Index

(Page numbers correspond to those of the first edition printed text and are not here hyperlinked. Use your e-reader’s search function.)

A

• ABC (American Broadcasting Company), 42
• Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 334–335, 432
• Afanasyev, Yuri, 567
• Afghanistan:
  • army of, 361;
  • coup d’état in 1973, 358;
  • Cuban initiative of political settlement in, 392;
  • desertions from Soviet units in, 596–597;
  • events in Herat, 359, 360, 361;
  • Friendship Treaty with the USSR, 359;
  • Hairatan-Kabul route, 514, 515;
  • hunger in, 514, 515;
  • political crisis in, 361, 364, 370–371;
  • religious beliefs in, 363;
  • Saur Revolution, 359;
  • Soviet invasion of, 55, 228, 306, 357, 366–367, 374, 376–377;
  • Soviet military aid to, 357–358, 359, 360, 362, 364–365, 516;
  • UN aid to, 514;
  • withdrawal of Soviet troops from, 511, 512, 513–514, 515, 516
• Aga Khan, 515
• “agents of influence,” system of, 230–231
• Aitmatov, Chingiz, 246
• Akadimos (publishing house), 22
• Akhmatova, Anna, 240
• Akhromeyev, Sergei, 547
• Aksyonov, Vasily, 242n133, 244
• Aleksandrov, Boris, 45
• Alekseeva, Ludmila, 275, 312n159
• Alexandrov, A.P., 432
• Alexbank, Jay, 225
• Alexy II, Patriarch of Moscow, 278
• Aliyev, Heydar, 255
• Alliluyeva, Svetlana, 162, 170, 229–230, 255
• Altman, Anatoly, 156, 157
• Amalrik, Andrei, 95, 435
• Amin, Hafizullah:
  • conversation with Gromyko, 359, 360;
  • diplomacy of, 372–374, 377–378;
  • dismissal of Taraki by, 371;
  • Muslim opposition and, 372;
  • removal from power, 373, 374, 375, 377
• Andreotti, Giulio, 561, 562
• Andrew, Christopher, 309
• Andropov, Yuri:
  • on acts of hooliganism, 131–132;
  • on Afghan problem, 511–512;
  • on Andrei Sinyavsky, 231–234;
  • on anti-Soviet elements, 173–174, 175–176, 183–184;
  • at Brest meeting, 449–452;
  • on Bukovsky affair, 122, 158;
  • communist ideology and, 208–209;
  • comparison to Beria, 207;
  • conversation with B. Karmal, 379;
  • decision on invasion of Afghanistan, 374–375;
  • documents sent to, 30, 36;
  • documents signed by, 4, 10, 29, 39, 40;
  • on Ernst Neizvestny, 206–207;
  • on expansion of propaganda campaign, 224;
  • on Gabay and Marchenko, 204;
  • Ginzburg-Galanskov trial and, 216;
  • on The Gulag Archipelago, 203;
  • health problems of, 582;
  • on Helsinki Groups, 174;
  • on Ilya Glazunov, 205–206;
  • Kreisky’s letter to, 316–317;
  • on nationalist movement, 128, 480;
  • office of, 62;
  • on Olympic Games in Moscow, 384;
  • operative-chekist measures of, 208, 217;
  • on persecution of dissidents, 107–108, 156, 174;
  • on political repressions, 351;
  • on prophylactic work, 126–127;
  • reputation of, 207;
  • on “samizdat” literature, 128–130, 130–131;
  • on Sinyavsky-Daniel case, 235;
  • on situation in Poland, 444, 446, 458, 460–462, 469, 474;
  • Solzhenitsyn’s case and, 162, 163–164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172–173, 299;
  • Soviet-Afghan war and, 361, 366, 367, 373–374, 391;
  • on tactical nuclear weapons, 402–404, 405, 406;
  • Western perception of, 582–583
• anti-nuclear movement, 595
• anti-socialist manifestations, 134, 135
• anti-Soviet materials:
  • distribution of, 134;
  • persecution of authors and disseminators of, 497
• apartheid vs. communism, 291
• APN, see Novosti Press Agency
• Arafat, Yasser, 40
• Arbatov, Georgy, 46, 335, 350, 428
• Argentinean Communist Party, 30
• Aristov, Averky, 442, 459–460
• Arkhipov, Ivan, 464, 470–471, 472, 473
• arms race, 486, 488
• Aron, Raymond, 344
• article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR, 148, 149, 274
• Attlee, Clement, 404
• August putch, see coup of 1991
• Aushev, Maksharip, 613, 614n384
• Austrian Socialist Party (SPO), 559

B

• Babakhanov, Shamsuddin, 278
• Baburova, Anastasia, 613, 614n384
• Bahr, Egon, 8, 9, 46, 301
• Baibakov, Nikolai, 464, 469, 472–473, 474–475
• Bakatin, Vadim:
  • Bukovsky’s televised discussion with, 61, 64–66, 67;
  • career of, 62–63, 574;
  • in Lubyanka Building, 62;
  • memoirs of, 69;
  • reform of KGB, 63–64, 69
• Baker, James, 584, 585, 586, 592
• Baku: military operation in, 569, 572, 573
• Barricada (newspaper), 35
• BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 44, 45, 48, 237–238
• Belgian Communist Party, 25
• Belgrade Conference (1977), 154n100, 183, 302, 304
• Belinkov, Arkadiy, 230
• Beria, Lavrentiy, 104, 109, 110, 531, 535
• Berlinguer, Enrico, 18, 179, 218–219
• Berlin Wall, 517, 535, 537, 538, 541, 548, 588
• Bessmertnykh, Alexander, 487, 577
• Bhutto, Benazir, 514
• “Black Panthers,” 28–29
• Blokhin, Nikolay, 430
• Bobkov, Denis, 248
• Bobkov, Philipp, 172
• Bobolas, George, 21, 22, 621
• Bogdanov, Alexander, 376
• Bogoraz-Brukhman, Larisa, 151, 152, 153, 268, 271
• Bolsheviks, 307, 330
• Bonner, Yelena, 262, 264, 265
• Borovik, Genrikh, 43
• Brailovsky, Victor, 319
• Braithwaite, Rodric, 541–542, 541–543
• Brandt, Willy:
  • colleagues of, 292;
  • on perestroika and socialism, 556;
  • political career of, 297, 544;
  • political views of, 307;
  • pro-Soviet policy of, 393–394, 498;
  • public scrutiny of, 8;
  • revision of Friedrich Ebert Fund, 306;
  • on situation in the Baltic republics, 556;
  • Solzhenitsyn’s affair and, 172, 299–300
• Brezhnev, Leonid:
  • on aid to socialist countries, 472;
  • Bukovsky affair and, 122, 205;
  • contact with Kania, 442, 443;
  • death of, 507;
  • decision on invasion of Afghanistan, 374;
  • on détente, 295;
  • documents sent to, 39;
  • foreign policy of, 296, 309, 337, 355, 412, 535;
  • foreign trips of, 304, 344;
  • on Helsinki Accords, 594;
  • hotline with Jimmy Carter, 381;
  • meeting with Gierek, 438;
  • meeting with President of Pepsi-Cola, 353;
  • peace initiatives of, 329, 331, 431;
  • political career of, 107;
  • relations with Taraki, 368, 369;
  • release of Pavel Litvinov by, 122;
  • on situation in Poland, 440–442, 443–444, 446, 447–448, 458, 462–463, 464, 465, 467–469, 473–474, 475;
  • Solzhenitsyn affair and, 162–163, 165, 169–170, 173;
  • on Soviet-American relations, 382;
  • telephone conversation with Jaruzelski, 456–458
• British Labour Party:
  • diplomacy of, 317–318;
  • political platform of, 435
• Brodsky, Joseph, 240, 245
• Brutents, K., 34
• Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 208, 275, 394, 538
• Budapest meeting of the secretaries of the central committees, 417
• Bukhara, city of, 421, 422
• Bukharin, Nikolai, 223
• Bukovsky, Vladimir:
  • accusations of “slandering the Soviet state,” 202;
  • alleged contacts with NTS, 212–213, 219;
  • Amarlik and, 95;
  • on American society, 321–329;
  • Bakatin’s televised debates with, 61, 64–66, 67;
  • “Better Red than Dead Is Not Good Enough,” 399–400;
  • biography of, 276;
  • books of, 622;
  • To Build a Castle: My Life as a Dissenter, 108, 609;
  • Communist Party documents collected by, 4–5;
  • on communists, 99;
  • critics of, 67–68, 603;
  • on détente, 289, 293, 294;
  • on dialogue with Kremlin’s regime, 615;
  • encounter with Alexander Yakovlev, 523;
  • on the end of the Soviet regime, 99;
  • exchange of, 158–159;
  • on former friends, 241;
  • glasnost rally, 145;
  • on Gorbachev’s regime, 99, 100, 276, 283–284, 601–602;
  • impression of Moscow, 93–94;
  • imprisonment of, 124, 141, 217;
  • incarceration into psychiatric hospital, 609;
  • interviews of, 80, 601, 621–626;
  • on James Baker, 586;
  • meetings with Pikhoya, 71, 73, 87;
  • meeting with Andrei Platonov, 240–241;
  • meeting with Carter, 205;
  • on “moral cleansing” of Russia, 63, 605, 607;
  • on Nobel Peace Prize, 293;
  • petition to the US Congress, 34;
  • on Putin’s regime, 613–619;
  • reception at the White House, 181;
  • rehabilitation of, 149;
  • reputation of, 289–290, 609;
  • research at the Communist Party archive, 72–73, 81, 82, 83, 87–88;
  • on roots of revolutions, 98;
  • on round table discussions, 602, 615, 617;
  • on socialist experiment, 486–487;
  • on Soviet relations with the West, 592;
  • supporters of, 176, 179;
  • as “terrorist,” Politburo’s portrayal of, 220–221;
  • testimony before the Constitutional Court, 93, 138;
  • on transitional period to democracy, 97–99;
  • trial of, 121–122, 150–152;
  • trip to Russia, 60, 601;
  • on unconstitutional nature of the CPSU, 138;
  • Western establishment and, 291–292, 293;
  • “Why are Russians Quarrelling?,” 97–98
• Bulgakov, Mikhail, 240
• “Bulletin of the Christian Community,” 271
• Burkov, B., 43
• Burlatsky, Fedor, 270
• Burokevičius, Mykolas, 576
• Bush, George, 584, 585, 587, 588
• Butman, Hillel, 156
• Bykov, Dmitri, 246

C

• Callaghan, James, 315
• Carter, Jimmy:
  • boycott of Moscow Olympic Games, 386, 387;
  • domestic pressure on, 353–354;
  • election as president, 180;
  • Francis Ford Coppola and, 47;
  • human rights policy of, 300, 301, 302, 353;
  • idea of arming NATO with neutron weapons, 411;
  • meeting with Bukovsky, 181;
  • pro-Soviet policy of, 394, 623–624;
  • religious views of, 229;
  • SALT II agreement signed by, 412;
  • Sharansky affair and, 224;
  • Soviet–Afghan War and, 363, 381
• Castro, Fidel, 33
• Ceausescu, Elena, 517
• Ceausescu, Nicolae, 517
• Center of Contemporary Documentation in the Russian State Archive of Recent History, 78
• Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CC CPSU):
  • Anker Jorgensen’s letter to, 318–319;
  • archives of, 3, 70, 72–73, 83;
  • buffet of, 72;
  • building of, 81;
  • channels for influence of, 421;
  • instructions to Soviet public organizations, 332–333;
  • International Committee of, 526;
  • program of propagandist measures, 332;
  • “quiet diplomacy” of, 317;
  • support of fraternal parties by, 26–27, 390
• Central Committee’ reports and resolutions:
  • on 50th birthday of K. Sorsa, 6–7;
  • on Afghan situation, 358;
  • on American missiles in Western Europe, 413;
  • on conflicts between workers and administrations, 476, 477;
  • on Congress of Writers of the USSR, 246–248;
  • on consumer goods shortages, 477–479;
  • on cooperation with G. Bobolas, 21–22;
  • on Cyrus Eaton, 42;
  • on disarmament, 407;
  • on dissemination of anti-Soviet materials, 130;
  • on Eastern and Central European, 559–560;
  • on European socialist and social democratic parties, 560–561;
  • on Ginzburg-Galanskov trial, 214–215;
  • on improvement of organizational and educational work, 480;
  • on military aid to Communist party of El Salvador, 30–31;
  • “On Further Increase of the Activity of the USSR in UNESCO Matters,” 409–410;
  • “On the strategy of relations with European socialist countries,” 526–528;
  • on preparations for Moscow Olympics, 389, 390–391;
  • on property of the Communist Party, 564–565;
  • on public movement for peace, 414, 415–416;
  • on raise of retail prices, 481–482;
  • on World Conference for peaceful future for children, 410, 411;
  • on World Peace Council, 411
• “Centre for Democracy in the USSR,” 598
• Cervetti, D., 18, 19
• Chaikin, Sol Chick, 352
• Chamberlain, Neville, 11
• Chandra, Romesh, 401
• Chazov, Yevgeny, 430, 432
• Chebrikov, Viktor:
  • on anti-Soviet campaign in the USA, 277–278;
  • on Gorbachev’s candidacy as General Secretary, 252–253;
  • on Molotov’s reinstatement in the party, 118;
  • office of, 62;
  • on political opposition, 124–125, 243–244, 256–259, 264–265, 270–271;
  • reports of, 172, 494–495;
  • Sakharov affair and, 262–263, 265, 266;
  • on Soviet propaganda, 137;
  • on unlawful rehabilitation, 118–119
• Chekhov, Anton, 100
• Chernenko, Konstantin:
  • on Afghan affairs, 367, 374, 375;
  • on food shortages, 477–478;
  • on reinstatements in the Communist party, 117–120;
  • on situation in Poland, 464, 468, 473
• Chernobyl disaster, 222, 500–501, 572
• Chernovil, Vyacheslav, 268, 271
• Chernyaev, Anatoly:
  • diary of, 507–508, 519;
  • on German unification, 536, 544;
  • on Gorbachev, 575, 576, 577, 578;
  • on Lithuanian affair, 576, 577, 578
• Chervochkin, Yury, 613, 614n384
• Chief Directorate of Strategic Deception, 405
• Chilean communist party, 520, 521
• China:
  • economy, 483;
  • foreign relations, 362, 393
• Chivian, Eric, 430
• Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU), 9–10, 544
• Churchill, Winston, 342
• Churov, Vladimir, 616n385
• Civiletti, Benjamin, 219, 220
• “Club for the Struggle for Democracy” in Tuapse, 133
• Coe, Sebastian, 386–387
• Cold War:
  • end of, 52, 624;
  • first stage of, 307;
  • historiography of, 342;
  • lack of public interest to, 5–6, 8;
  • legacy of, 23–24
• Collet’s bookshop, 25, 25n20
• Comex company, 21
• Commission for Rehabilitation of the Victims of Political Repression, 150
• Committee for Archival Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation, 74
• Committee of Soviet Women, 401, 422, 423
• Committees of National Salvation, 579
• Common European Centre, 560
• communist ideology, 209, 324, 328, 347, 400, 588–589, 590–591
• Communist International (Comintern), 624
• Communist Party archive:
  • administrators of, 72–73;
  • agreement on creation of International Commission to study, 74–75, 79;
  • collections and catalogs of, 83;
  • interior design of, 85;
  • location of, 71;
  • opening of, 81–82;
  • publication of documents of, 493;
  • restricted access to, 73, 78–80, 493;
  • rumors of destruction of, 71;
  • staff of, 82, 84–85;
  • structure and scale of, 72
• Communist Party of El Salvador, 30–33
• Communist Party of Great Britain, 13n7, 318
• Communist Party of Sri Lanka, 13
• Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU):
  • appeal to Constitutional Court against outlawing, 80–81, 87;
  • appropriation of property of, 81, 564, 565–566, 569–570;
  • business ventures abroad, 572;
  • crimes of, 53, 89–90, 100;
  • criticism of, 574, 578;
  • diversity within, 348–349;
  • idea of investigation of, 77–78;
  • secrecy surrounding, 3–4, 6;
  • ties with fraternity parties, 16, 17, 20–21, 34
• Communist Party of the USA, 13, 17, 27, 28
• Communist Party of Uruguay, 30
• Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 163, 163n109, 165, 170, 309
• Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR, 567, 568
• Conquest, Robert, 66
• conservative revolution, 484–486
• Constitutional Court hearing on the case of the CPSU:
  • communist participants at, 92;
  • debates during, 90–92;
  • judges and experts, 88–89;
  • presidential side at, 92–93;
  • press coverage of, 90, 92;
  • witnesses at, 91, 92
• Constitutional Court of Russia:
  • Bukovsky’s testimony before, 93, 138;
  • communists’ appeal to, 80–81, 87
• Coogan, Kevin, 281
• Copenhagen forum of nongovernmental organizations, 422–423
• Coppola, Francis Ford, 47, 48, 51, 623
• Cordoba, city of, 421
• Corvalan, Luis, 158, 159, 521
• coup of 1991, 59, 60, 77, 570–572, 580–582, 603
• CPSU archives, see Communist Party archives
• Crimean Tatars: autonomist movement of, 127
• Criminal Code of the RSFSR, 107n66, 107n67, 141n89, 203
• Cross World Books & Periodicals, 25
• Czechoslovakia:
  • Soviet invasion of, 122;
  • Velvet revolution in, 516–517, 518, 560, 561, 563, 576
• Czech Republic: process of lustration in, 63

D

• Dagbladet Information (newspaper), 280
• Daily Telegraph, 315, 598–599
• Daniel, Yuli, 143
• Daniloff, Nicholas, 158
• Davis, Angela, 29
• Delors, Jacques, 561, 562
• Dementyev, Andrey, 239
• Demichev, Pyotr, 165–166, 171, 253
• “Democracy and Humanism Seminar,” 271
• “Democratic Russia” movement, 573–574, 579
• De Smaele, Albert, 418–419
• détente:
  • American opposition to, 352;
  • benefits of, 339, 346;
  • Brezhnev on, 295;
  • characteristic of, 343;
  • end of, 355;
  • German reunification and, 535;
  • human rights and, 228, 300, 301–302;
  • Nixon on, 337;
  • origin of, 294, 296, 331–332, 337–338;
  • outcome of, 340;
  • project of revival of, 509;
  • Soviet-Afghan War and, 381–382;
  • US support for, 587;
  • Western efforts to save, 306
• Detsky Mir (Children’s World) shop, 61
• disarmament movement, 401, 404, 406–407, 408, 433–436
• dissident movement:
  • activities of, 134, 142;
  • allegations of US funding of, 280–281;
  • allies of, 344;
  • American press on, 281–282;
  • attempts to change Soviet regime from abroad, 599–601;
  • conference in Prague, 599;
  • documents about, 123;
  • foundation of, 116–117;
  • groups and organizations of, 133–134;
  • Helsinki Accords and, 321;
  • human rights organizations and, 354;
  • KGB reports on, 120–121;
  • lack of financial support of, 599–600;
  • perestroika and, 267;
  • prison network, 147–148;
  • prominent figures in, 159–161;
  • prophylactic work against, 123, 125–126;
  • repressive measures against, 148, 151–152, 155–156, 157, 158, 174, 280–281;
  • scale of, 120, 125, 126–127, 139;
  • Western perception of, 222, 302–303, 599
• Djilas, Milovan, 230
• Dobrovolsky, 214, 217–218
• Dobrynin, A.F., 229, 503
• Dobrynin, Anatoly, 14, 15, 270–271, 550
• Dolgikh, Vladimir, 31, 263, 464
• Donesk, city of, 421, 422
• Dudenko, N.D., 154
• Dumas, Roland, 559
• Du Monde Entier, 25
• Dymshits, Mark, 156
• Dzasokhov, Alexander, 92
• Dzerzhinsky, Felix:
  • demolition of statue of, 61–62, 61n44

E

• Eastern Europe:
  • relations with the USSR, 557, 561;
  • socialist parties in, 559–560
• East Germany, see German Democratic Republic (GDR)
• Eaton, Cyrus Stephen, 42, 278
• The Economist, 22
• Ehmke, Horst, 301
• El Salvador:
  • foreign aid to, 33;
  • Truth Commission in, 35
• enemies of the people, 203, 210
• Engelgardt, Vladimir, 163
• Epstein, Jason, 48–51
• Esenin-Volpin, Alexander, 143, 151, 152, 153, 216
• Estemirova, Natalya, 613, 614n384
• Estonia, 90, 125, 132, 245, 473, 556
• Ethnos (newspaper), 22
• Eurocommunism, 119, 308
• European Economic Community (EEC), 310, 558, 559, 562, 585–586
• European intelligentsia, 324
• European Nuclear Disarmament (END), 433, 434
• European Union: idea of, 625
• Evening Moscow, 121, 122
• Express Chronicle (newspaper), 280

F

• Falin, Valentin, 14, 15, 24, 298, 300–301, 505–507, 569–570
• “The Fall of the Wall” (documentary), 518
• Federal Archive Agency, 71
• Federal Republic of Germany (FRG):
  • eradication of totalitarianism in, 616;
  • Ostpolitik (“new Eastern policy,” 8, 9, 10, 11, 294, 300, 304–305, 306;
  • relations with the USSR, 9–10, 296–297, 298–299, 304, 539;
  • United States and, 301
• Fedotov, Pyotr, 106, 107
• Fermi, Enrico, 326
• Fernandez Ordonez, Francisco, 555
• Le Figaro (newspaper), 242
• Finland, 7, 8
• First of May celebrations, 132–133
• Fisher, Harold, 230
• Fleming, J., 44
• Florovsky, Georges, 230
• Foreign Intelligence Service, 69
• Foreign Relations Department of Moscow Patriarchate, 401
• Four Continents Book Corporation, 25
• France:
  • German reunification and, 546;
  • relations with the USSR, 563
• Frank, P., 300
• French Communist Party (PCF), 13, 17, 21, 176, 177–179
• French peace movement, 425–426
• French Socialist Party (PSF), 560
• Froment-Meurice, Henri, 558
• Fromm, Erich, 349
• Fulbright, J. William, 345, 348

G

• Gabay, Ilya, 153, 156
• Gaidar, Yegor, 93
• Galanskov, Yuri, 147, 213, 216, 217–218, 235
• Galich, Alexander, 48, 245
• Gamsakhurdia, Zviad, 235, 271, 573
• Gandhi, Rajiv, 81–82
• Gel, Ivan, 271
• Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, 301, 302
• Geremek, Bronisław, 530, 531
• German Democratic Republic (GDR):
  • 1990 elections in, 543–545, 547, 548;
  • economic aid to, 294;
  • economic ties with USSR, 471, 472;
  • people trafficking problem, 294;
  • political liberalization of, 517, 518–519, 533–534;
  • recognition of, 535;
  • relations with West Germany, 304–305;
  • rise of nationalism in, 527;
  • Soviet troops in, 544, 545, 547;
  • standard of living in, 526
• German reunification:
  • British position on, 542–543;
  • discussion in Central Committee of the CPSU on, 543–547;
  • French position on, 537, 546;
  • Gorbachev and Krenz talks about, 537–541;
  • Soviet terms for, 534–536, 545, 549
• Getting Rid of the KGB (Bakatin), 69
• Gierek, Edward, 438, 440
• Ginzburg, Alexander, 147, 153, 156, 213, 217–218, 275
• Ginzburg-Galanskov trial, 150, 173, 213, 214–215, 216, 217–218
• Giscard d’Estaing, Valery, 306, 344, 366, 557
• glasnost, 100, 144, 147, 149, 242, 248–249, 510
• “Glasnost” (magazine), 280
• Glasnost Press Club, 269, 270, 271
• Glazunov, I.O., 205–206
• Glemp, Józef, Cardinal, 532
• Goebbels, Joseph, 150
• Gogol, Nikolay, 284, 285
• Gogolidze, Sergei, 106
• Goldberger, Marvin L., 432
• Gollan, John, 318
• Gorbachev, Mikhail:
  • Afghan crisis and, 367;
  • on Alliluyeva’s letter, 255;
  • during August putch, 77, 570–571, 580–582;
  • Azerbaijan events and, 573;
  • Bakatin and, 62;
  • biography of, 276–277;
  • conversation with Alessandro Natta, 553–554, 555;
  • conversation with F. Fernandez Ordonez, 555;
  • conversation with R. Braithwaite, 541–542;
  • crimes of, 572–573;
  • criticism of, 574, 579;
  • democratization policy of, 269–270, 273–274;
  • East European policy of, 543–544, 545–546;
  • economic policy, 495, 566;
  • election as General Secretary, 251–254;
  • French-Soviet relations and, 536, 552, 562;
  • German reunification and, 534, 537–538, 537–540, 541, 542–543;
  • on icebreaker “L. Brezhnev,” 255;
  • on Katyn burial site, 531;
  • leadership qualities, 250;
  • on leftist forces in Europe, 554, 555;
  • Lithuanian events and, 575–576, 577;
  • meeting with delegation of Socialist International, 497–498;
  • meeting with delegation of the Trilateral Commission, 557;
  • on Molotov’s reinstatement in the party, 119;
  • on Moscow seminar “the KGB and perestroika,” 275;
  • Nobel Peace Prize laureate, 518;
  • personality of, 249, 501;
  • policy towards political prisoners, 256–258, 259–262;
  • policy towards socialist countries, 524–526;
  • Polish affairs and, 448, 473, 523–524, 529–532;
  • Politburo appointments made by, 574;
  • propaganda efforts of, 278–279;
  • as protector of Soviet system, 625;
  • as public speaker, 249;
  • reaction to Tiananmen Square massacre, 572;
  • on relation with European countries, 558, 559, 561;
  • release of Andrei Sakharov, 262, 263, 264;
  • Romanian events and, 519–520;
  • Sakharov and, 102;
  • support of aid to British miners, 590;
  • on Union of Writers, 246, 247–248;
  • on US foreign policy, 502;
  • in the West, reputation of, 101, 251, 279, 494, 497, 501, 581, 582, 583–585, 598;
  • West European policy of, 550–552;
  • Yeltsin’s opposition to, 579–580
• Gorbachev Foundation, 493
• Gorbachev’s reforms:
  • aim of, 99;
  • assessment of, 493;
  • economic effect of, 495;
  • imitation of democracy, 505;
  • introduction of glasnost, 100, 510;
  • Leninist nature of, 510;
  • “new thinking” doctrine, 504–510;
  • party leadership and, 510;
  • poor planning of, 250;
  • press coverage of, 242;
  • supporters and opponents of, 500–504;
  • Western financial support of, 598
• Gorbanevskaya, Natalya, 121
• Gordievsky, Oleg, 309
• Goryn, Mikhail, 271
• Goskino of the USSR, 47–48
• Gosteleradio (State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting), 333–334, 407
• Grabski, Tadeusz, 452
• Grachev, Andrey, 576
• Grechko, A.A., 39
• Grigorenko, Pyotr, 127, 151, 152
• Grigoryants, Sergei, 268, 271
• Grishin, Viktor, 167, 252, 374, 441, 448, 464
• Grishin, Viktor Vasilyevich, 117
• Gromyko, Andrei:
  • on Alliluyeva’s letter, 255;
  • on Khrushchev, 119;
  • on Malenkov’s and Kaganovich’s reinstatement in the party, 118;
  • on Polish affairs, 441, 444–445, 448, 452, 458, 462, 471;
  • on political prisoners, 257;
  • presentation at the UN General Assembly, 420;
  • proposal on exchange of Bukovsky, 158;
  • reports on situation in Afghanistan, 359–361, 363, 374–375, 391, 511, 512;
  • on Solzhenitsyn case, 164–165, 167, 169;
  • on Soviet-American relations, 382, 503, 504;
  • support of Gorbachev, 252;
  • on Union of Writers, 247, 248
• GRU (military intelligence), 65, 422
• Grushko, Viktor, 518
• Guilty by Suspicion (film), 327
• The Gulag Archipelago (Solzhenitsyn), 162, 163–164, 165, 166, 168, 344
• Gumilyov, Nikolay, 130

H

• Haddad, Wadie, 38–39
• Hall, Gus, 27
• Hammer, Armand, 23
• Handal, Schafik Jorge, 31, 33
• Harikan, Parur, 268, 271
• Havel, Vaclav, 434, 560, 599
• Hayward, Ron, 317
• Heath, Edward, 292
• Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich: dialectics of, 80
• Heinemann, Gustav, 298
• Helsinki Accords:
  • Belgrade Conference on monitoring observance of, 183;
  • Brezhnev on, 594;
  • as instrument of Soviet policy, 594–595;
  • principles of, 299, 300, 593–594;
  • proposal of denunciation of, 594, 595;
  • significance of, 49;
  • US consideration to withdraw from, 351–352;
  • violation of, 593
• Helsinki Groups, 131, 174, see also Moscow Helsinki Group
• heroism, phenomenon of, 112–113
• Hess, Rudolf, 54
• hippie groups, 136
• Hitler, Adolf, 330
• Homo sovieticus, 78
• Honecker, Erich:
  • deposition of, 517, 519;
  • foreign policy of, 417, 456, 471, 472, 537–538;
  • position on German unification, 536;
  • public scrutiny of, 8
• hooliganism: acts of, 131–132
• human rights:
  • détente and problem of, 301–302;
  • European security and, 435;
  • European socialists and, 319, 354;
  • violations of, 354;
  • Western approach to problem of, 301
• human rights organizations, 354
• Hungary:
  • “goulash socialism” in, 533;
  • liberalization of, 526, 561, 563;
  • Revolution of 1956 in, 115–116
• Husak, Gustav, 471
• Hussein, Saddam, 587

I

• ideology:
  • influence of, 202–203;
  • vs. law, 140
• Igantenko, Vitaly, 576, 577
• Iliescu, Ion, 519
• Ilyin, Leonid, 430
• Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues, 46
• Independent Newspaper, 235
• independent public organizations: seminar of, 268, 269, 270
• Inozemtsev, Vladislav, 607
• intelligentsia, see European intelligentsia; Soviet intelligentsia
• Interagra company, 21
• International Association of Parliamentarians for Peace, 413
• International Fund to Aid Left-Wing Workers’ Organizations, 13, 14, 15, 16–17, 18
• International Herald Tribune, 351
• International Olympic Committee (IOC), 388
• International PEN, 131
• “International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War” movement, 430
• “International Resistance” project, 596
• Iran: Soviet-Afghan War and, 362, 365, 392
• “Iron Felix,” see Dzerzhinsky, Felix
• Iskander, Fazil, 245
• Israeli Communist Party, 25
• Italian Communist Party (PCI):
  • funding of, 13, 17, 18;
  • investigation of, 19–20;
  • relations with the CPSU, 18–19, 179–180, 344;
  • special training in the USSR, 36;
  • transformation of, 559–560
• Izvestia (newspaper), 67

J

• Jackson, James, 27
• Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 180, 344, 351
• Jakes, Milos, 518
• Japanese socialists, 11, 320
• Jaruzelski, Wojciech:
  • Brest meeting of, 444, 445, 446;
  • Brezhnev’s opinion on, 440;
  • criticism of, 458, 459, 463;
  • introduction of martial law, 460–461, 466, 467;
  • letter to Politburo, 468, 469;
  • meeting with Andropov and Ustinov, 449–452;
  • meeting with Gorbachev, 528–529;
  • as nation savior, 492;
  • personality of, 524;
  • political career of, 456;
  • public opinion of, 453;
  • requests for Soviet aid, 453, 470, 474, 475;
  • on role of Armed Forces, 457;
  • round table with opposition, 523, 528;
  • supporters of, 436, 462;
  • telephone conversation with Brezhnev, 456–458
• Jermolavicus, Yu.Yu., 575
• Jerome, Jean, 21
• John Paul II, Pope: assassination attempt of, 64, 69, 208
• Jorgensen, Anker, 318–319
• Judgment in Moscow (Bukovsky), 605, 607, 621, 622–623
• Judgment in Nuremberg (film), 58

K

• Kadar, Janos, 471
• Kafka, Franz, 80
• Kaganovich, Lazar, 103, 117–118
• Kahane, Meir, 220
• Kalinin, Mikhail, 61n44
• Kalugin, Oleg, 53, 102
• Kamkin bookshop, 221
• Kania, Stanislaw:
  • Brest meeting, 444, 445, 449–452;
  • drinking problem of, 446;
  • personality of, 456;
  • political career of, 440;
  • on situation in Poland, 449–450;
  • telephone conversation with Brezhnev, 442, 443
• Kapitonov, Ivan, 166, 264
• Kapitsa, Pyotr, 163
• Kapler, Alexey, 230
• Karabasov, Yuri, 270
• Karachay-Cherkessia Autonomous Region: ethnic conflicts in, 480
• Karmal, Babrak, 358, 359, 373, 379, 511, 512
• Karpov, Vladimir, 248
• Karpovich, Yaroslav, 217
• Katayev, Valentin, 240
• Katushev, Konstantin, 166, 171
• Katyn massacre, 53, 531, 572
• Kazakhstan: ethnic Germans in, 127
• Keldysh, Mstislav, 163
• Kennan, George F., 230
• Kennedy, John F.: assassination of, 64, 69
• Kerensky, Alexander, 307, 358
• Kevorkov, Boris, 299
• KGB:
  • “agents of influence” of, 230–231;
  • annual reports of, 494;
  • archive of, 64, 69, 70;
  • commercial activities of, 24, 564;
  • “compromising measures” of, 229, 230;
  • cooperation with Greek communists, 22;
  • creation of fictional parties, 569;
  • financial resources of, 65;
  • during Gorbachev’s perestroika, 494–495;
  • heads of, 62–63;
  • intelligentsia’s cooperation with, 235, 236;
  • international activities of, 28, 38, 41, 297, 309–311;
  • lawlessness of, 113–114;
  • propaganda work of, 137;
  • prophylactic work of, 125–126;
  • reform of, 69–70;
  • Sinyavsky-Daniel affair and, 143–144;
  • smearing campaign against dissidents, 280–281;
  • struggle against ideological saboteurs, 256–257;
  • Western journalists on payroll of, 81
• Khan, Mohammed Daoud, 358
• Kharchev, Konstantin, 278
• Khazbulatov, Ruslan, 603
• Khnokh, Leib, 156
• Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 606
• Khrushchev, Nikita:
  • belief in the triumph of communism, 108, 204;
  • criticism of, 118–119;
  • foreign policy of, 295, 535;
  • “peaceful coexistence” doctrine, 55, 294;
  • political repressions under, 108–109;
  • rehabilitation campaign, 110–111
• Khrushchev ”thaw”, 105
• Kiesinger, Kurt, 297
• Killanin, Michael Morris, Baron, 388, 389–390
• The Killing Fields (film), 328
• Kirilenko, Andrei:
  • signatures on Politburo documents, 31, 121, 122, 374;
  • on situation in Afghanistan, 359, 361, 366, 367;
  • on situation in Poland, 442, 464, 469;
  • on Solzhenitsyn affair, 162, 164, 167
• Kirillin, Vladimir, 315
• Kirov, Sergey: murder of, 64
• Kissinger, Henry, 306, 338, 339, 557
• Kohl, Helmut, 412, 543, 544, 546, 547
• Kolesnik, Vasily, 376
• Kommunist (journal), 306, 309
• Kopelev, Lev, 244
• Kopelyansky, Daniil, 53
• Korean War, 331
• Kornienko, G.M., 43
• Kornilov, Vladimir, 245
• Kosygin, Alexei:
  • conversations with Taraki, 363–365, 369;
  • economic reforms of, 98;
  • signatures on Politburo documents, 39;
  • on situation in Afghanistan, 361–363, 365, 366–367;
  • on Solzhenitsyn affair, 167–168
• Kovalev, Ivan, 265
• Kovalev, Sergey, 268, 271
• Krasin, Viktor, 216
• Kravchuk, Leonid, 93
• Kravtsov, Boris, 137, 258
• Kreisky,Bruno, 316, 317
• Krenz, Egon, 519, 537, 538, 539, 540–541
• Krochik, Gennady, 271
• Kronstadt uprising, 116
• Kruchina, N., 569
• Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 63, 274, 309, 312, 545, 574
• Kulakov, Mikhail, 278
• Kulikov, Victor, 460, 461, 463
• Kultura (newspaper), 68
• Kunaev, Dinmukhamed, 374
• Kunayev, Stanislav, 246
• Kuron, Jacek, 434, 530
• Kuzin, Mikhail, 430
• Kuznetsov, Anatoly, 236
• Kuznetsov, Eduard, 157, 162, 220, 242n133
• Kuznetsov, Vasily, 264

L

• Landau, Lev, 115–116, 115n71
• Lashkova, Vera, 214, 217–218
• Latvia, 90, 125, 556
• law vs. ideology, 140
• Lebanese communist party, 37
• Lebanon: Soviet military aid to, 37, 521
• Lenin, Vladimir, 131–132, 204, 312, 330, 476
• Leonovich, Vladimir, 245
• Lerner, Alexander, 317
• “Letter of the Ten,” 242, 243, 249
• Leveros, I., 316
• Levich, Eugene, 318
• Liberal Party of Japan, 11
• Ligachev, Yegor, 92, 247, 248, 254, 255, 265, 583
• Lipavsky, S.L., 223, 224
• Literaturnaya gazeta (newspaper), 281
• Lithuania:
  • Chernyaev’s diary on events in, 575–578;
  • democratic opposition in, 556;
  • Gorbachev’s role in events in, 575–576, 577;
  • military operation in, 575;
  • Moscow manifestations in support of, 578–579
• Litvinenko, Alexander, 613, 614n384
• Litvinov, Pavel, 121, 122, 151, 152, 153
• Llewelyn-Davies, Annie Patricia, 315
• Lorenc, Alojz, 518
• Los Angeles Times, 68, 69
• Lown, Bernard, 430
• Lubbers, Ruud, 561
• Lubyanka Building, 61
• Lukyanov, A.I., 574
• Lyubimov, Mikhail, 67
• Lyubimov, Yuri, 160, 242n133, 249

M

• Macmillan, Harold, 592
• Magnitsky, Sergei, 614, 614n384
• Magomedov, Soltan, 376
• Magra GmbH, 21
• Mail on Sunday (newspaper), 53
• Makhov, A.B., 43
• Malenkov, Georgy, 117
• Malone, Thomas, 432
• Manchester: as nuclear-free city, 421
• Mandela, Nelson, 290, 291
• Mandelstam, Osip, 240
• Manhattan Project, 326
• Mao, Zedong, 510
• Marchenko, Anatoly, 153, 156, 235, 260, 265
• Marchuk, Gury, 265
• Markelov, Stanislav, 613, 614n384
• Markov, Georgi: assassination of, 53
• Markov, Georgy, 246, 248
• Marshall Plan, 534
• Marshal Zhukov, (documentary film), 119
• Marxism: roots of, 591–592
• matrioshka principle, 86
• Maurois, M., 560
• Mauroy, Pierre, 560n337
• Maximov, Vladimir, 242n133, 244
• Maxwell, Robert, 23
• Mayakovsky, Vladimir, 112
• Mazowiecki, Tadeusz, 517, 528, 530
• Mazurov, Kirill, 122
• M’Bow, Amadou-Mahtar, 389
• McCarthyism, 326–327
• Meany, George, 352, 353
• Medvedev, Roy, 101
• Medvedev, Vadim, 523, 573
• Medvedev, Zhores:
  • appearance before the US Congress, 345–346, 348–350;
  • on censorship, 346;
  • on communist ideology, 347;
  • criticism of ideas of, 434;
  • deprivation of Soviet citizenship, 345n193;
  • KGB report on, 121;
  • on policy of détente, 346, 348;
  • on political repressions in the USSR, 346;
  • on Soviet democratization, 347–348;
  • on Soviet foreign policy, 349;
  • on US-Soviet relations, 350;
  • written statement to the Senate committee, 347–348
• Melechnikov, A.: “No Statute of Limitations,” 89–90
• Mendoza, R., 23
• Mensheviks (political party), 307, 312
• Mezhdunarodnaya kniga (foreign trading agency), 24, 25
• Michnik, Adam, 466, 530, 531
• Mikardo, Ian, 318
• Mikoyan, Anastas, 72, 122
• Milewski, Miroslaw, 461
• Millionshchikov, Mikhail, 335
• Milshtein, Solomon, 105
• Mitterrand, Francois:
  • conversations with Gorbachev, 536, 552, 556, 562;
  • on Eastern Europe, 563;
  • on European Economic Community, 556;
  • on German question, 537;
  • on relations between France and USSR, 563;
  • support of strong Soviet Union, 625
• Modrow, Hans, 545, 547
• Moldova: ethnic Germans in, 127
• Molotov, Vyacheslav, 117, 117n72, 118
• Moroz, Valentin, 156, 325n173
• Moscow:
  • after 1991 coup, 61–62, 93–94;
  • anti-communist demonstration in, 578–579
• Moscow Helsinki Group:
  • arrest of members of, 302;
  • international reaction to arrest of members of, 315–316;
  • persecution of members of, 153–154, 312, 314–315, 320–321, 351;
  • trial of, 228, 320, 384
• Moscow News (newspaper), 242, 243, 249
• Moscow Olympic Games, 228
• Mozambique Liberation Front, 13
• Mozhayev, Boris, 245
• Muller, Jim, 430
• Myasnikov, Georg, 230, 271

N

• Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, 251, 569
• Najibullah, Mokhammad, 512, 514
• Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 557
• Nation (newspaper), 280, 281
• National Academy of Sciences (NAS) of the USA, 432, 433
• National Endowment for Democracy, 279
• Natorf, W., 531
• Natta, Alessandro, 18, 553–554
• Navalny, Alexei, 613
• Neizvestny, Ernst, 160, 206–207, 242n133
• Nekipelov, Victor, 265
• Nemtsov, Boris, 613, 614n384
• Neue Gesellschaft (journal), 306
• New Economic Policy (NEP), 294, 308–309
• New Era Books & Records, 25
• new world order, emergence of, 59
• New York Times, 11, 44, 157, 281
• Nicaragua, 33, 35
• Nikolayeva-Tereshkova, Valentina, 422
• Nixon, Richard:
  • on arms control, 339;
  • on decline of American power, 341;
  • on détente, 306, 337;
  • domestic affairs, 341;
  • foreign policy of, 337–338;
  • on puzzles of Soviet behavior, 591;
  • on Soviet trade, 338;
  • on US-Soviet relations, 336
• Nixon-Kissinger strategy, 338–339
• NKVD (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs), 53, see also KGB
• nomenklatura, 61, 61n43, 76–77
• nonconformist exhibition in Izmaylovsky Park (Bulldozer Exhibition), 131
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 394, 398, 399, 403–406, 535–536, 539, 542
• “No Statute of Limitations” (Melechnikov), 89–90
• Novodvorskaya, Valeriya, 271
• Novo-Ogarevo Agreement, 580
• Novosti Press Agency (APN), 42–43, 44, 45, 334, 407
• Novoye vremya (journal), 220, 243, 281, 282
• NTS (National Alliance of Russian Solidarists):
  • dissidents’ relations with, 167, 212–213, 216–217;
  • Ginzburg-Galanskov trial and, 216;
  • KGB infiltration in, 216;
  • KGB reports on, 211;
  • methods employed by, 213, 214;
  • principles of, 212;
  • publishing activities of, 211, 215, 217;
  • roots of, 211–212;
  • schism in, 212
• nuclear debates, 428–429
• nuclear-free zones, 420, 421
• Nuremberg Trials, 54, 57–58

O

• Obasanjo, Olusegun, 46
• Ogarkov, Nikolai, 373
• Ogonyok (journal), 67, 243
• Ogorodnikov, Alexander, 271
• Okudzhava, Bulat, 245
• Oleynik, B.I., 577
• Olszowski, Stefan, 452
• Olympic Games in Moscow:
  • arrests of dissidents before, 156, 386;
  • athletes’ attitudes to, 386;
  • boycott of, 54, 383, 384, 387–388;
  • cultural program of, 45, 385;
  • security measures during, 385–386;
  • Soviet propaganda about, 389;
  • supporters of, 391
• Olympic Village, 385
• Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 326
• Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), 163n108
• Orlov, Yuri, 153, 158, 242n133, 275, 312, 313, 314, 315, 384
• Orlov affair, 313–315, 316–317
• Orwell, George, 66, 324
• Osipov, Alexey, 265
• Osnos, Peter, 224
• Oswald, Lee Harvey, 69
• Ovchinnikov, Yuri, 430
• Ovett, Steve, 386–387
• Owen, David, 46, 47, 315

P

• Pacera, Ion, 519
• Packwood, Bob, 352
• Pakistan, 359–360, 361, 362, 365, 367, 371, 511, 513, 514
• Palanga Travel company, 21
• Palme, Olof Sven Joachim, 46
• Palme Commission in Sweden, 623
• Panhellenic Socialist Movement party (PASOK), 396
• Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) in Germany, 547–548
• Pasternak, Boris: Doctor Zhivago, 327–328
• “A Pastoral Letter on War and Peace,” 432
• Pastukhov, Boris, 423, 424
• Patolichev, Nikolai, 19
• Pavlinchuk, Valery, 121
• Pavlov, A., 569
• peaceful coexistence, principle of, 55
• peace movement:
  • American clergy and, 432;
  • emergence of, 222;
  • funding of, 49, 417, 422–426;
  • international participants of, 417–418;
  • leftist intelligentsia and, 400–401;
  • physicians and, 429–432;
  • social democrats and, 397–398;
  • Soviet manipulation of, 46, 398–399, 400, 402, 407–408, 412, 416–417;
  • spread of, 45–46, 434
• Pelse, Arvids, 122, 374
• Penson, Boris, 156
• People’s Party of Panama, 30
• perestroika:
  • controlled opposition during, 273;
  • dissidents and, 267;
  • end of, 567;
  • failure of, 505;
  • intelligentsia and, 284;
  • Soviet propaganda of, 250, 272;
  • Western perception of, 269, 491;
  • Willy Brandt on, 556;
  • workers’ attitude towards, 566
• personality cult, 57
• Petersen, Arne, 402
• Petrovsky, Boris, 429
• Phomvihane, K., 524, 525
• “Physicians for Nuclear Disarmament” international movement, 431
• Pikhoya, Rudolf, 71, 75, 79, 86–87
• Pilsudski, Jozef, 460
• Pinochet, Augusto, 521
• Pipes, Richard, 275
• Pisarevsky, Dmitry, 230
• Platonov, Andrei, 240
• Plissonnier, Gaston, 17
• Plyushch, Leonid, 242n133, 275
• Podgorny, Nikolai, 39, 162, 165, 168–169, 170
• Poland:
  • Bydgoszcz conflict in, 445, 449, 452;
  • Catholic Church in, 531–532;
  • economic development of, 470, 473, 474–475, 528–529;
  • fall of communist regime in, 520;
  • Gdansk agreements, 439;
  • KGB presence in, 442;
  • martial law in, 436, 450, 465, 466–467;
  • national front for salvation of, 451;
  • Politburo’s discussions of situation in, 447–448, 455–456, 459–464, 466–467;
  • political crisis in, 436–437, 444;
  • political liberalization of, 517, 526, 529;
  • round-table discussions in, 615–616;
  • Soviet aid to, 446, 452–453, 468–469, 470–474, 475;
  • threat of a Soviet invasion of, 436, 442–443, 451, 453, 465;
  • tourist exchange with, 446;
  • workers’ movement in, 437–438
• Polikanov, Sergei, 161
• Polischuk, Lev, 258
• Polish United Workers’ Party (PZPR), 442, 455, 462, 475, 531
• Politburo:
  • archive of, 4, 83;
  • directive to Soviet ambassadors, 181–183;
  • “doves” and “hawks” in, 350–351;
  • Gorbachev’s appointments to, 574
• Politburo’s discussions and resolutions:
  • on Bukovsky affair, 218–219;
  • on class struggle, 204–205, 210–211;
  • on deprivation of residential registration, 151–152;
  • on financial support of fraternal parties, 18–19, 36, 176, 177–179;
  • on foreign policy after Reykjavik summit, 502–504;
  • on German unification, 536;
  • on Gorbachev’s election as General Secretary, 252–254;
  • on Marchenko and Gabay, 153;
  • on measures against NATO, 393–396;
  • on Moscow Olympics, 388;
  • “On a response to the proposals made by the Minister of Justice of the USA,” 219–220;
  • “On measures regarding the persecution of the Party of Democratic Socialism (GDR),” 547–548;
  • on operative-chekist measures, 234;
  • on political prisoners, 257–258;
  • regarding China, 393;
  • on reinstatement of Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich in the party, 117–119;
  • on Rostropovich and Vishnevskaya, 159–160;
  • on Sakharov affair, 161, 262–264;
  • on Sinyavsky affair, 232;
  • on situation in Afghanistan, 359–363, 365–367, 368, 369, 370–371, 374–375, 380, 381, 391, 392, 511–516;
  • on situation in Lithuania, 575;
  • on situation in Poland, 439, 440–442, 443–446, 447, 449–453, 454–464, 466–469, 470–476;
  • on Solzhenitsyn affair, 162–170, 171;
  • on state of emergency in Azerbaijan, 573;
  • on Tiananmen Square events, 572;
  • on West European direction of foreign policy, 550–553
• political prisoners:
  • Politburo discussion of, 257–258;
  • psychological pressure on, 259–260;
  • release of, 260, 261–262, 266–267;
  • review of cases of, 260–262;
  • statistics of, 123, 124
• Politkovskaya, Anna, 613, 614n384
• Polyansky, Dmitry, 169
• Ponomarev, Boris, 19, 35, 121, 309, 320;
  • disarmament movement and, 401;
  • move for Bukovsky exchange, 158;
  • report on situation in Afghanistan, 370;
  • on situation in Poland, 441, 446–447;
  • on war in Afghanistan, 391
• Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 38–39
• post-Soviet Russia:
  • Chechen Wars, 606;
  • economic reforms in, 564–566, 605–606;
  • influence of communism in, 605;
  • political development of, 92–93;
  • rise of new elite in, 606–607;
  • terrorism in, 606;
  • transition to democracy, 85
• Pound, Ezra, 237
• Pozner, Vladimir, 237–238
• Pozsgay, Imre, 533
• Prague Spring, 532, 533
• Pravda (newspaper), 22, 242, 243, 387, 565
• Presel, Joseph, 223, 224
• Presidential Archive (former archive of the Politburo), 493
• Primakov, Yevgeny, 69, 335, 350, 577
• Pristavkin, Anatoly, 245
• Prodag company, 23
• Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon, 37
• Prunskienė, Kazimiera, 576
• psychiatry: misuse of, 202
• PTV Productions Inc., 45
• Pugwash Conference, 42n32, 335, 429, 643
• Putin, Vladimir:
  • domestic policy, 606–607;
  • election campaigns, 606, 607, 613
• Putin’s regime:
  • call for a trial of, 616–617;
  • crimes of, 613–614, 615, 617;
  • inevitability of confrontation with, 618–619;
  • opponents of, 624;
  • resilience of, 618

R

• racism, 56
• Rakowski, Mieczyslaw, 529–532
• Random House, 48, 52
• Rasputin, Vladimir, 246
• Ratushinskaya, Irina, 259
• Reagan, Ronald:
  • anticommunist strategy of, 485, 488;
  • foreign policy, 33, 96, 355, 587, 589;
  • Gorbachev’s reforms and, 269, 270, 584;
  • rise to power, 412;
  • on Soviet propaganda, 336
• Reagan doctrine, 488, 596
• refuseniks, 157–158
• Rekunkov, Alexander, 137, 258, 260
• Remiggio, L., 19
• revolutions: roots of, 98
• Reykjavík Summit, 501
• Rickett, Eva Collet, 25n20
• Rockefeller, David, 557
• Rola-Żymierski, Michał, 451
• Romania:
  • authoritarian rule in, 527;
  • fall of communist regime in, 517, 519
• Romanov, Grigory, 119, 239, 252, 374
• Roschin, Valery, 245
• Roshchin, Mikhail, 245
• Rostropovich, Mstislav, 159–160
• Rothschild, Leopold, 572
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 325
• Rozanova-Kruglikova, Maria, 232, 233, 234–235
• Rozhdestvensky, Robert, 246–247
• Rudenko, Roman, 143, 154, 170, 171
• Ruiz, Henri, 34, 35
• Rural Solidarity, 445n287
• Rusakov, K.V., 441, 459–460, 471, 472, 473, 475
• Russkaya mysl (newspaper), 162
• Rutskoy, Alexander, 602–603
• Rybakov, Anatoly, 244
• Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 26, 263, 503, 504, 545, 574

S

• Sadunaite, Nijole, 271
• Sakharov, Andrei:
  • advocacy for political prisoners, 265;
  • arrest of, 381;
  • at the Congress of People’s Deputies of the USSR, 267;
  • exile of, 161, 228, 262, 381, 432;
  • Gorbachev’s reforms and, 102, 270;
  • hunger strike of, 433;
  • international reaction to exile of, 433;
  • KGB surveillance of, 225–226, 264;
  • Politburo discussion of, 262–264, 265–266;
  • release of, 587;
  • Soviet propaganda and, 164;
  • on US-Soviet relations, 348
• Salsbury, Harrison, 230
• SALT II (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks), 47, 412
• samizdat literature, 128–130, 486
• Sandinista National Liberation Front (SNLF) of Nicaragua, 33–34
• Sartakov, Sergei, 239
• Sartre, Jean-Paul, 344
• Saudi Arabia, 488, 489–490
• Savitch, Jessica, 220, 282
• Schelokov, Nikolai, 124
• Schepochkin, Pyotr, 238
• Schmidt, Helmut, 301, 304, 435
• Schweitzer, Peter, 488
• SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany), 537, 543, 545, 546
• Semichastny, Vladimir, 110, 111, 143
• Serov, Ivan, 107, 115
• Sharansky, Anatoly:
  • accusations of espionage, 154–155, 224;
  • American media on, 223, 225;
  • discreditation campaign of, 229;
  • exchange of, 228;
  • Western reaction to arrest of, 225–227
• Shatunovskaya, Olga, 170
• Shchekochikhin, Yuri, 613, 614n384
• Shcherbitsky, Vladimir, 257, 376
• Shebarshin, Leonid, 67
• Sheffield: as nuclear-free city, 421
• Shelepin, Alexander, 117, 119, 169
• Shenin, Oleg, 564
• Shevardnadze, Eduard, 263, 270–271, 530, 544–545, 551, 574
• Shikhanovich, Yuri, 265
• Sholokhov, Mikhail, 72
• Short, Edward, 318
• Simpson, William, 318
• Sinyavsky, Andrei:
  • behavior in the labor camp, 231, 232;
  • compromising measures against, 233;
  • pardon of, 232;
  • return to the USSR, 267;
  • sentence of, 231, 232;
  • travel to France, 233–234
• Sinyavsky-Daniel trial, 143–148, 235
• “slander of socialist reality,” 202–203
• Slavist scholars, 231
• Slepak, Vladimir, 317
• Smirnov, Lev Nikolayevich, 144
• Smolsky, P., 34
• Snegov, Alexey, 170
• Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD):
  • advocacy for Common European Centre, 560;
  • decline of, 303–304;
  • Friedrich Ebert Fund of, 306;
  • influence in GDR, 543–544;
  • leaders of, 301;
  • Ostpolitik of, 9, 296, 297–298, 304, 305, 306
• socialism:
  • crisis of, 476–477, 485, 486, 532–533;
  • influence of, 308;
  • Soviet model of, 484
• socialism with a human face, 307
• socialist countries:
  • crisis of, 516, 567–568;
  • foreign debt of, 525;
  • Polish crisis and, 469–470, 471, 472–473, 477;
  • political development of, 526–527;
  • relations with USSR, 524–526, 533–534, 545–546, 560–561;
  • round table experiments in, 528, 602
• socialist democrats in Western Europe:
  • drift to the left, 307–308;
  • KGB infiltration into, 312, 319;
  • rapprochement with Moscow, 308–309, 319–320
• Socialist International:
  • conferences of, 309–310, 320, 396, 397, 498;
  • differences within, 498–499;
  • Gorbachev’s reforms and, 559;
  • leaders of, 498;
  • political activities of, 499–500;
  • youth organizations and, 499
• Socialist Party of Australia, 21, 25
• socialist pluralism, 569
• Sokolov, Sergey, 264, 551
• Solidarity (Polish trade union):
  • “Appeal to the Workers of Eastern Europe,” 447;
  • creation of, 438;
  • election in Sejm, 517;
  • influence of, 255, 443, 446–447, 460, 461, 462;
  • international support of, 436;
  • main center of, 530;
  • martial law and, 466;
  • membership, 529;
  • party leaders’ negotiations with, 444–445, 453;
  • Soviet propaganda on, 437;
  • strikes organized by, 458;
  • support of the Church, 531, see also Rural Solidarity
• Solomentsev, Mikhail, 166–167, 247, 255, 502, 503
• Soloukhin, Vladimir, 230, 244
• Solzhenitsyn, Alexander:
  • attacks of intellectuals on, 96, 97;
  • August 1914, 163;
  • dissemination of works of, 121, 588;
  • expulsion from the USSR, 172, 299, 300;
  • The First Circle, 121;
  • The Gulag Archipelago, 162, 163–164, 203;
  • KGB reports on, 244;
  • “Letter to the Leaders of the Soviet Union,” 96;
  • Nobel Prize laureate, 163;
  • The Oak and the Calf, 95;
  • “October 1917,” 164;
  • persecution of, 96;
  • Politburo discussion of, 162–170, 171;
  • on smatterers, 427–428;
  • support of Soviet writers by, 244–245;
  • on transition from totalitarianism to democracy, 96;
  • on “young reformers” in Russia, 605
• Soprunenko, Pyotr, 53
• Sorsa, Kalevi, 6–7, 393, 394–396, 498
• South Yemen, 392
• Soviet-Afghan War:
  • beginning of, 376–377, 380–381, 383;
  • disarmament process and, 411;
  • international reaction on, 381, 383, 396–397;
  • Moscow Olympics and, 390;
  • Operation Storm-333, 374–379, 375–379;
  • Operation X, 460, 461;
  • Soviet press on, 380
• Soviet-American conference of physicians and doctors (1981), 431
• Soviet Cinematography Committee, 623
• Soviet citizens of ethnic German origin, 127
• Soviet Committee of Solidarity of Asian and African Countries, 393
• Soviet Committee of War Veterans, 401
• Soviet economy:
  • crisis of, 484, 486, 571–572;
  • party management of, 483;
  • reforms of, 566–567;
  • role of oil industry in, 489, 490;
  • shadow industry in, 479
• Soviet intelligence, 64–65, 494–495, 496
• Soviet intelligentsia:
  • cooperation with KGB, 235, 236;
  • “glasnost” and, 242, 248–249;
  • letter in support of French Communist Party, 239–240;
  • opposition within, 240, 244–245;
  • perestroika and, 284;
  • qualities of, 100, 101, 426–427;
  • relations with the Soviet state, 238, 239–241, 246, 250
• Soviet jokes, 5, 157
• Soviet Peace Fund, 401, 426
• Soviet people:
  • perception of business activities by, 85–86;
  • qualities of, 84, 113
• Soviet propaganda:
  • effect of, 222, 225;
  • spread of, 24–25, 221–222, 224, 333;
  • in tourist industry, 335–336;
  • in Western mass media, 42, 43–44, 45, 333–334
• Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, 26
• Soviet regime:
  • conservatism of, 98;
  • decline of support of, 137;
  • relations with the law, 139–140;
  • scarcity of opposition to, 138;
  • Western perception of, 308, 592
• Soviet Union, see USSR
• Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE), 559
• Der Spiegel, 10
• Spitak earthquake, 572
• Stalin, Joseph:
  • Berlin crisis and, 331;
  • enemies of, 210;
  • foreign policy of, 330, 342;
  • patriotic propaganda of, 114;
  • personality of, 204;
  • plans for German reunification, 534, 545;
  • during Second World War, 476;
  • Western perception of, 342
• Stalin’s political repressions:
  • acts of heroism during, 113–114;
  • communist leaders affected by, 105;
  • condemnation of, 91;
  • fabrication of accusatory materials during, 105–106;
  • in the Far East, 105–106;
  • investigation of, 105–106;
  • against kulaks, 103–104, 107;
  • legends about, 110;
  • mass executions during, 104;
  • of prisoners of war, 105;
  • scale of, 103, 104–105, 108;
  • secret mass graves, 110;
  • against sectarians, 107;
  • sense of guilt for, 141–142;
  • social effect of, 142
• Starovoitova, Galina, 613, 614n384
• State Press Committee, 334
• Steen, R., 316
• Stiglitz, Natalya, 229
• Stoph, Willi, 537
• Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 404, 488
• Stroilov, Pavel, 493, 523
• Sudoplatov, Pavel, 53, 326
• Sunday Mirror, 315
• Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, 579, 602
• Suslov, Mikhail:
  • documents signed by, 39, 121;
  • on invasion of Afghanistan, 374;
  • on situation in Poland, 441, 452, 463–464, 469;
  • on Solzhenitsyn case, 162, 164, 166
• Svetov, Felix, 244
• Switzerland’s neutrality policy, 412
• Szilard, Leo, 326

T

• Talbott, Strobe, 251
• Taraki, Nur Muhammad:
  • conversations with Kosygin, 363–365, 369;
  • death of, 371;
  • Soviet support of, 358, 360–361, 362–363, 368
• Tarkovsky, Andrei, 160, 240
• Tarsis, Valery, 156
• TASS (Soviet news agency), 44, 380, 407, 573
• Tbillisi demonstration, 568
• telephone law, 140
• Temushkin, Oleg, 144
• Terebilov, Vladimir, 137, 258
• Ter-Petrosyan, Levon, 577
• Thames Television, 44
• Thatcher, Margaret:
  • antisocialist policies of, 485, 590;
  • foreign policy of, 96, 355, 541, 542, 587;
  • Gorbachev’s reforms and, 269, 270, 542, 583–584, 589, 592;
  • political views of, 292, 625;
  • Soviet people’s perception of, 584
• Thompson, E.P., 433, 434, 436
• Tiananmen Square massacre, 572
• Tikhonov, Nikolai, 117–119, 120, 252, 374, 441, 448, 464, 468
• Time (magazine), 251
• The Times, 242
• Timofeyev, Lev, 268, 271
• Tokes, Laszlo, 517
• Tolkachev, Adolf, 258
• Trifonov, Yury, 240
• Trilateral Commission, 557
• troikas, 103, 104
• Truman, Harry, 342, 404
• “Trust Group,” 271
• Tsvigun, Semyon, 22
• “twinned cities,” system of, 420–421
• Two Questions to the President (television program), 77

U

• UNESCO:
  • annual budget of, 410;
  • Soviet influence in, 409–410
• UNESCO International Year of the Child, 410
• Union of Writers of the RSFSR, 236, 244, 246–248
• United States:
  • Arab oil boycott and, 331;
  • consideration of withdrawal from the Helsinki Accords, 351–352;
  • defeat in Southeast Asia, 340;
  • in European imagination, 325;
  • European policy of, 557, 585–586;
  • foreign policy, 331, 488–489, 586–587, 588;
  • Hollywood films, 327, 328, 429, 623;
  • idea of human rights in, 351;
  • intellectuals in, 324, 325–326;
  • international campaign against, 393;
  • Jackson amendment, 343–350;
  • as land of conformists, 323;
  • liberal foundations in, 429;
  • manipulation of oil market by, 488, 489–490;
  • mass media in, 323;
  • McCarthyism in, 326–327;
  • Nixon-Kissinger strategy, 338–339;
  • peace movement in, 429–430, 431;
  • “Physicians for Social Responsibility” movement in, 429–430;
  • political culture in, 321, 322–323;
  • practice of mass brainwashing in, 429;
  • pro-Soviet attitudes in, 328–329, 331;
  • referendums in California and Massachusetts, 595–596;
  • Soviet propaganda in, 336;
  • Soviet tourists in, 336;
  • “Star Wars” (SDI) program, 501;
  • unhappy population of, 323–324
• UONovites, 163
• US-Soviet relations:
  • “doctrine of moral equivalence” in, 342–343;
  • Gorbachev’s assessment of, 502–504;
  • Politburo’s discussion of, 502–504;
  • scientific cooperation in, 354, 432
• USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics):
  • aid to fraternal parties, 12–15, 17, 18, 24–27, 29–33, 520–521, 522–523;
  • aid to Poland, 468–469, 470–471, 473–474, 475;
  • average salary in, 426;
  • border security of, 496;
  • consumer goods shortages in, 477–479;
  • control of oil resources, 355;
  • corruption in, 479;
  • crime in, 114–115, 136;
  • democratic movement in, 602;
  • disarmament initiatives of, 46, 404;
  • discussions about the future of, 96–97;
  • disintegration of, 95, 479, 491–492, 568–569, 599–600, 624;
  • ethnic conflicts in, 479–480, 569;
  • European affairs, 6–7, 8, 9–10, 404–406, 534–536, 538–539, 549, 550–553;
  • everyday life in, 111–112;
  • financial crisis of, 587, 593;
  • First Five Year Plan, 66n48;
  • foreign firms traded with, 23, 24;
  • foreign policy of, 37, 40–41, 297, 329–331, 336, 340, 392–393, 401;
  • general strike in, 602;
  • heroic bravado in, 112–113;
  • ideology of, 591;
  • increase of mental illness in, 204;
  • intelligence, 405–406;
  • juvenile prisoners in, 115;
  • military expenses of, 484;
  • nationalistic movements in, 128, 496–497;
  • nuclear disarmament policy, 402–404;
  • opposition within, 572–574, 578–579;
  • political reforms in, 15;
  • propaganda campaigns of, 26, 42, 43–45;
  • residential registration in, 152;
  • retail prices in, 481–483;
  • sale of gold reserve of, 572;
  • scientific boycott of, 351, 354;
  • socialist democracy in, 203;
  • standard of living in, 346;
  • strategic advantages of, 339;
  • “struggle for peace,” 397–398, 400–401, 425–426;
  • support of socialist countries, 471–472;
  • tourist industry, 335–336;
  • trade policy, 338, 344–345, 350;
  • trade unions, 580, 590;
  • Western campaign for human rights in, 181–183, 223, 226, 228, 300–301;
  • Western policy towards, 95, 96, 295, 592–593;
  • Western scholars in, 231
• USSR Committee for State Security files, 9–10, 28–29, 30, 36–37
• Ustinov, Dmitry:
  • Brest meeting of, 449–452;
  • on Molotov’s reinstatement in the party, 117;
  • opinion on Khrushchev, 118, 119;
  • on renaming Volgograd to Stalingrad, 119;
  • on situation in Poland, 440–442, 445–446, 458–459, 462;
  • on Solzhenitsyn case, 165;
  • Soviet-Afghan war and, 361, 363, 365–366, 374–375, 391
• Uyl, Joop den, 46
• Uzbek case, 479

V

• Vance, Cyrus, 46, 52, 180, 224, 225, 226, 301, 623
• Vanden Heuvel, Katrina, 281
• Vechernyaya Moskva (newspaper), 89
• Velikhov’s Fund for the Survival of Humanity, 577
• Velvet Revolution in Eastern Europe, 516, 518, 520, 528, 533
• Venclova, Tomas, 154
• Victor Kamkin Bookstore, 25
• Vietnam War, 328, 331
• Vikremasinghe, Sugiswara Abeywardena, 13
• Vinogradov, Vladimir, 366
• Vins, Georgi, 156, 157
• Vishnevskaya, Galina, 159–160
• Vladimir Prison: dissidents in, 124–125
• Vladimov, Georgi, 244
• Vlasovites, 163, 163n108
• Vogel, Hans-Jochen, 572
• Voinovich, Vladimir, 245
• Volkogonov, Dmitri, 70
• Voroshilov, Kliment, 72
• Vorotnokov, Vitaly, 247
• Voslensky, Mikhail, 298, 298n145
• Voznesensky, Andrei, 246
• Vyshinsky, Andrey, 104
• Vysotsky, Vladimir, 60, 60n42, 238, 312

W

• Waldheim, Kurt, 8
• Walesa, Lech, 447, 528, 529, 530
• Wallenberg, Raoul, 53
• “Warsaw-90” training and coordination center, 600
• Warsaw Pact, 404, 539, 542, 543, 549
• Weekend Television, 45
• Weinstein, Leon, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626
• Werner, H., 305
• Western banks loans to the Third World countries, 292
• Western communist parties:
  • criticism of CPSU, 180;
  • influence of, 553–554;
  • Soviet funding of, 12–13, 15–16, 17–18, 26–27, 564
• Western democracy: “Marxist” understanding of, 343–344
• Western Europe:
  • deployment of American missiles in, 413;
  • integration of, 535, 549–550, 557–558, 559;
  • movement for nuclear-free, 420
• Western mass media, 44, 45, 136, 279
• West German Greens, 402
• West Germany, see Federal Republic of Germany (FRG)
• Wojtyla, Karol, 208
• World Council of Churches, 393
• World Forum of Youth and Students for Peace, Détente and Disarmament, 423–425
• World Parliament of Peoples for Peace, 413–414, 415, 418
• World Peace Council, 401, 407, 411, 417, 418

Y

• Yakir, Pyotr, 121, 151–152, 153, 216
• Yakovlev, Alexander:
  • on aid to fraternal parties, 522;
  • criticism of, 145;
  • encounter with Bukovsky, 523;
  • on European policy, 552–553;
  • events in Lithuania and, 577;
  • as foreman of perestroika, 149;
  • on German reunification, 545;
  • as head of committee on the socialist countries, 523;
  • meeting with Brzezinski, 538;
  • political career of, 144, 526;
  • propagandistic work of, 243;
  • report on Congress of writers, 246–247;
  • report on political opposition, 268–269, 270–271;
  • retirement of, 150;
  • on US-Soviet relations, 502;
  • on Zhirinovsky, 250
• Yakovlev, Yegor, 61, 61n45
• Yakunin, Gleb, 102
• Yanayev, G.I., 579
• Yanikos, Yannis, 22
• Yazov, D.T., 574
• Yeltsin, Boris:
  • appointment of Bakatin as head of KGB, 62;
  • attitude to KGB reform, 70;
  • drinking problem, 76;
  • fear of communists, 81;
  • first hundred days in power, 76;
  • popular support of, 579, 606;
  • raise to power, 579;
  • relations with Gorbachev, 580, 602, 603;
  • release of political prisoners by, 262
• Yermash, F.T., 48
• Yevtushenko, Yevgeny, 246;
  • “The Northern Bonus,” 238–239
• Yezhov, Nikolai, 104
• Youth (journal), 236, 238–239
• Yushenkov, Sergei, 613, 614n384
• Yutkevich, Sergei, 240
• Yuvenaly, Metropolitan of Krutitsy and Kolomna, 278

Z

• Zagladin, Vadim, 19, 428, 558
• Zaikov, Lev, 255
• Zakharov, Gennadi, 158
• Zalmanson, Sylva, 156
• Zalygin, Sergei, 246, 247
• Zamyatin, Leonid, 367
• Zaychikov, V., 43
• Zedtwitz-Arnim, Georg-Volkmar, 9
• Zhdanova, Ekaterina, 229
• Zhirinovsky, Vladimir, 250–251
• Zhivkov, Todor, 452, 471
• Zia-ul-Haq, Mohammad, 597
• Zimyanin, Mikhail, 31, 247, 263, 448
• Zinoviev, Alexander, 97, 100, 207, 242n133
• Zinoviev, Olga, 242n133
• Zoetrope Studios, 47
• Zorkin, Valery, 88
• Zubatov, Sergei, 569