Basic Books, 1974).
12. Robert H. Bork, Tradition and Morality in Constitutional Law (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1984), p. 7.
13. Richard Posner, The Federal Courts: Crisis and Reform (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 221.
14. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Collected Legal Papers (New York: Peter Smith, 1952), p. 307.
15. Kuhn v. Fairmont Coal Co., 215 U.S. 349, at 372.
16. Untermeyer v. Anderson, 276 U.S. 440.
17. Ronald Dworkin, A Matter of Principle (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 40, 43, 44.
18. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Collected Legal Papers, p. 204.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., p. 205.
21. Robert H. Bork, The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law (New York: Free Press, 1990), p. 144.
22. William J. Brennan, “The Constitution of the United States: Contemporary Ratification,” speech at Georgetown University, October 12, 1985, p. 4.
23. Stephen Macedo, The New Right v. the Constitution (Washington, D.C.: Cato Institute, 1987), p. 10.
24. Jack Rakove, “Mr. Meese, Meet Mr. Madison,” Atlantic Monthly, December 1986, p. 81.
25. Anthony Lewis, “The March Toward Equality,” Atlantic Monthly, September 1964, p. 63.
26. Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 134.
27. William J. Brennan, “The Constitution of the United States: Contemporary Ratification,” p. 8.
28. Chief Justice Earl Warren, The Memoirs of Earl Warren (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1977), pp. 332–333.
29. The Supreme Court cases in question being, respectively Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973); Engel v. Vitale, 370 U.S. 421 (1962); Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1966); Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 347 U.S. 483 (1954); Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186 (1962); Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972).
30. United Steelworkers of America v. Brian F. Weber, 443 U.S. 193 (1979) at 207, note 7.
31. Ibid., at 222.
32. William J. Brennan, “The Constitution of the United States: Contemporary Ratification,” p. 4.
33. United Steelworkers of America v. Brian F. Weber, 443 U.S. 193 (1979) at 207, note 7.
34. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Legislative History of Titles VII and XI of Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, no date), pp. 1007–1008, 1014, 3005, 3006, 3013, 3160, and passim.
35. Tom Wicker, “Justice or Hypocrisy?” New York Times, August 15, 1991, p. A23.
36. Cheryl J. Hopwood, et al. vs. The State of Texas, U.S. District Court, Western District of Texas, Austin Division (No. A 92 CA 563 SS), 1994, pp. 2–3.
37. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 112 S. Ct, 2791 (1992).
38. Thompson v. Oklahoma, 487 U.S. 815 (1988).
39. Ibid., at 833.
40. Ibid., at 829.
41. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 112 S. Ct. 2791 (1992), at 2813.
42. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. v. Missouri, 342 U.S. 421 (1952), at 423.
43. Olsen v. Nebraska, 313 U.S. 246 (1941), at 247.
44. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc. v. Missouri, 342 U.S. 421 (1952), at 423.
45. Williamson v. Lee Optical Co., 348 U.S. 483 (1955), at 488.
46. Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 112 S. Ct. 2797 (1992), at 2805.
47. Ibid., at 2806.
48. Ibid., at 2859–2860.
49. Ibid., at 2860.
50. Ibid., at 2879.
51. Ibid., at 2874.
52. Ibid., at 2861.
53. “Supreme—But Also Court,” New York Times, June 30, 1991, p. E14.
54. “The Runaway Supreme Court,” New York Times, February 2, 1992, p. E16.
55. Tom Wicker, “This Radical Court,” New York Times, June 29, 1991, p. A23.
56. Linda Greenhouse, “The Conservative Majority Solidifies,” New York Times, June 30, 1991, p. E1.
57. Holder v. Hall (1994), 114 S. Ct. 2581, at 2592.
CHAPTER 9: OPTIONAL REALITY
1. Jean-François Revel, The Flight from Truth: The Reign of Deceit in the Age of Information (New York: Random House, 1991), p. 228.
2. Barbara Ehrenreich, “Sorry, Sisters, This Is Not the Revolution,” Time, Fall 1990, p. 15.
3. See, for example, Myron Magnet, The Dream and the Nightmare: The Sixties’ Legacy to the Underclass (New York: Morrow, 1993), p. 155; James Fitzjames Stephen, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, (Indianapolis; Liberty Ford, 1993), p. 169;
4. Charles E. Silberman, Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice (New York: Random House, 1978), p. 19.
5. John Bartlett, Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), p. 851.
6. Jean-François Revel, The Flight from Truth, p. 142.
7. Leonard Read, “I, Pencil,” The Freeman, December 1958, pp. 32–37.
8. See, for example, Thomas Sowell, Marxism: Philosophy and Economics (New York: Morrow, 1985), pp. 190–200.
9. Richard W. White, Jr., Rude Awakenings: What the Homeless Crisis Tells Us (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992), Chapter 1.
10. Paul H. Weaver, “Selling the Story,” New York Times, July 29, 1994, p. A13.