Revolution

16. Sir George Mackenzie, A Vindication of the Government of Scotland, During the Reign of Charles II (1691), p. 23.

17. Lond. Gaz, no. 2036 (21–25 May 1685); SR, VI (1819), I; Parl. Hist., IV, cols. 13 51–4; LJ, XIV, 21; C. D. Chandaman, ‘The Financial Settlement in the Parliament of 1685’, in Harry Hearder and H. R. Loyn, eds., British Government and Administration: Studies Presented to S. B. Chrimes (Cardiff, 1974), pp. 144–54; C. D. Chandaman, The English Public Revenue 1660–1688 (Oxford, 1975).

18. SR, VI, 20; Lois G. Schwoerer, ‘Liberty of the Press and Public Opinion: 1660–1695’, in J. R. Jones, ed., Liberty Secured? Britain Before and After 1688 (Stanford, 1992), p. 221.

20. Cited in F. C. Turner, James II (1948), pp. 270–1; Charles James Fox, A History of the Early Part of the Reign of James II (1808), Appendix, pp. xc, xciii; Morrice, P, 462; Evelyn, Diary, IV, 444.

22. Harris, Restoration, pp. 312, 351–2, 364–5; David Stevenson, ‘Campbell, Archibald, Ninth Earl of Argyll (1629–1685)’, Oxford DNB.

23. Tim Harris, ‘Scott [Crofts], James, Duke of Monmouth and First Duke of Buccleuch (1649–1685)’, Oxford DNB.

25. Peter Earle, Monmouth's Rebels (1977), pp. 97, 195; Richard L. Greaves, Secrets of the Kingdom: British Radicals from the Popish Plot to the Revolution of 1688–89 (Stanford, 1992), pp. 283, 292.

26. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 530; Greaves, Secrets, p. 278; Robin Clifton, The Last Popular Rebellion: The Western Uprising of 1685 (1984), p. 152.

28. Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., pp. 165, 176; HMC, Athole, pp. 16, 18, 19, 20; Greaves, Secrets, pp. 281–2.

29. Greaves, Secrets, p. 65; I. B. Cowan, The Scottish Covenanters 1660–88 (1976), p. 98.

31. RPCS, 1685–6, pp. 29–31; Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., pp. 165–7; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 364; Steele, III, nos. 2619, 2624.

33. The Declaration and Apology of the Protestant People… now in Arms within the Kingdom of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1685). This tract also contains The Declaration of Archibald Earl of Argyle.

34. EUL, Laing III, 350; [Shields], The Hind Let Loose, pp. 149–50; Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., p. 167; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 631; James King Hewison, The Covenanters (2 vols., Glasgow, 1908), II, 486.

35. [Thomas Morer], An Account of the Present Persecution of the Church in Scotland (1690), p. 8; [Alexander Monro], The History of Scotch-Presbytery (1692), p. 45.

38. Clifton, Last Popular Rebellion, pp. 193, 246; Robert Dunning, The Monmouth Rebellion (Stanbridge, Dorset, 1984), p. 39.

39. R. W. Hoyle, The Pilgrimage of Grace and the Politics of the 1530s (Oxford, 2001), p. 293.

41. This account is based on Morrice, P, 475; Clifton, Last Popular Rebellion, ch. 7; Dunning, Monmouth Rebellion, pp. 39–46; David G. Chandler, Sedgemoor, 1685 (1985).

42. Clifton, Last Popular Rebellion, ch. 9; Earle, Monmouth's Rebels, appendix.

44. J. G. Muddiman, ed., The Martyrology. The Bloody Assizes (Edinburgh, 1929), p. 46; Maurice Ashley, John Wildman, Plotter and Postmaster (1947), p. 257; HMC, 5th Report, p. 374; Henning, House of Commons, III, 598; Earle, Monmouth's Rebels, p. 14; Robin Clifton, ‘Trenchard, Sir John (1649–1695)’ and Richard L. Greaves, ‘Wildman, Sir John (1622/3–1693)’, both in Oxford DNB.

45. Depositions from the Castle of York, Surtees Society, 40 (1861), pp. 273–5.

46. Portsmouth Borough Records: Borough Sessions Papers, 1653–1688, ed. M. J. Hoad (Chichester, 1971), pp. 124, 130.

50. Melinda S. Zook, Radical Whigs and Conspiratorial Politics in Late Stuart England (University Park, Pa., 1999), pp. 130–7.

54. ‘Monmouth's Proclamation from Taunton on 20 June, 1685’, in J. N. P. Watson, Captain-General and Rebel Chief: The Life of James, Duke of Monmouth (1979), p. 278; Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., pp. 202–3.

57. WYAS, MX/R/41/23, John Thompson, Lord Mayor of York, 11 Jul. 1685. For similar celebrations at Ashby de la Zouch in Leicestershire, see Hunt. Lib., HA 7747, Gervase Jaquis to Huntingdon, 11 Jul. 1685.

58. Roger L'Estrange, The Observator in Dialogue (3 vols., 1684–7), III, no. 58 (13 July 1685).

60. A classic example is Thomas Long, The Unreasonableness of Rebellion (1685), preached at St Peter's, Exeter, 26 Jul. 1685.

61. Hunt. Lib., HA 7749, Jaquis to Huntingdon, 18 Jul. 1685; Hunt. Lib., HA 7752, same to same, 28 Jul. 1685.

63. RPCS, 1685–6, p. 327; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 540–5; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 652–3.

65. The Last Words of Coll. Richard Rumbold [1685], pp. 2–3; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 365; Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., p. 223; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 551–2. For Rumbold's trial, see ST, XI, cols. 873–88.

67. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 548–9; John Willcock, A Scots Earl in Covenanting Times: Being Life and Times of Archibald, 9th Earl of Argyll (1629–1685) (Edinburgh, 1907), pp. 424–5.

68. Unless otherwise stated, the following account draws on Clifton, Last Popular Rebellion, ch. 8; Greaves, Secrets, pp. 248–50, 291–5; Zook, Radical Whigs, pp. 137–42.

69. Evelyn, Diary, IV, 456; HMC, Egmont, II, 160–1; Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., pp. 205–6.

71. Morrice, P, 487; Mrs Elizabeth Gaunt's Last Speech [1685]; Melinda Zook, ‘Gaunt, Elizabeth (d. 1685)’, Oxford DNB. For the trials of Lisle, Gaunt, Cornish and Batemen, see ST, XI, cols. 297–480.

73. Luttrell, I, 356; Edmund Calamy, An Historical Account of My Own Life (2 vols., 1830), I, 138.

78. BL, Add. MS 41, 804, fol. 280; Depositions from the Castle of York, p. 284.

82. BL, Add. MS 41,804, fols. 136–7, 158; Ellis Corr., I, 87–8; Earle, Monmouth's Rebels, p. 153.

85. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 7 Dec. 1685; BL, Add. MSS 72,482, fol. 67; BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fols. 39, 49, 51; Wood, Life and Times, III, 173; Steele, I, no. 3828.

86. BL, Add. MS 41,804, fols. 296–307; Somerset RO, Q/SR/169, nos. 1–12; Somerset RO, Q/SP/315, recognizances 49–61; Somerset RO, Q/SI/210 indictments 5, 6.

88. Charles Allestree, A Sermon Preach'd at Oxford… the 26th of July 1685 (1685), pp. 16, 18.

91. Morrice, P, 483; Luttrell, I, 359, 361; Bodl., MS Tanner 31, fols. 215, 217; Wood, Life and Times, III, 166; Lond. Gaz., no. 2080 (22–26 Oct. 1685); The Proceedings on the King's Commission of the Peace… at Justice-Hall in the Old-Bayly, The 9th, 10th and 11th of December 1685 (1685?), p. 2; Berks. RO, W/FVc/28 (Mr Jell's account in the year 1685); John T. Evans, Seventeenth-Century Norwich (Oxford, 1979), p. 306; Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year, 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1994), p. 254.

92. Morrice, P, 490, 492; Luttrell, I, 362; Evelyn, Diary, IV, 487; LMA, MJ/SR/1678, rec. 34.

96. John Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution (Manchester, 1980), pp. 1–2.

98. Hunt. Lib., HA 2404, John Eames to Huntingdon, 23 Jul. 1685; Hunt. Lib., HA 2405, the same to the same, 25 Jul. 1685; Hunt. Lib., HA 9378, Charles Morgan to Huntingdon, 27 Jul. 1685.

100. Lond. Gaz., no. 2063 (24–27 Aug. 1685); Luttrell, I, 356–7; Steele, I, no. 3815.

101. Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., pp. 222–3; Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time: From the Restoration of King Charles the Second to the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne (1850), pp. 418, 419; Clar. Corr., I, 149.

102. LJ, XIV, 73–4. The debates for this session of parliament can be found in: Parl. Hist., IV, cols. 1367–88; Anchitell Grey, Debates of the House of Commons from the Year 1667 to the Year 1694 (10 vols., 1763), VIII, 353–72; Bodl., Eng. Hist. d. 210, ‘Debates in the House of Commons Relating to the Militia 1685’, pp. 1–9; Morrice, P, 492–9; The Several Debates of the House of Commons Pro and Contra Relating to the Establishment of the Militia (1689). Both Grey, Debates and Parl. Hist. misidentify some of the speakers in the debates. The correct names appear in the ms copy of the debates in the Bodleian. Morrice is less complete, but confirms the identifications of the Bodleian manuscript.

104. Parl. Hist., IV, cols. 1373, 1374, 1378–9, 1385–6; Henning, House of Commons, II, 100–1.

105. Parl. Hist., IV, cols. 1379–82. For the correct identification of Wyndham and Christie, see Bodl., Eng. Hist. d. 210, pp. 50–3.

106. Parl. Hist., IV, cols. 1386–7; LJ, XIV, 88; Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., pp. 228–9, 230; The Autobiography of Sir John Bramston, ed. P. Braybrooke, Camden Society, old series, 32 (1845), pp. 216–17; Leics. RO, DG7 P.P. 75; The Life and Letters of Sir George Savile, Bart., first Marquis of Halifax, ed. H. C. Foxcroft (2 vols., 1898), I, 458–9; Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, ed. Sir Charles Firth (6 vols., 1913–15), II, 690–4.

3 ‘That unhappy Island of Ireland’

1. Bodl., MS Clarendon 88, fol. 88.

2. A Short View of the Methods Made Use of in Ireland for the Subversion and Destruction of the Protestant Religion and Interest in that Kingdom (1689), p. 2.

3. A Faithful History of the Northern Affairs of Ireland (1690), p. 3.

4. Piers Wauchope, ‘Talbot, Richard, First Earl of Tyrconnell and Jacobite Duke of Tyrconnell (1630–1691)’, Oxford DNB; Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, ed. Sir Charles Firth (6 vols., 1913–15), II, 708; Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time: From the Restoration of King Charles the Second to the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne (1850), p. 120; John Miller, ‘The Earl of Tyrconnel and James II's Irish Policy, 1685–1688, Historical Journal, 20 (1977), 803–25; John Miller, ‘Thomas Sheridan (1646–1712) and his Narrative’, Irish History Studies, 20 (1976–7), 105–28; James Maguire, ‘James II and Ireland, 1685–90’, in W. A. Maguire, ed., Kings in Conflict: The Revolutionary War in Ireland and its Aftermath 1689–1750 (Belfast, 1990), pp. 45–57. For the basic narrative of political developments in Ireland under James II between 1685 and 1688, see J. G. Simms, Jacobite Ireland, 1685–91 (1969), ch. 2.

5. BL, Lansdowne 1152A, fols. 312–17 (quote fol. 314).

6. Ibid., fol. 145.

7. BL, Add. MSS 32,095, fol. 224; HMC, Stuart, VI, 4; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, pp. 19–22; John Miller, James II: A Study in Kingship (Hove, 1978, 3rd edn 2000), pp. 148–9, 216–17.

8. BL, MS Lansdowne 1152A, fol. 396; Clar. Corr., I, 300–1.

9. BL, Add. MSS 21,484, fol. 66.

10. HMC, Egmont, II, 155, 157.

11. CClarSP, V, 670.

12. Charles O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, Or, The Destruction of Cypress; Being a Secret History of the War of the Revolution in Ireland, ed. John Cornelius O'Callaghan (Dublin, 1850), p. 15.

13. [William King], The State of the Protestants of Ireland under the Late King James's Government (1691), p. 18.

14. Petty–Southwell Corr., p. 140.

15. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 368.

16. Clar. Corr., I, 233–7 (quote on p. 236).

17. Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–85 (2005), p. 94.

18. Clar. Corr., I, 188, 197, 211, 224, 231–2, 233–7, 239, 266–7, 272; BL, MS Lansdowne 1152A, fol. 393. See NLI, MS 1453 for ‘a petition for the redress of the grievances of the Catholic nobility of Ireland, in particular concerning their lands, after 1685’.

19. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 398; Petty-Southwell Corr., pp. 149–50; HMC, Egmont, II, 161–2; CClarSP, V, 657.

20. Clar. Corr., I, 308–9.

21. Bodl., MS Clarendon 88, fols. 131, 133v, 135v.

22. BL, Add. MSS 72,881, fols. 58–66.

23. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 372, 376; HMC, Egmont, II, 162, 167; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 144; Clar. Corr., II, 25.

24. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 343.

25. Council Books of the Corporation of Waterford 1662–1700, ed. Seamus Pender (Dublin, 1964), p. 258; The Council Book of the Corporation of Youghall, from 1610… to 1800, ed. Richard Caulfield (Guildford, 1878), p. 368; Steele, II, no. 956; Raymond Gillespie, ‘James II and the Irish Protestants’, Irish History Studies, 28 (1992), 127.

26. BL, Lansdowne 1152A, fols. 338–44; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, p. 21.

27. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 343; HMC, Ormonde, II, 364; Steele, II, no. 952.

28. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 343, 345, 356, 377, 380, 390, 399, 401–2; Cox, Hibernia Anglicana… Second Part, ‘Letter’, pp. 16–17.

29. Bodl., MS Clarendon 88, fol. 186; Clar. Corr. I, 222–3; Cox, Hibernia Anglicana… Second Part, ‘Letter’, p. 17.

30. Clar. Corr., I, 226–7, 268.

31. HMC, Egmont, II, 158.

32. HMC, Ormonde, NS, VII, 365–7, 371, 373–4, 378, 380–1, 387, 394, 399.

33. Clar. Corr., I, 189–90.

34. Bodl., MS Clarendon 88, fols. 86–8.

35. HMC, Ormonde, II, 364, 365–6, HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 391; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 343; Steele, II, nos. 947, 958; BL, Lansdowne 1152A, fol. 350; HMC, Egmont, II, 154.

36. HMC, Egmont, II, 157; T. C. Barnard, ‘Athlone, 1685; Limerick, 1710: Religious Riots or Charivaris’, Studia Hibernica, 27 (1993), 66–7.

37. HMC, Ormonde, N.S., VII, 349, 391.

38. Clar. Corr., I, 215–16, 217, 230; HMC, Ormonde, N.S., VII, 376, 398, 400; A Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults (1689), p. 56; CClarSP, V, 657, 670–1; HMC, Egmont, II, 162, 170, 179; HMC, Ormonde, II, 367–8; Steele, II, nos. 959, 963.

39. Clar. Corr., I, 293–4; HMC, Egmont, II, 169.

40. Dalrymple, Memoirs, I, ‘Part I’, pp. 62, 130.

41. HMC, Egmont, II, 152; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 430, 433, 434–5, 444; Life of James II, II, 60; HMC, Stuart, VI, 5, 6, 16–17; Clar. Corr., I, 262–3, 264, 281, 339, 393, 433, 470–1, 475, 536; HMC, Ormonde, I, 419–35; Ireland's Lamentation (1689), pp. 9, 13; ‘Sir Paul Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters from Ireland 1686–1687’, ed. Patrick Melvin, Analecta Hibernia, 27 (1972), 123–83, pp. 144–5, 149, 155; Bodl., MS Clarendon 88, fol. 224; Short View of the Methods, p. 3; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 56–7; HMC, Stuart, VI, 21; Morrice, Q, 248; Miller, ‘Tyrconnel’, pp. 817–18; John Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution (Manchester, 1980), ch. 3 (I have followed Miller's figures rather than those given by Childs on p. 61).

42. Clar. Corr., I, 276–7, 342–3, 346, 356–7, 361–2; ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, pp. 141, 147; Morrice, P, 528; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 416.

43. Clar. Corr., I, 399–400; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 423; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 345; ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, pp. 147–8.

44. Clar. Corr., I, 246, 284–8, 441–2; HMC, Egmont, II, 177–8.

45. Clar. Corr., I, 461–2, 472, II, 20; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, p. 77; ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, p. 153; Bodl., MS Clarendon 88, fol. 298; Council Book of Youghall, p. 372; The Council Book of the Corporation of Kinsale, from 1652 to 1800, ed. Richard Caulfield (Guildford, 1879), p. 169; Council Books of Waterford, pp. 267, 269, 271.

46. Bodl., MS Clarendon 88, fol. 302v; HMC, Ormonde, NS, VII, 460; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 347.

47. BL, MS Lansdowne 1152A, fols. 335, 365; Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution, p. 62; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, p. 20.

48. Clar. Corr., I, 300.

49. BL, MS Lansdowne 1152A, fol. 415; Clar. Corr., I, 362.

50. Clar. Corr., I, 462.

51. For example: Cal. Anc. Rec. Dub., V, xliii-xliv, 164, 219, 391–5, 401–6; Council Book of Youghall, p. 326; Council Books of Waterford, pp. 7, 17–18, 34–5, 174; Council Book of Kinsale, p. 157.

52. Morrice, P, 544.

53. Clar. Corr., I, 461–2; Cal. Anc. Rec. Dub., V, 389–91.

54. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 70, 71. Cf. Clar. Corr., I, 363, 399.

55. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 434, 443.

56. A Vindication of the Present Government of Ireland (1688), p. 6.

57. Clar. Corr., I, 339, 461–2; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, p. 77.

58. Clar. Corr., I, 313, 335, 355, 395, II, 47; BL, Lansdowne 1152A, fols. 403, 407; O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, p. 308 (note 91); CSPD, 1686–7, pp. 148 (no. 614), 374 (no. 1492); Simms, Jacobite Ireland, pp. 27–8.

59. Clar. Corr., I, 365, 387–8; Morrice, P, 544, 564.

60. Ireland's Lamentation, p. 8.

61. CUL, Add. 1, fol. 72; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 194–5; Clar. Corr., I, 407–8; Andrew Hamilton, A True Relation of the Actions of the Inniskilling-Men (1690), p. iii.

62. Clar. Corr., I, 258, 282, II, 61.

63. ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, p. 157.

64. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 303.

65. Clar. Corr., II, 67, 124–5; O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, passim.

66. Clar. Corr., I, 357; Hamilton, Inniskilling-Men, p. ii. Cf. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 20.

67. Clar. Corr., I, 296; Hunt. Lib., HA 14663, Edmond Ellis to Sir Arthur Rawdon, 13 Mar. 1685 [/6].

68. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 428, 435, 471; ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, pp. 155, 157.

69. Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 12.

70. Luttrell, I, 386; Morrice, P, 529; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 417; Hunt. Lib., HA 15895, Thomas Stanhope to Rawdon, 12 Jul. 1686; Morrice, P, 560.

71. Clar. Corr., I, 415.

72. Petty–Southwell Corr., p. 234.

73. Miller, ‘Tyrconnel’, p. 815, fn. 40.

74. Clar. Corr., I, 380, 526–7; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 428, 439, 441–2.

75. Bodl., MS Clarendon 88, fols. 188–92; Clar. Corr., I, 190; Barnard, ‘Athlone, 1685; Limerick, 1710, pp. 61–71.

76. ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, p. 152.

77. Clar. Corr., I, 479; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 346; ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, p. 155.

78. Morrice, P, 578.

79. Clar. Corr., II, 53–4, 55, 57–8; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 421, VIII, 346; ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, p. 175.

80. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 121. See also ibid., p. 55.

81. Morrice, Q, 231.

82. Steele, II, no. 971; Lond. Gaz., no. 2222 (3–7 Mar. 1686[/7]).

83. BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fol. 104; Morrice, Q, 129; BL, Add. MSS 41,804, fol. 279; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 350.

84. Clar. Corr., II, 73–8, 81–3, 105–6, 145; ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, pp. 175, 178.

85. BL, Add. MS, 72,888, fol. 64v; Clar. Corr., II, 134–5.

86. Lond. Gaz., no. 2216 (10–14 Feb. 1686[/7]); Clar. Corr., II, 150–1; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 348.

87. Lond. Gaz., no. 2219 (21–24 Feb. 1686[/7]).

88. Albertus Warren, A Panegyrick to His Excellency Richard Earl of Tirconnell (Dublin, 1686).

89. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 348; Morrice, Q, 70; Clar. Corr., II, 146–7.

90. Lond. Gaz., no. 2222 (3–7 Mar. 1686[/7]); HMC, Ormonde, II, 371; Steele, II, no. 969; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 484.

91. TCD, MS 1181, p. 7.

92. POAS, IV, 309–12.

93. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 25 Feb. 1686/7.

94. T. C. Barnard, ‘Conclusion. Settling and Unsettling Ireland: The Cromwellian and Williamite Revolutions’, in Jane Ohlmeyer, ed., Ireland from Independence to Occupation 1641–1660 (Cambridge, 1995), p. 279.

95. The Poems of David Ó Bruadair, ed. and trans. Rev. John C. Mac Erlean (3 vols., 1910–17), III, 89.

96. HMC, Stuart, VI, 18, 20, 22–3; Ireland's Lamentation, pp. 11, 14; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 75, 313; Petty Papers. Some Unpublished Writings of Sir William Petty, ed. Marquis of Lansdowne (2 vols., 1927), I, 70; J. G. Simms, ‘The War of the Two Kings, 1685–91’, in T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin, F. J. Byrne and Art Cosgrove, eds., A New History of Ireland (9 vols., Oxford, 1976–84), III, 480; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, p. 33.

97. Clar. Corr., I, 391; HMC, Egmont, II, 185.

98. Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 97–9, 129; Petty Papers, I, 71.

99. CUL, Add. 1, fol. 74.

100. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 118.

101. Short View of the Methods, p. 5. See also [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 119, 146; Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 175; Petty–Southwell Corr., pp. 257–8, 268–9, 272, 279; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 97–9.

102. Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 102.

103. HMC, Stuart, VI, 21.

104. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 349.

105. Clr. Corr., II, 145–6; CSPD, 1686–7, p. 384 (no. 1542); HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 350, 351; Ireland's Lamentation, p. 12.

106. CSPD, 1686–7, p. 421 (no. 1748); CSPD, 1687–9, p. 14 (no. 74).

107. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 123.

108. HMC, Stuart, VI, 26–7; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 350; CSPD, 1686–7, p. 384 (no. 1542); [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 184; Simms, ‘The War of the Two Kings’, pp. 482–3; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, pp. 42–3; CSPD, 1687–9, P. 130 (nos. 674–5).

109. Éamonn Ó Ciardha, Ireland and the Jacobite Cause 1685–1766 (Dublin, 2002), pp. 77–8.

110. Poems of David Ó Bruadair, III, 87, 89.

111. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 491; Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 104.

112. Short View of the Methods, p. 6; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 130–2; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 197–8, 204.

113. Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 110.

114. Ibid., fol. 148.

115. Clar. Corr., I, 375, 414, 423–4; Bodl., MS Clarendon 88, fols. 284–7.

116. Clar. Corr., I, 447.

117. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 446, 448, 450, 456–7.

118. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VII, 464–70; A Jacobite Narrative of the War in Ireland, ed. J. T. Gilbert (Dublin, 1982, rev. edn with an introduction by J. G. Simms, Shannon, 1971), pp. 193–201.

119. Clar. Corr., II, 142.

120. Petty–Southwell Corr., p. 267.

121. NLI, MS 670, quotes on pp. 8, 21; BL, Add. MSS 72,885, fols. 58–72.

122. BL, Add. MSS 72,885, fols. 26–9 (quotes on fols. 26v, 27v, 28).

123. Petty–Southwell Corr., p. 275.

124. HMC, Stuart, VI, 14.

125. CClarSP, V, 673; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 77–8, 80.

126. Life of James II, II, 96.

127. Ireland's Lamentation, p. 13; Short View of the Methods, p. 9.

128. Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 98.

129. Cal. Anc. Rec. Dub., V, xlv, 406, 422–6, 434–7; CClarSP, V, 678; Morrice, Q, 108; BL, Add. MSS 41,804, fol. 278; BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fols. 119, 121; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 1 Apr. 1687; Luttrell, I, 420; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 79–86; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 322–3; Life of James II, II, 97; Jacqueline Hill, From Patriots to Unionists: Dublin Civic Patriots and Irish Protestant Patriotism, 1660–1840 (Oxford, 1997), pp. 59–61.

130. Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, p. 89; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 81.

131. Ireland's Lamentation, pp. 13, 15; Cal. Anc. Rec. Dub., V, xlviii; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 351; Council Book of Youghall, p. 371; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 204; Cox, Hibernia Anglicana… Second Part, ‘Letter’, p. 18; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, pp. 35–6; Phil Kilroy, Protestant Dissent and Controversy in Ireland, 1660–1714 (Cork, 1994), p. 242; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, p. 90.

132. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 81.

133. HMC, Stuart, VI, 26.

134. Life of James II, II, 98; HMC, Ormonde, II, 375–6; Steele, II, nos. 980, 982.

135. HMC, Stuart, VI, 27–8.

136. BL, Add. MSS 32,095, fols. 259–60; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 114–15, 119–20; HMC, Stuart, VI, 31, 42; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, pp. 39–42.

137. TCD, MS 1181, p. 7; An Apology for the Protestants of Ireland (1689), p. 5; Faithful History of the Northern Affairs, p. 5; Clar. Corr., II, 138; Morrice, Q, 58, 61; Ireland's Lamentation, p. 10; Petty-Southwell Corr., p. 251.

138. HMC, Stuart, VI, 21. Cf. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 81; Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 12.

139. Morrice, Q, 61, 70.

140. Gillespie, ‘Irish Protestants’, pp. 129–30.

141. HMC, Stuart, VI, 27.

142. Ibid., p. 21.

143. Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 91–2.

144. Petty-Southwell Corr., pp. 274, 280; Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fols. 59–60, 65.

145. Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 117v; TCD, 888/1, fol. 143. Cf. All Souls’ Library, Oxford, MS 257, no. 79: yields from customs and excise for the Michaelmas quarters of 1686 and 1687.

146. Petty Papers, I, 71; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 86.

147. Faithful History of the Northern Affairs, p. 5; Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 65; L. M. Cullen, ‘Economic Trends, 1660–91’, in Moody, et al., eds., New History of Ireland, III, 404–5.

148. TCD, MS 1181, p. 18.

149. Gillespie, ‘Irish Protestants’, p. 129.

150. Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fol. 12; Morrice, Q, 70; Clar. Corr., II, 137.

151. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 351; BL, Add. MSS 28,876, fol. 38; BL, Add. MSS 72,596, fol. 15; Morrice, Q, 207.

152. HMC, Ormonde, II, 376; Steele, II, no. 983

153. Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, p. 69.

154. CUL, Add. MS 1, fols. 77v-78.

155. ‘Rycaut's Memoranda and Letters’, p. 157.

156. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, p. 145.

157. Jacobite Narrative, p. viii.

158. Vindication of the Present Government of Ireland, quotes on pp. 1, 3, 12.

159. A Letter from a Gentleman in Ireland, To His Friend, in London (1688), pp. 2–4.

160. Bodl., MS Clarendon 89, fols. 168, 169, 173.

4 Scotland Under James VII

1. NLS, Wod. Oct. XXIX, fol. 309. For the dating, see Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 794.

2. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 738; A. I. Macinnes, ‘Catholic Recusancy and the Penal Laws, 1603–1707’, RSCHS, 23 (1987), 27–63.

3. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Book V’, p. 176.

4. The only major scholarly treatment is Kathleen Mary Colquhoun, ‘“Issue of the Late Civill Wars”: James, Duke of York and the Government of Scotland 1679–1689’, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (1993). For a recent, brief overview, see W. A. Speck, James II: Profiles in Power (2002), ch. 5.

5. Ian B. Cowan, ‘The Reluctant Revolutionaries: Scotland in 1688’, in Eveline Cruickshanks, ed., By Force or By Default? The Revolution of 1688–1689 (Edinburgh, 1989), p. 65.

6. Michael Lynch, Scotland: A New History (1992), p. 297.

7. Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., p. 217.

8. See, for example: RPCS, 1685–6, pp. 114, 206–7, 209, 229, 364, 492–6, 501–2, 507–9; RPCS, 1686, pp. 367–70, 376–8, 404–8; RPCS, 1686–9, p. 101.

9. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 585.

10. Life of James II, II, 41.

11. James II, A Proclamation, For an Anniversary Thanksgiving, in Commemoration of his Majesty's Happy Birthday (1685); Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 369–70; RPCS, 1685–6, pp. 166, 183; Steele, III, no. 2658; Lond. Gaz., no. 2080 (22–26 Oct. 1685); Luttrell, I, 361; Keith M. Brown, ‘The Vanishing Emperor: British Kingship and its Decline, 1603–1707’, in Roger A. Mason, ed., Scots and Britons: Scottish Political Thought and the Union of 1603 (Cambridge, 1994), p. 69; C. A. Whatley, ‘Royal Day, People's Day: The Monarch's Birthday in Scotland, c. 1660–1860’, in Norman MacDougall and Roger A. Mason, eds., People and Power in Scotland (Edinburgh, 1992), p. 173.

12. Fountainhall, Hist. Not. II, 672.

13. ST, XI, col. 1166, note; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 644; RPCS, 1685–6, pp. 48–9; Paul Hopkins, Glencoe and the End of the Highland War (Edinburgh, 1986), p. 97.

14. F. C. Turner, James II (1948), pp. 369–71.

15. Charles W. J. Withers, ‘Sibbald, Sir Robert (1641–1722)’, Oxford DNB.

16. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 688; HMC, Laing, I, 444.

17. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 374.

18. Morrice, P, 516; APS, II, 535, III, 36; HMC, Laing, I, 443; Colquhoun, ‘“Issue of the Late Civill Wars”’, pp. 323–4; Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., pp. 240–1.

19. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 371; ST, XI, col. 1167, note.

20. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 398.

21. Ibid., p. 412.

22. James Canaries, Rome's Additions to Christianity (Edinburgh, 1686), sig. bi.

23. Ibid., pp. 19–20.

24. Ibid., quotes on sigs. A5, a.

25. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 404; James Canaries, A Sermon Preached at Edinburgh… upon the 30th of January, 1689 (Edinburgh, 1689), p. 70.

26. Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., pp. 243–4; Morrice, P, 525; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 399; ST, XI, col. 1013; Luttrell, I, 372; Withers, ‘Sibbald’; R. A. Houston, Social Change in the Age of Enlightenment: Edinburgh, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1994), p. 305.

27. ST, XI, cols. 1013–14; RPCS, 1686, p. 7.

28. ST, XI, cols. 1020–3; RPCS, 1686, p. 12.

29. ST, XI, cols. 1014–15; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 399; Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., p. 244.

30. ST, XI, cols. 1017–24; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 399, 406, 407; RPCS, 1685–6, pp. 544–5; RPCS, 1686, pp. 13, 68, 69, 97, 160, 228, 229.

31. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 403–4.

32. Ibid., p. 408; John Miller, James II: A Study in Kingship (Hove, 1978, 3rd edn 2000), p. 213.

33. Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., p. 234.

34. Morrice, P, 526.

35. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 712, 736.

36. NLS, Yester MSS 7026, fols. 38, 60; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 715.

37. HMC, 9th Report, II, 251; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 714; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 9 Apr. 1686; Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, ed. Sir Charles Firth (6 vols., 1913–15), II, 774–5; Miller, James II, p. 215.

38. HMC, Hamilton, p. 172.

39. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 413.

40. HMC, 9th Report, II, 251.

41. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 594.

42. Thomas Burnet, Theses Philosophicae (Aberdeen, 1686); Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 415–16.

43. ‘Reasons for Abrogating the Penal Statutes’, in Wodrow, Sufferings, II, app. no. 118, pp. 163–7 (quotes on pp. 164, 166). For the attribution to L'Estrange, see Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 595.

44. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 416. These tracts included: Thomas Cartwright, A Sermon Preached upon the Anniversary… of the Happy Inauguration of… King James II (1686); Popery Anatomis'd (1686); J. C., A Net for the Fishers of Men (1686); [John Gother], A Papist Misrepresented and Represented (1685).

45. ‘Reasons for Abrogating the Penal Statutes’, p. 167.

46. Quoted in Colqhuoun, ‘“Issue of the Late Civill Wars”’, p. 349.

47. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 594.

48. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 413; RPCS, 1686, pp. 194, 204.

49. BL, Add. MSS 28,938, fols. 196–202, reprinted in Wodrow, Sufferings, II, app. no. 117, pp. 161–3.

50. ‘An Answer to a Paper writ for abrogating the penal Statutes’, in Wodrow, Sufferings, II, app. no. 119, pp. 168–73 (quote on p. 172).

51. ‘A Letter from the Heritors of the Shires of… to their Commissioners to the Parliament’, in Wodrow, Sufferings, II, app. no. 120, pp. 173–7 (quotes on pp. 173, 175).

52. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 590; HMC, Hamilton, p. 172.

53. Ellis Corr., I, 46–7; T. F. Henderson, ‘Stewart, Alexander, Fifth Earl of Moray (bap. 1634, d. 1701)’, revised by A. J. Mann, Oxford DNB.

54. James II, His Majesties Most Gracious Letter to the Parliament of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1686), quote on p. 2; APS, VIII, 579–80.

55. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 719.

56. Morrice, P, 538–9.

57. James II, Most Gracious Letter to the Parliament of Scotland, p. 4; APS, VIII, 581; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 721; The Flemings in Oxford, Being Documents Selected from the Rydal Papers in Illustration of the Lives and Ways of Oxford Men 1650–1700, ed. John Richard Magrath (3 vols., Oxford, 1904–24), II, 158–9.

58. Morrice, P, 546–7; Luttrell, I, 378, 381; HMC, Hamilton, p. 173; HMC, Earl of Mar, pp. 218–19; CSPD, 1686–7, pp. 151–2 (nos. 619, 620).

59. Life of James II, II, 68.

60. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 11 Apr. 1686.

61. Morrice, P, 536.

62. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 416.

63. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 415; HMC, Hamilton, p. 173; Morrice, P, 541, 546.

64. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, app. no. 116, pp. 160–1; HMC, Laing, I, 446–7.

65. FSL, V. b. 287, no. 18. Cf. BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fol. 85.

66. Morrice, P, 534, 536, 537; HMC, Hamilton, p. 173; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 415.

67. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 718.

68. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 593, and app. no. 120, p. 176; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 418–19; Robert S. Rait, The Parliaments of Scotland (Glasgow, 1924), pp. 91–2.

69. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 666, 719; HMC, Laing, I. 442; RPCS, 1685–6, pp. 188, 193–4; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 575–6.

70. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 724, 735

71. Ibid., pp. 734–5.

72. Ibid., pp. 723, 729; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 416; RPCS, 1686, pp. viii, ix, xxi, 221, 228, 237, 238; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 605; Morrice, P, 541, 585, 590.

73. RPCS, 1686, pp. ix, xxi, 275; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 737, 740.

74. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Books III and IV’, pp. 109–10.

75. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 598–9; RPCS, 1686, p. 435.

76. RPCS, 1686, pp. xii, 425, 454; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 740–1, 748, 750; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 598.

77. Hunt. Lib., STT 903; Hunt. Lib., HA 1182; NLS, Yester MSS 7035, fol. 64; RPCS, 1686, pp. 454–5; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 424; Culloden Papers: Comprising an Extensive and Interesting Correspondence from the Year 1625 to 1748 (1815), p. 334.

78. BL, Add. MSS 28,850, fols. 123–4; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 441.

79. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 598; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 759, 762; RPCS, 1686, pp. xiii, 511, 524.

80. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 429. For the internal inconsistency of the Test and Episcopalian opposition to it, see Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–85 (2005), PP. 347–56.

81. RPCS, 1686–9, p. xxvii; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 768.

82. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 775.

83. Ibid., pp. 772, 783. By the time Sir John was installed in his new position on 17 February, the dispensation was no longer necessary, since James had issued his Indulgence suspending all the penal laws on 12 February.

84. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 432, 451, 466, 502; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 814; RPCS, 1686–9, p. xviii; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 643–4, and app. no. 142, p. 200; Matthew Glozier, ‘The Earl of Melfort, the Court Catholic Party and the Foundation of the Order of the Thistle, 1687’, Scottish Historical Review, 69 (2000), 233–8.

85. RPCS, 1686–9, p. xxxv; John Miller, Popery and Politics in England, 1660–1688 (Cambridge, 1973), p 242.

86. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 772, 773, 794, 823, 856–7, 867; HMC, Stuart, I, 30.

87. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, app. no. 124, p. 181; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 420, 425.

88. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 773.

89. RPCS, 1686–9, p. xvii.

90. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 472–3, 475, 482, 496; RPCS, 1661–4, p. 90; RPCS, 1669–72, pp. 425, 596, 598; Clare Jackson, Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690 (Woodbridge, 2003), pp. 41, 43; William Cowan, ‘The Holyrood Press, 1686–1688’, Edinburgh Bibliographical Society Transactions, 6 (1904), 83–100; Alastair J. Mann, The Scottish Book Trade 1500–1720 (East Linton, 2000), ch. 6.

91. James VII, By the King. A Proclamation (Edinburgh, 1687); Steele, III, no. 2684; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, app. no. 187.

92. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 616.

93. [Gilbert Burnet], Some Reflections On His Majestie's Proclamation of the 12th of February 1686/7 for a Toleration in Scotland [Amsterdam?, 1687], pp. 1, 5.

94. The point was made by [William King], The State of the Protestants of Ireland under the Late King James's Government (1691), pp. 20–1.

95. [Robert Ferguson], A Representation of the Threatning Dangers [Edinburgh?, 1687], pp. 28–9.

96. RPCS, 1686–9, p. 124.

97. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 449–50; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 789; HMC, Hamilton, p. 174; HMC, Earl of Mar, p. 219; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 616.

98. Luttrell, I, 398, 399; Morrice, Q, 94; HMC, Earl of Mar, p. 219; [Thomas Morer], An Account of the Present Persecution of the Church in Scotland (1690), pp. 9–10; [Alexander Shields], The Hind Let Loose (Edinburgh, 1687), pp. 152–3; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 608, 612.

99. RPCS, 1686–9, p. 138; Steele, III, no. 2689.

100. RPCS, 1686–9, pp. xvii, 156–8; Steele, III, no. 2693.

101. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 618.

102. Ibid., p. 625; [John Sage], The Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy in Scotland Truly Represented (1690), pp. 3–4; [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 11.

103. [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 12.

104. B. Cowan, The Scottish Covenanters 1660–88 (1976), p. 134.

105. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 458, 473, 507, 513; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 614; [Shields], Hind Let Loose, pp. 156–7; Steele, III, nos. 2695, 2696.

106. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 495; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 630–8.

107. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 618, and apps. nos. 135 and 136, pp. 195–6; NAS, RH 13/20, pp. 143–4, 150–2; [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, pp. 78–80; [Alexander Monro], The History of Scotch-Presbytery (1692), pp. 49–50.

108. NAS, RH 13/20, p. 320, ‘Presbyterian Loyaltie’.

109. NLS, Wod. Qu. XXXVIII, fol. 112.

110. James Renwick, The Testimony of Some Persecuted Presbyterian Ministers (1688), p. 7.

111. [George Mackenzie, Viscount Tarbat, and Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh], A Memorial for His Highness the Prince of Orange in Relation to the Affairs of Scotland (1689), pp. 6. Cf. [Alexander Monro], A Letter to a Friend (1692), p. 5.

112. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 623.

113. [Gilbert Rule], A Vindication of the Church of Scotland; Being an Answer to Five Pamphlets (1691), pp. 5, 16, 19 and Part II, p. 7. Cf. [Gilbert Rule], A Vindication of the Church of Scotland. Being an Answer To a Paper, Intituled, Some Questions Concerning Episcopal and Presbyterial Government in Scotland (1691), pp. 31–2; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 620.

114. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 474; RPCS, 1686–9, p. xix; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 626–7.

115. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 503; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 638.

116. Wodrow, Sufferings, I, 613–14, 620–4; CSPD, 1687–9, p. 44 (no. 211); Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 819; Gordon Donaldson, Scotland: James V to James VII (Edinburgh, 1965), pp. 382–3; Cowan, Scottish Covenanters, p. 131.

117. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 453, 456–7.

118. RPCS, 1686–9, pp. 227–30 (quote on p. 229); Steele, III, no. 2711.

119. Colin Lindsay, 3rd Earl of Balcarres, An Account of the Affairs of Scotland, Relating to the Revolution of 1688 (1714), pp. 10–12.

120. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 503; Letters to Sancroft, p. 87.

121. Balcarres, Account, pp. 7–9.

122. CSPD, 1687–9, pp. 35–6, 68 (nos. 181, 333).

123. Morrice, Q, 219.

124. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 513. For the Magdalen College affair, see pp. 226–9.

125. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 638–9; Magnus Linklater and Christian Hesketh, For King and Conscience: John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee (1648–1689) (1989), p. 142.

126. HMC, Laing, I, 447; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 424, 425, 431, 442, 445; RPCS, 1686, pp. 454, 491–2, 542–4, 552–3; RPCS, 1686–9, pp. xiv, xv, 39, 42–3; Morrice, Q, 39; Donaldson, Scotland: James V to James VII, pp. 281–2.

127. RPCS, 1686–9, pp xvii–xxvi; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 473, 486.

128. Rait, Parliaments of Scotland, p. 306; Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 806.

129. FSL, V.b. 287, no. 54.

130. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Book V’, pp. 90, 99–101; Balcarres, Account, p. 15.

131. Macinnes, ‘Catholic Recusancy’, pp. 35, 56–7.

132. HMC, Stuart, I, 30.

133. Cited in Turner, James II, pp. 377–8.

134. Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 855.

5 Catholic Absolutism in England

1. Life of James II, II, 278, 609–10, 612.

2. John Miller, James II: A Study in Kingship (Hove, 1978, 3rd edn 2000); J. R. Jones, The Revolution of 1688 in England (1972); Jeremy Black, A System of Ambition? British Foreign Policy 1660–1793 (1991), pp. 24–8; W. A. Speck, James II: Profiles in Power (2000).

3. [Gilbert Burnet], Some Reflections on His Majesties Proclamation of the 12th of February 1686/7 for a Toleration in Scotland [Amsterdam?, 1687], p. 5; [Gilbert Burnet], The Ill Effects of Animosities among Protestants in England Detected (1688), p. 14.

4. Clar. Corr., I, 198.

5. Morrice, Q, 167.

6. Beinecke Library, Yale University, Osborn MSS 2, box 4, folder 76, p. 69.

7. Black, System of Ambition, pp. 25–7; Speck, James II, p. 121; Jones, Revolution of 1688, pp. 177–9.

8. Luttrell, I, 346, 371; Morrice, P, 540, 587. For public anxiety over James's pro-French leanings more generally, see: Steven Pincus, ‘“To Protect English Liberties”: The English Nationalist Revolution of 1688–1689’, in Tony Claydon and Ian McBride, eds., Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland c.1650–c.1850 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 75–104.

9. Morrice, P, 484, 575, Q, 20. Cf. Evelyn, Diary, IV, 484–6, 490, 498.

10. BL, MS Althorp C4, Sir William Coventry to Halifax, 4 May 1686; Morrice, P, 537, 546, 588–9

11. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Books III and IV’, p. 109.

12. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 8 Mar. 1685/6; Steele, I, no. 3826 (for the brief).

13. Lond. Gaz., no. 2136 (6–10 May 1686); Morrice, P, 533–5; Evelyn, Diary, IV, 510–11, 515; CSPD, 1686–7, p. 130 (no. 533); BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fol. 76; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 7 May 1686. The book was Jean Claude's Les Plaintes des Protestants Cruellement Opprimés dans le Royaume de France, translated and abridged by Mr Rayner, a canon of St Paul's and published as An Account of the Persecutions and Oppressions of the Protestants in France (1686).

14. CSPD, 1686–7, pp. 149–50 (no. 619).

15. Robin D. Gwynn, ‘James II in the Light of his Treatment of Huguenot Refugees in England 1685–1686’, English Historical Review, 92 (1977), 820–33. See also Matthew Glozier, The Huguenot Soldiers of William of Orange and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 (Brighton, 2002), ch. 5.

16. CSPD, 1686–7, p. 151 (no. 619); Morrice, P, 623, 625; The Autobiography of Sir John Bramston, ed. P. Braybrooke, Camden Society, old series, 32 (1845), PP. 245–6, 276; John Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution (Manchester, 1980), ch. 4 (esp. pp. 92–4).

17. Luttrell, I, 370; CSPD, 1686–7, p. 40 (no. 163).

18. Morrice, Q, 109–10; BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fol. 106.

19. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 27 Jun. 1687.

20. Morrice, P, 517.

21. Hunt. Lib., HA 7770, Gervase Jaquis to Huntingdon, 9 Nov. 1686.

22. Morrice, Q, 29.

23. WYAS, MX/R/42/27, 40, 47, 54; WYAS, MX/R/43/29; WYAS, MX/R/44/26, 49, 57; Reresby, Memoirs, pp. 409–11, 415–16; CSPD, 1686–7, pp. 17 (no. 76), 19 (no. 87); Depositions from the Castle of York, Surtees Society, 40 (1861), pp. 278–82; W. A. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries (Oxford, 1988), p. 155.

24. Samuel Johnson, ‘Several Reasons for the Establishment of a Standing Army, and Dissolving the Militia' and ‘A Humble and Hearty Address to all English Protestants in this Present Army’ (1686), in [Samuel Johnson], A Second Five Years' Struggle Against Popery and Tyranny (1689), pp. 86–7, 110–11; Wood, Life and Times, III, 182; Morrice, Q, 9–10, 12–14, 20, 22, 27–8; Hugh Speke, The Secret History of the Happy Revolution of 1688 (1715), pp. 14–16.

25. Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution, pp. 22, 30.

26. ST, XI, cols. 1165–1199 (esp. cols. 1193–4, 1196–7, 1199). Sir Edward Herbert elaborated upon his verdict in his A Short Account of the Authorities in Law, Upon Which Judgement Was Given in Sir Edw. Hales His Case (1688). For the statute, see SR, II, 326–43.

27. Lois G. Schwoerer, The Declaration of Rights, 1689 (Baltimore, 1981), p. 63; Paul Birdsall, ‘“Non Obstante”: A Study of the Dispensing Power of English Kings’, in Essays in Honor of Charles Howard Mcllwain (Cambridge, Mass., 1936), pp. 37–76; Sir William Searle Holdsworth, A History of English Law (17 vols., 1922–72), VI, 225; E. F. Churchill, ‘The Dispensing Power and the Defence of the Realm’, Law Quarterly Review, 37 (1921), 412–41; Carolyn A. Edie, ‘Tactics and Strategies: Parliament's Attack upon the Royal Dispensing Power 1597–1689 American Journal of Legal History, 29 (1985), 231.

28. Morrice, P, 505, 507, 526, 528, 545, 555; Evelyn, Diary, IV, 514; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 16 and 26 Apr. 1686; J. R. Tanner, English Constitutional Conflicts of the Seventeenth Century, 1603–1689 (Cambridge, 1928), p. 291; Lionel K. J. Glassey, Politics and the Appointment of Justices of the Peace 1675–1720 (Oxford, 1979), p. 69. Milton appears to have qualified himself under the Test Act on this occasion, but required a dispensation when he was transferred to Common Pleas on 16 Apr. 1687: Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 26 Apr. 1686; Gordon Campbell, ‘Milton, Sir Christopher (1615–1693)’, Oxford DNB; Edward Foss, The Judges of England (9 vols., 1848–64), VII, 285–8.

29. POAS, IV, 93.

30. Morrice, P, 555, 588, 614; Luttrell, I, 384.

31. Morrice, P, 559, Q, 219.

32. John Miller, Popery and Politics in England, 1660–1688 (Cambridge, 1973), PP. 198–201.

33. Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time: From the Restoration of King Charles the Second to the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne (1850), pp. 429, 464, 465; Miller, James II, pp. 148–53; Glassey, Politics, pp. 69–70; F. C. Turner, James II (1948), p. 323.

34. Luttrell, I, 332, 367; Wood, Life and Times, III, 172.

35. Calendar of Treasury Books, 1660–1718 (32 vols., 1904–57), VIII, 176, 204, 454–6, 610–11.

36. Morrice, Q, 532; Miller, Popery and Politics, pp. 242–6.

37. Ellis Corr., I, 23.

38. Luttrell, I, 371; Morrice, P, 527, 529, 562, 589–90; BL, Add. 34,508, fol. 104.

39. CSPD, 1686–7, pp. 13 (no. 58), 54 (no. 221), 290 (no. 1084); Evelyn, Diary, IV, 489; Wood, Life and Times, III, 131; Jones, Revolution of 1688, pp. 87–91.

40. Wood, Life and Times, III, 214; Miller, Popery and Politics, pp. 239–40; J. D. Davies, Gentlemen and Tarpaulins: The Officers and Men of the Restoration Navy (Oxford, 1991), pp. 202–3.

41. Life of James II, II, 80; Morrice, Q, 71; WYAS, MX/R/49/8; BL, Althorp MS, C2, Sir John Reresby to the Marquis of Halifax [c. May 1687].

42. Burnet, History of His Own Time, pp. 429–30; Richard Kidder, Life, ed. A. E. Robinson (1924), p. 37; Ellis Corr., I, 3; [Robert Ferguson], A Representation of the Threatning Dangers [Edinburgh?, 1687], p. 46. Cf. Edmund Calamy, An Abridgment of Mr Baxter's History of His Life and Times (2 vols., 1713), I, 373, note; Wood, Life and Times, III, 224; Edward Gee, The Catalogue of All Discourses Published against Popery (1689).

43. [John Northleigh], Parliamentum Pacificum (1688), p. 31.

44. CSPD, 1686–7, pp. 56–8 (nos. 227, 228).

45. Morrice, P, 588.

46. BL, Add., 34,508, fols. 110–11 BL, Add. 4182, fol. 66; BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fol. 66; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 19 and 26 Apr. 1686; Ellis Corr., I, 83–4, 111, 118; Luttrell, I, 375; Morrice, P, 530–2, 623; Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., pp. 246–7; Tim Harris, ‘London Crowds and the Revolution of 1688’, in Eveline Cruickshanks, ed., By Force or By Default? The Revolution of 1688–1689 (Edinburgh, 1989), pp. 47–8.

47. BL, Add. MSS 41,804, fols. 160, 170; BL, Add. MSS 34,508, fol. 116; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 31 May 1686; Todd Galitz, ‘The Challenge of Stability: Religion, Politics, and Social Order in Worcestershire, 1660 to 1720’, unpub. Ph.D. dissertation, Brown University (1997), p. 5.

48. BL, Add. MSS 34,508, fol. 113; Morrice, P, 531, 538, 544, 545, 548, 549, 655; Morrice, Q, 15–16, 51; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1654, 1 May 1686; Luttrell, I, 379, 380, 389; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 30 Apr. 1686.

49. BL, Add. MSS 34,508, fols. 117–18; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 17 May 1686.

50. J. R. Western, Monarchy and Revolution (1972), p. 198.

51. Morrice, P, 556–7; Luttrell, I, 381; Life of James II, II, 91.

52. CSPD, 1686–7, p. 202 (no. 788); J. R. Bloxam, ed., Magdalen College and James II (Oxford, 1886), pp. 1–2; Wood, Life and Times, III, 193–4; Hunt. Lib., Hastings Religious Box 2, no. 5.

53. SR, IV, 352.

54. SR, V, 315–16.

55. Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, pp. 65–6; Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, p. 151; David Ogg, England in the Reigns of James II and William III (Oxford, 1955), pp. 176–8.

56. Morrice, P, 593–4. Cf. [Henry Care], The Legality of the Court Held by His Majesties Ecclesiastical Commissioners Defended (1688), pp. 10–11.

57. Life of James II, II, 89.

58. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 16 Jul. 1686; Ellis Corr., I, 161; ST, XI, col. 1157; [Care], Legality of the Court… Defended, pp. 10–11.

59. SR, V, 113.

60. BL, Egerton MSS 2543, fol. 257; ST, XI, col. 1160.

61. East Sussex RO, ASH 931, p. 50.

62. BL, Add. MSS 41,804, fols. 207, 209.

63. Sir Robert Atkyns, ‘A Discourse Concerning the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction in the Realm of England: Occasioned by the Late Commission in Ecclesiastical Causes’, in ST, XI, cols. 1148–1155. See also: [Edward Stillingfleet], A Discourse Concerning the Illegality of the Late Ecclesiastical Commission (1689), which was written during James's reign; EUL, La. I. 333, pp. 1–16, ‘A MS treatise on the Court of High Commission’.

64. Steele, I, no. 3828.

65. Michael R. Watts, The Dissenters: From the Reformation to the French Revolution (Oxford, 1978), p. 257.

66. Fountainhall, Hist. Obs., p. 246; Luttrell, I, 378; Calendar of Treasury Books, VIII, 429–34; W. C. Braithwaite, The Second Period of Quakerism (Cambridge, 1961), p. 125; Morrice, P, 529, 530, 536, 543, 554, 563, 568–9, 572, 573–4, 578, 584, 615–18, Q, 15; Wood, Life and Times, III, 190–1; Douglas R. Lacey, Dissent and Parliamentary Politics in England, 1661–1689 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1969), pp. 176–9; Craig W. Horle, The Quakers and the English Legal System, 1660–1688 (Philadelphia, 1988), p. 93; Miller, James II, p. 156; Miller, Popery and Politics, pp. 210–11.

67. Hunt. Lib., HA 10141, John Penford et al. to Huntingdon, 18 Oct. 1686.

68. Morrice, Q, 71.

69. Mark Goldie, ‘James II and the Dissenters Revenge: The Commission of Enquiry of 1688’, Historical Research, 66 (1993), 58–9; Luttrell, I, 387.

70. Lond. Gaz., nos. 2167–9 (23–26 Aug. to 30 Aug.–2 Sep. 1686); Berks. RO, R/AC1/1/17, p. 11; Life of James II, II, 71.

71. Morrice, P, 618–19.

72. Evelyn, Diary, IV, 526; Luttrell, I, 386; Lond. Gaz., nos. 2182–4 (14–18 Oct. to 21–25 Oct. 1686); Morrice, P, 633; Wood, Life and Times, III, 198.

73. BL, Add. MSS 34, 508, fol. 136; Morrice, P, 658–9.

74. The Diary of Adam de la Pryme, ed. Charles Jackson, Surtees Society, 54 (1870), p. 10; Ronald Hutton, The Rise and Fall of Merry England: The Ritual Year, 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1994), p. 256.

75. Morrice, Q, 73.

76. CLRO, Shelf 552, MS Box 3, no. 5; Morrice, Q, 9; Luttrell, I, 388; BL, Add. MSS 34,508, fol. 135; Ellis Corr., I, 180–1; LMA, WJ/SR/1696, indictment of Richard Butler.

77. Beinecke Library, Yale University, Osborn MSS 2, box 4, folder 76, p. 69.

78. Clar. Corr., II, 116–17.

79. Miller, Popery and Politics, app. III, pp. 269–72; Glassey, Politics, pp. 70–5; Victor Stater, Noble Government: The Stuart Lord Lieutenancy and the Transformation of English Politics (Athens, Ga., 1994), p. 164.

80. Morrice, Q, 55, 133; Hunt. Lib., HA 14806, G. Gowin to Rawdon, 30 Mar. 1687; Evelyn, Diary, IV, 540–1; Miller, James II, pp. 163–4; J. P. Kenyon, Robert Spencer, Second Earl of Sunderland 1641–1702 (1958), pp. 147–8.

81. Morrice, P, 618; Wood, Life and Times, III, 246; Roger L'Estrange, The Observator in Dialogue (3 vols., 1684–7), III, no. 232 (4 Dec. 1686). Cf. Luttrell, I, 395.

82. Lond. Gaz., no. 2226 (17–21 Mar. 1686[/7]); Morrice, Q, 85–6.

83. J. P. Kenyon, The Stuart Constitution 1603–1688 (Cambridge, 1966), doc. 115.

84. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, pp. 150–1; Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, pp. 62–4; Miller, James II, p. 165.

85. Herbert, Short Account, pp. 6–7.

86. See Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–85 (2005), pp. 63–4.

87. An Answer to… The Judgement and Doctrine of the Clergy of the Church of England (1687), pp. 19–20.

88. [Ferguson], Representation of the Threatning Dangers, pp. 24–5.

89. [Gilbert Burnet], A Letter, Containing some Reflections on His Majesties Declaration for Liberty of Conscience (1687), p. 4; [Burnet], Ill Effects, p. 22.

90. Lois G. Schwoerer, The Ingenious Mr. Henry Care, Restoration Publicist (Baltimore, 2001), ch. 7; Mary Geiter, William Penn (Harlow, 2000), ch. 4.

91. L'Estrange, Observator, III, no. 232 (4 Dec. 1686).

92. Morrice, Q, 43; L'Estrange, Observator, III, preface p. 8.

93. The Judgment and Doctrine of the Clergy of the Church of England, Concerning… Dispensing with the Penall Laws (1687), esp. pp. 5, 9–12, 24, 31–3, 41.

94. [William Penn], A Third Letter From a Gentleman in the Country, To His Friends in London, Upon the Subject of the Penal Laws and Tests (1687), pp. 4–5.

95. ‘A Poem Occasioned by His Majesty's Gracious Resolution Declared… For Liberty of Conscience’ (1687), in POAS, IV, 103–4.

96. Indulgence to Tender Consciences Shown to be Most Reasonable and Christian (1687). Cf. A.N., A Letter from a Gentleman in the City, to a Gentleman in the Country, About the Odiousness of Persecution (1687), p. 29.

97. [Penn], A Third Letter… Upon the Subject of the Penal Laws and Tests, pp. 6, 9, 14. Cf. Sir George Pudsey, The Speech of Sir George Pudsey Kt… To the King, Upon His Majesty's Coming to Oxford, Sept. 3 1687 (1687); [Care], Legality of the Court… Defended, pp. 31–2.

98. E.g. Judgment and Doctrine, p. 36.

99. Morrice, Q, 132; H[enry] C[are], Animadversions on… A Letter to a Dissenter (1687), pp. 21–5.

100. Lond. Gaz., no. 2246 (26–30 May 1687); Morrice, Q, 140; BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fol. 150.

101. BL, Althorp C2, Sir John Reresby to Halifax [ND, c. May 1687]. Cf. Reresby, Memoirs, p. 452.

102. Hunt. Lib., HA 14806, G. Gowin to Sir Arthur Rawdon, 30 Mar. 1687.

103. Watts, Dissenters, p. 258.

104. Bodl., MS Tanner 29, fols. 8, 10.

105. Morrice, Q, 97; HMC, Egmont, II, 189.

106. Cited in Geraint H. Jenkins, The Foundations of Modern Wales: Wales 1642–1780 (Oxford, 1987), p. 145.

107. This calculation is based on the published addresses in the London Gazette.

108. Lond. Gaz., no. 2234 (14–18 Aug. 1687).

109. Morrice, Q, 114, 137; Ellis Corr., I, 274; Petty–Southwell Corr., p. 280; Lond. Gaz., nos. 2238 (28 Apr.–2 May 1687) and 2245 (23–26 May 1687).

110. Morrice, Q, 112, 115; The Works of George Savile Marquis of Halifax, ed. Mark M. Brown (3 vols., Oxford, 1989), I, 80–1.

111. BL, Add. MSS 34,510, fol. 28v.

112. Lond. Gaz., no. 2304 (15–19 Dec. 1687).

113. Ibid., no. 2254 (23–27 Jun. 1687).

114. Ibid., no. 2242 (12–16 May 1687).

115. Ibid., nos. 2248 (2–6 Jun. 1687) and 2274 (1–5 Sep. 1687).

116. Morrice, Q, 132, 149.

117. The Diary of Dr Thomas Cartwright, Bishop of Chester, ed. Rev. Joseph Hunter, Camden Society, old series, 22 (1843), PP. 47–8, 51; Morrice, Q, 107, 114, 118, 127, 138.

118. Bodl. MS Tanner 29, fol. 13; All Souls Library, Oxford, MS 264, fol. 98; [Roger L'Estrange], A Reply to the Reasons of the Oxford-Clergy against Addressing (1687); BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fol. 119; Wood, Life and Times, III, 220; Morrice, Q, 141–2.

119. Morrice, Q, 137; Diary of Dr. Thomas Cartwright, p. 57.

120. Lond. Gaz., no. 2320 (9–13 Feb. 1688).

121. An Address of Thanks on Behalf of the Church of England to Mris James (1687), p. 1.

122. Lond. Gaz., no. 2250 (9–13 Jun. 1687).

123. Morrice, Q, 120.

124. Ibid., pp. 101–2.

125. Lond. Gaz., no. 2271 (22–25 Aug. 1688).

126. Ibid., nos. 2252 (16–19 Jun. 1687) and 2254 (23–27 Jun. 1687).

127. WYAS, MS/R/47/41, John Rokesby to Reresby, 4 Jul. 1687; BL, Althorp C2, Sir John Reresby to Halifax, 6 Jul. 1687; Reresby, Memoirs, pp. 461–2.

128. Morrice, Q, 138.

129. Luttrell, I, 405.

130. Hunt. Lib., HA 1162, Charles Byerley to Huntingdon, 19 Oct. 1687; Hunt. Lib., HA 13676, Sir Nathan Wright to Huntingdon, 19 Oct. 1687; Paul D. Halliday, Dismembering the Body Politic: Partisan Politics in England's Towns, 1650–1730 (Cambridge, 1998), p. 242.

131. Lond. Gaz., no. 2285 (10–13 Oct. 1687); Ellis Corr., I, 334–5; Henning, House of Commons, I, 314.

132. Lond. Gaz., no. 2313 (16–19 Jan. 1688); Halliday, Dismembering the Body Politic, pp. 244–5.

133. Lond. Gaz., no. 2339 (16–19 Apr. 1688).

134. Ibid., no. 2348 (17–21 May 1688).

135. Ibid., nos. 2276 (8–12 Sep. 1687) and 2335 (2–5 Apr. 1688); Victoria County History, Oxon, X, 75; Henning, House of Commons, I, 358.

136. Lond. Gaz., nos. 2347 (14–17 May 1688) and 2348 (17–21 May 1688); Henning, House of Commons, I, 213, 487; Luttrell, I, 405.

137. Lond. Gaz., nos. 2252 (16–20 Jun. 1687) and 2312 (12–16 Jan. 1687[/8]); Henning, House of Commons, I, 388.

138. The apothecaries, bakers, barber-surgeons, clothworkers, cooks, cord-wainers, cutlers, distillers, glovers, goldsmiths, haberdashers, joiners, mercers, merchant-tailors, painters, plumbers, skinners, stationers and weavers.

139. Lond. Gaz., no. 2284 (6–10 Oct. 1687).

140. Miller, James II, p. 169.

141. Morrice, Q, 49.

142. CSPD, 1686–7, p. 86 (no. 342).

143. The Flemings in Oxford, Being Documents Selected from the Rydal Papers in Illustration of the Lives and Ways of Oxford Men 1650–1700, ed. John Richard Magrath (3 vols., Oxford, 1904–24), II, 176–7, 186; Wood, Life and Times, III, 197–8, 200–2; Miller, James II, 169.

144. Morrice, Q, 45, 54, 79, 127; Wood, Life and Times, III, 214–15; CSPD, 1686–7, pp. 333 (no. 1304), 375 (no. 1497); CSPD, 1687–8, p. 22 (no. 112).

145. Morrice, Q, 79, 95, 104, 111–12, 122–3, 130; BL, Add. MSS 32,095, fol. 238; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 29 Apr. and 9 May 1687; East Sussex RO, ASH 932, p. 75.

146. Bloxam, ed., Magdalen College, pp. 12–34; Hunt. Lib., STT 1540 and 1541 (F. Overton to Sir Richard Temple, 23 Jun. and 2 Aug. 1687).

147. Bloxam, ed., Magdalen College, pp. 57, 79.

148. Ibid., passim (quotes on pp. 88, 91).

149. [Henry Care], A Vindication of the Proceedings of His Majestie's Ecclesiastical Commissioners (1688), pp. 36–58.

150. Herbert, Short Account, p. 29. For a recent scholarly treatment of the Magdalen College affair, see R. A. Beddard, ‘James II and the Catholic Challenge’, in Nicholas Tyacke, ed., The History of the University of Oxford. Vol. IV. Seventeenth-Century Oxford (Oxford, 1997), pp. 940–50.

151. Wood, Life and Times, III, 196, 213, 254, 257, 261–2, 264, 273–4

152. Steele, I, no. 3845.

153. Lond. Gaz., nos. 2270–2276 (18–22 Aug. to 8–12 Sep. 1687). See also Luttrell, I, 411–12; Ellis Corr., 336–7; Hunt. Lib., HA 1580, Thomas Condon to Earl of Huntingdon, 6 Aug. 1687; NLS, MS 14407, fol. 111.

154. Coventry City Archives, BA/H/C/17/2, fols. 342–4; BL, Add. MSS 72,596, fol. 1.

155. Wood, Life and Times, III, 226–32 (quote on p. 230); BL, Add. MSS 72,595, fols. 150, 152v. Morrice, P, 618–19 tells a similar story about an assault by a mastiff dog on one gentleman on horseback in the King's retinue at Salisbury in August 1686.

156. Life of James II, II, 140.

157. Evelyn, Diary, IV, 560, n.1. In The Works of Halifax, I, 89, fn. 2, Brown puts the figure at 17.

158. CSPD, 1687–9, p. 67 (no. 330); Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Book V’, p. 84.

159. Miller, James II, p. 178; Stater, Noble Government, pp. 166–71; Sir George Duckett, ed., Penal Laws and Test Act (2 vols., 1872–3).

160. Hunt. Lib., HA 10699, Samuel Sanders to Huntingdon, 19 Dec. 1687.

161. Cited in Turner, James II, p. 331.

162. Glassey, Politics, pp. 82–7; Miller, Popery and Politics, p. 272.

163. Mark Knights, ‘A City Revolution: The Remodelling of the London Livery Companies in the 1680s’, English Historical Review, 112 (1997), 1158–62.

164. This section draws on Halliday, Dismembering the Body Politic, ch. 7.

165. Western, Monarchy and Revolution, pp. 222–4.

166. CSPD, 1687–9, p. 300 (no. 1627).

167. Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution, pp. 110–11.

168. West Sussex RO, MF 1145, Chichester City Minute Book, 1685–1737, p. 28.

169. BL, Add. MSS 72,596, fols. 15, 16v; J. R. Jones, ‘James II's Whig Collaborators’, Historical Journal, 3 (1960), 65–73; Goldie, ‘James II and the Dissenters' Revenge’, pp. 53–4; Knights, ‘London Livery Companies’, p. 1165.

6 Yielding an Active Obedience Only According to Law

1. Morrice, P, 659.

2. POAS, IV, 221.

3. Jeremy Black, A System of Ambition? British Foreign Policy 1660–1793 (1991), p. 135; Jonathan Israel, ‘General Introduction’, in Israel, ed., The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its World Impact (Cambridge, 1991), p. 5; Robert Beddard, ‘The Unexpected Whig Revolution of 1688, in Beddard, ed., The Revolution of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), p. 97; Geoffrey Holmes, The Making of a Great Power: Late Stuart and Early Georgian Britain, 1660–1722 (Harlow, 1993), p. 178.

4. Elinor James, My Lord, I Thought it My Bound Duty (1687).

5. See, for example, J[onathan] C[lapham], Obedience to Magistrates Recommended (1683), p. 13.

6. An Answer to a late Pamphlet, Intituled The Judgment and Doctrine of the Clergy (1687), pp. 14, 29–30. Sherlock's tract is The Case of Resistance (1684).

7. An Address of Thanks On Behalf of the Church of England to Mris James (1687), p. 2.

8. A New Test of Church of England's Loyalty (1687), pp. 3, 5, 8.

9. [Thomas Cartwright], An Answer of a Minister of the Church of England (1687), pp. 31–2.

10. The New Test of the Church of England's Loyalty, Examined (1687), pp. 1–2.

11. Gilbert Burnet, ‘An Answer to a Paper Printed with Allowance, Entitled, A New Test of the Church of England's Loyalty’, in his Six Papers (1687), pp. 31–2, 35, 38–9.

12. [Samuel Johnson], The Tryal and Examination of a Late Libel, intituled, A New Test of the Church of England's Loyalty (1687), quotes on pp. 2, 3, 6.

13. [William Penn], A Letter from a Gentleman in the Country, To His Friend in London, Upon the Subject of the Penal Laws and Tests (1687), pp. 5–6. See also [William Penn], A Second Letter from a Gentleman in the Country, To his Friends in London, Upon the Subject of the Penal Laws and Tests (1687), pp. 6, 9.

14. A Letter in Answer to a City Friend Shewing How Agreeable Liberty of Conscience Is to the Church of England (1687), pp. 1–2. Cf. Address of Thanks… to Mris James, pp. 1–2.

15. Bodl., MS Tanner 29, fol. 9.

16. Morrice, Q, 120.

17. Ibid., p. 116.

18. Pub. Occ., nos. 4 (13 Mar. 1687[/8]), 6 (27 Mar. 1688), 7 (3 Apr. 1688), and 9 (17 Apr. 1688).

19. Morrice, Q, 116.

20. [Gilbert Burnet], The Ill Effects of Animosities among Protestants in England Detected (1688), quotes on pp. 19, 20, 22.

21. Ibid., pp. 10–11, 16–17.

22. Ibid., p. 20.

23. [Gilbert Burnet], A Letter, Containing some Reflections on His Majesties Declaration for Liberty of Conscience (1687), p. 6; Burnet, ‘An Answer to… a New Test’, p. 33.

24. Some Reflections on a Discourse, Called, Good Advice to the Church of England (1687?), in State Tracts – Farther Collection (1692), p. 366.

25. [Robert Ferguson], A Representation of the Threatning Dangers [Edinburgh?, 1687], pp. 32, 36, 37, 44, 47.

26. Ibid., p. 13.

27. Ibid., pp. 29–30.

28. FSL, V. b. 287, fol. 32, Sir James Fraser to Sir Robert Southall, 8 Sep. 1687; Mark M. Brown, ‘Introduction’, The Works of George Savile Marquis of Halifax, ed. Mark M. Brown (3 vols., Oxford, 1989), I, 81.

29. H[enry] C[are], Animadversions on… A Letter to a Dissenter (1687), p. 7.

30. Halifax, A Letter to a Dissenter, Upon Occasion of His Majesties Late Gracious Declaration of Indulgence (1687), in The Works of Halifax, I, 250–64 (quotes on pp. 251–2, 256–7).

31. Ibid., pp. 259, 262–4.

32. Mark Goldie, ‘The Revolution of 1689 and the Structure of Political Argument’, Bulletin of Research in the Humanities, 83 (1980), 480.

33. John Miller, The Glorious Revolution (1983), p. 103.

34. A Letter to a Friend. In Answer to a Letter to a Dissenter (1687), p. 1.

35. T[homas] G[odden], A Letter in Answer to Two Main Questions of the First Letter to a Dissenter (1687), pp. 18–19.

36. [William Penn], Remarks upon a Pamphlet Stiled, a Letter to a Dissenter, etc. In another Letter to the same Dissenter (1687), p. 7.

37. C[are], Animadversions, pp. 7, 10, 17, 31–3.

38. The debate over the ‘equivalent’ is discussed in The Works of Halifax, I, 90–111.

39. C[are], Animadversions, pp. 36–7.

40. J. R. Western, Monarchy and Revolution (1972), p. 228; The Works of Halifax, I, 92.

41. C[are], Animadversions, p. 6.

42. Morrice, Q, 227, 232.

43. John Miller, James II: A Study in Kingship (Hove, 1978, 3rd edn 2000), p. 177; J. R. Jones, The Revolution of 1688 in England (1972), p. 227; Morrice, Q, 234.

44. Gaspar Fagel, A Letter… Giving an Account of the Prince and Princess of Orange's Thoughts Concerning the Repeal of the Test and the Penal Laws (Amsterdam, 1688).

45. BL, Add. MSS 72,596, fol. 32v.

46. BL, Add. MSS 34,502, fol. 96.

47. Steele, I, no. 3855.

48. E.g. Berks. RO, N/AC1/1, fol. 99; Hunt. Lib., HA 12521, Arthur Stanhope to Huntingdon, 30 Jan. 1687[/8].

49. Clar. Corr., II, 156.

50. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Book V’, p. 92.

51. Wood, Life and Times, III, 254–5.

52. BL, Add. MSS 72,596, fol. 32.

53. Hunt. Lib., HA 7783, Gervase Jaquis to Huntingdon, 7 Feb. 1687[/8]; Wood, Life and Times, III, 256.

54. Clar. Corr., II, 160.

55. Steele, I, nos. 3864, 3865.

56. Morrice, Q, 255–7. Cf. Life of James II, II, 152–3.

57. ST, XII, col. 239; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 22 and 27 May 1688; Morrice, Q, 259–60.

58. Morrice, Q, 261.

59. Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time: From the Restoration of King Charles the Second to the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne (1850), p. 468.

60. BL, Add. MS 34,512, fol. 82; Clar. Corr., II, 172–3; [William Sherlock], A Letter from a Clergy-Man in the City, To his Friend in the Country, Containing his Reasons For not Reading the Declaration (1688), p. 8; Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 468; ST, XII, cols. 432–3, note; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 21 and 28 May 1688.

61. Morrice, Q, 261.

62. Wood, Life and Times, III, 267.

63. Luttrell, I, 440; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 18 Jun. 1688.

64. Luttrell, I, 451; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 16 Jul. 1688; Lond. Gaz., no. 2374 (16–20 Aug. 1688); Life of James II, II, 167.

65. Herbert Croft, A Short Discourse Concerning the Reading of His Majesties Late Declaration in the Churches (1688), quotes on pp. 6–7.

66. [Poulton], An Answer to a Letter From a Clergyman in the City, to his Friend in the Country, Containing his Reason for not Reading the Declaration (1688), p. 3.

67. BL Add. 11,268, fols. 89–93, ‘A Country-Clergie-Man's Answer to the Reasons of the City Clergie-man for not Reading the Declaration’.

68. ‘The Clerical Cabal’ (1688), in POAS, IV, 220–1.

69. An Answer to the City Minister's Letter, from a Country Friend (Oxford?, 1688), pp. 2, 3.

70. [Sherlock], Letter from a Clergy-Man in the City, pp. 2–3, 5, 6.

71. BL, Add. MS 34, 512, fol. 83; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 27 May 1688.

72. Morrice, Q, 269; Douglas R. Lacey, Dissent and Parliamentary Politics in England, 1661–1689 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1969), pp. 210–12.

73. West Sussex RO, MF 1145, Chichester City Minute Book 1685–1735, pp. 33, 36.

74. The addresses can be traced in the London Gazette. This total excludes those addresses from Totnes and Scarborough, which were drawn up on 28 April but were clearly belated responses (by recently purged corporations) to the Indulgence of the previous year.

75. Morrice, Q, 267–8; FSL, V.b.287, fol. 70, Sir James Fraser to Sir Robert Southwell, 9 Jun. 1688; Lond. Gaz., no. 2354, (7–11 Jun. 1688); Burnet, History of His Own Time, pp. 468–9; Clar. Corr., II, 175; HMC, Portland, III, 410; Hatt. Corr., II, 81; Memoirs of Thomas Earl of Ailesbury, ed. W. E. Buckley (1890), p. 170.

76. FSL, V.b.287, fol. 72, Fraser to Southwell, 16 Jun. 1688; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 15 Jun. 1688; ST, XII, cols. 189–277; Morrice, Q, 271–3.

77. Clar. Corr., II, 177; Morrice, Q, 280; Luttrell, I, 445; The Autobiography of Sir John Bramston, ed. P. Braybrooke, Camden Society, old series, 32 (1845), P. 390; BL, Add. MS 34,487, fol. 7; BL, Add. MSS, 34,510, fols. 126v, 129v-30, 133–5; BL, Add. MSS, 34,515, fol. 82v; Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 469; CLRO, Sessions Papers, 1688; Pub. Occ., no. 19 (26 Jun. 1688).

78. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 18 Jun. 1688.

79. BL, Add. MSS 34,510, fol. 138; BL, Add. MSS 34,512, fol. 89; Morrice, Q, 280.

80. ST, XII, cols. 277–431 (quotes on cols. 279, 339, 357, 361, 363–4, 367–9, 370–1, 397, 425–6).

81. ST, XII, col. 399.

82. ST, XII, cols. 426–7; FSL, V.b.287, fol. 76, Fraser to Southwell, 3 Jul. 1688.

83. BL, Add. MSS 34,487, fol. 9; BL, Add. MSS 34,510, fols. 138–9; BL, Add. MSS 34,515, fol. 88; HMC, Portland, III, 414; Ellis Corr., II, 5, 12; Bramston, Autobiography, pp. 310–11; Clar. Corr., II, 179; Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 29 Jun. 1688; Reresby, Memoirs, p. 501; Pub. Occ., no. 20 (3 Jul. 1688); Burnet, History of His Own Time, pp. 469–70; Ailesbury, Memoirs, p. 170; The Rawdon Papers, ed. Rev. Edward Berwick (1819), p. 291; A. C. Edwards, ed., English History from Essex Sources, 1550–1750 (Chelmsford, 1952), pp. 106–7.

84. Hunt. Lib., HA 3992, John Gery to the Earl of Huntingdon, 5 Jul. 1688; Hunt. Lib., STT 391, W[illiam] C[haplyn] to Sir Richard Temple, 5 Jul. 1688; Luttrell, I, 449; Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, ed. Sir Charles Firth (6 vols., 1913–15), II, 1035; Laurence Echard, The History of England (3 vols., 1707–18), III, 874; Wood, Life and Times, III, 271–2; D. R. Hainsworth, Stewards, Lords and People: The Estate Steward and his World in Later Stuart England (Cambridge, 1992), p. 150.

85. BL, Add. MSS 34,487, fol. 9; Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 470.

86. Reresby, Memoirs, p. 500; Luttrell, I, 452.

87. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Book V’, p. 116.

88. Edwards, Essex Sources, p. 107; BL, Add. MSS 34,487, fol. 9.

89. Bodl., MS Tanner 28, fol. 113; Macaulay, History, II, 1018.

90. Catalogue of Prints and Drawings in the British Museum, ed. F. G. Stephens and M. Dorothy George (11 vols., 1870–1954), I, no. 1169.

91. Life of James II, II, 168.

92. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 3, 13 and 16 Jul. 1688; CLRO, Sessions File, July 1688.

93. BL, Add. MSS 34,487, fol. 11; Ellis Corr., II, 108–9.

94. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 2, 6, 9, 13 and 30 Jul. 1688; Lond. Gaz., nos. 2364 (12–16 Jul. 1688) and 2375 (20–23 Aug. 1688); Morrice, Q, 281–2; ST, XII, col. 434.

95. Hunt. Lib., STT 1843, Thomas Sprat, Bishop of Rochester, to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, 16 Aug. 1688; BL, Add. MSS 28,876, fol. 146; All Souls Library, Oxford, MSS 257, no. 65; Ellis Corr. II, 137.

96. Steele, I, no. 3866.

97. BL, Add. MSS 27,448, fols. 342, 344, 349; Lond. Gaz., nos. 2355 (11–14 Jun. 1688), 2356 (14–18 Jun. 1688) and 2357 (18–21 Jun. 1688).

98. Bulstrode Newsletters, Reel 4, 11 Jun. 1688.

99. Wood, Life and Times, III, 268, 270–2.

100. Luttrell, I, 443, 445–6; Pub. Occ., no. 17 (19 Jun. 1688); BL, Add. MSS 34,515, fol. 82v; Hunt. Lib., HA 666, Sir Henry Beaumont to Huntingdon, 13 Jun. 1688; Hunt. Lib., HA 665, Beaumont to Huntingdon, 1 Jul. 1688; Hunt. Lib., HA 12979, George Vernon to Huntingdon, 1 Jul. 1688; Hunt. Lib., HA 33, J. Adderley to Huntingdon, 2 Jul. 1688; Hunt. Lib., HA 3992, John Gery to Huntingdon, 5 Jul. 1688; Echard, History of England, III, 862, 868. The addresses were published in the London Gazette.

101. Pub. Occ., no. 22 (17 Jul. 1688); Morrice, Q, 284; HMC, 5th Report, p. 378–9; Ellis Corr., II, 52; Luttrell, I, 451.

102. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Book V’, p. 175.

103. The Sham Prince Expos'd (1688).

104. For the warming-pan scandal, see J. P. Kenyon, ‘The Birth of the Old Pretender’, History Today, 13 (1963), 418–26; Rachel Weil, Political Passions: Gender, the Family and Political Argument in England 1680–1714 (Manchester, 1999), ch. 3. In an attempt to refute the warming-pan myth, James published the depositions from over 70 witnesses to the birth: Depositions taken the 22d of October, 1688, Before the Privy-Council and Peers of England, Relating to the Birth of the (Then) Prince of Wales [Edinburgh, 1688]; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1932 (23 Oct. 1688).

105. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Book V’, pp. 107–10.