1. See, for instance, Thomas P. Duffy, “The Flexner Report—100 Years Later,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 84, no. 3 (September 2011): 269–76.
1. See, for instance, Jerry Hirsch and Jim Puzzanghera, “Lawmaker: GM Response to Ignition Switch Issue ‘Smacks of Cover-Up,’” Los Angeles Times, June 18, 2014.
2. Zlati Meyer, “This Week in Michigan History: GM’s President Says Sorry to Ralph Nader for Harassment,” Detroit Free Press, March 18, 2012, www.freep.com/article/20120318/NEWS01/203180469.
3. Robert B. Kaiser and Gordy Curphy, “Leadership Development: The Failure of an Industry and the Opportunity for Consulting Psychologists,” Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research 65, no. 4 (December 2013): 294–302.
4. Barbara Kellerman, Hard Times: Leadership in America (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2015).
5. See, for instance, Stanley Lieberson and James F. O’Connor, “Leadership and Organizational Performance: A Study of Large Corporations,” American Sociological Review, 37, no. 2 (April 1972): 117–30; and Gerald R. Salancik and Jeffrey Pfeffer, “Constraints on Administrative Discretion: The Limited Influence of Mayors on City Budgets,” Urban Affairs Quarterly 12, no. 2 (June 1977): 475–98.
6. James R. Meindl, Sanford B. Ehrlich, and Janet M. Dukerich, “The Romance of Leadership,” Administrative Science Quarterly 30, no. 1 (March 1985): 78.
7. Pierre Gurdjian, Thomas Halbeisen, and Kevin Lane, “Why Leadership-Development Programs Fail,” McKinsey Quarterly, January 2014, www.mckinsey.com/insights/leading_in_the_21st_century/why_leadership-development_programs_fail.
8. Barbara Kellerman, The End of Leadership (New York: Harper Collins, 2012), 154.
9. ASTD Staff, “$156 Billion Spent on Training and Development,” December 6, 2012, www.astd.org/publications/Blogs/ASTD-Blog02012/12/.
10. Gurdjian, Halbeisen, and Lane, “Why Leadership-Development Programs Fail”; Kaiser and Curphy, “Leadership Development,” 294.
11. Robert I. Sutton, The No Asshole Rule: Building a Civilized Workplace and Surviving One That Isn’t (New York: Business Plus, 2007).
12. Charlotte Rayner, “The Incidence of Workplace Bullying,” Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 7, no. 3 (June 1997): 199–208.
13. Lyn Quine, “Workplace Bullying in NHS Community Trust: Staff Questionnaire Survey,” British Medical Journal 318, no. 7178 (January 1999): 228–32.
14. Lyn Quine, “Workplace Bullying in Nurses,” Journal of Health Psychology 6, no. 1 (January 2001): 73–84.
15. Christine M. Pearson and Christine L. Porath, “On the Nature, Consequences, and Remedies of Workplace Incivility: No Time for ‘Nice’? Think Again,” The Academy of Management Executive 19, no. 1 (February 2005): 7–18.
16. Ibid., 7.
17. Susan Adams, “Americans Are Starting to Hate Their Jobs Less, Study Shows,” Forbes, June 28, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2012/06/28/americans-are-starting-to-hate-their-jobs-less-study-shows/.
18. Susan Adams, “New Survey: Majority of Employees Dissatisfied,” Forbes, May 18, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2012/05/18/new-survey-majority-of-employees-dissatisfied.
19. State of the American Workplace: Employee Engagement Insights for U.S. Business Leaders (Lincoln, NE: Gallup, 2012).
20. Steve Crabtree, “Worldwide, 13% of Employees Are Engaged at Work,” Gallup, October 8, 2013, www.gallup.com/pol/165269/world wide-employees-engaged-at-work/.
21. Cited in Mark Crowley, “Gallup’s Workplace Jedi on How to Fix Our Employee Engagement Problem,” Fast Company, June 4, 2013.
22. Xu Jia-ni, Yu De-hua, and Li Jian-gang, “The Mediating Effects of Psychological Empowerment on Leadership Style and Employee Satisfaction in Hospitals,” in 2012 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering, 19th Annual Conference Proceedings (September 20–22, 2012, Dallas, Texas), 1215.
23. S-C Chou, D. P. Boldy, and A. H. Lee, “Measuring Job Satisfaction in Residential Aged Care,” International Journal for Quality in Health Care 14, no. 1 (February 2002): 49–54.
24. Stina Fransson Sellgren, Goran Ekvall, and Goran Tomson, “Leadership Behaviour of Nurse Managers in Relations to Job Satisfaction and Work Climate,” Journal of Nursing Management 16, no. 5 (July 2008): 579.
25. CEO Succession Practices: 2012 Edition, report #R-1492-12-RR (New York: Conference Board, 2012).
26. Ken Favaro, Per-Ola Karlsson, and Gary Neilson, CEO Succession Report: 12th Annual Global CEO Succession Study (New York: Booz and Company, 2012).
27. Bill Gentry, “Derailment: How Successful Leaders Avoid It,” in The ASTD Leadership Handbook, ed. Elaine Biech (Washington, DC: ASTD Press, 2010), 312.
28. Robert Hogan and Joyce Hogan, “Assessing Leadership: A View from the Dark Side,” International Journal of Selection and Assessment 9, no. 1/2 (March–June 2001): 41.
29. Ronald J. Burke, “Why Leaders Fail: Exploring the Darkside,” International Journal of Manpower 27, no. 1 (2006): 91–100.
30. Gurdjian, Halbeisen, and Lane, “Why Leadership-Development Programs Fail.”
31. These figures come from Brad Hall, “Today’s Leadership Development Approach Does Not Work,” The Street, April 14, 2014, www.thestreet.com/story/12668089/1/todays-leadership-development-approach-does-not-work.html.
32. Institute for Corporate Productivity, The Top 10 Critical Human Capital Issues: Enabling Sustained Growth through Talent Transparency, 2014.
33. Kaiser and Curphy, “Leadership Development,” 295.
34. S. A. Rosenthal, National Leadership Index 2012: A National Study of Confidence in Leadership (Cambridge, MA: Center for Public Leadership, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, 2012).
35. Kaiser and Curphy, “Leadership Development,” 295.
36. Donald A. Palmer, “The New Perspective on Organizational Wrongdoing,” California Management Review 56, no. 1 (Fall 2013): 8.
37. Pete Weaver and Simon Mitchell, Lessons for Leaders from the People Who Matter: How Employees Around the World View Their Leaders (Pittsburgh: DDI International, 2012).
38. D. S. Wilson and E. O. Wilson, “Rethinking the Theoretical Foundations of Sociobiology,” The Quarterly Review of Biology 82, no. 4 (December 2007): 328.
39. See, for instance, Jon K. Maner and Nicole L. Mead, “The Essential Tension between Leadership and Power: When Leaders Sacrifice Group Goals for the Sake of Self-Interest,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 99, no. 3 (September 2010): 482–97.
40. This story was widely covered in the media that covers the Silicon Valley. See, for example, M. G. Siegler, “Dick Costolo: Mission Accomplished,” TechCrunch, October 4, 2010, www.techcrunch.com/2010/10/04/dick-costolo/; see also the links in that article.
41. Supriya Kurane and Gerry Shih, “Twitter Chief Operating Officer Resigns as Growth Lags,” Reuters, June 12, 2014, www.reuters.com/article/2014/06/12/us-twitter-managementchanges-idUSKBNOEN07420140612.
42. This story is widely told and known. See, for instance, “Dr. Semmelweis’ Biography,” Semmelweis Society International, 2009, http://semmelweis.org/about/dr-semmelweis-biogrpahy/.
43. www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5116a1.htm.
44. Boas Hamir, Robert J. House, and Michael B. Arthur, “The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory,” Organization Science 4, no. 4 (November 1993): 577–94.
45. J. A. Conger, R. N. Kanungo, and S. T. Menon, “Charismatic Leadership and Follower Effects,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 21 (2000), 747–67.
46. Daan van Knippenberg and Sim B. Sitkin, “A Critical Assessment of Charismatic-Transformational Leadership Research: Back to the Drawing Board?,” Academy of Management Annals 7 (2013): 1–60.
47. Institute for Corporate Productivity, Next Practices for Global-Minded Organizations, 2013, www.i4cp.com.
48. Dennis E. Clayson, “Student Evaluations of Teaching: Are They Related to What Students Learn? A Meta-Analysis and Review of the Literature,” Journal of Marketing Education 31, no. 1 (April 2009): 16.
49. J. Scott Armstrong, “Are Student Ratings of Instruction Useful?” American Psychologist 53, no. 11 (November 1998): 1223.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. Institute for Corporate Productivity.
53. Gurdjian, Halbeisen, and Lane, “Why Leadership-Development Programs Fail.”
1. Rosabeth M. Kanter, “Power Failure in Management Circuits,” Harvard Business Review 57 (July–August 1979): 65–75.
2. Review of Power: Why Some People Have It—and Others Don’t, by Jeffrey Pfeffer, Publishers Weekly, June 21, 2010, www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-06-178908-3.
3. Vlerick’s website is www.vlerick.com/en; I accessed it on December 28, 2013.
4. AGSM’s website is www.business.unsw.edu.au/agsm/about/why-agsm; I accessed it on January 14, 2015.
5. Bill George and Peter Sims, True North: Discover Your Authentic Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2007).
6. Thomas F. O’Boyle, At Any Cost: Jack Welch, General Electric, and the Pursuit of Profit (New York: Knopf, 1998).
7. Jonathon D. Brown, “Evaluations of Self and Others: Self-Enhancement Biases in Social Judgments,” Social Cognition 4, no. 4 (December 1986): 353–76.
8. See, for instance, Frederic D. Woocher, “Did Your Eyes Deceive You? Expert Psychological Testimony on the Unreliability of Eyewitness Identification,” Stanford Law Review 29, no. 5 (May 1977): 969–1030.
9. Ben Dolnick, “Star-Struck,” New York Times Magazine, August 4, 2013, p. 50.
10. William von Hippel and Robert Trivers, “The Evolution and Psychology of Self-Deception,” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 34, no. 1 (February 2011): 1–16.
11. Melvin J. Lerner, The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion (New York: Plenum, 1980).
12. Chip Heath and Dan Heath, Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die (New York: Random House, 2007).
13. Sigmund Freud, The Future of an Illusion, trans. W. D. Robson Scott (Mansfield Center, CT: Martino Publishing, 2011 [1927]).
14. Jeffrey Pfeffer and Robert I. Sutton, Hard Facts, Dangerous Half-Truths, and Total Nonsense: Profiting from Evidence-Based Management (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006).
15. Vernge G. Kopytoff and Claire Cain Miller, “Yahoo Board Fires Chief Executive,” New York Times, September 6, 2011.
16. Michael Eric Dyson, “A Useful Hero,” New York Times Magazine, January 16, 2000, p. 14.
17. Rick Lyman, “To Call Mandela a Saint Is to Dishonour His Memory,” Daily Maverick, December 6, 2013, http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/opinionista/2013-12-06-to-call-mandela-a-saint-is-to-dishonour-his-memory/#.VNpK2fnF98E.
18. John Storey and Elizabeth Barnett, “Knowledge Management Initiatives: Learning from Failure,” Journal of Knowledge Management 4, no. 2 (2000): 145–56.
19. A. C. Edmondson, “Learning from Failure in Health Care: Frequent Opportunities, Pervasive Barriers,” Quality and Safety in Health Care 13, suppl. 2 (December 2004): ii3.
20. Philip R. P. Coelho and James E. McClure, “Learning from Failure,” American Journal of Business 20, no. 1 (2005): 1.
21. Jerker Denrell and Chengwei Liu, “Top Performers Are Not the Most Impressive When Extreme Performance Indicates Unreliability,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, no. 24 (June 12, 2012): 9331–36.
22. Jonah Berger, Marc Meredith, and S. Christian Wheeler, “Contextual Priming: Where People Vote Affects How They Vote,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105, no. 26 (July 1, 2008): 8846–49.
23. Chen-Bo Zhong and Sanford E. DeVoe, “You Are How You Eat: Fast Food and Impatience,” Psychological Science 21, no. 5 (2010): 619–22.
24. Francesca Gino, Michael I. Norton, and Dan Ariely, “The Counterfeit Self: The Deceptive Costs of Faking It,” Psychological Science 21, no. 5 (2010): 712–20.
25. Chen-Bo Zhong, Vanessa K, Bohns, and Francesca Gino, “Good Lamps Are the Best Police: Darkness Increases Dishonesty and Self-Interested Behavior,” Psychological Science 21, no. 3 (2010): 311–14.
26. Brian Wansink, Mindless Eating (New York: Bantam Books, 2006).
27. Lisa L. Shu, Francesca Gino, and Max H. Bazerman, “Dishonest Deed, Clear Conscience: When Cheating Leads to Moral Disengagement and Motivated Forgetting,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 37, no. 3 (March 2011): 330–49.
28. Nicholas A. Christakis and James H. Fowler, “The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine 357, no. 4 (July 26, 2007): 370–79.
29. Lee Ann Kaskutas, Jason Bond, and Keith Humphreys, “Social Networks as Mediators of the Effect of Alcoholics Anonymous,” Addiction 97, no. 7 (July 2002): 891–900.
30. Keith Ferrazzi, “Managing Change, One Day at a Time,” Harvard Business Review 92 (July–August 2014): 23–25.
31. Ibid., 24.
32. See, for instance, Edwin A. Locke and Gary P. Latham, “Building a Practically Useful Theory of Goal Setting and Task Motivation: A 35-Year Odyssey,” American Psychologist 57, no. 9 (September 2002): 705–17.
33. Benoit Monin and Dale Miller, “Moral Credentials and the Expression of Prejudice,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, no. 1 (July 2001): 33–43.
34. Daylian M. Cain, George Loewenstein, and Don A. Moore, “The Dirt on Coming Clean: Perverse Effects of Disclosing Conflicts of Interest,” Journal of Legal Studies 34, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–25.
35. Sonya Sachdeva, Rumen Iliev, and Douglas L Medin, “Sinning Saints and Saintly Sinners: The Paradox of Moral Self-Regulation,” Psychological Science 20, no. 4 (April 2009): 523–28.
36. Anna C, Merritt, Daniel A. Effron, and Benoit Monin, “Moral Self-Licensing: When Being Good Frees Us to Be Bad,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass 4, no. 5 (May 2010): 344.
37. Jeffrey Pfeffer and Robert I. Sutton, The Knowing-Doing Gap: How Smart Companies Turn Knowledge into Action (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1999).
1. “Bill Bradley Qutoes,” ThinkExist.com, http://thinkexist.com/quotes/bill_bradley, accessed January 21, 2015.
2. Beth Belton, “Chicago Mayor Blasts New Trump Sign,” USA Today, June 13, 2014.
3. Keith Morrison, “‘Apprentice’ Lessons for Business Students?,” NBCnews.com, April 17, 2004, www.nbcnews.com/id/4757288/ns/dateline_nbc/t/apprentice-lessons-business-students.
4. “Donald Trump: The Genius of Self-Promotion,” ABCnews.com, September 16, 2004, http://abcnews.go.com/Primetime/story?id=132337.
5. Jim Collins, “Level 5 Leadership: The Triumph of Humility and Fierce Resolve,” Harvard Business Review 83 (July 2005): 136–46.
6. See, for instance, Ralph M. Stogdill, “Personal Factors Associated with Leadership: A Survey of the Literature,” The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied 25 (1948): 35–71.
7. Silke Astrid Eisenbeiss, “Re-thinking Ethical Leadership: An Interdisciplinary Integrative Approach,” The Leadership Quarterly 23, no. 5 (October 2012): 791–808.
8. Colette Hoption, Julian Barling, and Nick Turner, “‘It’s Not You, It’s Me’: Transformational Leadership and Self-Deprecating Humor,” Leadership and Organization Development Journal 34, no. 1 (2013): 4–19.
9. Brett W. Pelham, Mauricio Carvallo, and John T. Jones, “Implicit Egotism,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, no. 2 (2005): 106–10.
10. Jack L. Knetsch, “The Endowment Effect and Evidence of Nonreversible Indifference Curves,” American Economic Review 79, no. 5 (December 1989): 1277–84.
11. Ibid.
12. Christian J. Resick, Daniel S. Whitman, Steven M. Weingarden, and Nathan J. Hiller, “The Bright-Side and the Dark-Side of CEO Personality: Examining Core Self-Evaluations, Narcissism, Transformational Leadership, and Strategic Influence,” Journal of Applied Psychology 94, no. 6 (November 2009): 1365–81.
13. C. Wortman and J. Linsenmeier, “Interpersonal Attraction and Techniques of Ingratiation,” in New Directions in Organizational Behavior, eds. B. M. Staw and G. R. Salancik (Chicago: St. Clair Pess, 1977), 133–78.
14. D. R. Forsythe, R. Berger, and T. Mitchell, “The Effects of Self-Serving vs. Other-Serving Claims of Responsibility on Attraction and Attribution in Groups,” Social Psychology Quarterly 44, no. 1 (March 1981): 59–64.
15. W. Wosinska, A. J. Dabul, R. Whetstone-Dion, and R. B. Cialdini, “Self-Presentational Responses to Success in the Organization: The Costs and Benefits of Modesty,” Basic and Applied Social Psychology 18, no. 2 (1996): 229–42.
16. Michael Maccoby, The Productive Narcissist: The Promise and Peril of Visionary Leadership (New York: Broadway Books, 2003).
17. Seth A. Rosenthal and Todd L. Pittinsky, “Narcissistic Leadership,” The Leadership Quarterly 17, no. 6 (December 2006): 617–33.
18. Ibid.
19. R. Raskin and C. S. Hall, “The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: Alternate Form Reliability and Further Evidence of Construct Validity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45, no. 2 (1981): 159–62.
20. Arijit Chatterjee and Donald C. Hambrick, “It’s All about Me: Narcissistic Chief Executive Officers and Their Effects on Company Strategy and Performance,” Administrative Science Quarterly 52, no. 3 (September 2007): 351–86.
21. J. M. Twenge, S. Konrath, J. D. Foster, W. K. Campbell, and B. J. Bushman, “Egos Inflating over Time: A Cross-Temporal Meta-analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory,” Journal of Personality 76, no. 4 (August 2008): 875–901.
22. J. D. Foster, W. K. Campbell, and J. M. Twenge, “Individual Differences in Narcissism: Inflated Self-Views across the Lifespan and around the World,” Journal of Research in Personality 37, no. 6 (December 2003): 469–86.
23. James W. Westerman, Jacqueline Z. Bergman, Shawn M. Bergman, and Joseph P. Daly, “Are Universities Creating Millennial Narcissistic Employees? An Empirical Examination of Narcissism in Business Students and Its Implications,” Journal of Management Education 36, no. 1 (2012): 5–32.
24. Raymond B. Nickerson, “Confirmation Bias: A Ubiquitous Phenomenon in Many Guises,” Review of General Psychology 2, no. 2 (June 1998): 175–220.
25. Robert B. Zajonc, “Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Monograph Supplement 9, no. 2 (June 1968): 1–27.
26. Karin Proost, Karel De Witte, Bert Schreurs, and Eva Derous, “Ingratiation and Self-Promotion in the Selection Interview: The Effects of Using Single Tactics or a Combination of Tactics on Interviewer Judgments,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 40, no. 9 (September 2010): 2155–69.
27. For a review of this literature, see ibid.
28. C. Anderson, S. Brion, D. A. Moore, and J. A. Kennedy, “A Status-Enhancement Account of Overconfidence,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, no. 4 (October 2012): 718–35.
29. Jessica A. Kennedy, Cameron Anderson, and Don A. Moore, “When Overconfidence Is Revealed to Others: Testing the Status-Enhancement Theory of Overconfidence,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 122, no. 2 (November 2013): 275.
30. Rosenthal and Pittinsky, “Narcissistic Leadership,” 623.
31. Discussed in Charles A. O’Reilly III, Bernadette Doer, David F. Caldwell, and Jennifer A. Chatman, “Narcissistic CEOs and Executive Compensation,” The Leadership Quarterly, 25, no. 2 (April 2014): 218–31.
32. Amy B. Brunell, William A. Gentry, W. Keith Campbell, Brian J. Hoffman, Karl W. Kuhnert, and Kenneth G. DeMarree, “Leader Emergence: The Case of the Narcissistic Leader,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, no. 12 (2008): 1663–76.
33. Barbara Nevicka, Annebel H. De Hoogh, Annelies E. Van Vianen, Bianca Beersma, and Doris McIlwain, “All I Need Is a Stage to Shine: Narcissists’ Leader Emergence and Performance,” Leadership Quarterly 22, no. 5 (October 2011): 910–25.
34. Malcolm Gladwell, “The Talent Myth,” The New Yorker, July 22, 2002.
35. Jacqueline Z. Bergman, James W. Westerman, and Joseph P. Daly, “Narcissism in Management Education,” Academy of Management Learning and Education 9 (2010): 119–31.
36. This research is summarized in Jacqueline Z. Bergman, James W. Westerman, and Joseph P. Daly, “Narcissism in Management Education,” Academy of Management Learning and Education 9, no. 1 (March 2010): 119–31.
37. Barbora Nevicka, Femke S. Ten Velden, Annebel H. B. De Hoogh, and Annelies E. M. Van Vianen, “Reality at Odds with Perceptions: Narcissistic Leaders and Group Performance,” Psychological Science 22, no. 10 (October 2011): 1259.
38. Val Singh, Savita Kumra, and Susan Vinnicombe, “Gender and Impression Management: Playing the Promotion Game,” Journal of Business Ethics 37, no. 1 (April 2002): 79.
39. Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Ripa Rashid, Asians in America: Unleashing the Potential of the “Model Minority” (New York: Center for Work Life Policy), 20–21.
40. Ibid., 21–22.
41. P. Babiak, C. S. Neumann, and R. D. Hare, “Corporate Psychopathy: Talking the Walk,” Behavioral Sciences and the Law 28, no. 2 (March/April 2010): 174–93.
42. P. C. Patel and D. Cooper, “The Harder They Fall, the Faster They Rise: Approach and Avoidance Focus in Narcissistic CEOS,” Strategic Management Journal, 35, no. 10 (October 2014): 1528–40.
43. Scott O. Lilienfeld, Irwin D. Waldman, Drisitn Landfield, Steven Rubenzer, Ashley L. Watts, and Thomas R. Faschingbauer, “Fearless Dominance and the U.S. Presidency: Implications of Psychopathic Personality Traits for Successful and Unsuccessful Political Leadership,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 103, no. 3 (September 2012): 489.
44. Ashley L. Watts, Scott O. Lilienfeld, Sarah Francis Smith, Joshua D. Miller, W. Keith Campbell, Irwin D. Waldman, Steven J. Rubenzer, and Thomas J. Faschingbauer, “The Double-Edged Sword of Grandiose Narcissism: Implications for Successful and Unsuccessful Leadership among U.S. Presidents,” Psychological Science 24, no. 12 (December 2013): 2379–89.
45. O’Reilly et al., “Narcissistic CEOs and Executive Compensation,” 17.
46. Ibid., 21.
1. http://michiganross.umich.edu/about/dean-alison-davis-blake.
2. “What’s Magical about Working for Disney? I’d Rather Go to Afghanistan,” Daily Mail (London), October 27, 2010, www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1324098/work-Disney-id-fight-Taliban-Afghanistan.html.
3. Arlie Russell Hochschild, The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feeling (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1983).
4. Arlie Russell Hochschild, “Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure,” American Journal of Sociology 85, no. 3 (November 1979): 551.
5. F. O. Walumbwa, B. J. Aviolio, W. L. Gardner, T. S. Wernsing, and S. J. Peterson, “Authentic Leadership: Development and Analysis of a Multidimensional Theory-Based Measure,” Journal of Management 34, no. 1 (February 2008): 89–126.
6. See the institute’s website at www.authenticleadership.com.
7. The origins of this quote are unclear, although it is indisputable that George Burns used a version of it in his comedy routine and in a memoir. See http://quoteinvestigator.com/2011/12/05/fake-honesty/.
8. This description of authentic leadership is drawn from the chapter that introduced the special issue of the Leadership Quarterly, Bruce J. Avolio and William L. Gardner, “Authentic Leadership Development: Getting to the Root of Positive Forms of Leadership,” The Leadership Quarterly 16, no. 3 (June 2005): 315–38.
9. Ibid., 316.
10. Ibid., 327.
11. Michael Hyatt, “The 5 Marks of Authentic Leadership,” July 3, 2012, http://michaelhyatt.com/the-five-marks-of-authentic-leadership.html.
12. “10 Things Authentic Leaders Do,” Holden Leadership Center, University of Oregon, http://leadership.uoregon.edu/resources/exercises_tips/leadership_reflections/10_things_authentic_leaders_do.
13. Gerald R. Salancik and Mary Conway, “Attitude Inferences from Salient and Relevant Cognitive Content About Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32, no. 5 (November 1975): 829–40.
14. Sheryl Sandberg, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead (New York: Knopf, 2013).
15. Michiko Kakutani, “Kennedy, and What Might Have Been,” New York Times, August 12, 2013.
16. Bill Keller, “Nelson Mandela, Communist,” New York Times, December 7, 2013.
17. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Anchor Books, 1959).
18. Harriet Rubin, “Shall I Compare Thee to an Andy Grove?,” Strategy+Business, Winter 2007.
19. Seymour Lieberman, “The Effects of Changes in Roles on the Attitudes of Role Occupants,” Human Relations 9, no. 4 (November 1956): 385–402.
20. Jeffrey Pfeffer and Gerald R. Salancik, “Determinants of Supervisory Behavior: A Role Set Analysis,” Human Relations 28 , no. 2 (March 1975): 139–54.
21. See, for instance, Melvin L. Kohn and Carmi Schooler, “Occupational Experience and Psychological Functioning: An Assessment of Reciprocal Effects,” American Sociological Review 38, no. 1 (February 1973): 97–118; and Melvin L. Kohn and Carmi Schooler, “Job Conditions and Personality: A Longitudinal Assessment of Their Reciprocal Effects,” American Journal of Sociology 87, no. 6 (May 1982): 1257–86.
1. See, for instance, Wikipedia, s.v. “Parson Weems,” January 1, 2015, 18:32, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parson_Weems.
2. John Blake, “Of Course Presidents Lie,” CNN.com, November 24, 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/11/24/politics/presidents-lie/.
3. Charles F. Bond, Jr., and Bella M. DePaulo, “Accuracy of Deception Judgments,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (2006): 214–34.
4. See, for instance, Warren Bennis, Daniel Goleman, and James O’Toole, Transparency: Creating a Culture of Candor (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2008).
5. Bond and DePaulo, “Accuracy of Deception Judgments,” 216.
6. Andrew Clark, “Former Bear Stearns Boss Jimmy Cayne Blames Conspiracy for Bank’s Collapse, Guardian (U.K.), May 5, 2010, www.the guardian.com/business/2010/may/05/bear-stearns-boss-denies-blame.
7. Patricia Hurtado, “The London Whale,” Bloombergview.com, January 9, 2015, www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/the-london-whale.
8. This example and many of Loveman’s other statements that I have quoted can be seen on video from a presentation in my class, “Gary Loveman, January 30, 2009,” available for purchase through the Graduate School of Business, Stanford University.
9. “Leadership Journal to Retract Five Papers from FIU Scholar,” Retraction Watch (blog), February 7, 2014, http://retractionwatch.com/2014/02/07/leadership-journal-to-retract-five-papers-from-FIU-scholar.
10. There are numerous sources concerning this episode. See, for instance, Eyder Peralta, “Sen. Jon Kyl Corrects Erroneous Statement on Planned Parenthood,” The Two-Way (blog), NPR.org, April 22, 2011, www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2011/04/22/135641326.
11. Again there are literally scores of sources for this well-publicized gaffe. See, for instance, Abby D. Phillip, “James Clapper Apologizes to Congress for ‘Clearly Erroneous’ Testimony,” ABCNews.com, July 2, 2013, http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/politics/2013/07/james-clapper-apologizes-to-congress-for-clearly-erroneous-testimony/.
12. Ralph Nader, Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile (New York: Grossman, 1965).
13. David A. Kaplan, The Silicon Boys and Their Valley of Dreams (New York: William Morrow, 1999), 122–23.
14. See Miller’s faculty biography on the Standford website at www.gsb.stanford.edu/faculty-research/faculty/william-f-miller.
15. Adam Satariano and Karen Gullo, “Steve Jobs’s FBI File Notes Past Drug Use, Tendency to ‘Distort Reality,’” Bloomberg News, February 9, 2012.
16. Caroline F. Keating and Karen R. Heltman, “Dominance and Deception in Children and Adults: Are Leaders the Best Misleaders?,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20, no. 3 (June 1994): 312.
17. D. R. Carney et al., “The Deception Equilibrium: The Powerful Are Better Liars but the Powerless Are Better Lie-Detectors” (unpublished manuscript, 2014), 2.
18. Erin Strout, “To Tell the Truth,” Sales and Marketing Management, July 2002, 42.
19. Floyd Norris, “RadioShack Chief Resigns after Lying,” New York Times, February 21, 2006.
20. Pamela Babcock, “Spotting Lies,” http://www.shrm.org/publications/hrmagazine/editorialcontent/pages/1003babcock.aspx.
21. Uri Gneezy, “Deception: The Role of Consequences,” American Economic Review 95, no. 1 (March 2005): 384–94.
22. For a good overview of the relevant literature, see Ingrid Smithey Fulmer, Bruce Barry, and D. Adam Long, “Lying and Smiling: Informational and Emotional Deception in Negotiation,” Journal of Business Ethics 88, no. 4 (September 2009): 691–709.
23. These quotes are taken from Peter Reilly, “Was Machiavelli Right? Lying in Negotiation and the Art of Defensive Self-Help,” Ohio State Journal on Dispute Resolution 24, no. 3 (2009): 481.
24. Kim B. Serota, Timothy R. Levine, and Franklin J. Boster, “The Prevalence of Lying in America: Three Studies of Self-Reported Lies,” Human Communication Research 36, no. 1 (January 2010): 2–25.
25. Megan Garber, “The Way We Lie Now,” The Atlantic, September 2013, 15–16.
26. See, for instance, Jill Doner Kagle, “Are We Lying to Ourselves about Deception,” Social Ser vice Review 72, no. 2 (June 1998): 234–50.
27. Bella M. DePaulo et al., “Lying in Everyday Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70, no. 5 (May 1996): 979–95.
28. Lisa L. Masssi Lindsey, Norah E. Dunbar, and Jessica C. Russell, “Risky Business or Managed Event? Perceptions of Power and Deception in the Workplace,” Journal of Organizational Culture, Communications and Conflict 15, no. 1 (2011): 55.
29. Norah E. Dunbar et al., “Empowered by Persuasive Deception: The Effects of Power and Deception on Dominance, Credibility, and Decision Making,” Communication Research 41, no. 6 (August 2014): 852–76.
30. Paul Ekman and Maureen O’Sullivan, “Who Can Catch a Liar?,” American Psychologist 46, no. 9 (September 1991): 913–20.
31. C. F. Bond and B. M. DePaulo, “Accuracy of Deception Judgments,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 10, no. 3 (2006): 214–34.
32. Alexander Dyck, Adair Morse, and Luigi Zingales, “Who Blows the Whistle on Corporate Fraud?,” The Journal of Finance 65, no. 1 (February 2010): 2213–53.
33. Ernesto Reuben and Matt Stephenson, “Nobody Likes a Rat: On the Willingness to Report Lies and the Consequences Thereof,” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 93 (September 2013): 385.
34. Ibid., 384.
35. Floyd Norris, “Corporate Lies Are Increasingly Immune to Investor Complaints,” New York Times, March 20, 2014.
36. Diana B. Henriques, “Oracle Agrees to a Fine over Accounting Moves,” New York Times, September 25, 1993, www.nytimes.com/1993/09/25/business/company-news-oracle-agrees-to-a-fine-over-accounting-moves. html.
37. Michael Cohn, “Study Finds Financial Restatements Declined after Sarbanes-Oxley,” Accounting Today, July 24, 2014, www.accounting today.com/news/sarbanes-oxley/study-finds-financial-restatements-declined-Sarbanes-Oxley-71444-1.html.
38. Bond and DePaulo, “Accuracy of Deception Judgments,” 216.
39. Marc Effron, “Calculating the Optimal Length of Time to Lie to Your Employees,” Talent Quarterly 1, no. 1 (2014): 14.
40. Nicole Reudy, Celia Moore, Francesca Gino, and Maurice E. Schweitzer, “The Cheater’s High: The Unexpected Affective Benefits of Unethical Behavior” (unpublished manuscript, July 18, 2012), available at SSRN: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2112614.
41. Robert K. Merton, “The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy,” The Antioch Review 8, no. 2 (Summer 1948): 193–210.
42. Ibid., 195.
43. See, for instance, Dov Eden, “Self-Fulfilling Prophecy as a Management Tool: Harnessing Pygmalion,” Academy of Management Review 9, no. 1 (January 1984): 64–73.
44. Wikipedia, s.v. “Catch Me If You Can,” January 29, 2015, 15:09, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catch_Me_If_You_Can.
45. John Blake, “Of Course Presidents Lie,” CNN.com, November 24, 2013, www.cnn.com/2013/11/24/politics/presidents-lie/.
46. Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind, The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron (New York: Portfolio, 2003).
47. Amit Bhattacharjee, Jonathan Z. Berman, and Americus Reed II, “Tip of the Hat, Wag of the Finger: How Moral Decoupling Enables Consumers to Admire and Admonish,” Journal of Consumer Research 39, no. 6 (April 2013): 1167.
48. Ibid., 1168.
49. Ibid., 1169.
1. Oliver E. Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies (New York: Free Press, 1975).
2. The literature on this point is extensive. See, for instance, Ernst Fehr and Simon Gachter, “Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity,” The Journal of Economic Perspectives 14 (2000): 159–81.
3. See, as only two of numerous examples, John O. Whitney, The Trust Factor: Liberating Profits & Restoring Corporate Vitality (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994); Robert Sharkie, “Trust in Leadership Is Vital for Employee Performance,” Management Research News 32, no. 5 (2009): 491–98.
4. “2013 Edelman Trust Barometer Finds a Crisis in Leadership,” http://www.edelman.com/news/2013-edeloman-trust-barometer-finds-a-crisis-in-leadership
5. “Americans Still Lack Trust in Company Management Post-Recession,” http://www.martiz.com/Press-Releases/2011/Americans-Still-Lack-Trust-in-Company-Management-Post-Recession.
6. Roderick M. Kramer, “Rethinking Trust,” Harvard Business Review, June 2009, 69–77.
7. Steve Hamm and Jay Greene, “The Man Who Could Have Been Bill Gates,” BusinessWeek, October 24, 2004, www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/2004-10-24/the-man-who-could-have-been-bill-gates.
8. Harold Evans, with Gail Buckland and David Lefer, They Made America: Two Centuries of Innovators from the Steam Engine to the Search Engine (Boston: Little, Brown, 1984).
9. David A. Kaplan, The Silicon Boys and Their Valley of Dreams (New York: William Morrow, 1999), 112.
10. Ibid., 113.
11. Ibid., 115–16.
12. Ann Friedman, “Martha Stewart’s Best Lesson: Don’t Give a Damn,” New York, March, 14, 2013.
13. Ibid.
14. There is an enormous literature on this important phenomenon. See, for instance, Robert B. Zajonc, “Attitudinal Effects of Mere Exposure,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9, no. 2 (June 1968): 1–27; Robert F. Bornstein and Paul R. D’Agostino, “Stimulus Recognition and the Mere Exposure Effect,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63, no. 4 (October 1992): 545–52.
15. Nick Baumann, “Apparently We’ve Forgotten Who the Milkens Are,” Mother Jones, August 18, 2011, www.motherjones.com/2011/08/lowell-milken-institute-ucla.
16. Robert B. Cialdini, Influence: Science and Practice, 3rd ed. (New York: HarperCollins, 1993).
17. For example, see Edward P. Lazear and Robert L. Moore, “Incentives, Productivity, and Labor Contracts,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 99, no. 2 (May 1984): 275–96.
18. Jeffrey Pfeffer, What Were They Thinking? Unconventional Wisdom about Management (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2007), 82.
19. Uriel Haran, “A Person-Organization Discontinuity in Contract Perception: Why Corporations Can Get Away with Breaking Contracts but Individuals Cannot,” Management Science 59, no. 12 (December 2013): 2837–53.
1. Simon Sinek, Leaders Eat Last: Why Some Teams Pull Together and Others Don’t (New York: Portfolio, 2014).
2. A. Gregory Stone, Robert F. Russell, and Kathleen Patterson, “Transformational versus Servant Leadership: A Difference in Leader Focus,” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 25, no. 4 (2004): 349–61.
3. Jeffrey Pfeffer, The Human Equation: Building Profits by Putting People First (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998).
4. Robert F. Russell, “The Role of Values in Servant Leadership,” Leadership & Organization Development Journal 22 (2001): 76–84.
5. Steve Denning, “Valuing Employees (Really!): Lessons from India,” Forbes, October 5, 2011, www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2011/10/05/valuing-employees-really-lessons-from-India/.
6. See, for instance, Eugene W. Anderson, Claes Fornell, and Donald R. Lehmann, “Customer Satisfaction, Market Share, and Profitability: Findings from Sweden,” Journal of Marketing 58, no. 3 (July 1994): 53–66; and Eugene W. Anderson, Claes Fornell, and Sanal K. Mazvancheryl, “Customer Satisfaction and Shareholder Value,” Journal of Marketing 68, no. 4 (October 2004): 172–85.
7. John Freeman and Michael T. Hannan, “Growth and Decline Processes in Organizations,” American Sociological Review 40, no. 2 (April 1975): 215–28.
8. This example is cited in Sam Polk, “For the Love of Money,” New York Times, January 18, 2014.
9. Annie Lowrey, “Even among the Richest of the Rich, Fortunes Diverge,” New York Times, February 11, 2014.
10. Ibid.
11. “The Whys and Wherefores of Executive Pay,” Harvard Business Review, July 2014, 32–33.
12. Elliot Blair Smith and Phil Kuntz, “Disclosed: The Pay Gap between CEOs and Employees,” Bloomberg Businessweek, May 2, 2013.
13. Lowrey, “Even among the Richest.”
14. Henry L. Tosi, Steve Werner, Jeffrey P. Katz, and Luis R. Gomez-Mejia, “How Much Does Performance Matter? A Meta-Analysis of CEO Pay Studies,” Journal of Management 26, no. 2 (April 2000): 301–39.
15. See, for example, Jerry M. Burger, Nicole Messian, Shebani Patel, Alicia del Prado, and Carmen Anderson, “What a Coincidence! The Effects of Incidental Similarity on Compliance,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30, no. 1 (January 2004): 35–43.
16. Donn Erwin Byrne, The Attraction Paradigm (New York: Academic Press, 1971).
17. Benedict Carey, “You Remind Me of Me,” New York Times, February 12, 2008.
18. Brett W. Pelham, Mauricio Carvallo, and John T. Jones, “Implicit Egotism,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 14, no. 2 (April 2005): 106–10.
19. See, for instance, James R. Bettman and Barton A. Weitz, “Attributions in the Board Room: Causal Reasoning in Corporate Annual Reports,” Administrative Science Quarterly 28 (1983), 165–83.
20. See, for instance, Kathleen M. Eisenhardt, “Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review,” Academy of Management Review, 14 (1989), 57–74; and Stephen A. Ross, “The Economic Theory of Agency: The Principal’s Problem,” The American Economic Review, 63 (1973), 134–39.
21. “Management by Walking About,” http://www.economist.com/node/12075015, September 8, 2008.
1. Sandra L. Robinson and Denise M. Rousseau, “Violating the Psychological Contract: Not the Exception but the Norm,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 15 (1994): 245–59.
2. David Cassilo, “For College Scholarship Athletes, Injury Can Spell Financial Disaster,” Daily Caller, November 9, 2011, http://dailycaller.com/2011/11/09/for-college-scholarship-athletes-injury-can-spell-financial-disaster/.
3. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/kevin-ware-injury-draws-attention-ncaa-healthcare-debate.
4. The prevalence of at-will policies is well known. See, for instance, Cynthia L. Estlund, “Wrongful Discharge Protections in an At-Will World,” Texas Law Review 74, no. 7 (June 1996): 1655–92.
5. Louis Uchitelle, The Disposable American: Layoffs and Their Consequences (New York: Random House, 2007).
6. Alvin W. Gouldner, “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement,” American Sociological Review 25, no. 2 (April 1960): 161–78.
7. Joseph Henrich and Natalie Henrich, Why Humans Cooperate: A Cultural and Evolutionary Explanation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
8. Peter Belmi and Jeffrey Pfeffer, “How ‘Organization’ Can Weaken the Norm of Reciprocity: The Effects of Attributions for Favors and a Calculative Mindset,” Academy of Management Discoveries 1, no. 1 (2015): 93–113.
9. Erich Fromm, Escape from Freedom (New York: Ferrar and Rinehart, 1941).
10. Jean Lipman-Blumen, The Allure of Toxic Leaders: Why We Follow Destructive Bosses and Corrupt Politicians—and How We Can Survive Them (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).
11. Neil Torquiano, “Anchorage Workers Protest Firing of Men’s Wearhouse Founder,” KTUU.com, June 23, 2013, http://articles.ktuu.com/2013-06-23/south-anchorage_40151242.
12. Ibid.
13. James Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds (New York: Random House, 2005).
14. Dale T. Miller, “The Norm of Self-Interest,” American Psychologist 54, no. 12 (December 1999): 1053–60.
15. Rebecca K. Ratner and Dale T. Miller, “The Norm of Self-Interest and Its Effects on Social Action,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, no. 1 (July 2001): 5–16.
16. Adam Grant, Give and Take (New York: Viking, 2013).
17. Ibid., 4.
18. Jennifer A. Chatman and Sigal Barsade, “Personality, Organizational Culture, and Cooperation: Evidence from a Business Simulation,” Administrative Science Quarterly 40, no. 3 (September 1995): 423–43.
19. Warner Wilson, “Reciprocation and Other Techniques for Inducing Cooperation in the Prisoner’s Dilemma Game,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 15, no. 2 (June 1971): 167–95.
20. http://www.bartleby.com/73/417.html
1. Niall Doherty, “The Stockdale Paradox,” Disrupting the Rabblement (blog), March 19, 2010, www.ndoherty.com/stockdale-paradox/.
2. Peter Burrows, “HP’s Carly Fiorina: The Boss,” BusinessWeek, August 2, 1999.
3. Esther Addley, “Rebekah Brooks: A Ruthless, Charming Super-Schmoozer,” Guardian (U.K.), July 8, 2011.
4. Robert A. Caro, The Path to Power: The Years of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 1982).
5. Quoted in Roderick M. Kramer, “The Great Intimidators,” Harvard Business Review, February 2006.
6. Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Summit, 1983).
7. Tim Dickinson, “How Roger Ailes Built the Fox News Fear Factory,” Rolling Stone, May 25, 2011, www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/how-roger-ailes-built-the-fox-news-fear-factory-20110525.
8. Steve Forbes and John Prevas, “The Price of Arrogance,” Forbes, June 18, 2009, www.forbes.com/2009/06/18/alexander-great-hubris-leadership-power.html.
9. Curt Gentry, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991).
10. Joshua Kendall, “The Temper Tantrum: The Key to Smart Management?,” Fortune, November 22, 2013, http://fortune.com/2013/11/22/the-temper-tantrum-the-key-to-smart-management/.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. Elizabeth Kolbert, “How Tina Brown Moves Magazines,” New York Times Magazine, December 5, 1993.
14. John P. Kotter, “Leading Change: Why Transformation Efforts Fail,” Harvard Business Review, May 1995, 59–67.
15. Geraldine M. Leydon et al., “Cancer Patients’ Information Needs and Information Seeking Behaviour: In Depth Interview Study,” British Medical Journal 320, no. 7239 (April 1, 2000): 909–13.
16. Elizabeth Warren, A Fighting Chance (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2014).
17. Quoted in Gretchen Morgenson, “From Outside or Inside, the Deck Looks Stacked,” New York Times, April 26, 2014.
18. Nicole Perlroth, “Solving Problems for Real World, Using Design,” New York Times, December 29, 2013.
19. Henry Mintzberg, The Nature of Managerial Work (New York: HarperCollins, 1973).
20. Fred Luthans, Stuart A. Rosenkrantz, and Harry W. Hennessey, “What Do Successful Managers Really Do? An Observation Study of Managerial Activities,” Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 21, no. 3 (July 1985): 255.
21. Warren Bennis, Why Leaders Can’t Lead: The Unconscious Conspiracy Continues (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989), 14.
22. Robert Kramer, “Book Review: ‘Why Leaders Can’t Lead: The Unconscious Conspiracy Continues,’” Journal of Management 16, no. 4 (December 1990): 869–79.
23. Atul Gawande, Complications: A Surgeon’s Notes on an Imperfect Science (New York: Profile, 2010).
24. Sam Borden, “Where Dishonesty Is Best Policy, U.S. Soccer Falls Short,” New York Times, June 15, 2014.
25. Ibid.
26. John T. Scott and Robert Zaretsky, “Why Machiavelli Still Matters,” New York Times, December 9, 2013.
27. Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005).
28. Michael Ignatieff, “Machiavelli Was Right,” The Atlantic, December, 2013, 42.
29. R. Reiser, “Oversimplification of Diet: Coronary Heart Disease Relationships and Exaggerated Diet Recommendations,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 31, no. 5 (May 1, 1978): 865–75.
30. Deborah H. Gruenfeld, “Status, Ideology, and Integrative Complexity on the U.S. Supreme Court: Rethinking the Politics of Political Decision-Making,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68, no. 1 (January 1995): 5–20.
31. This quote is widely available on the Internet, albeit not always in the identical form, as it is used in Christian and Buddhist teaching and writings. This version comes from www.co
32. Jim Collins and Jerry I. Porras, Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies (New York: HarperBusiness, 1994).
33. Charles L. Bosk, Forgive and Remember: Managing Medical Failure, 2nd. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003).
34. John A. Byrne, Chainsaw: The Notorious Career of Al Dunlap in the Era of Profit-At-Any-Price (New York: HarperBusiness, 1999).
35. Jonathan Mahler, “The Coach Who Exploded,” New York Times Magazine, November 6, 2013.
36. Ibid.
37. Fred Luthans and Robert Kreitner, Organizational Behavior Modification (Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, 1975).
38. David Carr, “Why Not Occupy Newsrooms?,” New York Times, October 23, 2011.
39. Andrew Ross Sorkin, “‘Tainted,’ but Still Serving on Corporate Boards,” New York Times, April 23, 2012.
40. Ibid.
41. Susan Craig and Peter Lattman, “Companies May Fail, but Directors Are in Demand,” New York Times, September 14, 2010.
42. Steven M. Davidoff, “Little Accountability for Directors, Despite Poor Performance,” New York Times, April 5, 2013.
43. Steven M. Davidoff, Andrew Lund, and Robert J. Schonlau, “Do Outside Directors Face Labor Market Consequences? A Natural Experiment from the Financial Crisis,” Harvard Business Law Review (forthcoming), available at http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2200552.
44. Andrew Ross Sorkin, “A Reputation, Once Sullied, Acquires a New Shine,” New York Times, February 18, 2013.
45. Ibid.