For clarity and simplicity some geographical names, such as Iraq and Georgia, are used anachronistically. General architectural and topographical sites that are qualified by a specific name are indexed under that name (with the exception of ‘Forum’). For instance, ‘theatre of Pompey’ is indexed under ‘Pompey, theatre of’.
Achaea Roman province comprising much of Greece
Actium promontory on the west coast of Greece, scene of a famous naval battle in 31 BC
Adiabene region in the west of Iraq
Adrana the River Eder
Aedui a people from the area between the Loire and the Saône, with their capital at Autun
Aegeae (1) town in western Asia Minor; (2) town in southern Asia Minor; the latter is referred to at 13.9
Aegium coastal town in the northern Peloponnese
Aequi a people living to the east of Rome
Africa Roman province, comprising roughly modern Tunisia and northern Libya
Alba Longa ancient city south-east of Rome
Albani tribe in Georgia
Alexandria the famous foundation of Alexander the Great in Egypt, a city of major importance in the Julio-Claudian period
Aliso outpost on the River Lippe in Germany
Amanus mountain range in the south of Asia Minor
Amisia the River Ems
Amorgos island in the Aegean
Ampsivarii a northern Germanic people between the Ems and the Weser
Amynclan Sea region off the coast of Campania
Ancona town on the east coast of Italy
Anemurium town on the south coast of Asia Minor
Andecavi a people of Gaul in the area of Anjou
Angrivarii a people in the area of the Weser
Anthemusias town of ancient Mesopotamia
Antioch capital of the province of Syria, in southern Asia Minor
Antium Anzio, city on the west coast of Italy
Aorsi a people east of the Sea of Azov
Apamea city on the River Maeander in western Asia Minor
Aphrodisias important city on the south-west coast of Asia Minor
Apollonis town in western Asia Minor
Apulia Puglia, a region of southern Italy
Aquitania, see LONG-HAIRED GAUL
Arabia the land mass between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf
Ara Maxima altar near the north-west of the Circus, traditionally built by Evander after Hercules had killed the cattle-stealer Cacus
Arar the River Saône
Araxes the Aras, a major river flowing through Asia Minor, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan and entering the Caspian
Arcadia central mountainous region of the Peloponnese
Arduenna the Ardennes region of Belgium and France
Arii the people of Aria, a region in north-west Afghanistan and eastern Iran
Armenia country occupying the plateau east of the Euphrates, once a separate kingdom of Urartu, then incorporated into the Persian empire and a source of continuous struggle between Rome and Parthia
Armenia Minor country to the west of the Euphrates and Armenia proper, between Pontus and Cappadocia, in north-east Asia Minor
Arnus the River Arno in Tuscany
Arsamosata city near the Euphrates in Armenia
Arsanias river in north-east Asia Minor
Artaxata the capital of Armenia, located on the River Araxes
Artemita Parthian town some thirty miles north-east of Baghdad
Asia Roman province, located in the western area of Asia Minor
Atropatene the name of Azerbaijan from the time of Alexander the Great until the Arab conquest of Iran, after which Arabs modified the name to Azerbaijan
Augustodunum Autun, city in central France
Augustus, Mausoleum of the enormous tomb built by Augustus at the north end of the Campus Martius
Augustus, temple of located somewhere between the Capitoline and Palatine hills; not completed until the reign of Caligula
Auzea forested area in Algeria
Avernus, Lake small lake formed in a volcanic crater near Cumae in south-central Italy
Bactria region roughly equivalent to Afghanistan, between the Oxus and the Hindu Kush
Baetica part of a province originally called Further Spain, created as a senatorial province by Augustus
Baiae fashionable resort on the Bay of Naples
Balearic Islands group of islands, the major being Majorca and Minorca, part of the province of Hispania Tarraconensis
Barium Bari, Adriatic port of southern Italy
Bastarnae a people of uncertain origin, perhaps Germano-Celtic, in the Danube delta area
Batavians a people located between the Rhine and the Waal
Belgae a people of north-east Gaul, in the area north of the Seine and Marne
Belgica, see LONG-HAIRED GAUL
Beneventum hill-town in Campania, north of Naples
Bithynia province in Asia Minor, on the south coast of the Black Sea
Bononia Bologna, founded as a colony in 189 BC
Bovillae town on the Appian Way, ten miles from Rome, traditionally founded by Iulus, son of Aeneas and founder of the Julian gens
Brigantes powerful tribe in the north of Britain
Bructeri a people of north-west Germany, from the area of the River Lippe
Brundisium Brindisi, seaport on the southern Adriatic coast of Italy
Byzantium the ancient predecessor of Constantinople (later Istanbul)
Cadra hill in Rough Cilicia
Caesian forest region probably between the rivers Lippe and Ruhr
Calabria region of Italy, in ancient times essentially the ‘heel’
Cales colony founded in 334 BC, in Campania
Camerium settlement in Latium
Campania highly salubrious area of southern Italy much favoured by wealthy Romans
Campus Martius an open area in the north-west of Rome originally left open, but built on in the late republic and even more so in the imperial period; the traditional place of assembly for the election of consuls and praetors
Camulodunum near Colchester, tribal capital of the Trinovantes and first capital of Roman Britannia
Canninefates Germanic tribe in Holland at the Rhine delta
Canopus city about ten miles east of Alexandria, highly important before the founding of the latter; it gave its name to the western branch of the Nile
Capitoline Hill or Capitol one of the seven hills of Rome, arguably the most historical and significant, housing the temple of Capitoline Jupiter
Cappadocia region in eastern Asia Minor, annexed by Rome in ad 17
Capreae Capri, island in the Gulf of Naples that became imperial property in 29 BC
Capua city of Campania, north of Naples
Carmania part of the Achaemenid empire, stretching north from the Persian Gulf
Carthage ancient city in North Africa, capital of an empire hostile to Rome, later the capital of the Roman province of Africa
Celenderis port and fortress in Isauria in southern Asia Minor
Cenchreus river near Ephesus in north-west Asia Minor
Cercina one of the Kerkenna islands off the coast of Tunisia
Chalcedon town on the east side of the Bosporus
Chamavi a people living east of the Batavians in the area of the Issel
Cherusci the tribe of Arminius, occupying the area of the middle Weser; after the death of Arminius they were torn by internal faction and lost their significance
Chatti a people to the south of the Cherusci, in the area of the upper Weser, Rome’s most powerful German enemy in the Julio-Claudian period
Chauci a powerful tribe in the area of the lower Weser by the North Sea, much admired by Tacitus
Cibyra town in Caria in south-west Asia Minor
Cietae a people from the wild area of western Cilicia
Cilicia region of southern Asia Minor, in the regions of Mts. Taurus and Amanus
Cinithii a people of North Africa
Circus generic name often used specifically of the Circus Maximus between the Palatine, Aventine, and Caelian hills
Cirta town in Numidia
Clanis the River Chiana in Tuscany
Coelaletae a Thracian people in the southern region of Bulgaria
Colchians the people of Colchis, a district on the east of the Black Sea, south of the Caucasus
Colonia Agrippinensis Cologne, colony founded under Claudius
Colophon city of Asia Minor some twenty miles south of Smyrna; nearby was the village of Claros with its famous oracle of Apollo
Comitium the traditional location for the popular assemblies in Rome, next to the Curia
Commagene territory to the west of the Euphrates, bound by Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia
Corcyra Corfu, island in the Ionian Sea
Corinth city on the isthmus that joins the Peloponnese to mainland Greece; destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC and refounded as a colony in 44 BC
Corma tributary of the Tigris
Cos island in the Aegean, housing one of the great cult centres of Asclepius
Cosa town on the coast of Tuscany
Crete island combined with Cyrenaica in 27 BC to form a senatorial province
Ctesiphon the ancient capital of the Parthian empire, located on the Tigris some twenty miles south-east of Baghdad
Cumae old Greek settlement on the coast of Campania, famous for its oracle of the Sibyl
Curia the official Senate House in Rome, to the north of the Forum Romanum
Cusus river of Slovakia
Cyme city on the west coast of Asia Minor, about twenty-five miles north of Smyrna
Cyrenaica region that extended from the eastern boundary of Africa to the frontier of Egypt; joined with Crete as a province after 27 BC
Cythnus large island of the Cyclades, south of Ceos
Cyrene Greek city in North Africa, capital of Cyrenaica
Cyrrus city in the province of Syria, about sixty miles north of Antioch
Cyzicus city of Mysia on the southern coast of the Sea of Marmara
Dahae a Scythian people inhabiting the area between the Caspian Sea and the Oxus
Dalmatia region of the eastern Adriatic; subdued by Octavian, it became part of the province of Illyricum and later a separate province bearing its own name
Dandaridae a Sarmatian people between the Caspian and the Sea of Azov
Davara hill in Cappadocia
Decangi a British people of uncertain name (the MS gives Cangi); located in North Wales
Delos small island in the Aegean, an important cult centre and traditional birthplace of Apollo
Delphi ancient sanctuary of Apollo in the hills above the Gulf of Corinth
Denthaliatis fertile strip of land at the foot of Mt. Taygetos, an area of dispute between Sparta and Messene
Diana Limnatis, temple of the temple of Diana of the Lakes lay on the upper length of the Nedon on the border between the Spartans and the Messenians
Dii a people of southern Bulgaria
Donusa the most northerly of the Cycladic islands, east of Naxos
Ecbatana city of Iran, the location of the main mint of the Parthians
Edessa capital city of the kingdom of Osroëne in the upper Euphrates region
Elephantine island in the Nile near Aswan
Elymaeans inhabitants of Elam on the northern shore of the Persian Gulf, bordered on the west by the Tigris
Ephesus the major city of the province of Asia, once located on the west coast at the mouth of the Cayster
Erindes unidentified river in northern Iran
Erycus, Eryx mountain in north-west Sicily
Erythrae town on the west coast of Asia Minor, opposite the island of Chios
Ethiopia broad term used of the region south of Egypt
Etruria region in north-west Italy, comprising Tuscany and part of Umbria, the home of the Etruscans
Euboea large island in the Aegean, lying off the coast of mainland Greece
Euphrates the more westerly of the two rivers of Mesopotamia, the longest in western Asia
Fidenae a Sabine settlement about five miles from Rome on the Via Salaria; an insignificant town by the Julio-Claudian period
Flaminian Way the Via Flaminia, a road from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini), constructed by Gaius Flaminius in 220 BC
Flevum stronghold on the North Sea coast, perhaps Velsen
Flora, temple of located near the Circus Maximus (to be distinguished from another temple of Flora on the Quirinal)
Florentia Florence, an insignificant town until the late empire
Formiae town in Campania on the Appian Way
Fors Fortuna, temple of one of several temples of this ancient cult figure in Rome, in the Forum Boarium and elsewhere; the allusion in Tacitus is to a temple dedicated on the right bank of the Tiber in the Gardens of Caesar
Forum Julii Fréjus, a colony and important naval station on the Aurelian Way
Forum the main public area of a town; when used without qualification in the context of Rome it refers to the Forum Romanum, the main public square of Rome to the east of the Capitol
Forum Augusti vast precinct, north of the Forum Romanum and almost at right angles to it
Forum Boarium the ancient cattle market of Rome, bound by the Capitoline, Palatine, and Aventine hills
Forum Holitorium the vegetable market, between the Tiber and the Capitoline Hill, occupied largely by the theatre of Marcellus
Forum Iulium or Caesaris north-east of the Forum Romanum, the area surrounded by a colonnade; dedicated by Julius Caesar in 46 BC
Frentani an ancient people on the east coast of central Italy, thought by Strabo to be Samnites
Frisians a people occupying the North Sea coast in what is now modern Friesland, as well as much of the adjoining territory in the coastal area between the Yssel and the Ems
Fucine lake lake of central Italy, drained in the nineteenth century
Fundi Volscian town in Campania, on the Appian Way, noted for its fine wines and villas
Gabii ancient Latin city, some twelve miles east of Rome
Galatia region in central Anatolia, incorporated as a Roman province in 25 BC with its capital at Ancyra (Ankara)
Galilee region of northern Palestine
Garamantes a people in the area of south-west Libya
Gemonian Steps stairs leading from the jail towards the Capitol, on which the bodies of executed criminals were displayed
Germania the Roman military zones in German territory consisted of Lower Germany on the north Rhine, its administrative centre at Cologne, and Upper Germany on the south Rhine, its centre Mainz
Getae a Thracian people in the area of the lower Danube
Gorneae fortress in Armenia
Gotones a people on the east bank of the lower Vistula, later known as the Goths
Gyarus one of the islands of the Cyclades, a common destination for the banished
Hadrumetum Sousse, ancient Phoenician colony in Tunisia; it became very prosperous in the Roman imperial period
Haemus, Mt. the ancient name for the Balkans
Halicarnassus Bodrum, coastal town of Caria in south-west Asia Minor; once noted for its splendour, it was insignificant by the Roman period
Halus town in Parthia
Heliopolis important religious centre in Egypt, about five miles northeast of Cairo
Heniochi a people of the Caucasus
Hercules, temple of there were several temples of Hercules in Rome; Tacitus’ reference (15.41) is probably to that of Hercules Victor in the Forum Boarium
Hercynia there is considerable inconsistency in the ancient sources about the location of this region, which lay somewhere between the Rhine and the Carpathians
Hermunduri an ancient Germanic people in the area around Thuringia and northern Bavaria
Hibernia Ireland
Hierocaesaria city of western Asia Minor, north of Smyrna
Hispania Tarraconensis the region encompassed much of the Mediterranean coast of Spain along with the central plateau and the north coast; it became an imperial province under Augustus
Homonadenses a people in the area around southern Galatia and western Cilicia
Hypaepa ancient city of Lydia on the southern slope of the Tmolus
Hyrcania area south of the Caspian, bounded on the east by the Oxus
Iazyges a nomadic tribe from central Asia who migrated to the Ukraine and Moldavia
Iberi a people in the region between the Caucasus range and Armenia
Iceni a people located in Norfolk and Suffolk with their capital at Venta Icenorum, near Norwich
Idistaviso there has been much speculation about the identity of this place in Germany but the topography of Germanicus’ campaigns is too obscure to allow a solution
Ilium alternative name for Troy, used particularly for the Roman town
Illyricum confusingly, Illyricum is sometimes used of the province of that name (later Dalmatia), sometimes used more loosely of the Danube area including Pannonia, which became a separate province in about ad 9
Insubrians a people of Gallia Transpadana, around Milan
Interamna town in Umbria on the Flaminian Way
Ituraeans an Arab people in the area north of Damascus, with their capital at Chalcis
Janus, temple of a famous temple of Janus Geminus was located in the Forum Romanum; Tacitus’ allusion (2.49) is to a less familiar one in the Forum Holitorium
Julius Caesar, Gardens of located on the right bank of the Tiber to the south-west of the city; these gardens were bequeathed by Caesar to the Roman people
Jupiter Capitolinus, temple of the most significant temple in Rome, located on the Capitoline Hill
Jupiter Stator, temple of the location is uncertain but the general consensus is that it was near the Arch of Titus on the northern slope of the Palatine Hill; the temple was vowed by Romulus if Jupiter would stay the flight of the Romans from the Sabines
Langobardi a people who lived north of the Cherusci, concentrated on the west side of the lower Elbe
Lanuvium ancient Latin city in the Alban Hills
Laodicea (ad Lycum) major city of Phrygia in Asia Minor on a hill overlooking the River Lycus; referred to at 4.55, 14.27
Laodicea (Maritima) coastal town of Asia Minor, opposite northern Cyprus; referred to at 2.80
Latium area of western Italy in the region of Rome, home of the original Latin people
Legerda (if correctly read at 14.25), fortress near the north Tigris, possibly Lidjia on the upper slopes of the Taurus
Lepcitani inhabitants of one of two different towns on the coast of North Africa, Leptis Magna in Libya or Leptis Minor in Tunisia
Lesbos large island just off the north-west coast of Asia Minor
Leucophryne the name apparently derives from an older town on the site of the later Magnesia on the River Maeander; the temple on the site was renowned for its size and beauty
Liber, Libera, and Ceres, temple of located on the slope of the Aventine Hill, near the western end of the Circus Maximus
Libya the Greek name for non-Egyptian North Africa
Ligurians inhabitants of an area in north-western Italy
Limnae a town in the Peloponnese on the boundaries between Laconia and Messenia
Liris river originating in the Apennines, close to the Fucine lake
Long-haired Gaul Gallia comata, region of Gaul consisting of the three imperial provinces of Aquitania, Lugdunensis, and Belgica, distinguished from the Romanized senatorial province of Narbonensis
Lucania mountainous region of southern Italy
Lucrine lake this was located in Campania, separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land, and formed into a harbour by Agrippa
Lucullus, Gardens of this magnificent estate was created by Lucius Licinius Lucullus, consul 74 BC; he was notorious for his wealth and extravagance
Lugdunensis, see LONG-HAIRED GAUL
Lugdunum Lyons, major city and capital of the province of Gallia Lugdunensis, the birthplace of Claudius
Lugii confederation of tribes, probably Germanic, in the general region of eastern Germany
Luna, temple of located on the Aventine; it may be identical with the temple of Diana on the Aventine, founded by Servius Tullius
Lupia the River Lippe in northern Germany
Lusitania imperial province in Spain organized by Augustus in 27 BC, comprising Portugal and part of western Spain
Lycia region of southern Anatolia, united with Pamphylia in ad 43 to form the province of Lycia
Lydia territory of western Asia Minor, once an independent kingdom with its capital at Sardis; under the Romans it was part of the province of Asia
Macedonia old Balkan kingdom, annexed as a province in 146 BC
Maecenas, Gardens of located on the Esquiline Hill; they became imperial property on Maecenas’ death
Magnesia (on Maeander) city a little to the north of the Maeander on a tributary stream; it played a leading role in working with the Romans to defeat Antiochus in 190 BC, and alone in Asia held out against Mithridates in 88 BC; 3.62 presumably refers to this town
Magnesia (on Sipylus) city of western Asia Minor in the Hermus valley; this is the city referred to at 2.47
Marcellus, theatre of located on the southern edge of the Campus Martius
Marcian aqueduct constructed by the praetor Lucius Marcius Rex in 149 BC, it brought Rome its best drinking water, from the Sabine hills
Marcomani a people located in the upper Elbe and Danube regions
Mardi a people in the area of Lake Van, seen by some as ancestors of the modern Kurds
Maritime Alps a small Alpine province formed by Augustus in 14 BC
Mars Ultor, temple of the temple of Mars the Avenger, built by Augustus in the Forum Augusti to commemorate the vengeance wreaked on the assassins of Caesar; dedicated in 2 BC, it became the location for victory insignia
Marsi a people living south of the River Lippe in Germany (to be distinguished from the Marsi of central Italy)
Marus the River Morava
Massilia Marseilles, Greek city on the Mediterranean coast that maintained its Hellenic character after absorption by Rome
Mattiaci a Germanic people from the area of Wiesbaden
Mattium unidentified settlement of the Chatti, probably in the region north of the Rhine and Main, in the area of Wiesbaden and Homburg
Mauretania the northern coastal area of the African continent, stretching from the Roman province of Africa to the Atlantic, incorporated into two provinces by Claudius
Mauri broad term for the people of the western strip of the coast of North Africa
Medes a people akin to the Persians, inhabiting Media, a mountainous area south-west of the Caspian
Melitene capital of the small Hittite kingdom of Malatya in the eastern Taurus
Messenia the south-west region of the Peloponnese
Miletus city of Asia Minor at the mouth of the Maeander; it housed a major temple of Apollo Didymaeus within its territory
Misenum town near Baiae on the north side of the Bay of Naples
Moesia region on the lower Danube, in the area of Serbia and Bulgaria, incorporated as a province some time between Augustus and Claudius
Mona Anglesey; the name Mona is preserved in the Welsh name for the island, Môn
Mosa the River Meuse
Moschi a people located in north-west Armenia; they may be the Meshech of Ezekiel 27: 13, 38: 3
Mosella the River Moselle
Mosteni people of Lydia, in Asia Minor; coin evidence suggests that they were located close to Magnesia on Sipylus
Mulvian Bridge this was located on the Flaminian Way, two miles outside Rome
Musulamians a people of North Africa
Mutina Modena, city on the south side of the Po valley, the scene of a major battle in 44 BC
Myrina city of Mysia in western Asia Minor
Mytilene the main city of Lesbos
Nabataeans a people of the region of north-west Arabia; their chief city was Petra
Nar the River Nera, a tributary of the Tiber, flowing through Umbria
Narnia town of Umbria, settled on a hill overlooking the River Nera
Nauportus town on the Ljubljanica river in Slovenia
Naxos the largest and most fertile of the Cycladic islands
Neapolis Naples, the main city of Campania, founded by Greeks; it kept much of its Greek character during the Roman period
Nemetes a Germanic people living in the region of the Rhine between the Palatinate and the Bodensee
Nicephorium Al Raqqa, city founded by Alexander the Great on the Euphrates
Nicephorius river of Armenia on which Tigranocerta stood, probably a major tributary of the Tigris
Nicopolis colony founded by Augustus on the north side of the Ambracian Gulf, opposite Actium
Ninos the famous city of Nineveh, on the River Tigris
Nisibis ancient Mesopotamian city in south-east Asia Minor, often fought over by Rome and Parthia
Nola city of Campania, close to Naples
Noricum Roman province, formed soon after 16 BC, along the Danube, from the Inn to modern Vienna, between Raetia and Pannonia
Nuceria town of Campania at the foot of Mt. Albino
Numa, palace of the traditional palace of Numa Pompilius, second king of Rome, later the official residence of the Pontifex Maximus; given to the Vestals by Augustus
Numantia fortress on the Douro in Spain, centre of Celtiberian resistance to Rome, rebuilt by Augustus
Numidia region in North Africa comprising eastern Algeria and northern Tunisia, incorporated into the province of Africa
Odrysae a Thracian people in the area of southern Bulgaria
Ordovices a people from the centre and north of Wales
Ortygia familiar poetic name for Delos
Osroëne Assyrian kingdom in the area of the upper Euphrates, enjoying considerable independence from the years of 132 BC to ad 244; its capital was Edessa
Ostia the port of Rome at the mouth of the Tiber
Pagyda unidentified river in North Africa
Palatine Hill one of Rome’s seven hills, with rich historical associations; the word ‘palace’ derives from the imperial residence erected on it
Panda unidentified river in the region north of the Black Sea
Pandateria island off the Campanian coast, much employed as a place of exile
Pannonia a Danube province, roughly the equivalent of modern Hungary, originally part of Illyricum but becoming a separate province about the time of the suppression of a major revolt in ad 6
Paphos city located on the west coast of Cyprus, a famous cult centre of Aphrodite
Parthia a kingdom that at its height comprised modern Iran and surrounding territories as far east as Pakistan; the arch-enemy of the Romans
Patavium Padua, in the time of Augustus the wealthiest city of northern Italy
Paulus, Basilica of a structure built on the northern side of the Forum Romanum, begun by Lucius Aemilius Paulus in 55 BC
Pergamum major city of Mysia in Asia Minor, bequeathed to Rome in 133 BC by its last king, Attalus III
Perinthus ancient town settled by the Samians on the north shore of the Sea of Marmara
Perusia Perugia, city perhaps of Etruscan origin, brutally besieged during the conflict between Octavian and Mark Antony
Pharsalus hill-town in Thessaly, the scene of the final great battle between Caesar and Pompey in 48 BC
Philadelphia city of Lydia in Asia Minor, in the valley of the Cogamus; it suffered considerably from earthquakes
Philippi city in eastern Macedonia, the site of the final battles fought by Octavian and Antony against Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC
Philippopolis city on the River Maritsa in southern Bulgaria
Picenum region on the east-central coast of Italy
Placentia Latin colony settled at the juncture of the Po and Trebia rivers on the Aemilian Way in northern Italy
Planasia small island near Elba off the Tuscan coast, used as a place of imprisonment
Pompey, theatre of Rome’s first permanent theatre, built in 55 BC near the Campus Martius by Pompey from the wealth that he had amassed during his eastern campaign; restored by Augustus
Pomptine marshes malarial marshes behind Cape Circeo, not successfully drained until the 1930s
Pontus the Black Sea; also the kingdom, later Roman province, along its southern shore
Praeneste Palestrina, town located on a spur of the Apennines just over twenty miles from Rome; a notable villa resort and the location of an enormous temple of Fortuna Primigenia
Propontis the Sea of Marmara, linking the Aegean and the Black Sea
Puteoli port of Campania; it became a major trade centre and the entry point for much of Rome’s grain
Pyramus one of the great rivers of Asia Minor; it flowed through a narrow valley of Mt. Taurus to Cilicia and the sea
Quadi a powerful people in the area of modern Moravia and upper Hungary; a formidable foe of Marcus Aurelius
Raetia an Alpine province embracing parts of modern Switzerland, Bavaria, and the Austrian Tyrol
Ravenna important port on the Adriatic coast of northern Italy; made the base of the northern fleet by Augustus
Reate Sabine hill-town in central Italy; birthplace of Vespasian
Rhegium Greek colony founded about 720 BC in the ‘toe’ of Italy; it retained its Greek character and its prosperity through the imperial period
Rostra the speaker’s platform at the north-west corner of the Forum, named after the prows (rostra) from enemy ships captured at the battle of Antium in 33 BC which originally decorated it
Sabines an ancient people who inhabited the Apennine region north-east of Rome; in frequent conflict with Rome during their early history, by the late republic they had become thoroughly Romanized
Sabrina the River Severn, rising in mid-Wales and flowing south into the Bristol Channel
Salamis the principal Greek city on the island of Cyprus
Sallust, Gardens of located in the valley between the Quirinal and Pincian hills in Rome; laid out by Sallust the historian, and inherited by his adopted son, from whom it is likely that they passed to Tiberius
Samaritans people of Samaria, the mountainous region of Palestine between Galilee and Judaea
Samnites a warlike people of the southern Apennine region, hostile to Rome for most of the period of the republic
Samos island off the western coast of Asia Minor, housing one of the most celebrated buildings of antiquity, a temple of Juno
Samothrace island in the north-east Aegean, home of the mystery cult of the Cabiri
Sanbulos mountain range in Iran, not positively identified
Santoni a tribe in western Gaul, in the region of Saintes
Sardis capital of the old kingdom of Lydia, incorporated into the province of Asia
Sarmatians a nomadic tribe in two branches, the Roxolani and the Scythians; they migrated to the Danube estuary and over the Carpathians into the plain between the mid-Danube and the Theiss
Saturn, temple of located north of the Sacred Way between the Rostra and the Basilica Julia
Scythia ill-defined region occupied by nomads in modern Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan
Segesta city in north-west Sicily, claiming descent from Troy
Seleucia on Tigris city founded by Seleucus I on the bank of the Tigris opposite the Parthian city of Ctesiphon shortly before 300 BC; it became a centre of some importance
Seleucia Pieria city on the mouth of the Orontes; the usual port of embarkation for Antioch
Semnones a Germanic people from the region between the Elbe and the Oder
Senones a Gallic people from the region of the Seine valley
Sequani a Gallic people from the region of the upper Saône
Seriphos an island in the western Cyclades
Servilius, Gardens of location uncertain; possibly in the south-west of Rome
Silures a people of south Wales; under the leadership of Caratacus they were fierce opponents of Rome
Simbruine lakes lakes formed in the Sabine hills by the River Anio
Sindes unidentified river, possibly the Tejen in Turkmenistan
Sinuessa coastal city located between Naples and Terracina
Siraci a Sarmatian people from between the Caspian and the Sea of Azov
Smyrna Izmir, ancient city on the west coast of Asia Minor at the mouth of the Hermus; refounded on a slightly different site by Alexander, in the Roman period it became one of the most important cities of Asia
Soza unknown town in the area north of the Black Sea
Spartans inhabitants of the city-state of Sparta, which occupied the central projection of the southern Peloponnese
Statilius Taurus, Gardens of located on the Esquiline
Stratonicea city in the valley of the River Caicus in Lydia in Asia Minor
Sublaqueum Subiaco, town in Latium on the River Anio
Suebi a large Germanic group made of several tribes, most significantly the Marcomani, Quadi, and Semnones
Sugambri a German people in the area of the rivers Ruhr and Lippe; in 8 BC Tiberius forcibly settled them on the west bank of the Rhine
Surrentum Sorrento, a coastal town of Campania overlooking the Bay of Naples
Syene Aswan, a trading town on the right bank of the Nile just below the First Cataract
Tanais the River Don
Tarentum ancient city in the south of Italy; once a major seaport, it fell into decay in the late republic
Tarpeian Rock a steep part of the Capitoline from which condemned prisoners were thrown
Tarracina coastal town, located at the edge of the Volscian Hills, in a site commanding the Pomptine marshes
Tarraco capital of Hispania Tarraconensis on the south-east coast of Spain. It received colonial status under Julius Caesar or Augustus and became the first city of Roman Spain
Taunus mountain range in Hessen, Germany
Tauri a people on the south coast of the Crimea
Tauronites a people probably from the Antitaurus region, west of Lake Van
Taurus mountain range in southern Asia Minor
Teleboans inhabitants of a group of islands lying off the coast of Acarnania in north-western Greece
Temnus town in Aeolia in Asia Minor, near the River Hermus
Tencteri a Germanic people located on the east bank of the Rhine
Tenos island of the Cyclades; it was small but housed a celebrated temple of Poseidon
Termestines the people of Termes, a town on the River Douro in Numantia in Hispania Tarraconensis
Teutoburg Forest the site of the Varian disaster in ad 9; thought to be in the area of Kalkreise
Thala town of North Africa, not securely identified
Thebes the old capital of Egypt, a popular tourist site in the Roman period
Thermae bay of the Aegean in north-east Greece
Thessaly area of northern Greece absorbed by the Romans into the province of Macedonia
Thrace region of the Balkans; it became a Roman province in ad 46
Thubursicum small unidentified town in North Africa
Thurii Greek colony founded in the fifth century BC in Bruttium, on the site of the city of Sybaris; it fell into decay in the late-republican period
Tibur Tivoli, town about twenty miles from Rome, famed for its beauty and fine villas
Ticinum Pavia, city of northern Italy on the River Ticino
Tigranocerta city founded in Armenia by Tigranes I, replacing Artaxata as the capital
Tigris the more easterly of the two rivers of Mesopotamia, rising in Armenia
Tmolus mountain range in Lydia in Asia Minor
Torone city of Chalcidice in north-east Greece
Tralles city on the River Meander on the border of Lydia and Caria in Asia Minor
Trapezus Trebizond, trading city on the southern shore of the Black Sea, growing in importance in the early imperial period
Treveri a Gallic tribe with a strong Germanic element, in the Moselle area, with their capital at Trier (Augusta Treverorum); often rebellious, they were apparently pro-Roman during the Tiberian period
Trimetus one of the Tremiti islands off the Adriatic coast of southern Italy, used for political internment in modern as well as ancient times
Trinovantes a people to the south of the Iceni, in Suffolk and Essex, with their capital at Camulodunum
Trisantona the River Trent
Tubantes a Germanic people on the right bank of the north Rhine
Turoni a people of north-west Gaul in the region of Touraine
Tusculum hill-town of Latium some fifteen miles south-east of Rome; a fashionable resort town
Tyre Phoenician city in south Lebanon; a major port and centre of the dye industry, it retained its importance in the Roman imperial period
Ubii a tribe friendly to Rome; resettled from the east to the west bank of the Rhine by Agrippa; their capital was the site of the later Cologne
Umbria mountainous region of central Italy
Usipetes a Germanic people from the region of the north Rhine
Uspe unidentified town to the north of the Black Sea
Vahalis the River Waal
Vangiones a Germanic people from the area of Worms
Vatican district on the west bank of the Tiber, approximating to the modern precinct of St Peter’s
Velinus, Lake a small lake fed by the River Velino in the Sabine area
Veneti a tribe of Gallia Transpadana in the area around Padua; they received citizenship from Caesar in 49 BC
Venus Genetrix, temple of located in the centre of the Forum Iulium
Verulamium St Albans, a city of some importance in the early Roman period of Britain
Vesta, temple of circular temple, containing Vesta’s sacred flame, built in the Forum Romanum in the third century BC
Vetera Roman military site near Xanten, at the juncture of the Rhine and Lippe
Vienne capital of the Allobroges, an important city of Narbonese Gaul
Vindelici the dominant people of the south Germanic–north Danube region, defeated by Tiberius in 15 BC; Vindelicia was eventually incorporated into the province of Raetia
Visurgis the River Weser in north Germany
Volandum unknown, but must have been south of the Araxes and west of Tigranocerta in Armenia
Vulsci a people of central Italy
Vulsinii Bolsena, town in Etruria
Zeugma town of Commagene; built by Seleucus Nicator to control the crossing of the Euphrates into northern Mesopotamia