List of illustrations

1 World savannas

2 Cross-section of savanna vegetation

3 Savanna landscapes: (a) Open savanna grassland

© Michal Bednarek / 123RF

(b) Savanna woodland

Photo by Peter A. Furley

4 The breakup of Gondwanaland

5 Climatic diagrams of representative savanna areas

6 Characteristic savanna trees: (a) Flat topped acacia

© trombax / 123RF

(b) Contorted structures in the cerrado

Photo by Peter A. Furley

7 Satellite image of the forest–savanna boundary in Amazonia

8 (a) Clump of palmetto palms in pine savanna, Belize;

(b) Roots of palmetto palm (Acoelorraphe wrightii) in Belize

Photos by Peter A. Furley

9 Bark of fire-adapted trees in the cerrado

Photo by Peter A. Furley

10 Fire-experimental plots in miombo woodlands

Photo courtesy of Casey Ryan

11 Rocky outcrops in savanna landscapes

© Gary Tognoni / 123RF

12 A catenary sequence in central Brazil

13 Termite mounds: (a) In northern Queensland;

(b) Section through a termite mound in central Brazil

Photos by Peter A. Furley

14 Map showing the distribution of savannas in Africa

15 Teeming wildlife in an East African savanna

© istockphoto / rhardholt

16 Map showing the distribution of savannas in South America

17 Gallery forest in Roraima, northern Brazil

Photo by Peter A. Furley

18 Capybara family in the llanos

© Vadim Petrakov / Shutterstock.com

19 (a) The savannas of the Maya Mountains, Central America;

(b) Soil profile from the Maya Mountains showing stone lines, weathered parent material, and extreme weathering

Photos by Peter A. Furley

20 Map showing the distribution of savanna in Australia

21 A simplified food web at Nylsvley, South Africa

Based on Scholes and Walker 1997

22 The food web in the Serengeti-Mara savanna

Based on Shorrocks and Bates 2015

23 Ants and bullhorn acacia

© WILDLIFE GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo

24 Giant anteater in the Pantanal

© istockphoto / drferry

25 The landscape of the Ngorongoro crater

© istockphoto / chriswiggins

26 Wildlife in dry and wetland savannas of: (a) The Etosha National Park, Namibia;

(b) The Pantanal, Brazil

Photos by Peter A. Furley

27 Landscape of the Kakadu National Park

© Piotr Gatlik / Shutterstock.com

28 Human evolutionary tree

© 2014 from of Human Evolutionary Genetics, Second Edition by Jobling et al. Reproduced by permission of Garland Science / Taylor & Francis Group LLC

29 Habitats crossed by early migrants in south and east Asia at low sea levels during the Late Glacial period

30 Extensive cattle ranching in the cerrado

Photo by Peter A. Furley

31 Baobab landscape in Madagascar

© istockphoto / pierivb

32 Brasília and the cerrado of the central Brazilian plateau

Photo by Peter A. Furley