1Majjhima Nikāya, Ariyapariyesana Sutta, No. 26.
2Aṅguttara Nikāya 3.65, Kalama Sutta.
3Tib. gter ston.
4Traktung Dudjom Lingpa, A Clear Mirror: The Visionary Autobiography of a Tibetan Master, trans. Chönyi Drolma (Hong Kong: Rangjung Yeshe Publications, 2011).
5B. Alan Wallace, Stilling the Mind: Shamatha Teachings from Düdjom Lingpa’s Vajra Essence (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2011).
6Tib. khregs chod.
7Tib. thod rgal.
8Düdjom Lingpa, The Vajra Essence, vol. 3 of Düdjom Lingpa’s Visions of the Great Perfection, trans. B. Alan Wallace (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2015), 102.
9Düdjom Lingpa, Heart of the Great Perfection, vol. 1 of Düdjom Lingpa’s Visions of the Great Perfection, trans. B. Alan Wallace (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2015), 27–38, 163–212.
10See B. Alan Wallace, Minding Closely: The Four Applications of Mindfulness (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2011).
11See Gen Lamrimpa, Realizing Emptiness: Madhyamaka Insight Meditation, trans. B. Alan Wallace (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2002).
12See for example B. Alan Wallace, The Attention Revolution: Unlocking the Power of the Focused Mind (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2006); and Wallace, Minding Closely.
13Düdjom Lingpa, Heart of the Great Perfection, 145.
14Tib. lus dben. This stage of practice is typically explained to mean that one is isolated, or separated from, the tendency to think of one’s body as something ordinary, and to experience it rather as being inseparable from the body of an enlightened being.
15Tib. ngag dben. During this completion-stage practice, one is separated from the tendency to think of one’s speech as ordinary and learns to experience the subtlest manifestation of inner speech, or the movements of prāṇa in one’s heart cakra, as being inseparable from the mantra of a buddha.
16See Padmasambhava, Natural Liberation: Padmasambhava’s Teachings on the Six Bardos, commentary by Gyatrul Rinpoche, trans. B. Alan Wallace (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2015), 105. These teachings by Padmasambhava were discovered as an “earth terma” by the fourteenth-century treasure-revealer Karma Lingpa (1326–1386).
17Tib. sems dben. At this advanced level of the completion stage, one realizes an approximation of the indwelling mind of clear light and is thus separated from the tendency to regard one’s own mind as something ordinary.
18Tib. shin sbyang, Skt. praśrabdhi.
19Dīgha Nikāya 1.74–75.
20As quoted by Jé Tsongkhapa in his Small Exposition of the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment. See B. Alan Wallace, Balancing the Mind: A Tibetan Buddhist Approach to Refining Attention (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications 2005), 198.
21Saṃyutta Nikāya 54.9.
22Ānāpānasati Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya, 118. Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli and Bhikkhu Bodhi, trans., The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995), 943, with modification of the original translation.
23Düdjom Lingpa, Vajra Essence, 15–16.
24Dhammapada 1.1. The Dhammapada is the second book of the Khuddaka Nikāya.
25From the Ratnamegha Sūtra (Cloud of Jewels Sūtra), quoted in Nyanaponika Thera, The Heart of Buddhist Meditation: Satipaṭṭhāna (San Francisco: Red Wheel/Weiser, 1996), 198, with modification of the original translation.
26John R. Searle, The Rediscovery of the Mind (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994), 1.
27Ibid., 23, 92.
28John R. Searle, Mind: A Brief Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 115.
29Searle, Rediscovery of the Mind, 91, 76–77.
30Ibid., 100. I have provided an extensive analysis of the ideological and methodological inconsistencies in Searle’s writings in my book The Taboo of Subjectivity: Toward a New Science of Consciousness (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).
31Thomas H. Huxley, “Materialism and Idealism,” in Collected Essays, vol. 1, Methods and Results (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), http://www.bartleby.com/library/prose/2766.html.
32Thomas H. Huxley, “On the Physical Basis of Life,” Fortnightly Review 5 (1868).
33Thomas H. Huxley, “Science and ‘Church Policy,’” The Reader, December 1864.
34William James, The Principles of Psychology, 2 vols. (New York: Dover Publications, 1950), 1: 1.
35Ibid., 1: 185.
36John B. Watson, Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist (London: Frances Pinter, 1983), 3.
37John B. Watson, “Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It,” Psych. Rev. 20 (1913): 166.
38R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, and M. Sands, The Feynman Lectures on Physics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1963), 1: 1–4.
39Sean Carroll, The Big Picture: On the Origins of Life, Meaning, and the Universe Itself (New York: Dutton, 2016), 3.
40Stephen Jay Gould, Rocks of Ages: Science and Religion in the Fullness of Life (New York: Ballantine, 1999).
41Steering Committee on Science and Creationism, “Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences” (Washington, DC: NAS Press, 1999).
42The Big Picture, 384.
43Martina Amanzio and Fabrizio Benedetti, “Neuropharmacological Dissection of Placebo Analgesia: Expectation-Activated Opioid Systems versus Conditioning-Activated Specific Subsystems,” Journal of Neuroscience 19, no. 1 (1999): 484–94.
44Raúl de la Fuente-Fernández, et al., “Expectation and Dopamine Release: Mechanism of the Placebo Effect in Parkinson’s Disease,” Science 293, no. 5532 (2001): 1164–66.
45Anne Harrington, ed., The Placebo Effect: An Interdisciplinary Exploration (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), 5.
46Irving Kirsch, “Conditioning, Expectancy, and the Placebo Effect: Comment on Stewart-Williams and Podd (2004),” Psychological Bulletin 130, no. 2 (2004): 341–43.
47Patrick David Wall, “Pain and the Placebo Response,” in Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Consciousness, ed. G. R. Bock and J. Marsh (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1993), 214.
48Sharon Begley, Train Your Mind, Change Your Brain: How a New Science Reveals Our Extraordinary Potential to Transform Ourselves (New York: Ballantine Books, 2007), viii–ix.
49See Daniel 12: 3-4: “Those who are wise shall shine like the brightness of the firmament, and those who turn many to righteousness like the stars forever and ever. But you, Daniel, shut up the words, and seal the book until the time of the end; many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall increase.”
50Francis Bacon, “Idols Which Beset Man’s Mind,” http://www.sirbacon.org/baconidols.htm.
51See David Ritz Finkelstein, “Emptiness and Relativity,” in Buddhism and Science: Breaking New Ground, ed. B. Alan Wallace (New York: Columbia University Press 2003), 365–84.
52Carroll, Big Picture, 295.
53James, Principles of Psychology, 2: 290–91.
54Ibid., 2: 322n.
55B. F. Skinner, Science and Human Behavior (New York: Macmillan, 1953).
56B. F. Skinner, About Behaviorism (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 216.
57For a compelling explanation of the complex reasons for the demise of introspection in modern psychology, see Kurt Danziger, “The History of Introspection Reconsidered,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 16 (1980): 241–62.
58Donald Hoffman, “Do We See Reality as It Is?” June 11, 2015, https://www.ted.com/talks/donald_hoffman_do_we_see_reality_as_it_is/transcript?language=en.
59Alex Rosenberg, “Why You Don’t Know Your Own Mind,” New York Times, July 18, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/18/opinion/why-you-dont-know-your-own-mind.html. For scientific proofs to the contrary, see C. Petitmengin, A. Remillieux, B. Cahour, and S. Carter-Thomas, “A Gap in Nisbett and Wilson’s Findings? A First-Person Access to Our Cognitive Processes,” Consciousness and Cognition 22, no. 2 (2013): 654–69. For a broader philosophical argument, see M. Bitbol and C. Petitmengin, “On the Possibility and Reality of Introspection,” Mind and Matter 14, no. 1 (2016): 51–75.
60For an illuminating account of how this occurred, see Joelle M. Abi-Rached and Nikolas Rose, “The Birth of the Neuromolecular Gaze,” History of the Human Sciences 23, no. 1 (2010): 11–36.
61Eric R. Kandel, “The Origins of Modern Neuroscience,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 5 (1982): 299–303.
62Eric R. Kandel, “The New Science of Mind,” New York Times, September 6, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/08/opinion/sunday/the-new-science-of-mind.html.
63Daniel M. Wegner, The Illusion of Conscious Will (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2003), 341–42.
64Stephen Hawking, “10 Questions for Stephen Hawking,” Time, November 15, 2010, http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2029483,00.html.
65Stephen Hawking, interviewed by Ken Campbell, Reality on the Rocks: Beyond Our Ken, aired February 26,1995.
66Stephen Jay Gould, Ever Since Darwin: Reflections in Natural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), 14.
67Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 154.
68Michael S. A. Graziano, “Are We Really Conscious?” New York Times, October 10, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/opinion/sunday/are-we-really-conscious.html.
69Michio Kaku, “Consciousness Can Be Quantified,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GS2rxROcPo&feature=youtu.be.
70Searle, Rediscovery of the Mind, 48–49.
71Ibid., 95.
72Ibid., 227.
73William James, “A Plea for Psychology as a ‘Natural Science,’” The Philosophical Review 1, no. 2 (1892): 146.
74Sigmund Freud, “The Future of an Illusion,” in Mass Psychology and Other Writings, trans. J. A. Underwood (London: Penguin Books, 2004), cited in N. David Mermin, “Physics: QBism Puts the Scientist Back into Science,” Nature 507, no. 7493 (2004): 423.
75Thomas H. Huxley, “Science and Religion,” The Builder 17 (January 1859).
76“Atomic Education Urged by Einstein,” New York Times, May 25, 1946, 13.
77James, Principles of Psychology, 1: 191–92.
78Edward B. Titchener, A Primer of Psychology, rev. ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1899), 24–25. See also Edward B. Titchener, Experimental Psychology: A Manual of Laboratory Practice (New York: Macmillan, 1901–5). For modern advances in this field see Claire Petitmengin, “Describing One’s Subjective Experience in the Second Person: An Interview Method for the Science of Consciousness,” Phenom. Cogn. Sci. 5 (2006): 229–69.
79Tib. gsal ba.
80Tib. rig pa.
81Thomas H. Huxley, The Elements of Physiology and Hygiene: A Text-Book for Educational Institutions (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1868), 178.
82See William James, A Pluralistic Universe (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1977).
83John R. Searle, Consciousness and Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 34.
84George F. R. Ellis, “True Complexity and Its Associated Ontology,” in Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology, and Complexity, ed. John D. Barrow, Paul C. W. Davies, and Charles L. Harper, Jr. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 621.
85For a clarification of this distinction see Marcia Bates, “Fundamental Forms of Information,” Journal of the American Society for Information and Technology 57, no. 8 (2006): 1033–45.
86Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1961), 132.
87Časlav Brukner and Anton Zeilinger, “Information and Fundamental Elements of the Structure of Quantum Theory,” in Time, Quantum and Information, ed. Lutz Castell and Otfried Ischebeck (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2003), 352.
88Andrei Linde, “Inflation, Quantum Cosmology and the Anthropic Principle,” in Barrow, Davies, and Harper, Science and Ultimate Reality, 449; Paul Davies, “That Mysterious Flow,” Scientific American 16, no. 1 (2006): 6–11.
89Paul C. W. Davies, “An Overview of the Contributions of John Archibald Wheeler,” in Barrow, Davies, and Harper, Science and Ultimate Reality, 10.
90John Archibald Wheeler, “Law without Law,” in Quantum Theory and Measurement, ed. John Archibald Wheeler and Wojciech Hubert Zurek (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 194.
91Brukner and Zeilinger, “Information and Fundamental Elements of the Structure of Quantum Theory,” 352.
92James, A Pluralistic Universe, 89.
93Edward Caird, Hegel (Edinburgh: W. Blackwood, 1883), 162; cited in James, A Pluralistic Universe, 47.
94Saṃyutta Nikāya 2.36.
95Ven. Weragoda Sarada Maha Thero, Treasury of Truth: Illustrated Dhammapada (Taipei, Taiwan: The Corporate Body of the Buddha Education Foundation, 1993), 61.
96Tib. ngo bo.
97Tib. rang bzhin.
98See Wallace, Minding Closely, 175–204.
99Düdjom Lingpa, Vajra Essence, 20.
100Ibid., 28.
101Tib. nyer len gyi rgyu.
102Tib. lhan cig byed rkyen.
103Tib. rten.
104Tib. brten pa.
105Bodhicittavivāraṇa, v. 34. The interpolation is based upon the explanation of Jé Tsongkhapa Lozang Drakpa in his Illumination of the True Thought: An Extensive Explanation of “Entering the Middle Way” (Tib. Dbu ma la ’jug pa’i rgya cher bshad pa dgongs pa rab gsal), in vol. ma of the Tashi Lhunpo block-print edition of the Collected Works of the Lord (Rje’i gsung ’bum) (Dharamsala, India: Sherig Parkhang, 1997), 149b2–150a3 (300–301).
106Kathāvatthu 615.
107Aṅguttara Nikāya 1.8–10, cited in Peter Harvey, The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism (Surrey, England: Curzon Press, 1995), 166, with modification of the original translation.
108Aṅguttara Nikāya 1.10–11, cited in Harvey, Selfless Mind, 167.
109Pāli, pabhassara, Skt. prabhāsvara, Tib. ’od gsal.
110Pāli, cittassa nimittaṁ.
111Saṃyutta Nikāya 5.150–52.
112Karma Chagmé, A Spacious Path to Freedom, commentary by Gyatrul Rinpoche, trans. B. Alan Wallace (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2009), 100–101.
113Lerab Lingpa, “Vital Essence of Primordial Consciousness,” in Wallace, Open Mind, 63.
114Jé Tsultrim Zangpo, “An Ornament of the Enlightened View of Samantabhadra,” in Wallace, Open Mind, 164–65.
115Lozang Do-ngak Chökyi Gyatso Chok, “Oral Instructions of the Wise,” in Wallace, Open Mind, 214.
116Pāli, attakāra.
117Pāli, attasaraṇa.
118Saṃyutta Nikāya 5.10.
119Milindapañhā, 25.
120Düdjom Lingpa, Vajra Essence, 178.
121Düdjom Lingpa, Buddhahood Without Meditation, 39 (translation slightly modified). According to Sera Khandro’s commentary, Garland for the Delight of the Fortunate (Ibid., 253) the nine kinds of activity (Tib. bya ba dgu phrugs) include the body’s (1) outer activities, such as walking, sitting, and moving about, (2) inner activities of prostrations and circumambulations, and (3) secret activities of ritual dancing, performing mudrās, and so on; the speech’s (4) outer activities, such as all kinds of delusional chatter, (5) inner activities, such as reciting liturgies, and (6) secret activities, such as counting propitiatory mantras of your personal deity; and the mind’s (7) outer activities, such as thoughts aroused by the five poisons and the three poisons, (8) inner activities of mind training and cultivating positive thoughts, and (9) the secret activity of dwelling in mundane states of dhyāna.
122See Sarah H. Jacoby, Love and Liberation: Autobiographical Writings of the Tibetan Buddhist Visionary Sera Khandro (New York: Columbia University Press, 2014).
123Sera Khandro, Garland for the Delight of the Fortunate, in Düdjom Lingpa, Buddhahood Without Meditation, 251 (translation slightly modified).
124This verse, often quoted in Tibetan Buddhist literature, is cited from Puṇḍarīka’s Vimalaprabhā commentary on the Kālacakra, although it appears in the Pāli canon as well. The Sanskrit occurs as a quotation in Śāntarakṣita’s Tattvasaṃgraha, ed. D. Shastri (Varanasi, India: Bauddhabharati, 1968), k. 3587.
125Dīgha Nikāya 1.223.
126Huxley, “Science and Religion,” 35.
127Ibid.
128Dudjom Lingpa, A Clear Mirror, 57–59.
129Sogyal Rinpoche, preface to Düdjom Lingpa’s Visions of the Great Perfection, vols. 1–3, xvii.
130Düdjom Lingpa, Vajra Essence, 274–75.
131Düdjom Lingpa, Heart of the Great Perfection, 59.
132Düdjom Lingpa, Vajra Essence, 20–21. See also Wallace, Stilling the Mind, 120.
133Aṅguttara Nikāya 1.10-11.
134Udāna §73. Unpublished translation by Bhikkhu Bodhi.
135Padmasambhava, Natural Liberation, 106.
136Düdjom Lingpa, Heart of the Great Perfection, 166–67.
137Padmasambhava, Natural Liberation, 115.
138Lozang Chökyi Gyaltsen, Collected Works (Gsung ’bum) of Blo bzang chos kyi rgyal mtshan, the 1st Paṇchen Lama, Reproduced from Tracings from Prints of the Bkar shis lhun po Blocks (New Delhi: Mongolian Lama Gurudeva, 1973), 4: 84. This passage translated by B. Alan Wallace.
139Zara Houshmand, Robert B. Livingston, and B. Alan Wallace, eds., Consciousness at the Crossroads: Conversations with the Dalai Lama on Brain Science and Buddhism (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1999), 72.
140Cristof Koch, The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (Englewood, CO: Roberts and Company Publishers, 2004), 19.
141Catherine de Lange, “The Fragility of You and What It Says about Consciousness,” in Untold Story, July 26, 2017, https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23531360-600-the-fragility-of-you-and-what-it-says-about-consciousness/.
142Padmasambhava, Natural Liberation, 106.
143LiveScience Staff, “Girl Sees Fine with Half a Brain,” July 27, 2009, http://www.livescience.com/health/090727-one-eye-vision.html; see also Lars Muckli, et al., “Bilateral Visual Field Maps in a Patient with Only One Hemisphere,” PNAS 106, no. 31 (2009): 13034–39, doi:10.1073/pnas.0809688106.
144Roger Lewin, “Is Your Brain Really Necessary?” Science 210 (December 12, 1980): 1232–34.
145Ibid., 1233.
146Ian Stewart, Concepts of Modern Mathematics (New York: Dover Publications, 1995), 286.
147Pim van Lommel, Consciousness Beyond Life: The Science of Near-Death Experience (New York: HarperOne, 2010); Edward F. Kelly, Emily Williams Kelly, Adam Crabtree, Alan Gauld, Michael Grosso, and Bruce Greyson, Irreducible Mind: Toward a Psychology for the 21st Century (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), chap. 6, “Unusual Experiences Near Death and Related Phenomena.”
148Richard P. Feynman, The Character of Physical Law (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1967), 127, 148, 158.
149Atīśa, Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment (Tib. Byang chub lam gyi sgron ma, Skt. Bodhipathapradīpa), vv. 35, 36, 38.
150For a very cogent Western philosophical critique of metaphysical realism, see Hilary Putnam, Realism with a Human Face, ed. James Conant (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
151Düdjom Lingpa, Vajra Essence, 262.
152Padmasambhava, Natural Liberation, 235–56.
153Ibid., 141–68; B. Alan Wallace, Dreaming Yourself Awake: Lucid Dreaming and Tibetan Dream Yoga for Insight and Transformation (Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2012).
154Tib. mir chags pa.
155For an overview, see Christopher C. French, “Near-Death Experiences in Cardiac Arrest Survivors,” Progress in Brain Research 150, ed. Steven Laureys (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2005), 351–67.
156Bruce Greyson, “The Near-Death Experience Scale: Construction, Reliability, and Validity,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 171, no. 6 (1983): 369–75.
157Padma Sambhava and Karma Lingpa, The Tibetan Book of the Dead: Liberation through Understanding in the Between, trans. Robert A. F. Thurman (New York: Bantam Books, 1994), 11.
158Lee W. Bailey, “A ‘Little Death’: The Near-Death Experience and Tibetan Delogs,” Journal of Near-Death Studies 19, no. 3 (2001): 139–59.
159Tib. ’das log.
160Delog Dawa Drolma, Delog: Journey to Realms Beyond Death, trans. Richard Barron (Chökyi Nyima) with His Eminence Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche (Junction City, CA: Padma Publishing, 1995), vii.
161Rājaparikathā ratnamālī, Tib. Rgyal po la gtam bya ba rin po che’i phreng ba, as quoted by Tsongkhapa in his Illumination of the True Thought [of the Middle Way], vol. ma, 87b3 (176), in the Tashi Lhunpo block-print edition of the Collected Works of the Lord. (There is a textual variant of the last word in Tibetan editions of this verse from the Tengyur, as yin rather than med, but I follow the latter, as it is the reading most frequently glossed by contemporary teachers, such as His Holiness the Dalai Lama.)
162Tsongkhapa, Illumination of the True Thought, vol. ma, 87b4–5 (176).
163An edited transcript of this meeting appears in Arthur Zajonc, ed., The New Physics and Cosmology: Dialogues with the Dalai Lama (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
164Tib. srid pa.
165B. Alan Wallace, “A General Theory of Ontological Relativity,” in Hidden Dimensions: The Unification of Physics and Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 70–84.
166Hugh Everett, “Short Article,” Reviews of Modern Physics 29 (1957): 454.
167Thomas Nagel, The View from Nowhere (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
168Richard Conn Henry, “The Mental Universe,” Nature 436 (July 7, 2005): 29.
169Leonard Susskind, “The World as a Hologram,” SU-ITP-94-33, September 1994, arXiv:hep-th/9409089.
170Philip Ball, “We Might Live in a Computer Program, but It May Not Matter,” BBC Earth, September 5, 2016.
171See also Düdjom Lingpa, Vajra Essence, 40–41, and Sera Khandro, Garland for the Delight of the Fortunate, in Buddhahood Without Meditation, 91–101.
172Quoted by Aage Petersen, in “The Philosophy of Niels Bohr,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 19, no. 7 (1963): 8-14.
173Probability and Uncertainty: The Quantum Mechanical View of Nature, dir. Richard P. Feynman, British Broadcasting Corp. Television, London, November 18, 1964, http://www.richard-feynman.net/videos.htm.
174Carroll, Big Picture, chap. 17.
175Hilary Putnam, Realism with a Human Face, 28.
176Lerab Lingpa, “How to Settle the Mind in Its Natural State, Since This Method Is So Crucially Important,” from “The Vital Essence of Primordial Consciousness,” in Wallace, Open Mind, 32.
177Aṅguttara Nikāya 4.36, trans. Thanissaro Bhikkhu, with abridgements, http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/an/an04/an04.036.than.html.
178Tib. kun rdzob, Skt. saṃvṛti. This adjective usually occurs as a modifier of one of the two kinds of reality. The Tibetan and Sanskrit adjective means “totally obscuring,” for this reality totally obscures the deeper dimension of ultimate reality (Tib. don dam bden pa, Skt. paramārthasatya). “Totally obscuring reality” seems too awkward in English and also does not quite get at the meaning, since, according to Candrakīrti, it is ignorance that obscures the nature of the reality, not the appearances themselves. Hence the appearances are “deceptive,” but for those who are deceived by the obscuring veil of ignorance, they appear to be “real.” Thus they are “deceptively real” and constitute what is known as “deceptive reality.”
179See B. Alan Wallace, Choosing Reality: A Buddhist View of Physics and the Mind (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1996), chap. 2, “Exploring the Nature of Empty Space.”
180B. Alan Wallace, “Vacuum States of Consciousness: A Tibetan Buddhist View,” in Buddhist Thought and Applied Psychological Research: Transcending the Boundaries, ed. D. K. Nauriyal (London: Routledge, 2006), 112–21; Henning Genz, Nothingness: The Science of Empty Space, trans. Karin Heusch (Cambridge, MA: Perseus Books, 1999); K. C. Cole, The Hole in the Universe: How Scientists Peered Over the Edge of Emptiness and Found Everything (New York: Harcourt, 2001). On the other hand, in his first of five Messenger lectures at Cornell University on “The Future of Fundamental Physics,” October 4, 2010, the theoretical physicist Nima Arkani-Hamed stated: “. . . many, many separate arguments, all very strong individually, suggest that the very notion of space-time is not a fundamental one. Space-time is doomed. There is no such thing as space-time, fundamentally in the actual, underlying description of the laws of physics. That’s very startling, because what physics is supposed to be about is describing things as they happen in space and time. So if there is no space-time, it’s not clear what physics is about. That’s why this is a hard problem. That’s a serious comment . . .” http://www.cornell.edu/video/nima-arkani-hamed-quantum-mechanics-and-spacetime.
181Tib. rgyu.
182Tib. rkyen.
183Searle, Rediscovery of the Mind, 112.
184Alex Rosenberg, The Atheist’s Guide to Reality: Enjoying Life without Illusions (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011), 6.
185Rosenberg, “Why You Don’t Know Your Own Mind.”
186Opere, II, 564, which is a letter from Paolo Gualdo to Galileo. Galileo Galilei, Le opere di Galileo Galilei, ed. Antonio Favaro, 20 vols. (Florence: Barbera, 1890–1909), vol. 2, no. 564, p. 165.
187For a flagrant example of this ethnocentric bias, see Daniel J. Boorstin, The Discoverers: A History of Man’s Search to Know His World and Himself (New York: Vintage Books, 1985). In this entire historical overview of humanity’s discoveries, the author cites only two outstanding figures in human history for their discoveries regarding the mind: Freud and Jung. Five thousand years of civilization in Asia is utterly ignored.
188Tib. rten cing.
189Tib. ’brel bar.
190Tib. ’byung ba.
191Tib. ye shes kyi rlung.
192Juan Yin, et al., “Bounding the Speed of ‘Spooky Action at a Distance,’” Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, no. 26 (2013): http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.0614.
193Xiao-song Ma, et al., “Experimental Delayed-Choice Entanglement Swapping,” Nature Physics 8, no. 6 (2012): 479–84.
194Stephen LaBerge and Howard Rheingold, Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming (New York: Ballantine Books, 1990).
195S. W. Hawking and Thomas Hertog, “Populating the Landscape: A Top Down Approach,” Physical Review D 73, no. 12 (2006): 123527–1–9.
196Hawking and Hertog, “Populating the Landscape,” 123527; Martin Bojowald, “Cosmology: Unique or Not Unique?” Nature 442 (August 31, 2006): 988–90.
197Quoted in Robert F. Barsky, Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1998), 95.
198Tib. ’pho ba.
199Tib. thugs dam.
200Karma Chagmé, Naked Awareness: Practical Instructions on the Union of Mahāmudrā and Dzogchen, commentary by Gyatrul Rinpoche, trans. B. Alan Wallace (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2000), 81–87.
201Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science (New York: Harper & Row, 1962), 58.
202Ludwig Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity, trans. Marian Evans (New York: Calvin Blanchard, 1855).
203Davies, “An Overview of the Contributions of John Archibald Wheeler,” 20.
204See also Wallace, Taboo of Subjectivity, 43–47.
205Christopher A. Fuchs, N. David Mermin, and Rüdiger Schack, “An Introduction to QBism with an Application to the Locality of Quantum Mechanics,” American Journal of Physics 82, no. 8 (2014): 749.
206Ibid., 757.
207Hans Christian von Baeyer, QBism: The Future of Quantum Physics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2016), 188.
208Amanda Gefter, “A Private View of Quantum Reality,” Quanta Magazine, June 4, 2015, https://www.quantamagazine.org/20150604-quantum-bayesianism-qbism.
209Maurice Walshe, trans., The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Dīgha Nikāya (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995), 105. Sāmaññaphala Sutta in the Dīgha Nikāya 1.78.
210Karma Chagmé, Great Commentary to [Mi ’gyur rdo rje’s] Buddhahood in the Palm of Your Hand (Sangs rgyas lag ’chang gi ’grel chen) (Bylakuppe, India: Nyingmapa Monastery, date unknown), 655.
211See Shar Khentrul Jamphel Lodrö, Demystifying Shambhala: The Profound and Secret Nature That Is the Perfection of Peace and Harmony as Revealed by the Jonang Tradition of Kalachakra (Belgrave, Australia: Tibetan Buddhist Rimé Institute, 2016); and Geshe Lhundup Sopa, et al., The Wheel of Time: The Kalachakra in Context (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1991).
212Tsongkhapa, The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment (Lam rim chen mo), vol. 3, trans. The Lamrim Chenmo Translation Committee (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2002), 178.
213His Holiness the Dalai Lama, “Teachings on Lam-rim Chen-mo,” http://www.lamayeshe.com/article/chapter/day-six-afternoon-session-july-15-2008.
214James, Principles of Psychology, 1: 191–92.
215“Wile’s Proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiles%27s_proof_of_Fermat%27s_Last_Theorem.
216See Simon Singh, Fermat’s Last Theorem: The Story of a Riddle That Confounded the World’s Greatest Minds for 358 Years (London: Fourth Estate, 1997). This was the first book about mathematics to become a no. 1 bestseller.
217James, A Pluralistic Universe, 142.
218The Yogis of Tibet: A Film for Posterity, dir. Jeffrey M. Pill (JEHM Films, 2002). This interview begins at the 35-minute mark.
219Śāntideva, A Guide to the Bodhisattva Way of Life: Bodhicaryāvatāra, trans. Vesna A. Wallace and B. Alan Wallace (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 1997), 9.1.
220Düdjom Lingpa, Vajra Essence, 171.
221Pema Tashi, Essence of Clear Meaning: A Short Commentary on the “Sharp Vajra of Conscious Awareness Tantra,” in Düdjom Lingpa, Heart of the Great Perfection, 46.
222Genz, Nothingness, 26.
223Cole, Hole in the Universe, 244.
224Ibid., 177–78.
225Ibid., 235.
226Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory: The Scientist’s Search for the Ultimate Laws of Nature (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 196.
227His Holiness the Dalai Lama, The Universe in a Single Atom: The Convergence of Science and Spirituality (New York: Morgan Road Books, 2005), 85–87.
228See Gerardo Ceballos, Paul. R. Ehrlich, and Rodolfo Dirzo, “Biological Annihilation via the Ongoing Sixth Mass Extinction Signaled by Vertebrate Population Losses and Declines,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 30 (2017): doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114: http://www.pnas.org/content /early/2017/07/05/1704949114.full.
See also “World Wildlife Populations Halved in 40 Years,” a report by Roger Harrabin, BBC environment analyst, September 30, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-29418983.
229Shabkar Tsogdruk Rangdrol, The Life of Shabkar: The Autobiography of a Tibetan Yogi, trans. Matthieu Ricard, Jakob Leschley, Erik Schmidt, Marilyn Silverstone, and Lodrö Palmo, ed. Constance Wilkinson, with Michal Abrams and other members of the Padmakara Translation Group (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2001), 282. Translation slightly modified.
230Tsongkhapa, Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment, 3: 28–30.
231Tib. Byang chub lam gyi sgron ma, Skt. Bodhipathapradīpa, v. 39.
232Tib. blo sbyong, pronounced “lojong.”
233See B. Alan Wallace, Buddhism with an Attitude: The Tibetan Seven-Point Mind-Training (Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications, 2001).
234James, A Pluralistic Universe, 148.
235William James, The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (New York: Penguin, 1902/1985), 456.
236Ibid.
237Arthur Zajonc and Anne Harrington, eds., Investigating the Mind: The Dalai Lama at MIT (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2006), 181–89.
238Ibid., 194–98.
239Ibid., 211–12. The reference to “MRIs in Wisconsin” pertains to studies at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
240Ibid., 214–15.
241Skt. adhisamādhiśikṣa.
242Skt. adhiprajñāśikṣa.
243Skt. adhiśīlaśikṣa.