Part 4
Philippians 2:1–4:1

Probatio: Examples of Faithful Living

The thesis statement (propositio) in 1:27–30 requires a supporting argument (probatio), which Paul offers in 2:1–4:1. This section consists of imperatives (2:2, 5, 12–13, 14) elaborating on the call for unity expressed in the propositio and the proofs motivating the readers to live “worthily of the gospel” (1:27). The centerpiece of the proofs is the poetic narrative in 2:5–11, which resonates throughout the argument (Landmesser 1997, 551–52). The probatio consists primarily of an argument from example, which played an important role among ancient rhetorical theorists. According to Aristotle, “examples [paradeigmata] are most suitable for deliberative speakers, for it is by examination of the past that we divine and judge the future” (Rhet. 1.9.40; cf. Cicero, De or. 2.335). Examples provide a basis for imitation (Witherington 1994, 58). The story of Jesus in 2:6–11 shapes the mind-set of Timothy (2:19–23), Epaphroditus (2:25–30), and Paul (3:1–4:1). In challenging the Philippians to imitate him (3:17), Paul hopes that the Philippians will also be persuaded to adopt the disposition and values of the exemplars of faith. Over against the Philippians’ values of self-serving behavior, Paul presents examples of the self-denial that will result in a unified community.