1Grayson Perry and Brian Eno, “How the Internet Has Taught Us We Are All Perverts,” New Statesman, 7 November 2013.
2Daniel, quoted in Michael Lewis, The Big Short: Inside the Doomsday Machine (New York: Norton, 2010), p. 206.
3You can read the original Fortune article at www.awjones.com/images/Fortune_-_The_Jones_Nobody_Keeps_Up_With.pdf.
4See http://www.awjones.com/historyofthefirm.html.
5Frédéric Bastiat, Economic Sophisms, trans. Patrick James Stirling (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1873) , p. 83.
6See David Graeber’s Debt: The First 5,000 Years and Felix Martin’s Money: The Unauthorised Biography for more on this.
7John Kenneth Galbraith, Money: Whence It Came, Where It Went (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1975), p. 5.
8John Maynard Keynes, ”Alfred Marshall, 1842–1924,” Economic Journal 34, no. 135 (1924): 333.
9Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt, Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), p. 13.
10Alfred Marshall, Principles of Economics (London: Macmillan, 1890), p. 32.
11Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011), pp. 231–33.
12Ibid., pp. 231–32. Kahneman came up with the process in 1955. To this day the Israeli army uses the same process: six structured point-scores, and then “close your eyes.”
13Marshall, as quoted in Keynes, “Alfred Marshall,” p. 342.
14John Maynard Keynes, letter to Roy Harrod, 4 July 1938, in Collected Writings, vol. 14 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 295.
15Charles P. Kindleberger, Keynesianism vs. Monetarism and Other Essays in Financial History (New York: Routledge, 1985), p. 2.
16See annualletter.gatesfoundation.org/#nav=Section2_Video.
17Available at www.unicef.org/publications/files/APR_Progress_Report_2013_9_Sept_2013.pdf.
18Gladwell’s article “Clicks and Mortar” is available at gladwell.com/clicks-and-mortar/.
19See www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/10024209/Bank-of-Cyprus-executes-depositor-bail-in.html.
20James Buchan, Frozen Desire: An Inquiry into the Meaning of Money (London: Picador, 1997), p. 68.
21The index is at www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/07/daily-chart-10.
22See imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/danger.html.
23Lewis, The Big Short, p. 25.
24See www.berkshirehathaway.com/letters/letters.html.
25Kingsley Amis, The Old Devils (Penguin Books: London, 1986), pp. 133–34.
26See www.youtube.com/watch?v=tO5sxLapAts.
27See www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-23070728.
28See http://www.ons.gov.uk/ (though they have replaced this helpful explanation with a new, worse one).
29See www.thephatstartup.com/about/.
30See www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2013/update/02/.
31John Meynard Keynes and others, Times (London), 17 October 1932.
32For the Japanese case, see www.guardian.co.uk/business/2005/dec/09/japan.internationalnews; for the German case, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/10114011/Snoozing-German-bank-clerks-222-million-euro-fat-finger-error.html.
33See http://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_12593.htm
34See www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/pages/about/history.aspx.
35See uk.mercer.com/press-releases/holiday-entitlements-around-the-world.
36See www.forbes.com/sites/scottdecarlo/2012/09/19/cost-of-living-extremely-well-index-our-annual-consumer-price-index-billionaire-style/.
37John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (Macmillan: London, 1936), p. 79
38See economics.uwo.ca/news/Davies_CreditSuisse_Oct12.pdf and www.gov.uk/government/topical-events/uk-presidency-of-g7-2013.
39The full list is at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2172rank.html. Note that the CIA uses the percentages up to 100 rather than a coefficient up to 1.
40Gini’s article is available at www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2142862?uid=3738032&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21102724064461.
41See https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html.
42Available at www.transparency.org/.
43Graham, The Intelligent Investor: A Book of Practical Counsel (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), p. 277.
44See www.wired.com/business/2012/08/ff_wallstreet_trading/all/.
45See www.capgemini.com/resources/world-wealth-report-2010.
46Jaron Lanier, Who Owns the Future? (Allen Lane: London, 2013), p. xii.
47See www.gartner.com/technology/research/methodologies/hype-cycle.jsp.
48See cdn.budgetresponsibility.independent.gov.uk/2013-FSR_OBR_web.pdf.
49John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London: Macmillan, 1919), p. 118.
50See www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2011/04/22/just-how-rich-is-queen-elizabeth-and-her-family/ and www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2006/apr/20/art.monarchy.
51Here’s the actual napkin: web.archive.org/web/20110503200219/http://www.polyconomics.com/gallery/Napkin003.jpg.
52See www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus12.pdf#017.
53See media.bloomberg.com/bb/avfile/rJ5Q_k_NsIk8.
54Available at www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1852/18th-brumaire/.
55The study, called “When Choice Is Demotivating,” is available at www.columbia.edu/~ss957/articles/Choice_is_Demotivating.pdf.
56See www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/jul/30/obama-grand-bargain-speech-middle-class.
57At www.un.org/millenniumgoals/poverty.shtml.
58See www.businessinsider.com/most-miserable-countries-in-the-world-2013-2?op=1.
59Graham, The Intelligent Investor, p. 108.
60Nassim Nicholas Taleb, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-10-08/taleb-says-crisis-makes-nobel-panel-liable-for-legitimizing-economists.html.
61See www.oecd-berlin.de/charts/PIAAC/.
62See www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cb2bfb08-0e06-11e0-86e9-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2acmNJdUy.
63Burton Malkiel, A Random Walk Down Wall Street (New York: Norton, 2007), p. 119.
64Joseph Stiglitz, “A Tax System Stacked against the 99 Percent,” New York Times, 14 April 2013, available at opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/14/a-tax-system-stacked-against-the-99-percent/?_r=0.
65Originally published in the Economic Journal in 1965, the article is available at www.apec.umn.edu/grad/jdiaz/A%20theory%20of%20Allocation%20of%20Time%20-%20Becker.pdf.
66Marshall Jevons, The Fatal Equilibrium (New York: Random House, 1985), pp. 102–3.
67See boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm.
68See this riveting piece, “Prince Alwaleed and the Curious Case of Kingdom Holding Stock,” at www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2013/03/05/prince-alwaleed-and-the-curious-case-of-kingdom-holding-stock/.
69See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_sector_composition.
70Ben Bernanke, at http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20131108a.htm.
71Milton Friedman, ”The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits,” New York Times, 13 September 1970.
72Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976), pp. 26–27.
73There’s a list of current government spreads at markets.ft.com/RESEARCH/markets/Government-Bond-Spreads.
74See www.theguardian.com/money/2013/apr/03/student-loan-debt-america-by-the-numbers.
75The original 1981 article founding tournament theory is available at www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/1830810?uid=3738032&uid=2&uid=4&sid=21102713625541.
76Karel Williams, quoted by Joris Lukendijk in the Guardian at http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/joris-luyendijk-banking-blog/2013/jun/19/banking-britain-beyond-control.
77A brilliant article by Tim Harford about the two thinkers and their work is available at timharford.com/2013/08/do-you-believe-in-sharing/.
78See online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323838204579000623890621830.html.
79Pankaj Mishra, “Which India Matters?,” New York Review of Books, 21 November 2013.
80For what they’re up to at the moment, have a look at web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,menuPK:141310%7EpagePK:49567%7EpiPK:139209%7EregionMDK:119222%7EtheSitePK:4607,00.html.
81Tony Judt, Ill Fares the Land (New York: Penguin, 2010), pp. 1–2.
82Margaret Thatcher, http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107817.
83The newsletter is available at www.thegatesnotes.com/Features/MDGs-Dream-with-a-Deadline.
84Tim Harford, ”How the Wealthy Keep Themselves on Top,” Financial Times, 15 August 2013.
85Angus Deaton, The Great Escape: Health, Wealth, and the Origins of Inequality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), pp. 213–14.
86UN, https://www.unfpa.org/pds/urbanization.htm.
87David Runciman, review of Christian Caryl’s Strange Rebels, in London Review of Books, 26 September 2013, available at http://www.lrb.co.uk/v35/n18/david-runciman/counter-counter-revolution.
88See www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-04-30/ceo-pay-1-795-to-1-multiple-of-workers-skirts-law-as-sec-delays.html.
89Patrick Kingsley, How to Be Danish (London: Short Books, 2012), p. 17.