7 The Desertion
1. Morrice, Q, 207.
2. Jonathan I. Israel, ‘The Dutch Role in the Glorious Revolution’, in Israel, ed., The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its World Impact (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 105–62; Jonathan Scott, England's Troubles: Seventeenth-Century English Political Stability in European Context (Cambridge, 2000), chs. 9, 20; Simon Groenveld, ‘“J'équippe une flotte trés considérable”: The Dutch Side of the Glorious Revolution’, in Robert Beddard, ed., The Revolutions of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 213–45.
3. Israel, ‘Dutch Role’, p. 106; Jonathan Israel and Geoffrey Parker, ‘Of Providence and Protestant Winds’, in Israel, ed., Anglo-Dutch Moment, p. 337; John Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution (Manchester, 1980), pp. 174–6, 184; Stephen Saunders Webb, Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Considered (New York, 1998), pp. 141, 337 (note 43); W. A. Speck, James II: Profiles in Power (2002), p. 76.
4. CSPD, 1687–9, P. 270 (no. 1472).
5. Lond. Gaz., nos. 2376 (23–27 Aug. 1688) and 2384 (20–24 Sep. 1688); Luttrell, I, 462; John Miller, James II: A Study in Kingship (Hove, 1978, 3rd edn 2000), pp. 196–7; J. R. Jones, The Revolution of 1688 in England (1972), pp. 150–1.
6. Lond. Gaz., no. 2386 (27 Sep.–1 Oct. 1688); RPCS, 1686–9, p. xxv; Morrice, Q, 296; Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution, p. 180; Steele, I, no. 3876; Hunt. Lib., HA 7164, James II to Huntingdon, 22 Sep. 1688; CSPD, 1687–9, pp. 279–86; The Earl of Sunderland's Letter to a Friend (1689); J. P. Kenyon, Robert Spencer, Second Earl of Sunderland 1641–1702 (1958), p. 215; Ellis Corr., II, 209–10, 219; Steele, I, no. 3873.
7. Lond. Gaz., no. 2386 (27 Sep.–1 Oct. 1688); Ellis Corr., II, 226–7; Morrice, Q, 298.
8. Lond. Gaz., no. 2387 (1–4 Oct. 1688).
9. Bodl., MS Tanner 28, fol. 187v; EUL, La. II. 89, fols. 304–6 (no. 192).
10. Morrice, Q, 303.
11. CSPD, 1687–9, pp. 309 (no. 1677), 320 (no. 1732), 321 (no. 1740); Lond. Gaz., nos. 2388 (4–8 Oct. 1688) and 2391 (15–18 Oct. 1688); Luttrell, I, 465; NLS, MS 7011, fol. 74; J. R. Bloxam, ed., Magdalen College and James II (Oxford, 1886), pp. 252–65; Wood, Life and Times, III, 279–80; Steele, I, no. 3881; Paul D. Halliday, Dismembering the Body Politic: Partisan Politics in England's Towns, 1650–1730 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 257–9; Lionel K. J. Glassey, Politics and the Appointment of Justices of the Peace 1675–1720 (Oxford, 1979), pp. 94–7.
12. BL, Add. MS 63,057B, fol. 130; Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time: From the Restoration of King Charles the Second to the Treaty of the Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne (1850), p. 495; Lois G. Schwoerer, The Declaration of Rights, 1689 (Baltimore, 1981), pp. 109–11.
13. The Declaration of His Highnes William Henry… Prince of Orange, etc. Of the Reasons Inducing him to Appear in Armes in the Kingdome of England (The Hague, 1688).
14. Morrice, Q, 324.
15. Lond. Gaz., nos. 2387 (1–4 Oct. 1688), 2389 (8–11 Oct. 1688) and 2390 (11–15 Oct. 1688); Luttrell, I, 467–8; Ellis Corr., II, 233.
16. Somerset RO, DD/SAS/C/795, ‘Pr. Of Orange, 1688’ Matthew Prior, ‘The Orange’, in POAS, IV, 308.
17. Steven Pincus, ‘The Making of a Great Power? Universal Monarchy, Political Economy, and the Transformation of English Political Culture’, The European Legacy, 5 (2000), 539.
18. J. D. Davies, Gentlemen and Tarpaulins: The Officers and Men of the Restoration Navy (Oxford, 1991), pp. 205–17.
19. David H. Hosford, Nottingham, the Nobles and the North: Aspects of the Revolution of 1688 (Hamden, Conn., 1976), pp. 30–43.
20. Robert Beddard, A Kingdom Without a King: The Journal of the Provisional Government in the Revolution of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), p. 21.
21. Jeremy Black, A System of Ambition? British Foreign Policy 1660–1793 (1991), p. 135.
22. Lond. Gaz., nos. 2398 (8–12 Nov. 1688) and 2399 (12–15 Nov. 1688); [John Whittel], An Exact Diary of the Late Expedition (1689), p. 46; A True and Exact Relation of the Prince of Orange His Publick Entrance into Exeter [1688]; Eveline Cruickshanks, ‘The Revolution and the Localities: Examples of Loyalty to James II’, in Cruickshanks, ed., By Force or By Default? The Revolution of 1688–1689 (Edinburgh, 1989), p. 30; Jones, Revolution of 1688, p. 294.
23. [Whittel], Exact Diary, p. 48.
24. Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 502; Beddard, Kingdom Without a King, pp. 21–2.
25. Ellis Corr., II, 294–6; Lond. Gaz., no. 2399 (12–15 Nov. 1688); Morrice, Q, 317, 321; David Hosford, ‘Lovelace, John, Third Baron of Lovelace (c. 1640–1693)’, Oxford DNB.
26. Morrice, Q, 322; [Whittel], Exact Diary, p. 51; Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution, p. 186.
27. Lond. Gaz., no. 2402 (19–22 Nov. 1688).
28. Ibid., no. 2400 (15–17 Nov. 1688); Hunt. Lib., HA 12452, J. Smithsby to Huntingdon, 27 Nov. 1688; Morrice, Q, 317–18, 327; Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution, chs. 6 and 7 (esp. pp. 159, 186–7, 190).
29. POAS, IV, 309–14; Burnet, History of His Own Time, p.502; Mrs Manley, A True Relation of the Several Facts and Circumstances of the Intended Riot and Tumult on Queen Elizabeth's Birthday (3rd edn, 1712), p.5.
30. Wood, Life and Times, III, 284; Hosford, Nottingham, Nobles and the North, ch. 6; Morrice, Q, 326, 331, 337; Laurence Echard, The History of England (3 vols., 1707–18), III, 928; W. A. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries (Oxford, 1988), pp. 226–30; Reresby, Memoirs, p. 536; Great News from Salisbury, The Sixth of December, 1688 [1688].
31. To the King's Most Excellent Majesty, the Humble Petition of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal (1688); Luttrell, I, 476; Steele, I, no. 3901.
32. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, p. 232; Luttrell, I, 475, 480; Ellis Corr., II, 333.
33. Hunt. Lib., HA 4801, Countess of Huntingdon to Huntingdon, 3 Dec. 1688. Cf. Hunt. Lib., HA 4808, same to the same, 7 Dec. 1688.
34. Lord Del_r's Speech [1688?].
35. The Declaration of the Nobility, Gentry, and Commonalty at the Rendezvous at Nottingham, Nov. 22 1688 [1688].
36. Martin Greig, ‘Burnet, Gilbert (1643–1715)’, Oxford DNB.
37. [Gilbert Burnet], An Enquiry into the Measures of Submission to the Supream Authority (1688, Wing B5808 edn), pp. 1, 2, 4.
38. Ibid., pp. 5, 6.
39. Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–85 (2005), pp. 58, 72, 75–6, 78, 175–9; Mark Goldie, ‘Danby, the Bishops and the Whigs’, in Tim Harris, Paul Seaward and Mark Goldie, eds., The Politics of Religion in Restoration England (1990), pp. 75–105.
40. [Thomas Osborne, Earl of Danby], The Thoughts of a Private Person; About the Justice of the Gentlemen's Undertaking at York. Nov. 1688 (1689), pp. 1–2, 3, 4, 5, 7.
41. Ibid., pp. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 22.
42. Reresby, Memoirs, pp. 497–8; WYAS, MX/R/50/84–5, MX/R/53/1, 4, 6, MX/R/54/1–5; Luttrell, I, 434; Wood, Life and Times, III, 257; Pub. Occ., no. 4 (13 Mar. 1687[/8]).
43. BL, Add. MSS 34,512, fol. 108v; BL, Add. MSS, 38,175, fol. 140; Evelyn, Diary, IV, 599; Luttrell, I, 465. For general studies of the anti-Catholic violence of the latter part of 1688, see William L. Sachse, ‘The Mob and the Revolution of 1688’, Journal of British Studies, 4 (1964), 23–40; Robert Beddard, ‘Anti-Popery and the London Mob of 1688’, History Today, 38, no. 7 (July 1988), 36–9; Tim Harris, ‘London Crowds and the Revolution of 1688’, in Cruickshanks, ed., By Force or By Default?, pp. 44–64; John Miller, ‘The Militia and the Army in the Reign of James II’, Historical Journal, 16 (1973), 659–79.
44. Luttrell, I, 467; Ellis Corr., II, 240; Hatt. Corr., II, 95.
45. HMC, Le Fleming, pp. 216–17; HMC, 5th Report, p. 379.
46. Morrice, Q, 310; Luttrell, I, 472; HMC, 14th Report, IX, 448; Ellis Corr., II, 269; Evelyn, Diary, IV, 602.
47. Morrice, Q, 311; HMC, Le Fleming, p. 218.
48. Luttrell, I, 474, 475; Ellis Corr., II, 291–2; BL, Add. MSS 34,487, fol. 35; Morrice, Q, 317; Evelyn, Diary, IV, 607; Hatt. Corr., II, 99–100; CLRO, Lieutenancy Court Minute Books 1685–88, 13 Nov. 1688; The Autobiography of Sir John Bramston, ed. P. Braybrooke, Camden Society, old series, 32 (1845), p. 332; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1934 (13 Nov. 1688).
49. BL, Add. MSS 34,510, fols. 177v, 179v-80; Luttrell, I, 477.
50. Luttrell, I, 468.
51. CSPD, 1687–9, p. 348 (no. 1915).
52. BL, Add. MSS 34,510, fol. 159v; CSPD, 1687–9, p. 316 (no. 1715).
53. Hunt. Lib., STT 48, Mr Andrews and others to Dear Sir, 1 Nov. 1688; Wood, Life and Times, III, 281.
54. Wood, Life and Times, III, 285; Morrice, Q, 337; Reresby, Memoirs, p. 531; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1944 (6 Dec. 1688).
55. HMC, Le Fleming, p. 226; Bodl., MS Ballard 45, fol. 20.
56. Wood, Life and Times, III, 286–7.
57. Morrice, Q, 338; Luttrell, I, 482–4; Bodl., MS Tanner 28, fol. 283; Univ. Int., no. 1 (11 Dec. 1688); Great News from Nottingham, The Fifth of December, 1688 [1688]; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1944 (6 Dec. 1688).
58. [Hugh Speke], By His Highness William Henry, Prince of Orange, a Third Declaration (1688); Hugh Speke, The Secret History of the Happy Revolution, in 1688 (1715), pp. 32, 34–40; Edmund Bohun, The History of the Desertion (1689), pp. 87–8; John Oldmixon, The History of England during the Reign of the Royal House of Stuart (1730), p. 759.
59. Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 503; Morrice, Q, 341.
60. Evelyn, Diary, IV, 609.
61. Speke, Secret History, pp. 43–4.
62. BL, Add. MSS 72,596, fol. 45; Hunt. Lib., HA 12452, Smithsby to Huntingdon, 27 Nov. 1688; Morrice, Q, 329; Lond. Gaz., no. 2406 (29 Nov.–3 Dec. 1688); Steele, I, no. 3909; CSPD, 1687–9, p. 361 (no. 1987).
63. Morrice, Q, 325, 345; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1939 (24 Nov. 1688) and 1946 (11 Dec. 1688); [Whittel], Exact Diary, p. 69; An Account of Last Sunday's Engagement Between His Majesty's, and the Prince of Orange's Forces, in the Road between Reading and Maidenhead (1688); Henri and Barbara van der Zee, 1688: Revolution in the Family (1988), pp. 179, 187–8.
64. [Whittel], Exact Diary, pp. 64–6; Beddard, Kingdom Without a King, pp. 25–9.
65. Andrew Barclay, ‘Mary [of Modena] (1658–1718)’, Oxford DNB.
66. HMC, 14th Report, IX, 451; HMC, Dartmouth, I, 226; Luttrell, I, 485; BL, Add. MSS 32,095, fol. 297; Reresby, Memoirs, pp. 536–7; Jones, Revolution of 1688, p. 305.
67. Lond. Gaz., no. 2409 (10–13 Dec. 1688); Univ. Int., no. 1 (11 Dec. 1688).
68. BL, Add. MSS 34,487, fols. 50–1; BL, Add. MSS 34,510, fols. 197–9; Ellis Corr., II, 345–52; Bramston, Autobiography, pp. 339–40; Reresby, Memoirs, 537; HMC, 5th Report, p. 379; HMC, Dartmouth, I, 229–33; HMC, Le Fleming, p. 228; HMC, 14th Report, IX, 452; HMC, Portland, III, 420; Luttrell, I, 486; Univ. Int., nos. 1 (11 Dec. 1688) and 2 (11–15 Dec. 1688); English Currant, no. 2 (12–14 Dec. 1688); London Courant, no. 2 (12–15 Dec. 1688); Lond. Gaz., no. 2409 (10–13 Dec. 1688); Lond. Merc., nos. 1 (15 Dec. 1688) and 2 (15–18 Dec. 1688); Morrice, Q, 350–2; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1947 (13 Dec. 1688); Evelyn, Diary, IV, 610; Hunt. Lib., HA 1226, Thomas Carleton to Huntingdon, 13 Dec. 1688; Hunt. Lib., HA 4806, Countess of Huntingdon to Huntingdon, 15 Dec. 1688; A. C. Edwards, ed., English History from Essex Sources, 1550–1750 (Chelmsford, 1952), pp. 110–11; A Full Account of the Apprehending of the Lord Chancellor in Wapping (1688); Echard, History, III, 932.
69. Univ. Int., nos. 3 (15–18 Dec. 1688), 4 (18–22 Dec. 1688), 5(22–26 Dec. 1688) and 7 (31 Dec.-3 Jan. 1688[/9]); Lond. Merc., nos. 4 (22–24 Dec. 1688) and 5 (24–27 Dec. 1688); Morrice, Q, 389; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1955 (1 Jan. 168 8 [/9]) Geraint H. Jenkins, The Foundations of Modern Wales: Wales 1642–1780 (Oxford, 1987), p. 147.
70. Lond. Merc., no. 1 (15 Dec. 1688); Univ. Int., no. 3 (15–18 Dec. 1688); Morrice, Q, 362; HMC, 5th Report, p. 324; Memoirs of Thomas Earl of Ailesbury, ed. W. E. Buckley (1890), pp. 200, 203, 205, 206; Luttrell, I, 487; Ellis Corr., II, 356–7; Bohun, History of the Desertion, pp. 99, 103; Oldmixon, History, p. 761. For a general account, see G. H. Jones, ‘The Irish Fright of 1688: Real Violence and Imagined Massacre’, BIHR, 55 (1982), 148–52; P. G. Melvin, ‘The Irish Army and the Revolution of 1688’, The Irish Sword, 9 (1969–70), 298–9, 302–7.
71. Lond. Merc., nos. 2 (15–18 Dec. 1688), 3 (18–22 Dec. 1688), 5 (24–27 Dec. 1688) and 7 (31 Dec. 1688–3 Jan. 1688[/9]); Univ. Int., no. 5 (22–26 Dec. 1688); Hunt. Lib., HA 1043, [Theophilus Brookes] to Huntingdon, 19 Dec. 1688; Morrice, Q, 359, 389; HMC, Portland, III, 421; BL, Add. MSS 34, 487, fol. 50; Echard, History, III, 933; Jenkins, Foundations of Modern Wales, p. 147.
72. Bramston, Autobiography, p. 340; A Dialogue between Dick and Tom (1689), p. 8.
73. Beddard, ‘Anti-Popery and the London Mob’, quote on p. 36; Sachse, ‘Mob and the Revolution’, esp. pp. 26, 35.
74. Morrice, Q, 310; Ellis Corr., II, 351; Univ. Int., no. 2 (11–15 Dec. 1688).
75. Oldmixon, History, p. 757; Burnet, History of His Own Time, pp. 503, 505.
76. Luttrell, I, 477; Morrice, Q, 323.
77. Bodl., MS Ballard 45, fol. 20.
78. Thomas Babington Macaulay, The History of England from the Accession of James the Second, ed. Sir Charles Firth (6 vols., 1913–15), III, 1178. Cf. [Charles Leslie], An Answer to a Book, Intituled, The State of the Protestants in Ireland (1692), sig. b 2v.
79. BL, Add. MSS 32,095, fols. 302–11; Hunt. Lib., HA 1226, Thomas Carleton to Huntingdon, 13 Dec. 1688; Wood, Life and Times, III, 288; Hatt. Corr., II, 123; Ailesbury, Memoirs, p. 208; Bramston, Autobiography, p. 338; Reresby, Memoirs, p. 539; Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 505; ‘Récit du Départ du Roi Jacques II D'Angleterre, Ecrit de sa main’, in Sir James Mackintosh, History of the Revolution in England in 1688 (1834), p. 706.
80. BL, Add. MSS 4182, fol. 71; Clar. Corr., II, 230; Ailesbury, Memoirs, pp. 214–15; Reresby, Memoirs, p. 540; Wood, Life and Times, III, 289; Life of James II, II, 262; Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 506; ‘Récit du Départ du Roi Jacques II’, p. 707; HMC, Dartmouth, I, 236; HMC, Le Fleming, p. 230; Ellis Corr., II, 362–3; Univ. Int., no. 3 (15–18 Dec. 1688); Lond. Merec, no. 2 (15–18 Dec. 1688); London Courant, no. 3 (15–18 Dec. 1688); Echard, History, III, 934–5.
81. Bramston, Autobiography, p. 340; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1949 (18 Dec. 1688); Oldmixon, History, p. 762; Bohun, History of the Desertion, p. 100; Edmund Bohun, Diary and Autobiography, ed. S. Wilton Rix (Beccles, 1853), p. 82; A Poem on His Majesties Return to Whitehall (1688); Lond. Gaz., no. 2410 (13–17 Dec. 1688).
82. Life of James II, II, 263–78 (quotes on pp. 263, 267, 274); James II, His Majestie's Reasons for Withdrawing Himself from Rochester (1688); Ailesbury, Memoirs, p. 218; Univ. Int., nos. 4 (18–22 Dec. 1688) and 5 (22–26 Dec. 1688); Lond. Merc., no. 7 (31 Dec. 1688–7 Jan. 1688[/9]); HMC, Hamilton, p. 175; Ellis Corr., II, 372–3; Wood, Life and Times, III, 289–91; Beddard, Kingdom Without a King, pp. 63–4.
83. Hunt. Lib., HA 1227, Thomas Carleton to Huntingdon, 18 Dec. 1688; Hunt. Lib., HA 4807, Countess of Huntingdon to Huntingdon, 18 Dec. 1688; BL, Add. MSS 20,716, fol. 5; FSL, Newdigate Newsletters, L.c. 1950 (20 Dec. 1688); Clar. Corr., II, 231; Luttrell, I, 489; Lond. Merc., no. 3 (18–22 Dec. 1688); English Currant, no. 3 (14–19 Dec. 1688); Univ. Int., no. 4 (18–22 Dec. 1688); Morrice, Q, 378; [Whittel], Exact Diary, p. 71; Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 508; Ellis Corr., II, 369; Reresby, Memoirs, p. 541; The Rawdon Papers, ed. Rev. Edward Berwick (1819), p. 292; Oldmixon, History, p. 763; Echard, History, III, 938–40; BL, Evelyn Papers, JE A2, fol. 54.
84. Morrice, Q, 383; Lond. Merc., no. 4 (22–24 Dec. 1688).
85. BL, Evelyn Papers, JE A2, fols. 54v-5v.
8 ‘The Greatest Revolution that was Ever Known’
1. Lucille Pinkham, William III and the Respectable Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1954); Stuart E. Prall, The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688 (Garden City, N.Y., 1972); Jennifer Carter, ‘The Revolution and the Constitution’, in Geoffrey Holmes, ed., Britain after the Glorious Revolution, 1689–1714 (1969), pp. 39–58; J. R. Western, Monarchy and Revolution (1972); J. P. Kenyon, Revolution Principles: The Politics of Party, 1689–1720 (Cambridge, 1977); Howard Nenner, ‘Constitutional Uncertainty and the Declaration of Rights’, in Barbara Malament, ed., After the Reformation: Essays in Honor of J. H. Hexter (Philadelphia, 1980), pp. 291–308; Robert J. Frankle, ‘The Formulation of the Declaration of Rights’, Historical Journal, 17 (1974), 265–79.
2. John Morrill, ‘The Sensible Revolution’, in Jonathan I. Israel, ed., The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its World Impact (Cambridge, 1991), p. 103.
3. R. A. Beddard, ‘The Unexpected Whig Revolution of 1688’, Beddard, ed., The Revolutions of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), esp. pp. 94–7.
4. Lois G. Schwoerer, The Declaration of Rights, 1689 (Baltimore, 1981), quote on p. 248.
5. W. A. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries (Oxford, 1988), pp. 141, 162. Cf. Geoffrey Holmes, The Making of a Great Power: Late Stuart and Early Georgian Britain, 1660–722 (Harlow, 1993), p. 217.
6. Steven Pincus, ‘The Making of a Great Power? Universal Monarchy, Political Economy, and the Transformation of English Political Culture’, The European Legacy, 5 (2000), 532. See also Steven Pincus, The First Modern Revolution (forthcoming).
7. Robert Beddard, A Kingdom Without a King: The Journal of the Provisional Government in the Revolution of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), pp. 36–41, 49–51, 57–60.
8. Lond. Gaz., no. 2414 (27–31 Dec. 1688); Morrice, Q, 378, 382; Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time: From the Restoration of King Charles the Second to the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne (1850), p. 509; Clar. Corr., II, 225; Henry Horwitz, Revolution Politicks: The Career of Daniel Finch, Second Earl of Nottingham (Cambridge, 1968), pp. 68–9; Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, pp. 133–4; Beddard, Kingdom Without a King, pp. 63–5; Beddard, ‘Unexpected Whig Revolution’, pp. 38–40.
9. J. H. Plumb, ‘The Elections to the Convention Parliament of 1689’, Cambridge Historical Journal, 5 (1937), 235–54; Henry Horwitz, ‘Parliament and the Glorious Revolution’, BIHR, 47 (1974), 36–52; Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, pp. 150–2; Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, pp. 92–4; Henning, House of Commons, I, 106–7.
10. Morrice, Q, 436; Anchitell Grey, Debates of the House of Commons from the Year 1667 to the Year 1694 (10 vols., 1763), IX, 2; CJ, X, 9; LJ, XIV, 101.
11. Life of James II, II, 292.
12. Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, p. 156; Mark Goldie, ‘The Revolution of 1689 and the Structure of Political Argument’, Bulletin of Research in the Humanities, 83 (1980), 478.
13. Life of James II, II, 292–3; Luttrell, I, 497. Cf. Burnet, History of His Own Time, pp. 512–13.
14. The Anatomy of an Arbitrary Prince (1689).
15. [Gilbert Burnet], An Enquiry into the Measures of Submission to the Supream Authority (1688, Wing B5808 edn), p. 6.
16. [Robert Ferguson], A Brief Justification of the Prince of Orange's Descent into England, and of the Kingdom's Late Recourse to Arms (1689), quotes on pp. 9, 15, 17–18, 19.
17. Four Questions Debated (1689). Cf. Reasons Humbly Offer'd, For Placing His Highness the Prince of Orange, Singly in the Throne During his Life, in The Eighth Collection of Papers Relating to the Present Juncture of Affairs in England [1689], pp. 17–18.
18. [Ferguson], Brief Justification of the Prince of Orange's Descent into England, quotes on pp. 23–4, 31–2, 34, 37.
19. Mark Goldie, ‘The Roots of True Whiggism 1688–94’, History of Political Thought, 1 (1980), 195–236; Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, ch. 8. Schwoerer mistakenly includes Robert Ferguson in this group, who in early 1689 was decrying against a commonwealth and saw no need for further limitations on the crown.
20. [John Humfrey], Advice Before it be too Late: Or, A Breviate for the Convention [1689].
21. [John Wildman], Some Remarks upon Government, and Particularly upon the Establishment of the English Monarchy Relating to this Present Juncture (1689), p. 27.
22. A Plain and Familiar Discourse concerning Government [1688], p. 2.
23. Now Is the Time (1689). Also published as A Modest Proposal to the Present Convention, in The Sixth Collection of Papers Relating to the Present Juncture of Affairs in England (1689), pp. 17–18.
24. [Wildman], Some Remarks upon Government, quotes on pp. 5, 19, 21–3, 27–8.
25. [Humfrey], Advice, p. 4.
26. A Letter to a Friend, Advising in this Extraordinary Juncture, How to Free the Nation from Slavery for Ever (1689), p. 1.
27. Morrice, Q, 400, 406, 422, 424, 427, 430–1, 433.
28. A Speech to His Royal Highness the Prince of Orange, by a True Protestant of the Church of England (1689).
29. William Sherlock, A Letter to a Member of the Convention (1689), pp. 1–3
30. LJ, XIV, 101; CJ, X, 11; Grey, Debates, IX, 3–5; Parl. Hist., V, cols. 31–5; Steele, I, no. 3953.
31. All Souls, Oxford, MS 251, fol. 154.
32. For various accounts of the debate, see: Grey, Debates, IX, 6–25; Parl. Hist., V, cols. 36–50 (which follows Grey); Lois G. Schwoerer, ‘A Jornall of the Convention at Westminster begun the 22 of January 1688/9’, BIHR, 49 (1976), 242–63; John Somers, ‘Notes of what passed in the Convention upon the Day the question was moved in the House of Commons concerning the Abdication of King James II, the 28th January 1688–9’, in Miscellaneous State Papers, from 1501 to 1726, ed. P. Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke (2 vols., 1778), II, 401–12. The debate is best reconstructed by combining Schwoerer, ‘Jornall’ with Grey, Debates. Grey's account lists the speeches in the wrong order. ‘A Jornall’ provides what seems to be the right order, and gives a much fuller account of some of the speeches, though for other speeches the compiler merely summarizes what was said, and for these it is better to follow Grey.
33. Grey, Debates, IX, 7–9, 21.
34. Schwoerer, ‘Jornall’, pp. 250–1. Cf. Grey, Debates, IX, 19–20.
35. Schwoerer, ‘Jornall’, p. 255. Cf. Grey, Debates, IX, 24.
36. Schwoerer, ‘Jornall’, pp. 256, 259; Grey, Debates, IX, 12, 17.
37. Schwoerer, ‘Jornall’, pp. 252–3. Cf. Grey, Debates, IX, 21–3.
38. Grey, Debates, IX, 18, 24; Schwoerer, ‘Jornall’, pp. 257, 259.
39. Grey, Debates, IX, 11; Schwoerer, ‘Jornall’, p. 258
40. Grey, Debates, IX, 12, 15, 23; Schwoerer, ‘Jornall’, pp. 255, 256, 258.
41. Grey, Debates, IX, 25; Schwoerer, ‘Jornall’, p. 261; CJ, X, 14, 15. The three who voted against were Lord Fanshaw (who wanted to delay the vote), Viscount Cornbury, and Sir Edward Seymour.
42. Morrice, Q, 446–7, 450; LJ, XIV, 110; Parl. Hist., V, cols. 58–9; Eveline Cruickshanks, David Hayton and Clyve Jones, ‘Divisions in the House of Lords on the Transfer of the Crown and Other Issues, 1689–94’, in Clyve Jones and David Lewis Jones, eds., Peers, Politics and Power: The House of Lords, 1603–1911 (1986), p. 82.
43. Morrice, Q, 445, 451–2; LJ, 111–12.
44. BL, Add. MSS 15,949, fol. 13; Morrice, Q, 445.
45. Reresby, Memoirs, p. 547; Luttrell, I, 499; Morrice, Q, 450.
46. Morrice, Q, 453–4; Reresby, Memoirs, pp. 548–9; Luttrell, I, 499–500; John Oldmixon, The History of England during the Reign of the Royal House of Stuart (1730), p. 771; Clar. Corr., II, 258; Lond. Int., no. 7 (2–5 Feb. 1688[/9]); Lond. Merc., no. 10 (10 Jan.–6 Feb. 1688[/9]); Grey, Debates, IX, 45; Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, p. 211.
47. CJ, X, 18–19; LJ, XIV, 115–17; BL, Add. MSS 15,949, fol. 16; Morrice, Q, 456; Grey, Debates, IX, 49–50.
48. CJ, X, 20; Grey, Debates, IX, 53–65 (quotes on pp. 55, 56).
49. Parl. Hist., V, cols. 66–108 (quotes on cols. 68, 69, 70, 72); LJ, XIV, 118–19; Morrice, Q, 459–60, 462; West Sussex RO, Shillinglee Archives, no. 482, Robert Chaplin to Sir Edward Turner, 9 Feb. 1684[/5]; Burnet, History of His Own Time, pp. 518–19.
50. Grey, Debates, IX, 29–30.
51. Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, p. 186.
52. Grey, Debates, IX, 30–4; Morrice, Q, 447–8.
53. CJ, X, 15; Grey, Debates, IX, 33, 35, 37, 48.
54. The Publick Grievances of the Nation, Adjudged Necessary, by the Honorable House of Commons, To be Redressed (1689); Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, Appendix 2, pp. 299–300.
55. Grey, Debates, IX, 33, 51; CJ, X, 19; Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, pp. 220–1.
56. Morrice, Q, 459–61; Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, p. 110.
57. CJ, X, 21–9; Grey, Debates, IX, 70–83.
58. Steele, I, nos. 3957–61
59. Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, Appendix 1, pp. 295–8.
60. HMC, 7th Report, p. 759; HMC, House of Lords, 1689–1690, p. 29; CJ, X, 25.
61. William Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire, Reasons for His Majestie's Passing the Bill of Exclusion (1681), p. 5.
62. Tim Harris, Politics under the Later Stuarts (1993), pp. 69–70.
63. See Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–85 (2005), pp. 63–4.
64. CJ, X, 26; HMC, 7th Report, p. 759; HMC, House of Lords, 1689–1690, p. 29.
65. Sir Edward Herbert, A Short Account of the Authorities in Law, Upon Which Judgement Was Given in Sir Edw. Hales His Case (1688), quotes on pp. 13, 16, 27, 28, 34.
67. A Letter to a Gentleman at Brussels, Containing an Account of the Causes of the People's Revolt from the Crown (1689), p. 15.
68. W[illiam] A[twood], The Lord Chief Justice Herbert's Account Examin'd (1689), esp. pp. 9, 11–13, 26–8, 31, 50–1, 62, 67, 70–2. Cf. Sir Robert Atkyns, ‘Enquiry into the Power of Dispensing with Penal Statutes’ [1688], in ST, XI, cols. 1200–51.
69. Herbert, Short Account, pp. 4, 35, 37.
70. Ellis Corr., II, 227. James said this at a meeting with the bishops on 28 September.
71. BL, Egerton MSS 2543, fol. 257. See pp. 202–5.
72. Joyce Lee Malcom, To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right (Cambridge, Mass., 1994), p. 40.
73. CJ, X, 25; LJ, XIV, 122.
74. See John Miller, ‘Crown, Parliament and People’, in J. R. Jones, ed., Liberty Secured? Britain Before and After 1688 (Stanford, 1992), pp. 81–2.
75. Malcolm, To Keep and Bear Arms, pp. 121–2.
76. Lois G. Schwoerer, ‘To Hold and Bear Arms: The English Perspective’, Chicago-Kent Law Review, 76 (2000), 27–60.
77. Morrice, P, 385, 430, 472, 477, 501, 526, 543. See Harris, Restoration, pp. 179, 314, and above p. 82.
78. Harris, Restoration, pp. 142, 179, 185, 296, 315, 316.
79. ST, IX, cols. 585–94; J. M. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England 1660–1800 (Princeton, 1986), p. 378.
80. Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, p. 148; Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, pp. 96–7; David Ogg, England in the Reign of Charles II (Oxford, 1934), p. 431; John Miller, James II: A Study in Kingship (Hove, 1978, 3rd edn 2000), p. 142.
81. Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, ch. 15; Speck, Reluctant Revolutionaries, pp. 113–14.
82. CJ, X, 29–30; LJ, XIV, 127; Grey, Debates, IX, 83–4.
83. LJ, XIV, 132; CJ, X, 34; Grey, Debates, IX, 84–106, SR, VI, 23–4.
84. SR, VI, 61–2; Morrice, Q, 489; HMC, Athole, p. 36; Grey, Debates, IX, 128–9; CJ, X, 42.
85. SR, VI, 56–7; Lois G. Schwoerer, ‘The Coronation of William and Mary, April 11, 1689’, in Schwoerer, ed., The Revolution of 1688–1689: Changing Perspectives (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 107–30 (esp. pp. 123–5, 128–9).
86. LJ, XIV, 191; SR, VI, 57–60.
87. CJ, X, 42.
88. SR, VI, 142–5; Schwoerer, Declaration of Rights, ch. 16.
89. NLS, MS 7011, fol. 149.
90. SR, VI, 74–6; Horwitz, Revolution Politicks, pp. 87–93.
91. BL, Add. MSS 4236, fols. 19–20.
92. The State Prodigal His Returne [1689], p. 3.
93. CUL, Sel 3, 237, no. 143.
94. LJ, XIV, 148; Morrice, Q, 507; Tony Claydon, William III and the Godly Revolution (Cambridge, 1996), p. 152; Henry Horwitz, Parliament, Policy and Politics in the Reign of William III (Manchester, 1977), p. 22.
95. W. C. Braithwaite, The Second Period of Quakerism (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 155, 181.
96. Western, Monarchy and Revolution, pp. 334–44, 352–3; Paul D. Halliday, Dismembering the Body Politic: Partisan Politics in England's Towns, 1650–1730 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 268–76.
97. Parl. Hist., V, cols. 560, 561; Clayton Roberts, ‘The Constitutional Significance of the Financial Settlement of 1690’, Historical Journal, 20 (1977), 59–76 (figures on p. 63); E. A. Reitan, ‘From Revenue to Civil List, 1689–1702: The Revolution Settlement and the “Mixed and Balanced” Constitution’, Historical Journal, 13 (1970), 571–88.
98. [John Somers], In Vindication of the Proceedings of the Late Parliament of England (1689), pp. 13–14.
99. Lond. Gaz., no. 2427 (11–14 Feb. 1688[/9]); Morrice, Q, 467; Luttrell, I, 501; Reresby, Memoirs, p. 554; Laurence Echard, The History of England (3 vols., 1707–18), III, 978, 981.
100. HMC, Portland, III, 429; D. R. Hainsworth, Stewards, Lords and People: The Estate Steward and his World in Later Stuart England (Cambridge, 1992), p. 124; Hunt. Lib., STT, 413, W[illiam] C[haplyn] to Sir Richard Temple, 17 Feb. 1688[/9]; Luttrell, I, 503, 505, 507, 514; Berks. RO, N/AC1/1/1/fol. 103; Lond. Gaz., nos. 2429–34 (18–21 Feb. to 7–11 Mar. 1688[/9]).
101. Luttrell, I, 520–1, 522.
102. News from Bath (1689); The Loyalty and Glory of the City of Bath (1689).
103. HMC, Portland, III, 429.
104. See, for example, Berks. RO, H/Faci, fols. 95–6 (Abingdon?), N/AC1/1/1/, fol. 112 (Newbury), W/FVc/28 (Wallingford).
105. Grey, Debates, IX, 110, 112.
106. Ibid., IX, 131.
107. Morrice, Q, 476.
108. Luttrell, I, 540.
109. Echard, History, III, 981.
110. Morrice, Q, 487.
111. CLRO, Sessions File, Jul. 1689, inds. of George Smith and Joseph Sheere, and gaol calendar.
112. Luttrell, I, 606–7.
113. The Proceedings on the King and Queens Commissions of the Peace, and Oyer and Terminer, and Gaol Delivery of Newgate, held for the City of London, and County of Middlesex, at Justice-Hall in the Old Baily (15–16 Jan. 1690[/1]).
114. Goldie, ‘Revolution of 1689’.
115. Ibid., pp. 489–90.
116. BL, Add. MSS 32,095, fol. 325.
117. William E. Burns, ‘Sherlock, William (1639/40–1707)’, Oxford DNB.
118. [Charles Leslie], An Answer to a Book, Intituled, The State of the Protestants in Ireland (1692), p. 123.
119. Goldie, ‘Revolution of 1689’, p. 490.
120. Samuel Jeake, An Astrological Diary of the Seventeenth Century, ed. Michael Hunter and Annabel Gregory (Oxford, 1988), p. 195.
121. Hunt. Lib., STT, Literature (9), [Sir Richard Temple], ‘The False Patriot Unmasked; Or, A Short History of the Whigs’ [c. 1690], quote on p. 10.
122. Four Questions Debated, quote on p. 10. The tract was published before 6 Feb. 1689, and so is not in Goldie's list.
123. Goldie, ‘Revolution of 1689’, p. 490.
124. Goldie, ‘Revolution of 1689’, pp. 488–9, 490; Mark Goldie, ‘Edmund Bohun and Ius Gentium in the Revolution Debate, 1689–1693’, Historical Journal, 20 (1977), 569–86. For Burnet's justification of the Revolution, see Claydon, William III and the Godly Revolution.
125. Merc. Ref., I, no. (17 Jul. 1689).
126. Life of James II, II, 317; Gilbert Burnet, A Pastoral Letter Writ by the… Bishop of Sarum, to the Clergy of his Diocess (1689).
127. Mark Goldie, ‘Edmund Bohun’.
128. Harris, Politics under the Later Stuarts, ch. 8.
9 The Glorious Revolution in Scotland
1. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fol. 115.
2. Ian B. Cowan, ‘The Reluctant Revolutionaries: Scotland in 1688’, in Eveline Cruickshanks, ed., By Force or By Default? The Revolution of 1688–1689 (Edinburgh, 1989), pp. 65–81.
3. Gordon Donaldson, Scotland: James V to James VII (Edinburgh, 1965), p. 383.
4. Rosalind Mitchinson, Lordship to Patronage: Scotland, 1603–1745 (1983), p. 116.
5. Bruce Lenman, ‘The Poverty of Political Theory in the Scottish Revolution of 1688–1690’, in Lois G. Schwoerer, ed., The Revolution of 1688–1689: Changing Perspectives (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 244–5, 249; Kathleen Mary Colquhoun, ‘“Issue of the Late Civill Wars”: James, Duke of York and the Government of Scotland 1679–1689 Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinios at Urbana-Champaign (1993), p. 21.
6. Lond. Gaz., nos. 2358 (21–25 Jun. 1688) and 2366 (19–23 Jul. 1688).
7. CSPD, 1687–9, p. 389 (no. 2128); Fountainhall, Hist. Not., II, 869–70.
8. Colin Lindsay, 3rd Earl of Balcarres, An Account of the Affairs of Scotland, Relating to the Revolution of 1688 (1714), pp. 12–13.
9. Leven and Melville Papers, pp. xvi-xvii; Morrice, Q, 367; Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 511; Maurice Ashley, The Glorious Revolution of 1688 [1966], p. 212; Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Book V’, pp. 21–2; Richard L. Greaves, Secrets of the Kingdom: British Radicals from the Popish Plot to the Revolution of 1688–89 (Stanford, 1992), pp. 323–4; Magnus Linklater and Christian Hesketh, For King and Conscience: John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount Dundee (1648–1689) (1989), pp. 147–8; Robert Beddard, A Kingdom Without a King: The Journal of the Provisional Government in the Revolution of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), p. 21.
10. William III, The Declaration of His Highnes William Henry… Prince of Orange, etc. Of the Reasons Inducing him to Appear in Armes in the Kingdome of England (The Hague, 1688), pp. 5, 8.
11. [Thomas Morer], An Account of the Present Persecution of the Church in Scotland (1690), p. 14.
12. William III, The Declaration of His Highness William… Prince of Orange, etc. of the Reasons Inducing Him, To Appear in Armes for Preserving of the Protestant Religion, and for Restoring the Laws and Liberties of the Ancient Kingdome of Scotland (The Hague, 1688).
13. Luttrell, I, 466, 474; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 646; A Letter from the Archbishops and Bishops (Edinburgh, 1688).
14. RPCS, 1686–9, pp. xxv, li, 328; Lond. Gaz., nos. 2388 (4–8 Oct. 1688) and 2392 (18–22 Oct. 1688); Melvilles and Leslies, III, 192.
15. Lond. Gaz., no. 2401 (17–19 Nov. 1688).
16. RPCS, 1686–9, p. 346.
17. CSPD, 1687–9, pp. 388–9 (no. 2128).
18. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fols. 112v-114v.
19. Balcarres, Account, pp. 30–1; Andrew Lang, Sir George Mackenzie, King's Advocate, of Rosehaugh, His Life and Times 1636(?)–1691 (1909), p. 296.
20. Balcarres, Account, pp. 36–7; RPCS, 1686–9, p. liv; Life of James II, II, 336, 338.
21. Five Letters from a Gentleman in Scotland to His Friend in London (1689), p. 2.
22. Melvilles and Leslies, III, 193.
23. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, Part I, Book V, p. 21, and Book VI, p. 210; Reresby, Memoirs, p. 536; Morrice, Q, 368–9, 395.
24. Luttrell, I, 469.
25. Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 649.
26. Five Letters, p. 1; R. A. Houston, Social Change in the Age of Enlightenment: Edinburgh, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1994), p. 306.
27. Balcarres, Account, pp. 34–5, 38–9; NLS, MS 7026, fol. 81; Five Letters, p. 1; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 650; Melvilles and Leslies, II, 102.
28. NLS, MS 7026, fol. 89; Five Letters, p. 3; Lond. Merc., no. 6 (27–31 Dec. 1688); Morrice, Q, 403, 417; Balcarres, Account, pp. 44–7; Melvilles and Leslies, III, 193.
29. NLS, MS 7026, fols. 81v-2, 87; Balcarres, Account, pp. 39–43; Luttrell, I, 488; BL, Add. MSS 28,850, fol. 93; Lond. Merc., no. 3 (18–22 Dec. 1688); Univ. Int., no. 4 (18–22 Dec. 1688); Melvilles and Leslies, II, 102–3; Robert Chambers, Domestic Annals of Scotland. Volume III: From the Revolution to the Rebellion of 1745 (Edinburgh, 1861), p. 12; L.L., Scotland Against Popery (1689); Five Letters, pp. 1–4; [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 15; [Alexander Monro], An Apology for the Clergy of Scotland (1693), p. 8; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 650–1; Life of James II, II, 338; [Charles Leslie], An Answer to a Book, Intituled, The State of the Protestants in Ireland (1692), sig. b 2; Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time: From the Restoration of King Charles the Second to the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne (1850), p. 510; Houston, Social Change, pp. 306–8.
30. Robert Chambers, Domestic Annals of Scotland. Volume II: From the Reformation to the Revolution (2nd edn, Edinburgh, 1849), pp. 499–501; HMC, Laing, I, 460–2.
31. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fol. 119v.
32. Five Letters, p. 4; [Monro], Apology for the Clergy of Scotland, p. 8.
33. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fol. 115; Lond. Merc., no. 6 (27–31 Dec. 1688); Five Letters, p. 4; NLS, MS 7026, fols. 89, 90; Morrice, Q, 403; [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 15; [Leslie], Answer, sig. b 2.
34. [Robert Reid], The Account of the Popes Procession at Aberdeene, The 11th of January, 1689 ([Aberdeen], 1689).
35. Morrice, Q, 432.
36. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXVIII, fol. 115; Chambers, Domestic Annals, Volume II, p. 499.
37. Five Letters, pp. 1–2.
38. Univ. Int., no. 4 (18–22 Dec. 1688); Luttrell, I, 488.
39. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fol. 119; NLS, MS 7026, fol. 98; Five Letters, p. 4; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 649. Some of the Society People, however, later complained about Boyd's initiative before their General Assembly, because William's Declaration had made no mention ‘of the Covenanted work of Reformatione’.
40. [Reid], Account of the Popes Procession, pp. 2, 4.
41. [John Sage], The Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy in Scotland Truly Represented (1690), pp. 5–6; [George Mackenzie, Viscount Tarbat, and Sir George Mackenzie of Rosehaugh], A Memorial for His Highness the Prince of Orange in Relation to the Affairs of Scotland (1689), p. 20; The Present State and Condition of the Clergy, and Church of Scotland (1689), pp. 1–2; [Leslie], Answer, sig. b 2; Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 510.
42. [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, ‘First Collection’, pp. 4, 39–40, 42.
43. BL, Add. MSS 28,850, fol. 124.
44. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fols. 116–17, 119r-v, 121v. Cf. [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, p. 5.
45. NLS, MS 7035, fol. 86; [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, ‘First Collection’, pp. 45–6.
46. APS, VIII, 486–7.
47. [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, ‘First Collection’, p. 1.
48. NLS, MS 7026, fol. 119.
49. [Gilbert Rule], A Vindication of the Church of Scotland; Being an Answer to Five Pamphlets (1691), p. 22. Cf. [Monro], Apology for the Clergy of Scotland, p. 10, who denies the logic of Rule's argument, asserting that an interregnum ‘cannot properly fall out in an Hereditary Monarchy; for the King never dies’.
50. [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, ‘First Collection’, pp. 33–4.
51. NLS, Wod. MSS Oct. XXX, fol. 62v.
52. HMC, Laing, I, 468; [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, p. 6; [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 41; [Leslie]. Answer, sig. c.
53. William III, His Highness the Prince of Orange his Speech to the Scots Lords and Gentlemen, with their Address and His Highness his Answer (1689); Earl of Arran, A Speech made… to the Scotch Nobility and Gentry…, on the Eight of January 1689 ([Edinburgh?], 1689); CSPD, 1687–89, p. 392 (no. 2141); Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Book VII’, pp. 265–7.
54. P. W. J. Riley, King William and the Scottish Politicians (Edinburgh, 1979), esp. ch. 1.
55. Five Letters, p. 4.
56. Morrice, Q, 491.
57. Bruce P. Lenman, ‘The Scottish Nobility and the Revolution of 1688–1690’, in Robert Beddard, ed., The Revolutions of 1688 (Oxford, 1988).
58. NAS, RH 13/20, pp. 146–50; Wodrow, Sufferings, II, 651–2 and apps. nos. 152 and 153, pp. 207–12; NLS, MS 7026, fol. 95; NLS, MS 7035, fol. 167; [Tarbat and Mackenzie], Memorial, pp. 17, 19; Morrice, Q, 440, 471–2, 492; Luttrell, I, 503.
59. Great News from the Convention in Scotland, Giving a Further Account of Their Proceedings and Occurrences (1689).
60. EUL, La. III. 350, no. 245; NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fols. 124v, 128.
61. Letters to Sancroft, pp. 91–5, 102–3, 105.
62. Ian B. Cowan, ‘Church and State Reformed? The Revolution of 1688–9 in Scotland’, in Jonathan I. Israel, ed., The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and its World Impact (Cambridge, 1991), p. 175; Clare Jackson, Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690 (Woodbridge, 2003), p. 212.
63. Morrice, Q, 486, 492.
64. [Tarbat and Mackenzie], Memorial, p. 5.
65. Morrice, Q, 426.
66. Leven and Melville Papers, pp. 12, 125–7.
67. Lenman, ‘Scottish Nobility and the Revolution’, p. 146.
68. James Canaries, A Sermon Preached at Edinburgh… upon the 30th of January, 1689 (Edinburgh 1689), pp. 1, 6–16.
69. Ibid., pp. 22, 38, 39, 40.
70. Ibid., pp. 55, 60, 61.
71. Ibid., pp 70, 79.
72. Ibid., p. 66.
73. Melvilles and Leslies, III, 193.
74. Lionel K. J. Glassey, ‘William II and the Settlement of Religion in Scotland, 1688–90’, RSCHS, 23 (1989), 317–29.
75. NLS, MS 7026, fols. 77, 115–16, 134. Cf. NLS, MS 7011, fols. 151, 171. For a general discussion of Tweeddale and the scheme for union, see: Riley, King William, pp. 49–53.
76. NLS, MS 7026, fol. 94a.
77. NLS, MS 7026, fol. 95. Cf. ibid., fol. 134.
78. Riley, King William, p. 53.
79. [Tarbat and Mackenzie], Memorial, pp. 7–8.
80. William III, A Letter… to the Estates of the Kingdom of Scotland, at their Meeting at Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1689).
81. William III, Speech to the Scots Lords and Gentlemen, p. 2.
82. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fols. 122v-123v.
83. [William Strachan], Some Remarks upon… An Answer to the Scots Presbyterian Eloquence (1694), p. 33; [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 23.
84. NLS, Wod. MSS Oct. XXX, fol. 59v.
85. NAS, PA 7/12, p. 228 (no. 501); Balcarres, Account, pp. 60–2; Morrice, Q, 509; An Account of the Proceedings of the Estates of Scotland (1689), p. 1; [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 3; Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Book VIII’, pp. 301–2; Robert S. Rait, The Parliaments of Scotland (Glasgow, 1924), p. 95.
86. APS, IX, 8–10; NAS, PA 7/12, p. 232 (no. 503); Lond. Gaz., no. 2438 (21–25 Mar. 1689).
87. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fol. 127; NLS, MS 7026, fol. 158; Morrice, Q, 509, 510; APS, IX, 11–12, 23, 33–4; Account of the Proceedings of the Estates, pp. 18, 21; [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, ‘Fourth Collection’, pp. 90–1; Balcarres, Account, pp. 24, 31; [Leslie], Answer, sig b v; Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, Part 1. Continued. Book VIII’, p. 306; Lang, Mackenzie, pp. 298–9; Chambers, Domestic Annals, Volume III, pp. 5–6.
88. APS, IX, 3–5.
89. Leven and Melville Papers, p. 125; Rait, Parliaments of Scotland, pp. 95–6.
90. APS, IX, 6–22.
91. Account of the Proceedings of the Estates, pp. 14, 16.
92. Culloden Papers: Comprising an Extensive and Interesting Correspondence from the Year 1625 to 1748 (1815), pp. 317–18; NLS, MS 7035, fol. 157; NLS, MS 7026, fol. 209; Balcarres, Account, pp. 76–7; APS, IX, 60; Account of the Proceedings of the Estates, pp. 46, 51, 52; Riley, King William, p. 53.
93. Arran, Speech… to the Scots Nobility; Life of James II, II, 345–6.
94. A Short Historical Account Concerning the Succession to the Crown of Scotland (1689). Cf. Salus Populi Suprema Lex ([Edinburgh?], 1689), pp. 4–5.
95. APS, IX, 33–4.
96. Lenman, ‘Poverty of Political Theory’, p. 255.
97. Balcarres, Account, p. 82.
98. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued, Book VIII’, p. 308.
99. Leven and Melville Papers, p. 9.
100. Balcarres, Account, p. 82.
101. [Robert Ferguson], The Late Proceedings and Votes of the Parliament of Scotland (Glasgow, 1689), p. 25.
102. NLS, Wod. MSS Oct. XXX, fol. 68.
103. NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fol. 131v.
104. Account of the Proceedings of the Estates, p. 26; Lond. Gaz., no. 2443 (8–11 Apr. 1689). Most historians have erroneously followed Balcarres, Account, p. 83, in giving the figure of five dissentient voices. NAS, PA 7/12, p. 251, the contemporary minutes of the proceedings of the Convention, simply states that the vote was ‘approven be the plurality’.
105. Balcarres, Account, p. 83. Interestingly, however, Atholl had been a member of the grand committee of 24 that on 1 April had approved, nemine contradicente, the reasons for declaring the throne vacant: Account of the Proceedings of the Estates, pp. 19, 24.
106. APS, IX, 34; Lond. Gaz., no. 2443 (8–11 Apr. 1689).
107. All citations from the Claim of Right are taken from APS, IX, 37–40.
108. John R. Young, ‘The Scottish Parliament and the Covenanting Heritage of Constitutional Reform’, in Allan I. Macinnes and Jane Ohlmeyer, eds., The Stuart Kingdoms in the Seventeenth Century (Dublin, 2002), pp. 226–50.
109. APS, III, 23; APS, VIII, 238.
110. Sir George Mackenzie, Jus Regium (2nd edn, 1684), pp. 184–6.
111. Fountainhall, Decisions, I, 339.
112. APS, II, 535, III, 36, 545; APS, VII, 26.
113. Ibid., VII, 554.
114. APS, VIII, 243–5; HMC, Laing, I, 443.
115. [Robert Ferguson], A Representation of the Threatning Dangers [Edinburgh?, 1687], p. 28.
116. See Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–85 (2005), pp. 125–7.
117. APS, VII, 13, 480.
118. Harris, Restoration, pp. 350, 365–7.
119. Ibid., p. 347.
120. APS, VIII, 461.
121. BL, Add. MSS 63,057B, fol. 64v.
122. [Alexander Shields], The Hind Let Loose (Edinburgh, 1687), p. 97; To His Grace, His Majesties High Commissioner, and to the Right Honourable the Estates of Parliament. The Humble Address of the Presbyterian Ministers, and Professors of the Church of Scotland (Edinburgh, 1689), p. 1.
123. Rait, Parliaments of Scotland, pp. 98, 302.
124. Harris, Restoration, p. 346.
125. I owe this point to Lionel Glassey.
126. APS, V, 303.
127. APS, V, 298–9.
128. Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 538; NLS, MS 7026, fols. 173, 190.
129. APS, IX, 45; An Account of the Affairs of Scotland (1690), esp. pp. 12, 14, 16, 18.
130. APS, IX, 48–9.
131. APS, IX, 40–1, 43–4; Lond. Gaz., no. 2445 (15–18 Apr. 1689); Luttrell, I,522.
132. Account of the Affairs of Scotland, p. 29.
133. NLS, Wod. MSS Oct. XXX, fol. 60; Account of the Proceedings of the Estates, pp. 85–9; Lond. Gaz., no. 2453 (13–16 May 1689); HMC, Hamilton, pp. 181–2; Luttrell, I, 533; Culloden Papers, pp. 320–1; APS, IX, app. p. 133; Morrice, Q, 555; Account of the Affairs of Scotland, p. 2. The request that the Convention be turned into a Parliament was agreed to on 24 April: APS, IX, 61.
134. Leven and Melville Papers, pp. xvii, 23–4, 29, 81; Melvilles and Leslies, II, 32.
135. William III, His Majesties Gracious Letter To the Meeting of the Estates of His Ancient Kingdom of Scotland (1689); Account of the Affairs of Scotland, pp. 1–27. Cf. HMC, Hamilton, p. 176.
136. APS, IX, 98.
137. APS, IX, 104, and app. pp. 129, 130, 135.
138. Account of the Affairs of Scotland, pp. 6, 29.
139. Glassey, ‘William II and the Settlement of Religion’.
140. APS, IX, app. pp. 128,130–1, 137, 138; Leven and Melville Papers, pp. xviii, 143; Melvilles and Leslies, II, 108–11.
141. Leven and Melville Papers, pp. 414–15; Melvilles and Leslies, III, 201–5; The Speech Of His Grace the Earl of Melvill, His Majesties High-Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland, Edinburgh, April 15, 1690 (1690); APS, IX, app. p. 38.
142. APS, IX, 111, 113, 133–4, 196–7; Young, ‘Scottish Parliament and Constitutional Reform’, pp. 234–9.
143. Account of the Affairs of Scotland, p. 3; Colin Kidd, Subverting Scotland's Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Identity, 1689–c.1830 (Cambridge, 1993), p. 52; Young, ‘Scottish Parliament and Constitutional Reform’.
144. Leven and Melville Papers, p. 32.
145. Jackson, Restoration Scotland, ch. 8.
146. RPCS, 1686–9, P. 431; NLS, MS 14407, fol. 131; Leven and Melville Papers, pp. 57–8; An Account of the Besieging the Castle of Edinburgh (1689).
147. For the rebellion, see Andrew Murray Scott, Bonnie Dundee: John Graham of Claverhouse (Edinburgh, 2000), chs. 5–8.
148. RPCS, 1686–9, p. 441.
149. Life of James II, II, 431.
150. Leven and Melville Papers, pp. 27, 32, 52, 92; Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part II. Book II’, p. 71; Colin Kidd, ‘Mackenzie, George, First Earl of Cromarty (1630–1714)’, Oxford DNB.
151. NLS, MS 14407, fol. 142.
152. Chambers, Domestic Annals, Volume III, pp. 8–9; NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fols. 132–45.
153. RPCS, 1686–9, pp. 471, 486–7.
154. Paul Hopkins, Glencoe and the End of the Highland War (Edinburgh, 1986), chs. 4–6; Keith M. Brown, Kingdom or Province? Scotland and the Regal Union, 1603–1715 (1992), pp. 170–1.
155. Burnet, History of His Own Time, p. 538.
156. For Montgomery's Jacobite intrigues, see: James Halliday, ‘The Club and the Revolution in Scotland 1689–90’, Scottish Historical Review, 45 (1966), 143–59; Riley, King William, pp. 30–1, 39–41; Mark Goldie, ‘The Roots of True Whiggism 1688–94’, History of Political Thought, 1 (1980), 228–9; Hopkins, Glencoe, pp. 208–9, 211 219–21, 273–4, 312, 367.
157. [Alexander Monro], A Letter to a Friend (1692), p. 27.
158. HMC, Athole, p. 38; Balcarres, Account, pp. 116–50, passim; Life of James II, II, 425–8; Leven and Melville Papers, pp. xx–xxi; Melvilles and Leslies, III, 220–2.
159. [James Montgomerie], Great Britain's Just Complaint (1692), quote on p. 30.
160. APS, IX, 43, 134; Lond. Gaz., no. 2446 (18–22 Apr. 1689).
161. RPCS, 1689, pp. xvii-xxi, 19–20, 77–8; Luttrell, I, 574; Leven and Melville Papers, pp. 239–40; Cowan, ‘Church and State Reformed?’, p. 176.
162. RPCS, 1689, pp. 31, 369–70, 425; Leven and Melville Papers, p. 319.
163. RPCS, 1689, p. 305.
164. Ibid., pp. 447–9.
165. Ibid., pp. 372–7.
166. Tristram Clarke, ‘Williamite Episcopalians and the Glorious Revolution’, RSCHS, 24 (1990), 33–51; Tristram Clarke, ‘The Scottish Episcopalians 1688–1720’, unpub. Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh (1987).
167. HMC, Hamilton, p. 194; HMC, Laing, I, 468–9; [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, pp. 10–12, 15; Clarke, ‘Williamite Episcopalians’, p. 40; R. Buick Knox, ‘Establishment and Toleration during the Reigns of William, Mary and Anne’, RSCHS, 23 (1989), 343.
168. RPCS, 1689, pp. 294–7.
169. Melvilles and Leslies, II, 46.
170. Clarke, ‘Williamite Episcopalians’; Buick Knox, ‘Establishment and Toleration’, p. 347; Brown, Kingdom or Province?, pp. 174–5.
171. Chambers, Domestic Annals, Volume III, p. 7.
172. J. A. Inglis, ‘The Last Episcopalian Minister of Moneydie’, Scottish Historical Review, 13 (1916), 232–3; Glassey, ‘William II and the Settlement of Religion’, p. 329.
173. Leven and Melville Papers, p. xxx; Buick Knox, ‘Establishment and Toleration’, p. 347; Clarke, ‘Williamite Episcopalians’, p. 36.
174. BL, MS Egerton 2651, fol. 203.
175. [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, ‘To the Reader’.
176. [Leslie], Answer, sig. c 2.
177. See in particular: Present State and Condition of the Clergy and Church of Scotland; [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution; [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy; [Strachan], Some Remarks; [Monro], Letter to a Friend.
178. Present State and Condition of the Clergy, and Church of Scotland, p. 2; A Brief and True Account of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland (1690), p. 23.
179. [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, pp. 2, 58; [Strachan], Some Remarks, p. 34.
180. [Tarbat and Mackenzie], Memorial, p. 22. See also Sir George Mackenzie, A Vindication of the Government of Scotland, During the Reign of Charles II (1691).
181. [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 49. Cf. [Monro], Apology for the Clergy of Scotland, esp. pp. 11, 85; [Strachan], Some Remarks, pp. 23–5.
182. [Alexander Monro], The History of Scotch-Presbytery (1692), sig. A4.
183. [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 9.
184. [Tarbat and Mackenzie], Memorial, pp. 26, 30.
185. [Strachan], Some Remarks, pp. 54–5.
186. Ibid., p. 62. See also: [Monro], Apology for the Clergy of Scotland, p. 28; [Alexander Monro], The Spirit of Calumny and Slander (1693), pp. 61–3.
187. [Gilbert Crockatt and John Munro], The Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence; Or, The Foolishness of their Teaching Discovered (1692, 2nd edn 1693), quotes on pp. 4, 5, 15.
188. Leven and Melville Papers, p. 337.
189. [Monro], Letter to a Friend, pp. 8–9; [Crockatt and Munro], Scotch Presbyterian Eloquence, p. 101.
190. [Morer], Account of the Present Persecution, p. 61.
191. [Sage], Case of the Present Afflicted Clergy, p. 106.
192. NLS, Wod. MSS Oct. XXX, fol. 62.
193. Leven and Melville Papers, p. 336.
194. [Strachan], Some Remarks, pp. 48–9.
195. [Gilbert Rule], A Vindication of the Church of Scotland. Being an Answer To a Paper, Intituled, Some Questions concerning Episcopal and Presbyterial Government in Scotland (1691), p. 35.
196. [Gilbert Rule], A Vindication of the Church of Scotland; Being an Answer to Five Pamphlets (1691), p. 5.
197. Leven and Melville Papers, pp. 376–7.
198. Brief and True Account of the Sufferings of the Church of Scotland, p. 24. Cf. Merc. Ref., II, no. 13 (5 Mar. 1690).
199. [Rule], Vindication… Being an Answer To… Some Questions, pp. 21, 32–5.
200. [Monro], Letter to a Friend, p. 26.
10 ‘This Wofull Revolution’ in Ireland
1. Charles O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, Or, The Destruction of Cypress; Being a Secret History of the War of the Revolution in Ireland, ed. John Cornelius O'Callaghan (Dublin, 1850), p. 158.
2. Ibid., p. 364 (note 144).
3. Edward Wetenhall, A Sermon Setting Forth the Duties of the Irish Protestants (Dublin, 1692), p. 21.
4. A Jacobite Narrative of the War in Ireland, ed. J. T. Gilbert (Dublin, 1892, revised edn, with an introduction by J. G. Simms, Shannon, 1971), p. 127; Harman Murtagh, ‘The War in Ireland, 1689–91’, in W. A. Maguire, ed., Kings in Conflict: The Revolutionary War in Ireland and its Aftermath 1689–1750 (Belfast, 1990), p. 61.
5. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, passim.
6. Merc. Ref., II, no. 29 (25 Jun. 1690).
7. Peter Berresford Ellis, The Boyne Water: The Battle of the Boyne, 1690 (Belfast and St Paul, Minn., 1989), p. xi; Ian McBride, The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant Mythology (Dublin, 1997).
8. HMC, Ormonde, II, 377; Steele, II, no. 986; Council Books of the Corporation of Waterford 1662–1700, ed. Seamus Pender (Dublin, 1964), p. 281; The Council Book of the Corporation of Youghall, from 1610… to 1800, ed. Richard Caulfield (Guildford, 1878), p. 378; Cal. Anc. Rec. Dub., V, 475.
9. A Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults (1689), pp. 127–8.
10. NLI, MS 37, pp. 39–41.
11. Cal. Anc. Rec. Dub., V, 482–3; Lond. Gaz., no. 2363 (9–12 Jul. 1688).
12. The Poems of David Ó Bruadair, ed. and trans. Rev. John C. Mac Erlean (3 vols., 1910–17), III, 113.
13. Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, p. 44.
14. Wood, Life and Times, III, 255.
15. [William King], The State of the Protestants of Ireland under the Late King James's Government (1691), p. 91.
16. BL, MS Stowe 746, fol. 106.
17. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 354.
18. CSPD, 1687–9, p. 283 (no. 1552).
19. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 355; John Childs, The Army, James II, and the Glorious Revolution (Manchester, 1980), p. 4.
20. A Short View of the Methods Made Use of in Ireland for the Subversion and Destruction of the Protestant Religion and Interest in that Kingdom (1689), pp. 9–10.
21. Morrice, Q, 386–7, 394.
22. Murtagh, ‘War in Ireland’, p. 62. Cf. BL, Egerton 917, fol. 91; Lond. Merc., no. 10 (10 Jan.–6 Feb. 1688[/9]); Orange Gaz., no. 14 (19–22 Feb. 1688[/9]); Jacobite Narrative, p. 38; Journal of the Proceedings of the Parliament in Ireland (1689), p. 11.
23. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 359; Short View of the Methods, p. 16; BL, Egerton 917, fol. 91; BL, Add. MSS 28,876, fol. 186; Orange Gaz., no. 14 (19–22 Feb. 1688[/9]); Wetenhall, Sermon Setting Forth the Duties, p. 15. For a general discussion of the rapparees, see Éamonn Ó Ciardha, Ireland and the Jacobite Cause 1685–1766 (Dublin, 2002), pp. 68–76.
24. An Account of a Late Horrid and Bloody Massacre in Ireland (1689), pp. 1–2.
25. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 355.
26. HMC, Ormonde, II, 388–9; Steele, II, no. 1004; TCD, 1995–2008/61; Hunt. Lib., HA 15788, Order to all High and Petty Constables and Other Subjects, 7 Dec. 1688.
27. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 355–7; Jacobite Narrative, pp. 40–1; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 102–3, 345, 348; Full and Impartial Account of the Secret Consults, pp. 137–8, 140; [George Philips], An Apology for the Protestants of Ireland (1689), pp. 10–13; Andrew Hamilton, A True Relation of the Actions of the Inniskilling-Men (1690), pp. 1–3; Cox, Hibernica Anglicana… Second Part, p. 19; G[eorge] P[hilips], The Second Apology for the Protestants of Ireland (1690), p. 5; The Rawdon Papers, ed. Rev. Edward Berwick (1819), p. 294; George Walker, A True Account of the Siege of London-Derry (2nd edn, 1689), pp. 11–12; John Mackenzie, A Narrative of the Siege of London-Derry (1690), pp. 1–5.
28. Morrice, Q, 362, 467; An Account of the Present, Miserable, State of Affairs in Ireland (1689); Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, p. 143; Lond. Merc., no. 3 (18–22 Dec. 1688); Orange Gaz., no. 11 (8–12 Feb. 1688[/9]).
29. Lond. Merc., no. 4 (22–24 Dec. 1688); Lond. Int., no. 4 (22–24 Jan. 1688[/9]); Orange Gaz., no. 7 (21–26 Jan. 1688[/9]); Morrice, Q, 423; Diarmuid Murtagh and Harman Murtagh, ‘The Irish Jacobite Army 1689–91’, The Irish Sword, 18, no. 70 (Winter, 1990), 33.
30. Short View of the Methods, p. 21; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 359; Luttrell, I, 504; The Present Dangerous Condition of the Protestants in Ireland (1689); Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 144–5; [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 91.
31. Steele, II, no. 1010; HMC, Ormonde, II, 392.
32. Orange Gaz., no. 14 (19–22 Feb. 1688[/9]); BL, Add. MSS 34,773, fol. 6.
33. BL, Egerton 917, fol. 100.
34. HMC, Egmont, II, 190. Cf. Cox, Hibernica Anglicana… Second Part, ‘Transactions since 1653’, pp. 19–20.
35. Richard Doherty, The Williamite War in Ireland 1688–1691 (Dublin, 1998), p. 37.
36. Short View of the Methods, pp. 18–19. M. Perceval-Maxwell, The Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641 (Montreal, 1994), pp. 232–3, notes the occurrence of trials of English cattle during the Irish Rebellion of 1641.
37. Lond. Merc., no. 11 (6–11 Feb. 1688 [/9]).
38. Full And Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, pp. 140–2; Short View of the Methods, p. 16.
39. Poems of David Ó Bruadair, III, 117, 119.
40. Leics. RO, DG7, HMC Vol. II, p. 209/2.
41. William III, The Declaration of his Highnes William Henry… Prince of Orange, etc. Of the Reasons Inducing him to Appear in Armes in the Kingdome of England (The Hague, 1688), p. 8.
42. J[oseph] Boyse, A Vindication of the Reverend Mr Alexander Osborn (1690), p. 11.
43. Morrice, Q, 403.
44. Orange Gaz., nos. 6 (17–21 Jan. 1688[/9]) and 7 (21–26 Jan. 1688[/9]); Luttrell, I, 498. Cf. Hamilton, Inniskilling-Men, pp. vi–vii.
45. A Faithful History of the Northern Affairs of Ireland (1690); Lond. Int., no. 5 (24–29 Jan. 1688[/9]); Mícheál Ó Duígeannáin, ed., ‘Three Seventeenth-Century Connacht Documents’, Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, 17 (1936–7), 147–61; J. G. Simms, War and Politics in Ireland, 1649–1730, ed. D. W. Hayton and Gerard O'Brien (1986), p. 169.
46. Orange Gaz., no. 3 (3–7 Jan. 1688[/9]).
47. Hamilton, Inniskilling-Men, p. 8; Orange Gaz., no. 17 (1–5 Mar. 1688[/9]); Jacobite Narrative, p. 41.
48. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 357; Jacobite Narrative, p. 42.
49. The Declaration of the Protestant Nobility and Gentry of… Munster (1689).
50. [Richard Orpen], An Exact Relation of the Persecution, Roberies and Losses, Sustained by the Protestants of Killmare (1689), p. 11.
51. Lond. Merc., no. 4 (22–24 Dec. 1688); Luttrell, I, 490.
52. Luttrell, I, 493, 495; Morrice, Q, 472, 544.
53. Morrice, Q, 420.
54. NLS, MS 7026, fols. 127, 129; Orange Gaz., no. 14 (19–22 Feb. 1688[/9]).
55. Robert Beddard, A Kingdom Without a King: The Journal of the Provisional Government in the Revolution of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), p. 166.
56. Morrice, Q, 447.
57. Lond. Int., no. 7 (2–5 Feb. 1688[/9]); Lond. Merc., no. 10 (10 Jan.-6 Feb. 1688[/9]); Morrice, Q, 454.
58. Beddard, Kingdom Without a King, p. 168; Parl. Hist., V, col. 32.
59. TCD 1995–2008/65; BL, Add. MSS 28,876, fol. 164; J. G. Simms, Jacobite Ireland, 1685–91 (1969), pp. 50–2; Doherty, Williamite War, pp. 35–6.
60. [Philips], Apology for the Protestants of Ireland, p. 9; BL, Add. MSS 28,876, fols. 172, 180; CUL, Add. 1, fol. 82.
61. HMC, Ormonde, II, 390–5; Steele, II, nos. 1009, 1017, 1018.
62. [Orpen], Exact Relation, pp. 19–23; Jacobite Narrative, p. 42.
63. Steele, II, no. 1013.
64. HMC, Ormonde, II, 395–6; Steele, II, no. 1020; Doherty, Williamite War, p. 37.
65. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 360; Orange Gaz., no. 18 (5–9 Mar. 1688[/9]); Short View of the Methods, p. 26; Full and Impartial Account of all the Secret Consults, p. 148.
66. Life of James II, II, 327; Ireland's Lamentation (1689), p. 26.
67. Jacobite Narrative, p. 46.
68. A Full and True Account of the Landing and Reception of the Late King James at Kinsale (1689), p. 2.
69. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 362, 389–91.
70. Life of James II, II, 330; Ireland's Lamentation, pp. 26–7; Cal. Anc. Rec. Dub., V, 497; Jacobite Narrative, p. 47.
71. Jacobite Narrative, pp. 36–7, 39–40.
72. CClarSP, V, 684.
73. Raymond Gillespie, ‘James II and the Irish Protestants’, Irish History Studies, 28 (1992), 131.
74. Account of the Present, Miserable, State of Affairs (1689). Cf. The Anatomy of an Arbitrary Prince (1689), p. 2.
75. Steele, II, no. 1023.
76. [Charles Leslie], An Answer to a Book, Intituled, The State of the Protestants in Ireland (1692), app. no. 8, pp. 28–9.
77. Morrice, R, 194.
78. BL, Egerton 917, fol. 107.
79. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, p. 18.
80. NLS, MS 7026, fol. 108.
81. Orange Gaz., no. 17 (1–5 Mar. 1688[/9]); Short View of the Methods, pp. 12–13.
82. Two Letters Discovering the Designs of the Late King James in Ireland (1689), pp. 1–2; Anatomy of an Arbitrary Prince, p. 2; Short View of the Methods, p. 27.
83. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 149–53, and apps. 20 and 21, pp. 369–77; A Journal of the Proceedings of the Pretended Parliament in Dublin (1689); J. G. Simms, ‘The Jacobite Parliament of 1689’, in Simms, War and Politics, pp. 66–9 and app. A, pp. 83–8; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, pp. 74–5; Francis G. James, Lords of the Ascendancy: The Irish House of Lords and its Members, 1600–800 (Dublin, 1995), pp. 48–50, 193 (note 35). For forfaulted peers taking their seats in the Scottish Convention, see above p. 388.
84. HMC, Ormonde, II, 396–8; Steele, II, nos. 1026, 1029.
85. Thomas Davis, The Patriot Parliament of 1689: With its Statutes, Votes and Proceedings, ed. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy (3rd edn, 1893), pp. 40–2; Hunt. Lib., EL 9882; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 391–2; Life of James II, II, 355; [Leslie], Answer, app. no. 1, pp. 1–2.
86. Life of James II, II, 363.
87. Anno V. Jacobi II Regis. A Collection of Acts Passed by the Irish Parliament of the 7th May 1689 (1689), pp. 1–5.
88. Ibid., pp. 6–8.
89. Patrick Russell, An Address Given in to the Late King by the Titular Archbishop of Dublin (1690), quotes on pp. 6, 8.
90. Journal of the Proceedings of the Pretended Parliament, p. 2; The Journal of the Proceedings of the Parliament in Ireland (1689), p. 19; A True Account of the Whole Proceedings of the Parliament in Ireland (1689), p. 4.
91. Collection of Acts Passed by the Irish Parliament, pp. 47–8; Davis, Patriot Parliament, p. 51.
92. BL, MS Egerton 917, fol. 108; Journal of the Proceedings of the Pretended Parliament, p. 2.
93. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, apps. nos. 22 and 23, pp. 377–98 (quotes on pp. 383, 387, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396); HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 392–401; Life of James II, II, 356–8.
94. Life of James II, II, 359–60.
95. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, app. no. 17, p. 370; Jacobite Narrative, pp. 60–1.
96. [Leslie], Answer, p. 102.
97. Life of James II, II, 360.
98. Collection of Acts Passed by the Irish Parliament, pp. 9–36; Davis, Patriot Parliament, pp. 73–124.
99. BL, MS Egerton 917, fol. 105.
100. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, app. pp. 241–98; Davis, Patriot Parliament, pp. 125–36.
101. At the Parliament begun at Dublin the seventh Day of May, Anno Domini 1689… An Act of Supply for His Majesty for The Support of His Army [Dublin, 1689]; Davis, Patriot Parliament, pp. 49–50; Morrice, Q, 561.
102. Collection of Acts Passed by the Irish Parliament, p. 40; Davis, Patriot Parliament, p. 51.
103. Collection of Acts Passed by the Irish Parliament, pp. 37–8.
104. Ibid., pp. 41–5; Davis, Patriot Parliament, pp. 43–8.
105. Journal of the Proceedings of the Parliament in Ireland, p. 5.
106. Life of James II, II, 361.
107. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 153.
108. Négociations de M. le Comte d'Avaux en Irelande, with an introduction by James Hogan (Dublin, 1934), p. 226; Davis, Patriot Parliament, pp. 52–4, 55–62; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, pp. 92–3.
109. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 154–7.
110. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, p. 34.
111. D'Avaux, Négociations, p. 255.
112. Useful general accounts of the war are found in: Simms, Jacobite Ireland; Doherty, Williamite War; Murtagh, ‘War in Ireland’.
113. Murtagh and Murtagh, ‘Irish Jacobite Army’, pp. 32–48; Kenneth Ferguson, ‘The Organisation of William's Army in Ireland, 1689–92’, The Irish Sword, 18, no. 70 (Winter, 1990), 62–79.
114. HMC, Hamilton, p. 189; Melvilles and Leslies, II, 143; Walker, True Account, p. 34.
115. [King], State of the Protestants, p. 173 and app. no. 28, pp. 399–400; HMC, Hamilton, p. 185; Jacobite Narrative, pp. 79–80; Walker, True Account, pp. 34–7; Mackenzie, Narrative, pp. 42–3; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, pp. 107–8.
116. C. S. King, A Great Archbishop of Dublin: William King, His Autobiography… and… Correspondence (1906), p. 32.
117. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, p. 320 (note 105).
118. HMC, Ormonde, N. S. VIII, 401–2.
119. Mémoires du Maréchal de Berwick (2 vols., Paris, 1780), I, 69–73; Morrice, R, 167–8; George Story, A Continuation of the Impartial History of the Wars of Ireland (1693), pp. 20–6.
120. Cal. Anc. Rec. Dub., V, lviii-lix, 509, 634–5; To The King's… Humble Address of Mayor of Dublin (1690); Jacqueline Hill, From Patriots to Unionists: Dublin Civic Patriots and Irish Protestant Patriotism, 1660–1840 (Oxford, 1997), pp. 62, 68.
121. Council Books of Waterford, pp. 282–3.
122. Council Book of Youghall, p. 379; The Council Book of the Corporation of Kinsale, from 1652 to 1800, ed. Richard Caulfield (Guildford, 1879), pp. 190–1.
123. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, pp. 71, 106–7, 114, 145–6; Jacobite Narrative, pp. 110–11.
124. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, pp. 92, 385–6 (note 170).
125. Simms, Jacobite Ireland, p. 227.
126. Murtagh, ‘War in Ireland’, pp. 88–9; John Jordan, ‘The Battle of Aughrim: Two Danish Sources’, Journal of the Galway Archaeological and Historical Society, 26 (1954–5), 6–7.
127. W. A. Maguire, ed., Kings in Conflict: The Revolutionary War in Ireland and its Aftermath 1689–1750 (Belfast, 1990), p. 3.
128. Story, Continuation of the Impartial History, pp. 230–1.
129. ‘And all such as are under their protection in the said counties’ is the famous missing clause which was omitted from the official version of the Treaty sent back for William to ratify in 1692. See p. 501.
130. The Treaty of Limerick can be found in Jacobite Narrative, pp. 298–308.
131. Morrice, Q, 461.
132. Lois G. Schwoerer, The Declaration of Rights, 1689 (Baltimore, 1981), p. 297.
133. Hamilton, Inniskilling-Men, pp. viii, 8.
134. An Exact Account of His Majesty's Progress from His First Landing in Ireland (1690); Leics. RO, DG7 HMC II, p. 298/1.
135. The Address Presented to the King at Belfast (1690).
136. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, p. 365 (note 145).
137. A Journal of the King's March from Hilsburgh to… Dublin (1690).
138. A Full and True Relation of the Taking of Cork (1690).
139. Life of James II, II, 466.
140. Boyse, Vindication of the Reverend Mr Alexander Osborn, pp. 8–9.
141. CUL, Add. 1, fol. 82v.
142. TCD, MS 1688/1, pp. 61–93 (quotes on pp. 70, 76–7).
143. Anthony Dopping, Speech… When the Clergy Waited Upon His Majesty at His Camp nigh Dublin, July 7 1690 (1690).
144. TCD, MS 1688/1, pp. 414, 422–3.
145. Hamilton, Inniskilling-Men, pp. v-vi.
146. Some Reflections on a Pamphlet Entituled, A Faithful History of the Northern-Affairs of Ireland (Dublin, 1691), pp. 8, 10.
147. [Orpen], Exact Relation, pp. 18–19; Mackenzie, Narrative, p. 51.
148. [Edward Wetenhall], The Case of the Irish Protestants (1691), pp. 3–5.
149. Ibid., pp 6, 8–9, 10.
150. Ibid., pp. 11–14.
151. Ibid., pp. 17–18.
152. Ibid., pp. 18, 22–5.
153. William Sheridan, Catholick Religion Asserted by St. Paul, and Maintained in the Church of England (1686), preface, sig. A4; [Leslie], Answer, p. 117.
154. Patrick Kelly, ‘Ireland and the Glorious Revolution: From Kingdom to Colony’, in Robert Beddard, ed., The Revolutions of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), p. 178; King, Great Archbishop, pp. 21–7.
155. William King, Europe's Deliverance from France and Slavery (Dublin, 1691), pp. 13, 18–19, 21.
156. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 1–2, 3.
157. Ibid., pp. 4–5
158. Ibid., p. 6.
159. Ibid., pp. 9–10.
160. Ibid., pp. 67, 69–71.
161. Ibid., pp. 225–6.
162. [Leslie], Answer, ‘To the Reader’, sigs. d-dv.
163. Ibid., p. 46.
164. Ibid., p. 47.
165. Jacobite Narrative, pp. 171, 183–4.
166. Tony Claydon, William III and the Godly Revolution (Cambridge, 1996), pp. 140–2.
167. Cox, Hibernia Anglican… Second Part, sig. A3v.
168. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 7.
169. A True Relation of a Horrid and Barbarous Murder (1689), pp. 1–2.
170. The Present Condition of London-Derry (1689), p. 2.
171. NLI, MS 8651, Charles Thompson to Henry Gascoigne, Chester, 9 Apr. 1689.
172. EUL, La. III. 350, no. 289.
173. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 363.
174. BL, MS Egerton 917, fol. 105; An Account of the Transactions of the Late King James (1690), p. 62; A Full and Particular Account of the Seizing and Imprisonment of the Duke of Tyrconnel (1690), p. 2.
175. Murtagh and Murtagh, ‘Irish Jacobite Army’, p. 33.
176. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 381–2.
177. Journal of the Proceedings of the Parliament in Ireland, p. 17. Cf. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 366.
178. A List of All the Irish Army in Ireland under the Late King James (1690); Present Condition of London-Derry, p. 2.
179. A Letter to a Friend, Concerning the Present State of the Army in Ireland (1690).
180. Four Questions Debated (1689), pp. 4–5.
181. Account of the Transactions of the Late King James, p. 22.
182. Ibid., pp. 10–13, 16–19; Merc. Ref., II, no. 8 (29 Jan. 1690); The Present State of Affairs in Ireland (1690), p. 2; The Last Paper of Advice from Ireland (1690); [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 133–41; Morrice, Q, 589. For Jacobite discussions of economic problems in Ireland, and the pros and cons of brass money, see: O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, pp. 98–101; Jacobite Narrative, p. 54; Life of James II, II, 370, 386–7. For a modern discussion, see Robert Heslip, ‘Brass Money’, in Maguire, ed., Kings in Conflict, pp. 122–35.
183. Full and Particular Account of the Seizing… of Tyrconnel.
184. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, p. 16.
185. Account of the Transactions of the Late King James, p. 4.
186. Luttrell, I. 566.
187. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 217–19; Last Paper of Advice from Ireland, p. 2; TCD, 1995–2008/70.
188. [King], State of the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 208–13 (quote on p. 208); HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 369, 374–5; Steele, II, no. 1084; HMC, Ormonde, II, 418–19.
189. An Account of the Late Action and Defeat (1690).
190. NLI, MS Joly 27, p. 15.
191. Luttrell, I, 592, 609; Morrice, R, 19; HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 373.
192. Cox, Hibernia Anglicana… Second Part, sigs. c-c2.
193. Morrice, Q, 626; John Vesey, A Sermon Preach'd to the Protestants of Ireland in and about the City of London (1689); Daniel Williams, The Protestants' Deliverance from the Irish Rebellion (1690).
194. Richard Tenison, A Sermon Preach'd to the Protestants of Ireland (1691).
195. Wetenhall, Sermon Setting Forth the Duties.
196. Williams, Protestants' Deliverance, pp. 9–10.
197. Tenison, Sermon Preach'd to the Protestants of Ireland, p. 20.
198. Vesey, Sermon Preach'd to the Protestants of Ireland, p. 29.
199. Wetenhall, Sermon Setting Forth the Duties, pp. 13, 15–16.
200. Tenison, Sermon Preach'd to the Protestants of Ireland, p. 25.
201. Ibid., pp. 24–5.
202. Williams, Protestants’ Deliverance, p.10; Vesey, Sermon Preach'd to the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 28–30.
203. Tenison, Sermon Preach'd to the Protestants of Ireland, pp. 14, 16.
204. Ibid., p. 25.
205. Wetenhall, Sermon Setting Forth the Duties, pp. 16, 18–19.
206. Short View of the Methods, pp. 19–20.
207. [Leslie], Answer, p. 85.
208. Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time: From the Restoration of King Charles the Second to the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne (1850), p. 572.
209. Story, Continuation of the Impartial History, pp. 273–5.
210. Wetenhall, Sermon Setting Forth the Duties, p. 18.
211. Boyse, Vindication of the Reverend Mr Alexander Osborn, p. 27; Simms, Jacobite Ireland, pp. 100–1; McBride, Siege of Derry, pp. 20–32.
212. [Leslie], Answer, p. 84.
213. Ibid., p. 164.
214. Ibid., p. 185.
215. Jacobite Narrative, p. 104.
216. TCD, MS 1180, p. 131.
217. Morrice, R, 221.
218. CUL, Add. 1, fol. 87v.
219. Murtagh and Murtagh, ‘Irish Jacobite Army’, p. 32.
220. Story, Continuation of the Impartial History, p. 292.
221. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, pp. 156–7.
222. Ibid., p. 311 (note 93).
223. Ó Ciardha, Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, p. 83.
224. Simms, Jacobite Ireland, p. 153 (note 69).
225. O'Kelly, Macariae Excidium, pp. 96–7; Jacobite Narrative, pp. 50, 63. Cf. John Gerard Barry, ‘The Groans of Ireland’, The Irish Sword, 2, no. 6 (Summer, 1955), 133.
226. Ó Ciardha, Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, pp. 83, 86; S. J. Connolly, Religion, Law and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1992), pp. 233–45. For the retaliatory legislation, see below pp. 502–6.
227. Jacobite Narrative, pp. 54–5, 80, 184, 188–9.
228. HMC, Ormonde, N.S. VIII, 359.
229. Cox, Hibernica Anglicana… Second Part, sig. c2.
Conclusion
1. Life of James II, II, 585–6, 591–9; John Miller, James II: A Study in Kingship (Hove, 1978, 3rd edn 2000), pp. 234, 239–40. For a recent reassessment of James's Catholic piety, see Geoffrey Scott, ‘The Court as a Centre of Catholicism’, in Edward Corp (with contributions by Edward Gregg, Howard Erskine-Hill and Geoffrey Scott), A Court in Exile: The Stuarts in France, 1689–1718 (Cambridge, 2004), pp. 235–56.
2. [Charlwood Lawton], The Jacobite Principles Vindicated (1693), pp. 8–9.
3. Life of James II, II, 278, 608–9.
4. Dalrymple, Memoirs, II, ‘Part I. Continued. Appendix to Book V’, p. 53.
5. The Diary of Dr. Thomas Cartwright, Bishop of Chester, ed. Rev. Joseph Hunter, Camden Society, old series, 22 (1843), p. 48.
6. Miller, James II, p. 240.
7. APS, VII, 554–5; NLS, Wod. MSS Qu. XXXVIII, fol. 2; Gilbert Burnet, History of His Own Time: From the Restoration of King Charles the Second to the Treaty of Peace at Utrecht, in the Reign of Queen Anne (1850), p. 192; Lauderdale Papers, ed. Osmund Airy, Camden Society, new series (3 vols., 1884–5), II, 164.
8. HMC, Laing, I, 443.
9. [William King], The State of the Protestants of Ireland under the Late King James's Government (1691), p. 71.
10. Angus McInnes, ‘When was the English Revolution?’, History, 117 (1982), 377–92.
11. Steven Pincus, ‘The Making of a Great Power? Universal Monarchy, Political Economy, and the Transformation of English Political Culture’, The European Legacy, 5 (2000), pp. 533–4; Steven Pincus, ‘“To Protect English Liberties”: The English Nationalist Revolution of 1688–1689’, in Tony Claydon and Ian McBride, eds., Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland, c. 1650–c.1850 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 75–104.
12. D. W. Jones, War and Economy in the Age of William III and Marlborough (1988), pp. 29, 70–1; E. A. Reitan, ‘From Revenue to Civil List, 1689–1702: The Revolution Settlement and the “Mixed and Balanced” Constitution’, Historical Journal, 13 (1970), 571–88; Wilfrid Prest, Albion Ascendant: English History 1660–1815 (Oxford, 1998), pp. 83–5; Geoffrey Holmes, The Making of a Great Power: Late Stuart and Early Georgian Britain, 1660–1722 (Harlow, 1993), ch. 17; P. G. M. Dickson, The Financial Revolution in England: A Study in the Development of Public Credit, 1688–1756 (1967); John Brewer, The Sinews of Power: War, Money and the English State, 1688–1787 (New York, 1989), ch. 4.
13. Pincus, ‘The Making of a Great Power?’, pp. 535–41.
14. Holmes, The Making of a Great Power, p. 224.
15. Ibid., ch. 16.
16. SR, VI, 510.
17. SR, VII, 152; W. C. Braithwaite, The Second Period of Quakerism (Cambridge, 1961), pp. 183–4.
18. SR, VII, 636–8.
19. Useful surveys, to which the following account is heavily indebted, are: William Ferguson, Scotland 1689 to the Present (1968), chs. 1–2; William Ferguson, Scotland's Relations with England: A Survey to 1707 (Edinburgh, 1977), chs. 9–14; Jim Smyth, The Making of the United Kingdom, 1660–1800 (Harlow, 2001), ch. 5; P. W. J. Riley, The Union of England and Scotland: A Study in Anglo-Scottish Politics of the Eighteenth Century (Manchester, 1978); Christopher A. Whatley, Bought and Sold for English Gold? Explaining the Union of 1707 (2nd edn, East Linton, 2001). For the broader context, see Brian P. Levack, The Formation of the British State: England, Scotland, and the Union of 1603–1707 (Oxford, 1987).
20. Paul Hopkins, Glencoe and the End of the Highland War (Edinburgh, 1986), esp. ch. 10.
21. Christopher A. Whatley, Scottish Society, 1707–1830 (Manchester, 2000), p. 38.
22. Andrew Fletcher, ‘Speech by a Member of the Parliament Which Began at Edinburgh the 6th of May, 1703’, in Political Works, ed. John Robertson (Cambridge, 1997), p. 147.
23. George Ridpath, Proceedings of the Scottish Parliament (Edinburgh, 1704), pp. 304–6.
24. APS, XI, 74, 136–7.
25. SR, VIII, 349–50
26. APS, XI, 404–6.
27. From Ferguson, Scotland 1689 to the Present, pp. 52–3; Riley, Union of England and Scotland, p. 303.
28. APS, XI, 406–14; SR, VIII, 566–77.
29. Riley, Union of England and Scotland, pp. 224–5.
30. Karin Bowie, ‘Public Opinion, Popular Politics and the Union of 1707’, Scottish Historical Review, 82 (2003), 226–60 (figs, on pp. 229 (and note 13), 251); John R. Young, ‘The Parliamentary Incorporating Union of 1707: Political Management, Anti-Unionism and Foreign Policy’, in T. M. Devine and J. R. Young, eds., Eighteenth-Century Scotland: New Perspectives (East Linton, 1999), pp. 24–52; Whatley, Bought and Sold for English Gold?, pp. 59–60, 75–8; Ferguson, Scotland's Relations with England, pp. 267–9; David Hayton, ‘Constitutional Experiments and Political Expediency, 1689–1725’, in Steven G. Ellis and Sarah Barber, eds., Conquest and Union: Fashioning a British State, 1485–1725 (1995), pp. 288–9.
31. Smyth, The Making of the United Kingdom, p. 99; Tim Harris, Politics under the Later Stuarts (1993), pp. 153–4; Jeffrey Stephen, ‘The Kirk and the Union, 1706–07: A Reappraisal’, RSCHS, 31 (2002), 68–96.
32. Ferguson, Scotland 1689 to the Present, pp. 110–11.
33. Patrick Kelly, ‘Ireland and the Glorious Revolution: From Kingdom to Colony’, in Robert Beddard, ed., The Revolutions of 1688 (Oxford, 1988), p. 189.
34. This section draws on J. G. Simms, Williamite Confiscation in Ireland 1690–1703 [1956]; W. A. Maguire, ‘The Land Settlement’, in Maguire, ed., Kings in Conflict: The Revolutionary War in Ireland and its Aftermath 1689–1750 (Belfast, 1990), pp. 139–56.
35. The Statutes at Large, Passed in the Parliaments held in Ireland… A.D. 1310 to… A.D. 1800 (21 vols., Dublin, 1786–1804), III, 343–8.
36. The definitive study is S. J. Connolly, Religion, Law and Power: The Making of Protestant Ireland, 1660–1760 (Oxford, 1992). General surveys are also provided by S. J. Connolly, ‘The Penal Laws’, in Maguire, ed., Kings in Conflict, pp. 157–72; Thomas Bartlett, The Fall and Rise of the Irish Nation: The Catholic Question 1690–1830 (Savage, Md., 1992), ch. 2; J. C. Beckett, The Making of Modern Ireland 1603–1923 (1966), ch. 8; R. F. Foster, Modern Ireland, 1600–1972 (1988), pp. 153–8; J. G. Simms, ‘The Establishment of Protestant Ascendancy, 1691–1714’, in T. W. Moody, F. X. Martin, F. J. Byrne and Art Cosgrove, eds., A New History of Ireland (9 vols., Oxford, 1976–84), V, ch. 1; Marcus Tanner, Ireland's Holy Wars: The Struggle for a Nation's Soul, 1500–2000 (New Haven, Conn. and London, 2001), pp. 162–5. My account draws heavily on these sources.
37. Bartlett, Fall and Rise, pp. 20–1; Connolly, ‘Penal Laws’, p. 166; J. G. Simms, ‘The Making of a Penal Law (2 Anne c. 6) 1703–4’ and ‘The Bishops’ Banishment Act of 1697’, both in Simms, War and Politics in Ireland, 1649–1730, ed. D. W. Hayton and Gerard O'Brien (1986), pp. 235–49, 263–76.
38. Charles Ivar McGrath, ‘Securing the Protestant Interest: The Origins and Purpose of the Penal Laws of 1695’, Irish History Studies, 30 (1996), 25–46. For a more extreme view, that the penal laws were designed, through social engineering, to transform Ireland into a Protestant country in one or two generations, see R. E. Burns, ‘The Irish Popery Laws: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Legislation and Behaviour’, Review of Politics, 24 (1962), 485–508 A useful discussion of the contours of the historiographical debate can be found in S. J. Connolly, ‘Religion and Liberty’, Irish Economic and Social History, 10 (1983), 73–9
39. SR, VI, 254–7.
40. Statutes at Large… Ireland, III, 241–3.
41. James I. McGuire, ‘The Irish Parliament of 1692’, in Thomas Bartlett and D. W. Hayton, eds., Penal Era and Golden Age: Essays in Irish History, 1690–1800 (1979), pp. 1–31; Simms, ‘Establishment of Protestant Ascendancy’, p. 2.
42. Statutes at Large… Ireland, III, 254–67 (quotes on pp. 254, 259).
43. Ibid., pp. 339–43 (quote on p. 339).
44. Ibid., pp. 343–8
45. Ibid., pp. 349–53.
46. Ibid., pp. 512–14, IV, 121–5.
47. Ibid., IV, 5–6 (quote on p. 5).
48. Ibid., pp. 12–31.
49. Ibid., pp. 31–7.
50. Ibid., pp. 190–216.
51. Connolly, ‘Religion and Liberty’, p. 77.
52. Bartlett, Fall and Rise, pp. 28–9.
53. Connolly, ‘Penal Laws’, pp. 169–71, 193 (note 15).
54. The following account draws on: J. C. Beckett, Protestant Dissent in Ireland, 1687–1780 (1948), chs. 1–7; David Hayton, ed., Ireland after the Glorious Revolution (Belfast, 1986), pp. 6–10,17–25; Phil Kilroy, Protestant Dissent and Controversy in Ireland, 1660–1714 (Cork, 1994), pp. 188–98.
55. Simms, ‘Protestant Ascendancy’, in Moody et al., eds., New History of Ireland, IV, 23; J. L. McCracken, ‘The Social Structure and Social Life, 1714–60’, in Moody et al., eds., New History of Ireland, IV, 39; L. M. Cullen, ‘Economic Development, 1691–1750’ in Moody et al., eds., New History of Ireland, IV, 134; Hayton, Ireland after the Glorious Revolution, p. 7.
56. Beckett, Protestant Dissent, p. 46; J. S. Reid, A History of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, ed. W. D. Killen (3 vols., Belfast, 1867), II, 527.
57. Beckett, Protestant Dissent, pp. 48–9.
58. Statutes at Large… Ireland, IV, 508–16.
59. Tim Harris, Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–85 (2005), pp. 25–6.
60. Smyth, The Making of the United Kingdom, p. 88; Aiden Clarke, ‘Colonial Attitudes in Ireland, 1640–1660’, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 90 C, no. 11 (1990), 357–75.
61. H. F. Kearney, ‘The Political Background to English Mercantilism, 1695–1700’, Economic History Review, 2nd ser. 11 (1959), 484–96; Patrick Kelly, ‘The Irish Woollen Export Prohibition Act of 1699: Kearney revisited’, Irish Economic and Social History, 7 (1980), 22–44.
62. William Molyneux, The Case of Ireland's Being Bound by Acts of Parliament in England Stated (Dublin, 1698), pp. 12–13, 29; Kelly, ‘Ireland and the Glorious Revolution’, pp. 186–7; Patrick Kelly, ‘Recasting a Tradition: William Molyneux and the Sources of The Case of Ireland… Stated (1698)’, in Jane H. Ohlmeyer, ed., Political Thought in Seventeenth-Century Ireland (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 83–106; Jim Smyth, ‘“Like Amphibious Animals”: Irish Protestants, Ancient Britons, 1691–1707’, Historical Journal, 36 (1993), 785–97: J.G. Simms, William Molyneux of Dublin 1656–1698, ed. P. H. Kelly (Naas, 1982), pp. 111–13; Jacqueline Hill, ‘Ireland without Union: Molyneux and his Legacy’, in John Robertson, ed., A Union for Empire: Political Thought and the British Union of 1707 (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 271–96.
63. Molyneux, Case, pp. 97–8.
64. Jacqueline Hill, From Patriots to Unionists: Dublin Civic Patriots and Irish Protestant Patriotism, 1660–1840 (Oxford, 1997), p. 11; English Historical Documents 1660–1714, ed. Andrew Browning (1953), pp. 780–1; Smyth, ‘“Amphibious Animals”’, pp. 792–7; Smyth, The Making of the United Kingdom, pp. 99–102; James Kelly, ‘The Origins of the Act of Union: An Examination of Unionist Opinion in Britain and Ireland, 1650–1800’, Irish History Studies, 25 (1986–7), 236–63. See also [Henry Maxwell], An Essay upon an Union with England (Dublin, 1704).
65. SR, XIV, 204–5; Kelly, ‘Ireland and the Glorious Revolution’, pp. 188–9; J.L. McCracken, ‘The Rise of Colonial Nationalism, 1714–60’, in Moody et al., eds., New History of Ireland, V, 110–11.
66. Kelly, ‘Ireland and the Glorious Revolution’. Cf. Connolly, Religion, Law and Power, pp. 105–14, who challenges the helpfulness of labelling Ireland a colony.
67. J. S. Morrill, The Nature of the English Revolution (1993), pp. 1, 17.
68. Lawrence Stone, ‘The Results of the English Revolutions of the Seventeenth Century’, in J. G. A. Pocock, ed., Three British Revolutions: 1641, 1688, 1776 (Princeton, N.J., 1980), p. 24.
69. Tim Harris, ‘The Legacy of the English Civil War: Rethinking the Revolution’, The European Legacy, 5 (2000), 501–14.
70. A point made by Ian McBride in his ‘“The Common Name of Irishman”: Protestantism and Patriotism in Eighteenth-Century Ireland’, in Tony Claydon and Ian McBride, eds., Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland c.1650–c.1850 (Cambridge, 1998), pp. 242–3.
71. Hayton, ‘Constitutional Experiments’, p. 303; Connolly, Religion, Law and Power, pp. 108–9; Hill, ‘Ireland without Union’, pp. 289–90; J. C. Beckett, Confrontations: Studies in Irish History (1972), pp. 124–5.