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abolitionist movement, 54, 292-94
Adams, Abigail, 135
Adams, Charles, 361, 369
Adams, John, 182, 327, 361, 369
as Anti-Federalist, 354
British ties advocated by, 401-2
law practice of, 254
New Yorkers criticized by, 67
in Paris peace negotiations, 185, 249, 281
as president, 365, 418, 421, 422
in Revolutionary War, 135, 138, 157, 309, 354
as vice president, 356, 357, 358-59, 362-63, 364, 365, 386, 401-2, 403, 415, 418
Adams, Samuel, 74, 138, 157, 182, 309, 327, 349
Addison, Richard, 50, 71
African Americans: in constitutional representation, 340
see also slavery
African Free School, 293
Alexander, Kitty, 370
Alexander, William, see Stirling, William Alexander, Lord
Allen, Ethan, 323
New York expansion opposed by, 271-72, 273
as prisoner of war, 167, 272, 329
Shaysites’ alliance with, 327-28, 329
Wyoming Valley settlers backed by, 324-25, 326
American Legion, 228
Ames, Fisher, 396
André, John:
artistic abilities of, 192, 200, 214
death of, 211, 212, 213, 214, 262
E. S. Hamilton’s friendship with, 192, 211-12, 213-14, 215, 216, 219
espionage of, 191, 192, 204, 205-6, 207, 210, 216, 290
as prisoner of war, 191-92
Anglican Church, see Church of England
Annapolis, Md., 1786 commercial convention in, 311, 313, 317-19, 320, 355
Anti-Federalists:
Constitution opposed by, 347, 349-50, 351-52
on electoral candidates, 356-57
Army, U.S.:
AH as inspector general of, 1, 421
democratization of, 103
Infantry Drill Regulations of, 155
Arnold, Benedict, 103, 214
in British army, 227, 228
Continental Army career of, 106, 127-28, 138, 140, 171, 175, 203
espionage agents named by, 289, 290
pursuit of, 206-8
treason of, 202-6, 208, 209, 210-11, 216, 234, 290
Arnold, Edward, 205
Arnold, Peggy Shippen, 205-6, 208-11, 409
Articles of Confederation, 257-58, 259, 300, 330, 333, 353
artillery, 104-6, 131
Asgill (British captain), 262-63
bank, national, 232-33, 235, 305, 395, 396-401
Bank of England, 380, 397
Bank of New York, 304, 396, 410-11
Bank of North America, 268, 283-84, 304, 305, 360-61, 366, 381, 398
Bank of the United States, 396-98, 401, 414
Barber, Francis, 277
background of, 51
death of, 249
in Revolutionary War, 49, 155, 176, 239, 240
as schoolmaster, 49, 51-52, 53, 60
Bauman, Sebastian, 102
Bayard, William, 3, 4, 101, 422
Beckley, John, 389, 414, 418
Beckwith, George, 401
Bedlam, Stephen, 99
Beebe, James, 191
Beekman and Cruger, 20, 22, 23, 25, 26
Beekman family, 53
Benson, Egbert, 299, 317
Bill of Rights, 353, 357, 363
Bingham, William, 380-81, 392, 398
Bissell, Israel, 86
Blackstone, Sir William, 71, 251, 254-55
Bland, Mrs. Theodorick, 123-24
bloodletting, 7, 416-17
Board of Associated Loyalists, 261
Bolton, John (Benjamin Talmadge), 198
Boston, Mass.:
British rule resented in, 42-44
port of, 42, 76, 78, 81
“tea party” protest in, 74, 76
Boudinot, Anna Maria, 54, 80-81
Boudinot, Elias, 177, 378
abolitionist efforts of, 54, 56
AH’s education supported by, 50
as Gates supporter, 175-76
home of, 50, 54, 55, 362
as president of Congress, 54, 263, 265, 266, 273, 277, 283, 284, 354
on prisoners, 127, 161, 167
religious studies of, 54, 56
in Revolutionary War, 100, 127, 161
as Speaker of House, 386, 388
on U.S. finances, 245
Bowdoin, James, 321, 327
Boxwood Hall, 54
Brandywine, Battle of (1777), 134, 135, 150, 154, 247
Brewster, Caleb, 198
Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre, 370-71
British Army:
as colonial tax expense, 46
evacuation of, 285, 286-87, 300, 319-20
Hessian troops in, 115-16, 230
New York captured by, 109-113, 151, 177, 197, 199-200, 202, 229, 246, 252, 258-59, 264, 288-89, 370
New York headquarters of, 46, 67
as prisoners of war, 160-61
troop levels of, 106, 132, 170, 230
see also Revolutionary War
British East India Company, 74, 75, 76
Brooks, John, 182-83, 277
Bryant Park, 198
Bunker Hill, Battle of (1775), 97
Burgoyne, John, 143, 144, 150
Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, 71, 254
Burnaby, Andrew, 68
Burr, Aaron (grandfather), 34
Burr, Aaron (grandson), 419, 420
AH’s duel with, 1-2, 3, 5, 423-24
as attorney, 252, 306, 313, 362, 414
in election of 1792, 415
family background of, 51, 252
on New York City elections, 368
in Revolutionary War, 106, 111, 176, 252
as vice president, 422, 423
Burrows, Edwin G., 370
business, corrupt image of, 387
Cadwalader, John, 149, 170
Caldwell, James, 52, 53, 57, 181
Callendar, James Thompson, 418
Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de, 345
Calvinism, 36-37
Campbell, Archibald, 127
Canada:
trade restrictions in, 260, 306
U.S. invasion of, 106, 144, 273, 350
capital punishment, 263
Captain Pipe (Delaware chief), 300
Caribbean:
British trade restrictions in, 26, 260, 306
slave labor in, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20, 24, 25-26, 93-94, 291, 369
Carleton, Sir Guy, 258, 286
case law, 419
Cato (Mulligan’s slave), 132, 199, 289
Chandler, Thomas Bradbury, 52, 56-58, 71, 84, 91
Charleston, S.C., British capture of, 166, 181, 202, 228, 247
Chase, Samuel, 344
Chastellux, François Jean de, 220
Childs, Francis, 351, 402
Chittenden, Thomas, 272-73, 274, 327
Christiansted, St. Croix:
commercial activity of, 24-26
population of, 24
yellow fever in, 6
Church, Angelica Schuyler, 373, 385, 386, 409
AH’s love affair with, 5, 222-23, 314-16, 342-43, 382-84, 409, 424
finances of, 366-67, 403
marriage of, 5, 222, 284, 314, 315, 343, 367, 382, 383
in Paris, 314, 367-68, 370
social life of, 188, 313, 314, 367-68
financial interests of, 5, 284, 304, 314, 361, 366, 381
marriage of, 5, 314, 315, 424
political career of, 5, 314, 343, 382-83
Church of England (Anglican Church):
King’s College affiliated with, 50, 51, 60, 66, 69, 73
Presbyterianism vs., 48, 56-59, 60, 66
royalists allied with, 66, 82, 84
Cincinnatus, Lucius Quintus, 309
Civil War (1861-65), 403
Clark, George Rogers, 269
Clingman, Jacob, 406, 413
Clinton, DeWitt, 76
Clinton, George, 153, 161, 268, 284, 292, 330
as Anti-Federalist, 159, 302, 311, 326, 343, 345, 349, 351, 354, 356, 359
anti-Tory policies of, 295, 300, 301, 303, 358
Congress criticized by, 157, 159-60
on Constitution, 339-40, 342, 343, 345, 349, 351, 352, 353, 358
land bank scheme and, 304
national customs duty opposed by, 311, 325, 326, 328
political allies of, 265, 317, 329, 332, 333, 350, 356, 368
political career of, 264, 302-3, 356, 357, 358, 415, 423
in Revolutionary War, 140, 146, 162, 339, 358
on Shays Rebellion, 322, 327
in Vermont territorial controversy, 272, 273, 275, 322
Clinton, James, 178, 240
Clinton, Sir Henry, 141, 142, 170, 171, 173, 174, 200, 292, 298
Arnold’s plot and, 202-3, 204-5, 211, 214
Clossy, Samuel, 70
Coast Guard, U.S., 404
Cochrane, Mrs. John, 188
Coke, Sir Edward, 251
Colden, Cadwallader, 67, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91-92
colonial America:
Anglicans vs. Protestants in, 56-59
British control resented in, 42-44, 46-47, 74-79, 82-86
country gentry of, 53-56
educational institutions of, 48, 51-52, 58-64, 68-74
independent legislatures of, 46, 51
Loyalist sympathizers in, 81-82; see also Loyalists
religious revival in, 35-37
Columbia University (College), 4, 27, 68
see also King’s College
Columbus, Christopher, 10
Committee of Fifty-one, 77
Committee of Sixty, 86, 110
Committees of Correspondence, 76, 128
communion, eligibility for, 4-5, 422
Condorcet, Marquis de, 403
Conestoga wagons, 231
Confederation Congress, 265-69
army protests to, 276-77, 283-85
budget of, 266
commerce regulation and, 311, 312, 320, 333, 348
final adjournment of, 363
fiscal policies of, 266-67, 270, 274-75, 276-81, 311, 326, 348, 389-90
on frontier rebellions, 321, 323-24
on military execution, 263
peace treaty ratified by, 258, 281, 285, 298, 299
president of, 263, 265
reform proposal for, 319, 332
Rhode Island’s challenge to tax authority of, 266, 267-68, 270, 274-75
unanimity rule of, 312
on Vermont-New York dispute, 273-74, 275
weakness of, 274-75, 281, 311, 318, 323, 326, 348
Confiscation Act, 295, 297, 302
Congress, Confederation, see Confederation Congress
Congress, Continental, see Continental Congress
Congress, U.S.:
anti-British coalition in, 378
capital city changed by, 394, 395
debt assumption passed in, 385-95
first, 358, 362-63, 386
national bank proposed to, 396-401
partisan factions in, 413
presidential electoral tie in, 422
proportional representation in, 333, 340
proposals for structure of, 332, 333, 336, 337, 340
war funded by, 393-94, 400
Conn, James, 53
Connecticut, 270
Constitution ratified by, 349
customs duties exacted by, 312
Connecticut Compromise, 340
Constitution, U.S.:
amendment process of, 341
Bill of Rights added to, 353, 357, 363
federal powers granted in, 398-99
ratification of, 330, 341-53, 357, 391
religious freedom in, 331
signing of, 341
“strict construction” doctrine and, 399
Twelfth Amendment to, 357
Constitutional Convention, 319, 330-41
closed sessions maintained by, 330-31
delegates to, 326, 328-29, 331, 333, 355, 405
duration of, 331, 341
New Jersey Plan at, 333, 335, 340
New York delegation at, 328-29, 333-34, 340, 341, 351
notes on, 331-32, 333
Virginia Plan presented at, 332-33, 335, 336, 340
Contentment, 13, 14
Continental Army:
AH’s reform suggestions for, 150-51, 155, 169-70
casualties of, 119, 137-38, 201, 243, 247, 248-49
commanders-in-chief of, 97, 183
debts incurred by, 269
desertions from, 127, 152, 153, 158, 201-2
first victories of, 116-19
foreign mercenaries in, 152-53, 154
land grants to veterans of, 245, 275
mutiny within, 220-21, 280, 282-85
payment of, 101-2, 179, 193, 220, 238, 266, 276-77, 280, 281, 283, 309
slaves in, 162-66
society of veterans of, 309
state/provincial militias vs., 101-2, 104, 128-29, 231
supply problems of, 119, 134-35, 138, 152, 153, 158, 173-74, 231, 237, 269
training of, 153-56
troop levels of, 170, 240
Washington as commander-in-chief of, 97
see also Revolutionary War
Continental Congress:
AH’s criticisms of, 156, 157-60, 161-62, 182, 234, 257
army overseen by, 97, 127, 138, 150, 151, 156, 158, 160
Articles of Confederation adopted by, 257
boycott adopted by, 81, 82-83, 86
establishment of, 76, 77
financial policies of, 231-32, 233, 235, 245, 258, 269, 374
First, 77, 79, 81, 84
government departments established by, 233
independence vote of, 59
New York delegation to, 86, 97, 169, 193, 227, 247, 248, 259
presidents of, 54, 162, 164, 263
on prisoners of war, 127, 160, 161, 263
Second, 86
secrecy maintained by, 330-31
wartime locations of, 138
see also Confederation Congress
Continental dollars, 179, 201, 229, 232, 268, 269, 374, 403-4
Conway, Thomas, 139-40, 147-49, 175, 184
Conway Cabal, 147-49, 184, 354, 357
Cooper, Myles, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 79, 96
as Loyalist, 66, 76, 81-82, 83, 84, 89-91
Cornwallis, Charles, Lord, 110, 118, 136, 238, 240-41, 242, 244, 246, 258
corporations, 398, 399-400, 401, 419
Cosway, Maria, 368
Crawford, William, 301
Cruger, Henry, Jr., 25, 33
Cruger, John Harris, 30
Cruger, Nicholas, 26, 36, 38, 40
import-export business of, 22, 29-30, 31, 32-33
Cruger family, 22, 26, 33, 40, 53, 66, 96
Culper, Samuel (Abraham Woodhull), 198-99
Cunningham, William, 198, 200, 201
currency:
bills of credit vs., 400
Continental, 179, 201, 229, 232, 268, 269, 374, 403-4
of individual states, 266-67, 312-13
inflation and, 220
in paper vs. coinage, 403-4
speculation in, 392-93
Custis, Daniel Parke, 114
Custis, John Parke, 72, 73
customs duties, 33-34
British colonial imposition of, 43, 258
federal financial dependence on, 362
federal imposition of, 258, 325-26, 328, 331, 376
on interstate commerce, 311-12
Rhode Island’s challenge on, 266, 267-68, 274-75
Customs Service, U.S., 34
standardized procedures of, 375-76
Danish divorce laws, 9, 14, 328
Danish West India Company, 14
Dartmouth, William Legge, Lord, 87
Dartmouth College, 401
Day, Luke, 321, 322, 328
Dayton, Jonathan, 331
Declaration of Independence (1776):
antislavery clause removed from, 166, 292
New York arrival of, 107
signatories of, 54, 283, 305, 360, 378
writing of, 85
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens (1789), 371
Delancey, Oliver, 191, 200
Delancey, Stephen, 89
DeLancey family, 50, 53
Delaware, Constitution ratified by, 347
Delaware Indians, 300-301
Democratic-Republicans, 413, 417, 419, 420
De Nully, Bertram Pieter (father), 14
De Nully, Pieter (son), 26
depression, postwar, 312
Dickinson, John, 283, 284, 285, 286, 318, 319, 360
Dissenter churches, 57, 200
divorce laws, 9, 12, 14, 18-19, 328
Douglass, William, 104
Duane, James:
AH’s clerkship under, 244-45, 252, 253, 254, 368
city court ruling made by, 299, 301-2
as New York mayor, 295, 299, 302, 368
property holdings of, 273, 288
Senate race lost by, 368
dueling, 1-2, 4-5, 176, 184, 338, 420, 423-24
Duer, Kitty Alexander, 370
Duer, William, 288, 313
as assistant treasury secretary, 369, 370, 393, 410, 411
background of, 369-70
financial speculation of, 375, 379, 392, 410
industrial development project run by, 405, 410
political involvement of, 169, 313, 343
in veterans swindle, 407, 413
as war supplier, 370, 411
Dunmore, John Murray, Lord, 271
Dutch Reformed Church, 34
Dutch West Indies, 34
Edwards, Bryan, 11
Edwards, Jonathan, 252
elections:
of 1789, 355-59
of 1792, 415
of 1800, 422
Elizabethtown Academy, 48-49, 51-53, 60, 62, 113, 155, 181
Ellsworth, Oliver, 265, 278
England:
colonial American resentment of, 42-44, 46-47, 74-79, 82-86
finance system of, 380-81
revolutions in, 387
trade restrictions of, 26, 260, 306
see also Army, British; Parliament, British; Revolutionary War
engrossing, practice of, 233, 303
Enlightenment, 36, 163, 251
Eustis, Dr. (West Point physician), 206
Evacuation Day, 286-87, 288
evangelical religion, 34-37
excise taxes, 376-77, 417
factions, see political parties
Faneuil Hall, 43, 44
Farmer Refused, The (Hamilton), 37, 75, 84-86, 230, 236, 251
farmers:
crop pests and, 350
federal supports of, 404
rebellions of, 320-22
Fawcett, John (Jean Faucette) (father), 10-11
Fawcett, John, IV (son), 11-12
Fawcett, Mary Uppington, 11, 12-13
Federal Hall, 363
Federalist Papers, 1, 330, 342, 343-45, 346-49, 350, 351, 352, 398
Federalists, 395, 413
in electoral politics, 418, 422-23
ratifying Constitution backed by, 343, 347, 351, 352
Fells, Jonathan, 171
First New York Regiment, 97, 101, 106, 201
Fish, Nicholas, 70, 87, 108, 168, 237, 242
Fitz-Simons, Thomas, 266
Flemming, Edward, 87, 98
Fleury, Marquis de, 216
Folwell, Richard, 406
Fort Bunker Hill, 3, 108, 109
Fort George, 46, 47, 65, 68, 72, 74, 98, 287
Fort Niagara, 300
Fort Ticonderoga, 138, 167, 272, 325
Fort Washington, 112-13, 115, 197
France:
as American ally, 151, 166, 168-69, 185, 216, 227, 228, 230, 237, 239, 241, 269, 281, 307, 364
political reform in, 345, 371
revolution in, 254, 368, 370-72, 412
undeclared war with, 421
U.S. debt to, 372, 379-80, 412-13
Franklin, Benjamin, 309, 312, 379
at Constitutional Convention, 331
illegitimate son of, 63, 261
land holdings of, 379
Paris diplomatic post of, 185, 281, 314, 367
Pennsylvania Constitution of, 360
as postmaster general, 361
scientific experiments of, 58
Steuben recommended by, 153
Franklin, William (father), 58, 63, 261, 262, 331
Franklin, William Temple (son), 331-32
Fraunces, Samuel, 132
Fraunces Tavern, xi, 99
Frederick II (the Great), King of Prussia, 154
Free Thoughts on the Proceedings of the Continental Congress (Seabury), 81-82
free will, doctrine of, 35, 36
French and Indian Wars, 56, 270
French Revolution, 254, 368, 370-72, 412
Freneau, Philip, 402, 416
frontier, seizures of Indian lands on, 300
Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress, A (Hamilton), 81, 82-83
fundamentalism, 35-37, 73
Gage, Sir Thomas, 77
Gardoqui, Diego de, 320
Gates, Horatio, 127, 133, 138-49 congressional supporters of, 142, 157, 176
Conway Cabal and, 147-49, 357
security breach alleged by, 145, 147-48
Ticonderoga victory claimed by, 138-39, 140
Washington’s authority challenged by, 140, 142-43, 144-45, 280
Gazette of the United States, 402
Genêt, Edmond-Charles-Edouard, 416, 417
George III, King of England, 44, 68, 76, 107, 160, 355
Georgia, Constitution ratified by, 349
Germantown, Battle of (1777), 136-37, 139, 150, 154, 247
Gerry, Elbridge, 340, 341, 385
Gibbs, Caleb, 141, 146
Giles, William B., 414-15
Gingerland, 10-11
Gironde, 412
Gist, Mordechai, 240
Glover, John, 117
God-Child of Washington, A (Schuyler), 143
Goebel, Julius, 251, 299
Golden Hill, Battle of (1770), 47
Gold Rush (1849), 403
Gordon, Captain, 75
Gordon, William (minister), 183, 184
government:
arguments on constitutional powers of, 398-99, 400
branch divisions of sovereignty in, 255, 385
central control vs. states’ power in, 158-59, 231, 264-65, 266-68, 278-80, 333, 334-37, 346-47, 391
by consent of governed, 82, 85
as control on private interest, 230-31
political factions in, 157, 387, 402
religion separated from, 36, 50, 57, 331
as representative democracy, 130-31
trade regulated by, 257-58, 311-12
Grange, The (AH’s New York home), 3, 16, 424
Grange, The (Shenistone Castle), 16
Grasse, Comte de, 237, 238, 239
Graves, Thomas, Lord, 239
Great Awakening, 35-36
greenbacks, 403
Greene, Mrs. Nathanael, 123
Greene, Nathanael, 116, 117, 132, 154, 169, 185, 207, 276
AH’s military career and, 101, 120, 217-18
on military strategy, 110-11, 170, 172
Southern Army commanded by, 221, 248-49
Green Mountain Boys, 167, 271-72, 273, 324-25
Grotius, Hugo, 71, 251, 254
Hale, Nathan, 198
Hamilton, Alexander:
ambition of, 27-28, 56, 120, 216, 217, 220, 242, 306-7, 342, 347
artillery company led by, 101-5, 106-18, 120, 121, 128, 217, 354
bank established by, 304, 396
battalion command of, 237-44
birth of, 17
Caribbean departure of, 40-41
centralized government advocated by, 29, 158-59, 231, 264-65, 333, 334-37, 342, 346-47
childhood of, 6-9, 18, 19, 20, 22, 26-27, 36, 276
in combat, 97-99, 112, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120, 134, 175, 177, 220, 240, 243-44
on congressional ineptitude, 156, 157-62, 182, 234, 278, 387
counterfeiters trapped by, 384
Customs Service founded by, 34, 375-76
debt assumption plan of, 385-95
as delegate to Congress, 247, 248, 259, 263, 265-68, 273-86, 318, 330
in duels, 1-2, 4-5, 176, 183-84, 338, 420, 423-24
education of, 18, 23, 36-38, 40-41, 47-49, 51-53, 56, 59-65, 69-74, 75, 76, 99, 113, 250, 251, 253-54, 255, 256
English financial system studied by, 380-81
on executions, 212, 262, 263-64
on executive protocol, 364-66
extramarital affairs of, 5, 315-16, 343, 382-84, 405-9, 413-14, 418, 420-21
family background of, 10-17, 18, 22-23, 37, 38, 40, 49, 55, 64, 67, 101, 152, 276
on federal judiciary, 299-300
field command sought by, 216-18, 220, 221, 226, 227, 234, 236-37
finances of, 21, 23, 62, 80, 99, 125, 179, 180, 193, 196, 236, 238, 252-53, 268, 297, 313, 361, 362, 366-67, 396, 403, 408, 409, 417
financial expertise of, 30, 74, 253, 361
on fiscal policies, 231-33, 234-36, 266-67, 277-80, 337, 385-401, 403, 410-12, 415
on foreign policy, 281, 401, 415, 416
generosity of, 74, 309, 411
government structure proposed by, 255, 270-80, 334-36, 340-41, 344
health problems of, 4, 7, 146-47, 175, 251, 317, 416-17
homes of, 16, 219, 253, 291, 306, 313, 362, 395, 407
honesty of, 381
illegitimacy of, 4, 8, 9, 18, 19, 63-64, 146, 184, 328, 422
intelligence operations and, 121, 129, 132-34, 145, 147-49, 162, 172, 181, 199, 204, 289
law practice of, 53, 220, 246, 250, 251, 254, 256, 258, 291, 294-95, 297-300, 305, 306, 313, 345, 361, 362, 366, 369, 396, 409, 419, 423
legal procedural handbook written by, 255-56
marriage of, 180-81; see also Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler
mentors and sponsors of, 40-41, 45, 48, 49, 50, 59, 60, 62, 80
as mercantile clerk, 22, 23-24, 25-26, 28, 29-34, 375
military commissions of, 99, 100, 101, 120-21, 216-18, 220, 226, 245, 246, 286, 421
military enlistment of, 87
military reforms of, 103-4, 150-51, 155, 169-70
military training and, 154-56
mint established by, 400, 403
mob actions dreaded by, 57, 75, 90, 94
national bank proposed by, 232-33, 235, 305, 395, 396-401
in New York Assembly, 313, 322, 325, 328-29, 349-53
New York parade in honor of, 353
on New York State government, 263-65, 301, 325, 326
Paris appointment withheld from, 182, 184-85, 193, 218
pen names of, 79, 80, 229, 296, 344, 358, 416
persecution of Loyalists opposed by, 129-30, 295, 296-300, 301, 302-3
personality of, 45, 56, 122, 338, 369, 373, 374
physical appearance of, 30, 44-45, 81, 114, 122, 143, 213, 333, 386, 394
poetry of, 28-29, 41, 54, 55, 80-81 political opponents of, 157, 159, 176, 182-85, 304, 328, 339, 358, 401-2, 411-16, 418
political philosophy of, 29, 37, 76, 78-79, 81, 82-86, 230-31, 254-55, 263-64, 334-37, 399
political writings of, 37, 75-76, 78-80, 81, 82-83, 84-86, 91, 229-30, 251, 252, 255, 257, 296-97, 301, 342-49, 415-16, 418, 420, 423
on presidential appointments, 359-61
on presidential elections, 354, 355-59, 422
in prewar politics, 75-76, 77-80, 81, 82-86
on prisoners of war, 126-27, 160-63, 166-67, 190-91, 211, 212, 262-63, 272, 329
pro-business stance of, 302, 387, 404-5
prose style of, 37, 38-40, 79, 234, 256, 346
as public speaker, 77-78, 79, 90-91, 328, 333, 336, 338, 385, 423
religious observances and views of, 4-5, 9, 34-38, 56, 73
Revolutionary articles written by, 37, 75-76, 78-80, 81, 82-83, 84-86, 91, 251
romantic involvements of, 5, 55, 124, 185-93, 315-16, 343, 382-84, 405-9, 413-14, 418, 420-21
secrecy maintained by, 76, 374, 384, 387
as secretary of treasury, 156, 162, 361, 362, 369-70, 372-81, 384, 385-405, 407, 409-17, 419, 420
slavery opposed by, 26, 162-66, 230, 291-93, 302
social circle of, 53-56, 122, 123, 143-44, 190, 313
as tax collector, 252-53, 258-59
on tax policies, 37, 231, 233, 235, 258, 264, 266, 329-30, 376-78, 391, 394, 417
on trade policy, 257-58, 318-19, 401, 404
on Vermont independence, 274, 322, 329
war debt addressed by, 372, 374-75, 376
as Washington’s aide, 120-23, 124-51, 159, 162, 167, 182-83, 216, 217-18, 220, 221, 223-27, 228, 361
women’s rights supported by, 328
Hamilton, Alexander (AH’s grandfather), 15-16
Hamilton, Alexander, Jr., (AH’s son), 362
Hamilton, Angelica (AH’s daughter), 4, 308, 361, 424
Hamilton, Elizabeth Pollock (AH’s grandmother), 16
Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler (AH’s wife):
AH’s career and, 216, 227, 236, 313, 317
AH’s correspondence with, 194, 195, 207, 208-9, 213, 237-38, 241, 243-44
AH’s courtship of, 189-97, 213-14, 215
AH’s death and, 3, 4, 5, 424
AH’s first meeting with, 143
André’s friendship with, 192, 211-12, 213-14, 215, 216, 219
education of, 190
family background of, 56, 188, 191, 193-94, 216, 362
financial management of, 396, 403
ill health of, 368, 382
marriage of, 213, 215, 216, 218-20, 221-22, 228-29, 239, 244-45, 276, 285, 313-14, 315, 317, 367, 382, 383, 407, 409, 424
motherhood of, 228, 239, 249, 307-8, 366, 368, 409
personality of, 188, 189, 313, 314, 368
physical appearance of, 188, 189, 194
slave owned by, 293
Hamilton, James (AH’s brother), 6, 8, 9, 17, 20, 21
Hamilton, James (AH’s father), 15-18, 19, 20-21, 195
Hamilton, James Alexander (AH’s son), 362
Hamilton, John Church (AH’s son), 13, 409
Hamilton, Philip Schuyler (AH’s son), 249, 250, 361, 383, 424
Hamilton, Rachel Fawcett Levine (AH’s mother):
business run by, 6, 20
common-law marriage of, 17, 19
death of, 6-9, 20, 26
divorce of, 8, 9, 18-19, 328
education of, 12, 18
estate of, 7-8, 40
family background of, 8, 12
finances of, 6, 8, 12, 13-14, 19, 20
marriage of, 13-15
as mother, 8, 13, 15, 19
slaves owned by, 8, 20
Hancock, John, 44, 135
Hardenburgh, Abraham, 201
Harpur, Robert, 73-74, 87
Harrison, Robert Hanson, 221
Heath, William, 210
Heering, Dr., 6-7
Henry, Patrick, 152, 352, 362
Hessian fly, 350
Hessian mercenaries, 115-16, 230
Heth, William, 412
History of the West Indies (Edwards), 11
Homer, 56, 70
Honey man, John, 116
Horace, 36, 387
Hosack, David, 1-2, 3
House of Lords, 51, 101, 336
House of Representatives, U.S.:
first impeachment attempt in, 414-15
proportional representation of, 340-41
see also Congress, U.S.
Howe, Lord Richard, 108-9, 111, 112-13, 115
Howe, Sir William, 132, 133, 134, 136, 140, 141, 161, 166, 168, 171
Howell, David, 267
Huddy, Joshua, 261
Hudson River, military role of, 97, 113, 162, 172, 202-5
Hughes, Hugh, 147
Huguenots, 10, 54, 55-56, 67
Hume, David, 71, 230, 231, 387
Humphreys, David, 193
Hutchinson, Thomas, 71
Hylton v. United States, 419
Independence Hall, 266, 283, 284, 330
Indians, 177-78, 201-2, 300-301, 307, 308, 345-46, 393, 400, 411
Industrial Revolution, 404
Inglis, Charles, 84
Iroquois, 177-78
Jackson, James, 392-93
Jackson, William, 283, 332
James I, King of England, 85
Jay, John, 99, 198, 292, 349, 359, 371, 418
AH’s political reports written to, 94, 95-96, 97, 285
as chief justice, 54, 360
confiscated Loyalist land bought by, 303
in Continental Congress, 79, 94, 96, 97, 160, 164-65
family background of, 55-56
as Federalist Papers author, 342, 343-44, 347, 348, 350, 355
in Paris negotiations, 281
slavery opposed by, 163
Spanish negotiations with, 320
Jay, Mary Van Cortlandt, 56
Jay Treaty (1795), 418-19
Jefferson, Thomas, xi, 157, 312, 317, 404, 418
AH’s ouster sought by, 411, 412, 413, 414, 416
anti-British stance of, 401-2
on Constitution, 331
finances of, 393
on fiscal policy, 394-95, 399, 403, 412-13
inland waterway plan of, 308-9, 310
on Lafayette, 307
natural law philosophy of, 254
in Paris, 360, 367-68, 371, 393
presidency of, 302, 422, 423, 424
as secretary of state, 329, 360, 401-2, 412-13, 416, 419
slaves owned by, 329
strict constructionism of, 399
as Virginia governor, 231, 269, 331
writing of, 85, 166
Johnson, Samuel, 71
Johnson, William Samuel, 338
John Street Playhouse, 65, 73, 199-200
Jones, Samuel, 351
Jones, Thomas, 67, 291
judicial review, 255, 299-300
Kalb, Johann de, 142
Kalm, Peter, 49
Kent, James, 351
Kentucky, as slave state, 329
King, Rufus, 332, 340, 368, 418, 419
King’s College, 27, 44, 48, 64, 68-74, 100
AH’s fellow students at, 70, 72, 87
Anglican affiliation of, 50, 51, 60, 66, 69, 73
as army hospital, 108
campus of, 68, 72
as Columbia, 4, 27, 68
library of, 71, 108, 250-51
royalist president of, 66, 81-82, 89-91
student regulations at, 70-71, 73
tutors at, 70, 73-74
King’s Mountain, partisan military engagement at, 261
Knox, Henry:
on AH’s confession, 420-21
finances of, 277, 357, 379
in Revolutionary War, 111, 116, 120, 137, 152, 203, 205, 240, 277
as secretary of war, 321, 403, 411-12
in Society of Cincinnati, 309
as Washington’s confidant, 262, 359
Knox, Hugh, 34-39, 40, 41, 46, 47-48, 49, 58, 60, 131-32
Koromantyns, 15, 20
Kortright, Cornelius, 40
Kortright, Lawrence, 45
Kortright and Company, 40, 45
Lafayette, Marquis de, 154, 162, 220, 247, 367
AH’s military career and, 217-18, 223-24, 229, 242
in American Revolution, 132, 134, 152, 168, 170, 172, 173-74, 197, 202, 203, 205, 206, 210, 217-18, 227, 239, 242, 243, 246
family background of, 152
French Revolution and, 371-72, 412
military career of, 307
at Paris peace talks, 246
in peacetime America, 306-9
in Society of Cincinnati, 309
on Washington’s break with AH, 223-24
laissez-faire capitalism, 257
Lamb, John, 79, 87, 98, 99, 106, 243
land speculation, 379
Lansing, John, 253, 329, 332, 351, 352
Lansing, Robert, 333
Lasher, John, 98
Laurence, John, 274
Laurens, Henry, 123, 148, 162, 163, 164-65, 249
Laurens, John, 184, 189, 193, 212, 214, 233-34
as abolitionist, 162-63, 291
battalion commanded by, 237
capture and parole of, 181-82, 194, 210, 217
death of, 247, 248-49, 276
diplomatic mission of, 218, 239, 247
duel of, 176, 247
romantic involvements of, 180, 185, 186-87
slave military recruitment attempted by, 162-65, 166, 180, 217, 234, 247
on Washington’s staff, 123, 124, 125, 162, 239, 247
law practice, 323, 419
AH’s procedural handbook on, 255-56
New York degree qualification for, 251, 252, 253, 256
truth as defense in, 423
Lee, Arthur, 361
Lee, Charles, 107, 126, 167, 170, 172, 173
in Battle of Monmouth, 171, 174-75, 176, 177, 252
J. Laurens’s duel with, 176, 247
Lee, Henry “Light-Horse Harry,” 135, 381, 417
Lee, Richard Henry, 157
Lee, Robert E., 417
L’Enfant, Pierre, 363
Levine, Johann Michael, 8, 9, 13-15, 18-19, 328
Levine, Peter, 8, 13, 276
Lewis, Thomas, 407
Lexington, Battle of (1775), 87, 89
Liberty Hall, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 63, 185
Liberty Poles, 46, 47, 86, 99
lighthouses, 404
Lincoln, Benjamin, 237, 245, 281, 321, 322, 327
liquor taxes, 37, 377, 417
Livingston, Brockhulst, 59
Livingston, Catherine “Lady Kitty,” 55, 185-87, 190, 343, 409
Livingston, Col. Robert, 131
Livingston, Peter, 79, 103
Livingston, Robert R., 260, 295, 303-4, 349, 351, 360, 363
Livingston, Sarah, 55
Livingston, William, 55, 59, 60, 99, 100, 106, 185
family background of, 49, 50
as New Jersey governor, 51, 130
prewar politics of, 50-51
religious liberty advocated by, 50, 57, 58, 69
social circle of, 53, 54
Livingston family, 45, 53, 56, 63, 200, 290, 360, 368, 406, 419
Livingston Manor, 50, 53
Livy, 36
Locke, John, 36, 71, 82, 85, 251, 254, 255, 336
Loring, Joshua, 168, 200
Lott, Abraham, 185
Lott, Cornelia, 187
Louden, Samuel, 229
Louis XIV, King of France, 10
Louis XVI, King of France, 152, 262, 307, 345, 371, 412
Lovell, James, 142
Loyalists:
Anglicanism of, 66, 82, 84
British abandonment of, 261
Continental Congress denigrated by, 81-82, 83, 84
court cases against, 297-300
decrease of, 230
emigration of, 88, 89-91, 260, 291, 295, 296
legislation against, 294-95, 297-98, 299, 301
military brigade of, 228
Patriot property confiscated by, 294-95, 298-300
post-Revolution rights of, 259-60, 295-96, 301, 302
property confiscated from, 231-32, 259, 268-69, 294-96, 301, 303
Sons of Liberty and, 89-94, 95, 289, 295
violent retribution against, 259, 289, 290-91, 295, 300-301, 358
wartime policies on, 129-30, 204, 261
Lytton, Ann (daughter), 23, 45, 59
Lytton, Ann Fawcett (mother), 11-12, 23
Lytton, James, 8-9, 11, 17, 20, 22-23
Lytton, Peter, 23
McCulloch v. Maryland, 401
McDonald, Forrest, 232-33, 372
McDougall, Alexander, 77-78, 86, 99
AH’s radicalism aided by, 79-80, 82, 95
mercantile wealth of, 95
in prewar politics, 46-47, 95
in Revolutionary War, 97, 101, 276
McHenry, James, 171, 177, 206, 207, 218, 219-20, 224, 286, 403
Machiavelli, Niccolò 29
Maclay, William, 365, 392, 393, 421
Madison, James, 284, 285-86, 308, 312, 327, 352, 404
AH as political enemy of, 401, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415-16, 418, 421
at Annapolis commercial convention, 317, 319
in Confederation Congress, 265, 266, 267, 281, 307, 331, 344
at Constitutional Convention, 331, 332, 333, 335, 337-38, 340, 341
education of, 62
on electoral candidates, 356, 357-58, 359
as Federalist Papers author, 342, 343, 344-45, 347-48, 355, 398
financial status of, 393
on fiscal policy, 267, 275, 278, 279, 386, 390, 391-92, 393, 394-95, 398-99, 412, 414
on history of confederacies, 344, 347-48
in House of Representatives, 362, 377-78, 386, 398, 412
inland waterway plan of, 308-9, 310
Jefferson’s alliance with, 393, 402-3
on presidential appointments, 359, 360, 361
Maecenus, 36
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 262, 412
Marshall, John, 136, 373, 401
Martin, Luther, 336
Maryland:
Constitution ratified by, 349
in Potomac waterway negotiations, 310-11
Mason, George, 310, 331, 341
Mason, John M., 4, 110
Massachusetts, 269, 275
Constitution ratified by, 349
farmers’ rebellion in, 320-22, 327-28, 391
New York radicals vs., 94-95
royal government imposed on, 76-77
war begun in, 86-87
war debts of, 391
Meade, Richard Kidder, 192, 221, 250
medical practices, 7, 416-17
Meigs, Return Jonathan, 201, 207-8
Mercer, Hugh, 118
Middleton, Arthur, 248
Mifflin, Thomas, 147, 148, 157
Mississippi River, Spanish control of, 320
Monmouth, Battle of (1778), 171, 173-75, 176, 177, 179, 237, 247, 252
Monroe, James, 116, 386, 413-14, 420, 424
Montayne’s Tavern, 47, 74
Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat de, 71, 347
Montgomery, Richard, 106
Moore, Benjamin, 3-4, 5
Morgan, Daniel, 141
Morris, Gouverneur, 133, 134, 157, 160, 260, 292, 343
background of, 128
Congress criticized by, 156
at Constitutional Convention, 331, 340
diplomatic appointment of, 360
on fiscal policy, 381, 403
Morris, Robert, 120, 236, 310
AH offered tax collector post by, 252, 253
AH’s reports written to, 234-35, 263-65, 302-3, 397-98
Bank of North America run by, 268, 283-84, 304, 305, 360, 361, 366, 381, 398
business background of, 233, 378, 400
at Constitutional Convention, 331
national bank supported by, 403
in Revolutionary War, 156, 232, 234, 238
strong national government advocated by, 263, 265, 278
as superintendent of finance, 228, 231, 233, 277, 281, 361
Moustier, Comte de, 371, 372
Muhlenberg, Frederick, 413-14, 420
Mulligan, Hercules, 48, 49, 63-64, 65, 90, 92, 294
on AH’s education, 59-62, 63, 68, 69
British capture of, 110, 126, 289, 290
espionage work of, 113-14, 121, 132, 133, 199, 204, 205, 288, 289-90
haberdashery business of, 45-46, 68, 83, 99, 113-14, 199, 200, 290
in prewar politics, 46, 47, 75, 77, 84, 86
in Revolutionary War, 88, 98-99, 101, 110, 113-14, 121, 126, 132, 133, 199
slavery opposed by, 163, 291, 292-93
Washington’s visit to, 288, 290
Mulligan, Hugh, 114
Napoleonic Wars, 421
national debt, 234-35, 236, 267, 277, 278, 374-75, 379-81
debt assumption plan and, 390, 391-392, 393, 395
National Gazette, 402, 416
natural law, 82, 85, 254, 255, 256
Navigation Acts, 26, 260, 306
Navy, U.S., 1, 421
Necker, Jacques, 306-7, 335, 371, 373-74, 380, 397
Netherlands:
political unrest in, 345
U.S. loans from, 374, 379-80, 398
Nevis, 10-11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17
New Hampshire:
Constitution ratified by, 349, 351, 352
in Vermont territorial disputes, 270-71, 272, 275
New Jersey:
Constitution ratified by, 347
first governor of, 51
New York customs duties demanded of, 311-12
New Lights, 36, 48
Newton, William, 31, 32, 33
New York:
Anglican establishment in, 50
anti-Loyalist measures in, 301, 302, 303
colonial assembly of, 46, 47, 50, 86
in Constitution ratification process, 343, 347, 349-53
divorce laws in, 328
federal tax collection in, 252-53, 328
law profession in, 251, 252, 253, 255-56
New England Patriots vs., 94-95
New Jersey customs duties demanded by, 311-12
political parties in, 296
Poughkeepsie as capital of, 251, 350
Provincial Congress of, 88, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101
rural vs. urban, 349-50
slavery in, 292-94
state government in, 130-31, 263-65, 301, 325-26, 328-29
statehood of, 103
Vermont territorial dispute with, 270-74, 275, 322, 327, 329
war costs of, 263-64
New York Advertiser, 402
New York City, 65-68
boundaries of, 65
as British colonial headquarters, 46, 67
as commercial center, 66-67, 395
Evacuation Day in, 285, 286-87
fires in, 112, 290
freed African Americans in, 163
harbor activities of, 66-67, 74-75, 88, 252-53
as national capital, 358, 363, 394, 395-96
political protests in, 74-75, 77
population of, 46, 197
in Revolutionary War, 87, 100, 101, 106-13, 146, 197-201
theater in, 65, 73, 199-200
wartime British occupation of, 151, 177, 197, 199-200, 202, 229, 246, 252, 258-59, 264, 288-89, 370
New York Gazetteer, 75, 91
New York Packet, 229
New York Post, 423
New York Society for Promoting the Manumission of Slaves, 163
Nicoll, Henry, 70
Nicoll, Samuel, 70
North, Lord Frederick, 77, 258
North Carolina, 312, 391
Ogden, Mathias, 277
Ohio Country, 269
Old Northwest, 331
Oneida Indians, 201-2
Osgood, Samuel, 398
Paine, Thomas, 402
Panic of 1792, 412
Paoli massacre (1777), 150
Parliament, British:
Army expenses demanded by, 46
colonial legislatures vs., 51
conservative stance on power of, 254-55
customs duties imposed by, 43
Massachusetts self-government revoked by, 76-77
royal authority vs., 76, 79
structure of, 335
war financed by, 228
Parliament, French, 345
Parsons, Eli, 328
Pastures, The, 143, 249, 251-52, 285, 313
Paterson, William, 333, 334, 405
Pemberton, Israel, 395
Pendleton, Edmund, 352
Pendleton, Nathaniel, 1, 2
Pennsylvania:
state-owned bank in, 305
Wyoming Valley settlers in, 323-25, 326
Pennsylvania Executive Council, 283, 284
People v. Crosswell, 423
Philadelphia:
British occupation of, 132, 133-34, 135-36, 139, 151, 162, 169, 170-71
New York City vs., 66, 394, 396
as temporary U.S. capital, 394, 395, 396, 398
“Phocion,” 296
Pickering, Timothy, 90, 119, 121, 137
Pierce, William, 338
Pierrepont, Evelyn, 298
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 337, 422
Pitt, William (the Younger), 380, 381
Plutarch, 23, 296, 344
political parties (factions), 157, 296, 387, 402, 412, 413
Pollock, Sir Robert, 16
Pope, Alexander, 23
Potomac Company, 309
Potomac River, canal linkage with, 309, 310-11
Poughkeepsie, NY, 251, 350
Practical Proceedings in the Supreme Court of the State of New York (Hamilton), 255-56
Presbyterianism, 50, 54, 378
Anglican conflicts with, 48, 56-59, 60, 66
free will vs. predetermination in, 36
on illegitimate birth, 4, 422
presidency:
powers of, 336, 340
protocols of, 364-66
tie electoral vote on, 422
press, freedom of, 423
Price, William, 277
Princeton College (College of New Jersey), 34, 48, 51, 118, 252
AH’s application to, 59-64
Revolutionary politics at, 58-59, 60, 66
prison ships, 198, 201
Provost’s Prison, 200, 290
“Publius,” origin of, 344
Pufendorf, Samuel F., 71, 251, 254
Puritanism, 35, 67, 293
Putnam, Israel, 110, 111, 141-42, 145-46
Quakers, 66, 292, 394, 396
Quasi War (1798-1800), 421
Rall, Johann Gottlieb, 115, 117
Randall, Thomas, 79
Randolph, Edmund, 310, 319, 332, 334, 341
Randolph, Thomas, 93
Reed, Joseph, 157, 210
Regulations for Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States, 155
Reign of Terror, 373, 412
religion:
Anglican vs. Presbyterian, 48, 56-59, 60, 66
colonial revival movement of, 34-37
pluralism of, 50
of Quakers, 66, 292, 394, 396
separation of state from, 36, 50, 57, 331
see also Church of England; Presbyterianism
representative democracy, 130-31
Revere, Paul, 74
Revolutionary Committee of One Hundred, 88, 98
Revolutionary New York Provincial Convention (1775), 86
Revolutionary War:
Arnold’s treason in, 202-11, 289-90
artillery of, 104-6, 131
beginning of, 86-87
British troop levels in, 106, 132, 170, 230
Canadian campaign in, 106
final stage of, 237-44, 245, 246, 247, 258, 261
finances of, 229-30, 235, 238, 266, 267, 268-70, 278-80, 372, 374-75, 389-90, 412-13
French alliance in, 151, 166, 168-69, 185, 216, 218, 227, 228, 230, 237, 239, 241, 269, 281, 307, 364, 412-13
intelligence work in, 116, 121, 129, 132-34, 162, 191, 192, 197-99, 204, 289-90, 330
Iroquois allied with British in, 177-78
military leadership challenges in, 147-49
military strategies in, 132-34, 136-37, 170-78, 197, 202, 238, 242-43
Patriot-Loyalist guerrilla warfare in, 261, 291
peace treaty negotiated in, 246, 258, 259-60, 269, 281, 295-301, 320, 331, 348, 364
prisoners in, 126-27, 138, 160-63, 166-67, 200-201, 272, 329
state troops vs. Continental military in, 101-2, 104
veterans of, 253, 406
volume of supplies trade in, 264, 370
see also Continental Army
Reynolds, David, 407
Reynolds, James, 406, 407-8, 413, 420
Reynolds, Maria, 405-9, 413, 414, 418, 420
Rhinelander, Philip, 45
Rhode Island:
Constitution rejected in, 349, 353
federal customs duty opposed by, 266, 267-68, 270, 274-75, 312
slave soldiers freed in, 163-64
Rights of Man, The (Paine), 402
Rivington, James, 75, 83, 91-92, 94, 95, 197-98
Robinson, Beverley, 204-5
Rodgers, John, 48, 60
Roe, Austin, 198
Roosevelt, Cornelius, 102
Rush, Benjamin, 54, 61, 62, 63, 116, 157, 416
Rush family, 54
Rutgers, Elizabeth, 298, 299
Rutgers v. Waddington, 301-2
Rutledge, John, 265
Saba, 34
St. Clair, Arthur, 283, 284
St. Croix, 24, 46
hurricanes on, 38-40, 42
import-export business in, 24-26, 30-34
plantations of, 6, 12, 24, 25, 26
religious revival movement in, 34-36
yellow fever in, 6
Sanders, Elizabeth, 45
Saratoga Convention, 160, 161
Scammell, Alexander, 241
Schuyler, Catherine, 143
Schuyler, Margarita, 189, 191, 221
Schuyler, Philip, 160, 223
AH’s career aided by, 220, 227, 252, 253, 313
in Continental Congress, 193
as father, 188, 190, 193, 222, 239, 244-45, 308, 383, 384
finances of, 233, 381, 313
on Gates vs. Washington, 143
health problems of, 106, 228-29
home of, 143, 219, 249, 250, 251, 252
landholdings of, 273
military career of, 56, 273
political influence of, 259, 262, 264-65, 313, 328
in Revolutionary War, 106, 138, 191, 216, 272, 275
as senator, 368, 382, 393
trade empire of, 188, 369
on Washington’s rift with AH, 225-26, 227
Schuyler family, 53-54
Scots-Irish, 152
Scott, John Morin, 77, 102, 111, 265
Scottish Enlightenment, 36
Seabury, Samuel, 81-82, 83, 84, 92
Sears, Isaac, 47, 87, 88, 92, 94
Senate, U.S.:
equal state representation in, 340
see also Congress, U.S.
Seton, William, 410-11
settlers, land title disputes of, 270-74, 323-25, 326
Shakespeare, William, 73
Shattuck, Job, 321
Shays, Daniel, 321-22, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329
Shays Rebellion, 321-22, 324, 327, 329, 391, 403
Sherman, Roger, 340
silver dollars, 403
sinking fund, 380, 381, 389, 390, 391, 410-11, 412, 414-15
Six Nations, 177-78, 300
slavery:
abolitionism and, 54, 291-94, 394
auction sales and, 25
brutal conditions of, 14, 15, 25, 26, 93-94
in Caribbean, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 20, 24, 25-26, 93-94, 291, 369
investment value of, 294
military service as emancipation from, 162-66, 180, 217, 234
religious arguments against, 37
Southern dependence on, 394, 404
state admissions and, 329
Smith, Adam, 231, 397
Smith, Caty, 55
Smith, James, 70
Smith, Melancthon, 351
Smith, William, Jr., 84, 88
Smith, William Peartree, 55, 60
Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures (SUM), 404-5, 410
Society for Promoting the Manumission of Slaves, 291-92, 293-94
Society of the Cincinnati, 309, 314, 364
Society of the Propogation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, 57
Sons of Liberty, 43, 46-47, 77, 98 intimidation tactics of, 57, 84, 86, 89, 197
Liberty Poles of, 46, 47, 86
Loyalists attacked by, 89-94, 95, 289, 295
New York British officials deposed by, 87-88
postwar retribution of, 289, 295
tea imports opposed by, 74-75
South Carolina:
British invasion of, 166, 181, 202
Constitution ratified by, 349
military recruitment of slaves in, 164-65, 180, 217
slavery in, 163, 164-65, 166
Spain, Mississippi River controlled by, 320
speculators, 378-79, 392-93
Springfield, Battle of (1780), 52, 181
Stamp Act (1765), 61, 95
stamp tax, 43, 75
state dinners, 364, 365
“stay” laws, 312, 320
Steele, Joseph, 50, 71
Steuben, Frederick von, 169, 170, 182, 188, 240, 383
background of, 153, 154
as field commander, 227
financial problems of, 156, 308, 309, 411
soldier training effected by, 153-56
Stevens, Edward, 26-27, 45
education of, 23, 27, 40, 44, 70
family background of, 23, 40
as physician, 23, 416-17
Stirling, William Alexander, Lord, 55
in Revolutionary War, 100, 113, 139, 140
son-in-law of, 169, 370, 410
title claimed by, 54, 100-101
war supplies sold by, 370
Stockton, Annis Boudinot, 54, 354
Stockton, Richard, 54
Stone, Thomas, 311
Strong, Anna Smith, 198
Stuyvesant, Peter, 91
sugar plantations, 6, 10-11, 12, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26, 369
Sullivan, John, 116, 117, 178
SUM (Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures), 404-5, 410
“sunshine” laws, 330-31
Supreme Court, U.S., 299, 333, 401, 419
Surrender of Cornwallis (Turnbull), 368
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles-Maurice de, 373
Talmadge, Benjamin (John Bolton), 198
Tammany Club, 309
tariffs, 377-78, 391, 404
taxation, 43, 235, 266
equality concerns in, 264, 329-30
on luxury imports, 258, 391, 394
states’ opposition to federal authority of, 231, 233, 235, 263, 278, 377
voting rights tied to, 332
Whiskey Rebellion and, 417-18
tea imports:
“tea party” protests against, 74-75, 76
wartime smuggling of, 264
Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 73
Tenth Amendment, 399
Thompson, Thomas, 103, 121
Thunderbolt, 31-32, 33, 66
Thurman, Ralph, 86
Tichenor, Isaac, 323
Tilghman, Tench, 119, 120, 221, 223, 224, 236, 245
romantic involvements of, 185, 188-89, 190
tobacco, 15, 378
town meetings, banning of, 77
Townsend, Robert, 198
trade:
British restrictions on, 26, 260, 306
decline of, 312
interstate, 311-12, 318-19
on Mississippi River, 320
protectionism and, 404
regulation of, 257-58, 333
Treasury, U.S. Department of:
congressional establishment of, 362, 375, 411
customs overseen by, 362, 375-76
financial panic averted by, 410-11
powers granted to, 375
states’ debts assumed by, 377, 388-95
tax policies of, 376-78
war debts of, 374-75, 376, 380, 389-90
workforce of, 369
Treaty of Paris (1763), 270
Treaty of Paris (1783), 269, 281, 320, 348
Loyalist amnesty under, 259-60, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301
Spain as signatory of, 320
Trenton, Battle of (1776), 116, 117, 118, 119
Trespass Act (1783), 294-95, 297-98, 299, 301, 302
Trinity Church, 50, 200, 288, 298, 363
Troup, Robert, 66, 185, 292, 313, 408
as AH’s law tutor, 253
on AH’s religious practice, 73
on AH’s studies, 70
on Cooper’s departure, 89, 90-91
law practice of, 298, 396, 419
on prewar politics, 75, 78, 84
in Revolutionary War, 87, 110, 126, 141, 144, 145
Trumbull, John, 368
Twelfth Amendment, 357
United States:
British recognition of, 161
executive power in, 162
financial structure of, 229-36, 245
see also specific states and government divisions
Uppington, Mary, 11, 12-13
van Caehoorn, Menno, 105
Van Cortlandt family, 56, 200
Van Schaack, Peter, 315
Varick, Richard, 208, 299, 317
Vattel, Emmerich de, 254, 256, 298
Venable, Abraham, 413-14, 420
Venton, Ann Lytton, 23, 45, 59
Vermont:
debt settlement lawsuits in, 323
as independent republic, 322, 324, 329
New York territorial disputes with, 270-74, 275, 322, 327, 329
statehood of, 324, 327, 329
vice presidency, 356-57, 358-59
Virginia:
colonial charter of, 85
Constitution ratification process in, 344, 348, 349, 351, 352
House of Burgesses of, 48
Maryland waterway negotiations with, 310-11
Ohio Country seized by, 269
western lands ceded by, 331
Virginia Plan of Union, 332-33, 335, 336, 340
voting rights, 332, 376
Waddington, Joshua, 298, 299
Walker, Benjamin, 188
Wallace, Mike, 370
Wall Street Presbyterian Church, 48
Walpole, Horace, 380
Walton, Jacob, 30
Ward, Artemus, 183
Washington, George, xi, 46
AH’s relationship with, 1, 114, 121-22, 131, 244, 279, 280, 288, 356, 419, 422
cabinet conflicts under, 401-2, 411-13, 416
congressional weakness feared by, 318, 326
at Constitutional Convention, 326, 331, 333, 338, 339, 340, 341, 355
death of, 422
in elections, 355-57, 359, 415
Farewell Address of, 420
as federalist, 280, 282, 339
Federalist Papers given to, 344, 348-49, 355
on fiscal policy, 386, 401
inauguration of, 54, 354, 358, 360, 362, 363-64
inland waterway plan of, 308-9, 310, 311
land holdings of, 307, 326-27, 379, 393
Mount Vernon home of, 354
Newburgh conspiracy quelled by, 282-83
popularity of, 341, 355
presidency of, 342, 354, 355-56, 359-66, 369, 372, 386, 400, 401-2, 411, 412, 413, 415, 416, 417, 419
on ratification of Constitution, 342, 356
retirement of, 356, 421
stepson of, 72
Washington, George, in Revolutionary War:
AH as aide to, 119, 120-22, 126, 127-31, 136, 141, 144-45, 147-49, 151, 159, 162, 166, 167-68, 169, 182-83, 216, 217-18, 220, 221, 223-27, 228, 361
on AH in combat, 114, 117, 244
AH’s break with, 223-27
Arnold’s planned capture of, 204-5, 206, 207-9, 210
assignments made by, 100, 135, 150, 217-18, 226, 234, 236-37, 242, 252
on British evacuation, 286, 288, 290, 353
Canadian campaign ordered by, 106
capital punishment and, 211, 212, 262-63
commander-in-chief appointment of, 97, 142, 149, 156, 183, 280, 357
congressional opponents of, 142, 157, 175-76, 182
criticism of, 139-40, 142, 175-76
dedication of, 122-23, 221
espionage used by, 116, 132, 198, 289
on financial concerns, 279-80
on Loyalists, 129-30, 261, 262
military strategies of, 114, 115, 118, 132-34, 136-37, 170-77, 197, 202, 237, 243, 246
on New England territorial dispute, 272-73, 275
on New York defense, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 290
paperwork burden of, 119-20
on prisoners of war, 126, 161, 211, 212
resignation tendered by, 318
on slave recruitment, 163
at social events, 122, 185
staff of, 119-25, 162, 185, 193, 221, 239, 245, 247, 252, 281
subordinate generals’ relations with, 127-28, 138-46, 147-49, 173, 203-4
supply problems of, 100, 134, 152, 153, 173-74, 179, 237, 238
Washington, Martha, 72, 123, 124, 185, 109, 249
Wayne, “Mad Anthony,” 170, 173, 221, 240, 283
weapons, artillery, 104-6
Webb, Samuel Blachley, 110, 187, 191, 363
Webster, Noah, 418
Wentworth, Benning, 270
West Point, 202, 203-5, 207-8, 210, 238, 252, 290
What Think Ye of Congress Now? (Chandler), 84, 91
wheat production, 322, 350
Whig Society, 296
whiskey, taxes on, 37, 377, 417
Whiskey Rebellion, 417-18
White, Alexander, 391
White, Philip, 261
White, William, 421
White Eyes (Delaware chief), 300
Wilkinson, James, 117, 139, 148
Willett, Marinus, 87, 98
William III, King of England, 380
William IV, King of England, 199, 200
William V, Stadtholder of Netherlands, 345
Willing, Thomas, 30
Willing and Morris, 233
Wilson, James, 265, 305, 331, 336-37, 358-59, 360-61
Witherspoon, John, 58-59, 61, 62-64, 378-79, 397-98
Wolcott, Oliver, 408, 410, 413
Wolfe, James, 116
Woodhull, Abraham (Samuel Culper), 198-99
Wyoming Valley, settler unrest in, 323-25, 326
Yates, Abraham, 265
Yates, Robert, 329, 332, 351
yellow fever, 6, 7, 403, 416-17
Yorktown, British defeat at, 238, 239-44, 245, 249, 261