1. ParchAA, R100702. From a July 28, 1942, note by Fritz Grobba we infer that the visit described here took place between June 26 and July 17, 1942.
2. According to one document, the visitors were “three of al-Kailani’s men.” Grobba said it was “three staffers of al-Kailani and one of al-Husaini” and on a third occasion the document referred to “four Arabs.” PArchAA, R100702, F1784–85, Zu Pol VII 6447g II, B611978, “Notiz für Gesandschaftsrat Granow, drei Begleiter al-Kailanis, bedauerlich, zumal Herr RAM sich angeschlossen hat, solche Einrichtungen nicht zu zeigen, Berlin, 06.06.1942, gez. Gödde.” PArchAA, R100702, F1784–85, Zu Pol VII 6447g I Metropol: I, B611979.
3. Günter Morsch and Astrid Ley, eds., Das Konzentrationslager Sachsenhausen 1936–1945 (Berlin: Metropol, 2008), 170, 176, 178.
4. “On the visit of four Arabs to the concentration camp ‘Sachsenhausen’ near Oranienburg,” Berlin, July 17, 1942. See also Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, ed., Germany and the Middle East, 1871–1945 (Princeton: Wiener, 2004), 218–220.
5. Morsch and Ley, Das Konzentrationslager Sachsenhausen, 101–110.
6. Amin al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 74.
7. PArchAA, R100702, F1784–85, “Wunsch Kailanis ein KZ zu besichtigen, Berlin, 6/26/42, gez. Grobba.”
8. PArchAA, R100702, F1784–85, “Wunsch Kailanis ein KZ zu besichtigen, Berlin, 6/26/42, gez. Grobba.”
9. PArchAA, R100702, F1784–85, Zu Pol VII 6447g II, B611976, “Notiz für Herrn Grobba (im Auftrag von U.St.S. Martin Luther), Geheim, Berlin, 7/24/1942, gez. Gödde.”
10. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Boston: Mariner, 1999), 307; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 94, 414–415.
11. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 610, 619.
12. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 73.
13. “Ein Angebot an die zuständigen Stellen in Deutschland,” Akten zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik, 63 vols. (Baden-Baden: Imprimerie Nationale, 1950–1996), ser. D, 5:655–656 (offer for agreement, nine points by the Grand Mufti and Syrian Arabs); “Islam und Judentum,” in Islam—Bolschewismus, ed. Muhammad Sabri (Berlin: Junker und Dünnhaupt, 1938), 22–32 (grand mufti’s call to the Islamic world of 1937).
14. PArchAA, N6, R104795, “Aufzeichnung, Empfang des Sondergesandten von König Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud auf dem Berghofe des Königlichen Rats Khalid Al Hud al-Qarqani, Berlin 20.06.1939, gez. Hentig.”
15. PArchWGS, Jewish Question, Hermann Göring to Reinhard Heydrich, Berlin, July 31, 1941, signed Göring.
16. PArchWGS, Office Of Chief Of Counsel For War Crimes, Doc. No. NG-5462–5570, Eidesstattliche Erklärung (sworn statement on financial affairs of Germany’s Arab guests), Carl Rekowski, Bremen, October 5, 1947, 1–10.
17. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Gold, Bankiers und Diplomaten: Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Orientbank 1906–1946 (Berlin: Trafo, 2002), 100, 113, 148, 299.
18. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 104.
19. Ibid., 107.
20. Ibid., 105.
21. USArchII, T120, R901, F61123, “Entwurf eines dem Sekretär des Groß-muftis mitzugebenden Schreibens im Namen des Führers als Antwort auf den Brief vom 20.01.1941, geheim, Berlin, März 1941 [later dated April 8, 1941], gez. Weizsäcker.”
22. German-Italian broadcast declaration on Arab independence, aired October 21, 1941.
23. USArchII, T120, R901, F61123, “Die Person des Großmufti, geheime Reichssache, Berlin, März 1941,” 72–73.
24. H. R. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–1944, rev. ed. (New York: Enigma, 2008), 412.
25. USArchII, RG165, B3055, OSS code cablegram, “Grand Mufti, Cairo, confidential,” May 19, 1941.
26. USArchII, T120, R63571, R50682, “Der Großmufti von Jerusalem,” Berlin, 11/28/41”; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 108.
27. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 113.
28. Ibid.
29. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk, 412.
30. BArchPAA, F56474, Bericht, 351003–351007.
31. Corry Guttstadt, Die Türkei, die Juden und der Holocaust (Hamburg: Assoziation A, 2008), 248, 256.
32. Ibid.
33. PArchWGS, protocol of the Wannsee Conference, Berlin-Wannsee, January 20, 1942, online at http://www.ghwk.de/fileadmin/user_upload/pdf-wannsee/protokoll-januar1942.pdf.
34. “Betr. Grossmufti von Jerusalem,” written statement by Wisliceny at Nuremberg, July 26, 1946, in Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Amin al-Husaini und das Dritte Reich (Lawrenceville, N.J., 2008), http://www.trafoberlin.de/pdf-Neu/Amin%20al-Husaini%20und%20das%20Dritte%20Reich%20WGS.pdf, 1–10.
35. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: “Amin al-Husaini and the Holocaust: What Did the Grand Mufti Know?” World Politics Review Exclusive, May 8, 2008, http://www.trafoberlin.de/pdf-Neu/Amin%20al-Husaini%20and%20the%20Holocaust.pdf, 1–10.
36. Schwanitz, Germany and the Middle East, 218–220.
37. Morsch and Ley, Das Konzentrationslager Sachsenhausen, 174.
38. PArchAA, R100702, F1784–85, Zu Pol VII 6447g II, B611976.
39. PArchAA, R100702, F1784–85, Zu Pol VII 6447g II, B611977.
40. Astrid Ley and Günther Morsch, eds., Medizin und Verbrechen: Das Krankenrevier des KZ Sachsenhausen 1936–1945 (Berlin: Metropol, 2007), 391–392.
1. “Bismarck im Reichstag, 06.02.1888,” in Otto von Bismarck: Dokumente seines Lebens, ed. Heinz Wolter (Leipzig: Reclam, 1989), 401–403. See also Friedrich Scherer, Adler und Halbmond: Bismarck und der Orient 1878–1890 (Pader-born: Schöningh, 2001); Konrad Canis, Bismarcks Außenpolitik 1870–1890: Aufstieg und Gefährdung (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2004).
2. Bismarck quoted in Gregor Schöllgen, Imperialismus im Gleichgewicht: Deutsch-land, England und die orientalische Frage 1871–1914 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2000), 16.
3. M. Sşükrü Hanioğlu: A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 78–83.
4. Ernst Jäckh, ed., Kiderlen-Wächter: Der Staatsmann und Mensch, vol. 2 (Berlin: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1924), 20; John C. G. Röhl, Wilhelm II (Munich: Beck, 2009), 784.
5. Karl Wippermann, Deutscher Geschichtskalender für 1897 (Leipzig: Grunow, 1898), 135–136.
6. Wilhelm van Kampen, “Studien zur deutschen Türkeipolitik in der Zeit Wilhelms II” (Ph.D. diss., Kiel, 1968), 58.
7. Arkadi S. Jerussalimski, Die Außenpolitik und die Diplomatie des deutschen Imperialismus Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts (Berlin: Dietz, 1954), 160–161.
8. Van Kampen, “Studien zur deutschen Türkeipolitik,” 58.
9. Max Freiherr von Oppenheim, Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf durch den Hauran, die Syrische Wüste und Mesopotamien, 2 vols. (Hildesheim: Olms, 2004), 1:74–76.
10. John Buchan, Greenmantle (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 13–14.
11. Salvador Oberhaus, Zum wilden Aufstande entflammen (Saarbrücken: Müller, 2007), 92.
12. Lieutenant Kannenberg in Die Naturschätze Kleinasiens, quoted in Hugo Grothe, Deutschland, die Türkei und der Islam: Ein Beitrag zu den Grundlinien der deutschen Weltpolitik im islamischen Orient (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1914), 273–275.
13. ArchSalOppCo, Oppenheim 25/10, Max Freiherr von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung der islamischen Gebiete unserer Feinde, Berlin, 1914,” 85.
14. Gerhard Keiper and Martin Kröger, eds., Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes 1871–1945, vol. 3 (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2008), 408–409.
15. Von Oppenheim, Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf, 2:259, 260.
16. Wolfgang Michal, “Der Spion des Kaisers,” National Geographic Deutschland, February 2008, 90.
17. ArchSalOppCo, “An Reichskanzler Fürsten zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Bericht No. 48, Die Panislamische Bewegung, Kairo, 5.07.1898,” 3; attachment to No. 48, Singapore, May 2, 1898.
18. Van Kampen, “Studien zur deutschen Türkeipolitik,” 363.
19. Ernst Jäckh, “Jihad,” Die Hilfe 37 (October 9, 1914).
20. Friedrich Rosen, Aus einem diplomatischen Wanderleben, vol. 3 (Wiesbaden: Limes, 1959), 140.
21. Fritz Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18 (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1962), 136.
22. Cornelia Essner and Gerd Winkelhane, “Carl Heinrich Becker (1876–1933), Orientalist und Kulturpolitiker,” Die Welt des Islams 28 (1988): 155–177. See also Carl Heinrich Becker, Christianity and Islam (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1909), 114; Carl Heinrich Becker, “Ist der Islam eine Gefahr für unsere Kolonien?” (1909), in Islamstudien: Vom Werden und Wesen der islamischen Welt, vol. 2 (Hildesheim: Olms, 1967), 156–186.
23. Carl Heinrich Becker, “Der Islam und die Kolonisierung Afrikas” (1910), ibid., 210.
24. ArchSalOppCo, “An Reichskanzler Fürsten zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Bericht No. 48, Die Panislamische Bewegung, Kairo, 5.07.1898,” 3, Attachment, Singapore, May 2, 1898.
25. Karl Wippermann, Deutscher Geschichtskalender für 1898 (Leipzig: Grunow, 1899), gives a step-by-step description of the Kaiser’s journey to and within the Ottoman Empire, 12–31.
26. USArchII, M453, RG59, Roll 5, Vol. 9, January 3, 1898, August 20, 1906, from Consul Selah Merrill, “The Visit of the German Emperor to Palestine, Jerusalem, Syria, 12.11.1898,” 1–4.
27. Erich Lichtheim, Das Programm des Zionismus (Berlin: Scholem, 1911; 2d ed., 1913), 3–7, 42–43.
28. Ernst Berner, “Kaiser Wilhelm II,” in Hohenzollern Jahrbuch, ed. Paul Seidel (Berlin: Giesecke, 1898), 3, 8–10; Lichtheim, Das Programm des Zionismus, 20–21.
29. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, “A most favourable impression upon all classes: Wilhelm II, Sozialdemokraten, Muslime und Nordamerikaner 1898,” in Des Kaisers Reise in den Orient 1898, ed. Klaus Jaschinski, Julius Waldschmidt (Berlin: Trafo, 2002), 37–60; Theodor Herzl, Theodor Herzls Tagebücher 1895–1904, vol. 1 (Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag, 1922), 27, June 2, 1895.
30. Stefan Wild, “Die arabische Rezeption der ‘Protokolle der Weisen von Zion,’” in Islamstudien ohne Ende: Festschrift für Werner Ende zum 65. Geburtstag, ed. Rainer Brunner et al. (Würzburg: Ergon, 2002), 520.
31. Hannes Möhring, Saladin (Munich: Beck, 2005), 122.
32. Gregor Schöllgen, Imperialismus im Gleichgewicht: Deutschland, England und die orientalische Frage 1871–1914 (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2000), 107.
33. PArchWGS, “Memorandum of the India Office by Request of the Prime Minister, A: German Influence in Turkey” (London: Department Press, May 1, 1917), 3.
34. Sabine Mangold, Eine “weltbürgerliche Wissenschaft”: Die deutsche Orientalistik im 19. Jahrhundert (Stuttgart: Steiner, 2004), 289.
35. For the meaning of Legationsrat in this case, see also Martin Kröger, “Mit Eifer ein Fremder im Auswärtigen Dienst,” Fascination Orient: Max von Oppenheim, ed. Gabriele Teichmann and Gisela Völger (Cologne: DuMont, 2001), 114–115.
36. John C. G. Röhl, Wilhelm II: Der Weg in den Abgrund 1900–1941 (Munich: Beck, 2009), 125.
37. “Beziehungen zum türkischen Reiche,” in Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, September 30, 1898, in Wippermann, Deutscher Geschichtskalender für 1898, 136.
38. Joseph Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches (Graz: Akademische Druckund Verlagsanstalt, 1969), 41, 51–52, 98, 102; Robert-Tarek Fischer, Österreich im Nahen Osten: Die Großmachtpolitik der Habsburgmonarchie im Arabischen Orient 1633–1918 (Vienna: Böhlau, 2006), 248, 255.
39. Niles Stefan Illich, German Imperialism in the Ottoman Empire (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2007), chap. 8.
40. Jürgen Kloosterhuis, Friedliche Imperialisten: Deutsche Auslandsvereine und auswärtige Kulturpolitik, 1906–1918 (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1994).
41. Dirk van Laak, Über alles in der Welt: Deutscher Imperialismus im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Munich: Beck, 2005), 92.
42. PArchWGS, “Bagdad-Bahn-Projekt, Orientalisches Büro. Bericht von der Anatolischen Eisenbahngesellschaft im September 1899 ausgesandten Studienexpedition” (manuscript, Berlin, 1900), 1–91.
43. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Gold, Bankiers und Diplomaten: Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Orientbank 1906–1946 (Berlin: Trafo, 2002).
44. Karl Wippermann, Deutscher Geschichtskalender für 1897 (Leipzig: Grunow, 1898), 54.
45. Graf Johann-Heinrich Bernstorff, Deutschland und Amerika: Erinnerungen aus dem fünfjährigen Kriege (Berlin: Ullstein, 1920), 11–20, 46.
46. PArchWGS, Karl Emil Schabinger Freiherr von Schowingen, “Weltgeschichtliche Mosaiksplitter: Erlebnisse und Erinnerungen eines kaiserlichen Dragomans (manuscript, Baden-Baden, 1967), 22; 50–52, eyewitness account by Schabinger, consul ad interim, of the kaiser’s visit to Tangier on March 31, 1905.
47. Röhl, Wilhelm II, 742–745.
48. Ibid.
49. Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches, 53.
50. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Boston: Mariner, 1999), 19.
51. Brigitte Hamann, Hitlers Wien: Lehrjahre eines Diktators (Munich: Piper, 2004), 21; Karl May, Durch Wüste und Harem (Herrsching: Pawlak, 1990), 229.
52. May, Durch Wüste und Harem, 172–173.
53. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 75, 79.
54. Ibid.; Hamann, Hitlers Wien, 334.
55. Hamann, Hitlers Wien, 191–192.
56. Ibid., 56.
57. Ibid., 239–242, 498, 87–88; Ralf Georg Reuth, Hitler, eine politische Biographie (Munich: Piper, 2003), 32.
58. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 151.
59. Ibid., 13, 64.
60. Ibid., 347.
61. May, Durch Wüste und Harem, 143.
62. Hamann, Hitlers Wien, 544–548.
63. Ibid., 548.
64. Hartmut Schmidt, “‘Will ganz für mich allein bleiben . . .’: Karl Mays Begegnung mit Max von Oppenheim in Kairo,” Karl-May-Haus Information, no. 16 (2003): 15–21.
65. Hans Rühlmann: “Karl May in Kairo (1899),” Karl-May-Jahrbuch (Radebeul: Karl-May-Verlag, 1923), 123–130.
66. USArchII, T120, R3230, Serial 8362H, Frames 590592–95 (PArchAA, PAVII, Politische Beziehungen, Saudisch Arabien Deutschland 1935–1939, vols. 1–2, 385457), “Empfang des Sondergesandten von König Abdul Aziz, Königlicher Rat Khalid Al Hud al-Qarqani, vom Führer auf dem Berghofe, am 17.06.1939, Berlin 20.06.1939, gez. Werner Otto von Hentig.”
67. May, Durch Wüste und Harem, 275.
68. Amin al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 15.
69. USArchII, Office of Strategic Services, No. 9677, October 30, 1943, “Hajj Amin al-Husaini, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, seen against the background of recent Palestine history,” 1.
70. Ibid., 24.
71. Tilman Nagel, Mohammed: Leben und Legende (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2008), 370, 389, 399.
72. Ibrahim Abu Shaqra, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini mundhu wiladatihi hatta thaurat 1936 [Amin al-Husaini from his birth until the revolution of 1936] (Latakia: Al-Manara, 1998), 21.
73. Ernst Jäckh, Der aufsteigende Halbmond (Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1915), 40–41.
1. Fritz Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914/18 (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1962), 133–134.
2. PArchAA, R1535, “An Wesendonk, Anschreiben, Deutsches Orient Institut aus NFO, Berlin, 09.08.1918, gez. Müller,” 5.
3. Wilhelm van Kampen, “Studien zur deutschen Türkeipolitik in der Zeit Wilhelms II” (Ph.D. diss., Kiel, 1968), 363.
4. PArchWGS, Karl Emil Schabinger Freiherr von Schowingen, ed., “Weltgeschichtliche Mosaiksplitter: Erlebnisse und Erinnerungen eines kaiserlichen Dragomans, hg. von Karl Friedrich Schabinger von Schowingen” (manuscript, Baden-Baden, 1967), 126; Max Freiherr von Oppenheim, Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf durch den Hauran, die Syrische Wüste und Mesopotamien, 2 vols. (Hildesheim: Olms, 2004), 1:130-131.
5. Hugo Grothe, Deutschland, die Türkei und der Islam: Ein Beitrag zu den Grundlinien der deutschen Weltpolitik im islamischen Orient (Leipzig: Hirzel, 1914), 27–28.
6. Cited in George Griffin, “Ernst Jäckh and the Search for German Cultural Hegemony in the Ottoman Empire” (M.A. thesis, Ohio University), http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Griffin%20George%20William%20III.pdf?bgsu1245518955.
7. Aaron Rakeffet-Rothkopp, The Rav: The World of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik, 2 vols. (New York: Ktav, 1999), 225–234.
8. Holger Afflerbach, Kaiser Wilhelm II. als Oberster Kriegsherr im Ersten Weltkrieg (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2005), 137–138.
9. Ibid., 76.
10. Friedrich Freiherr Kreß von Kressenstein, Mit den Türken zum Suezkanal (Berlin: Schlegel, 1932), 11.
11. Karl Kautsky, ed., Die deutschen Dokumente zum Kriegsausbruch, vol. 2 (Berlin: Montgelas, 1919), 171–72, No. 733, French cable, Wangenheim to Saiid Halim, Constantinople, 02.08.1914.
12. Afflerbach, Kaiser Wilhelm II. als Oberster Kriegsherr, 138.
13. ArchSalOppCo, Oppenheim 25/10, Max Freiherr von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung der islamischen Gebiete unserer Feinde (Berlin, 1914).”
14. Carl Heinrich Becker, Deutschland und der Islam (Berlin: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1914); Grothe, Deutschland, die Türkei und der Islam; Eugen Mittwoch, Deutschland, die Türkei und der Heilige Krieg (Berlin: Kameradschaft, 1914).
15. Becker, Deutschland und der Islam, 24.
16. Mittwoch, Deutschland, die Türkei und der Heilige Krieg, 25.
17. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung,” 89.
18. Becker, Deutschland und der Islam, 19–20.
19. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung,” 76, 98, 132, 134.
20. Grothe, Deutschland, die Türkei und der Islam, 30, 42.
21. ParchAA, NL, vol. 157, report by Gustav Stresemann, 58.
22. Franz von Papen, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse, 2 vols. (Munich: List, 1952), 1:89.
23. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung,” 8, 53.
24. Gotthard Jäschke refers to the “Bureau for the Revolutionizing of the Middle Eastern Lands to which Baha ad-Din Shakir, Ömer Naci and Hilmi belong,” Der Turanismus der Jungtürken: Zur osmanischen Außenpolitik im Weltkriege (Leipzig: Harassowitz, 1941), 15.
25. Grothe, Deutschland, die Türkei und der Islam, 12; Donald McKale, War By Revolution: Germany and Great Britain in the Middle East in the Era of World War I (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1998), 47–50; Tilman Lüdke, Jihad Made in Germany: Ottoman and German Propaganda and Intelligence Operations in the First World War (Münster: Lit, 2005), 113.
26. Joseph Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches (Graz: Akademische Druckund Verlagsanstalt, 1969), 88.
27. Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht, 93, 133–137.
28. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung,” 49.
29. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung”; Tim Epkenhans, “Geld darf keine Rolle spielen,” pt. 2, Archivum Ottomanicum 19 (2001): 121–163; Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, “Max von Oppenheim und der Heilige Krieg: Zwei Denkschriften zur Revolutionierung islamischer Gebiete 1914 und 1940,” Sozial.Geschichte 19, no. 3 (2004): 28–59. See also McKale, War By Revolution, 108.
30. Martin Kröger, “Mit Eifer ein Fremder im Auswärtigen Dienst,” in Fascination Orient: Max von Oppenheim, ed. Gabriele Teichmann and Gisela Völger (Cologne: DuMont, 2001), 106–139, 126–128.
31. USArchII, M1107, R31, 4.
32. Gerhard Höpp, Muslime in der Mark: Als Kriegsgefangene und Internierte in Wünsdorf und Zossen, 1914–1924 (Berlin: Arabisches Buch, 1997), 23–24.
33. USArchII, M1107, R31, Tekin Alp, The Turkish and the Pan-Turkish Ideal (Weimar: Kiepenheuer, 1915), 40 (written in Istanbul); for a 1914 “Turan pamphlet” by Teken alias Moiz Cohen see Jäschke, Der Turanismus der Jungtürken, 8, 12. See also Jacob M. Landau, Tekinalp, Turkish Patriot, 1883–1961 (Istanbul: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Institut, 1986), 313.
34. USArchII, M1107, R31, “Report on Tekin Alp,” Istanbul, February 15, 1915, 1 (Inquiry Document 579).
35. USArchII, M1107, R31, Tekin Alp, The Turkish and the Pan-Turkish Ideal, 40.
36. Ibid.
37. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 326–327; Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht, 138.
38. Amin al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 166–167.
39. C. Snouck Hurgronje, The Holy War, Made in Germany (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915), 2.
40. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, “Jihad Made in Germany: Der Streit um den Heiligen Krieg 1914–1915,” Sozial.Geschichte 18, no. 2 (2003): 7–34.
41. Henry I. Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story (New York: Doubleday, 1918), chap. 14.
42. Von Oppenheim, Vom Mittelmeer zum Persischen Golf, 1:41–42.
43. McKale, War By Revolution, 68.
44. USArchII, R21028, Acten betreffend den Krieg 1914, 070814–071214, “Überblick über die in der islamischen Welt eingeleitete Agitationstätigkeit, Berlin 160814, Section II, Israelitische Welt, Zionistenbund, Agenten, Wolff’sches Büro.”
45. McKale, War By Revolution, 166, 177, 205.
46. Höpp, Muslime in der Mark, 19–33.
47. Gottfried Hagen, Die Türkei im Ersten Weltkrieg (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1994), doc. 8.4 includes both speeches.
48. Schabinger, “Weltgeschichtliche Mosaiksplitter,” 102.
49. Quotations are from the translation in Rudolph Peters, Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History (The Hague: Mouton, 1979), 90–91. See also Ernst Wiesener, Adler, Doppel-Aar und Halbmond: Der Verbündeten Siegeszug nach dem Orient mit vielen Kriegsund Landschaftsbildern (Hamburg: Hansa, 1916), 16–21, and Rudolph Peters, Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam (Princeton: Wiener, 2005), “Ottoman Jihad Fatwa, November 11, 1914,” 55–57.
50. “Kriegsurkunden: Fatwa über die Freundschaft der Muslime mit den Deutschen von as-Saiyyid Hibat ad-Din ash-Shahrastani an-Nadjafi mit Erläuterungen von Muhammad Farisi,” Die Welt des Islam 4 (1917): 218–226.
51. Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, chap. 14.
52. Schabinger, “Weltgeschichtliche Mosaiksplitter,” 107–108; Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story; Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Otto-manischen Reiches, 59, 65.
53. Schaich Salih Aschscharif Attunisi, Haqiqat al-Jihad (Berlin: Islamkunde, 1915), 18, signed in the afterword by Salih on November 3, 1914.
54. Schabinger, “Weltgeschichtliche Mosaiksplitter,” 110–114.
55. PArchWGS, “Memorandum by the India Office as requested by the Prime Minister, an Inner View of the Predominant Intellectual and Political Forces in the Ottoman Empire,” London, May 1, 1917, 4–5.
56. Kröger, “Mit Eifer ein Fremder im Auswärtigen Dienst,” 115.
57. Max von Oppenheim, “Die türkische Nachrichtensaal-Organisation der Nachrichtenstelle der Kaiserlichen Botschaft,” in Konstantinopel im Dienste deutscher Wertarbeit im Orient (Constantinople: Deutsches Wirtschaftsbüro, 1916), 7.
58. Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, chap. 8.
59. As-Sayyid Hibat ad-Din Muhammad ash-Shahrastani an-Nadjafi, Al-Haya wa al-Islam (An-Najaf, about 1910).
60. Lüdke, Jihad Made in Germany, 50.
61. Morgenthau, Ambassador Morgenthau’s Story, chap. 14.
62. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung,” 44, 90.
63. Ibid., 20, 23.
64. Ibid., 21–23.
65. Ibid., 22.
66. Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches, 162.
67. Ibid.; Peter Jung, Der k.u.k. Wüstenkrieg 1915–1918: Österreich-Ungarn im Vorderen Orient (Graz: Styria, 1992), 23–27.
68. PArchWGS, “Memorandum by the India Office as requested by the Prime Minister, An Inner View of The Predominant Intellectual and Political Forces in the Ottoman Empire,” London, May 1, 1917.
69. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung,” 26–27, 101, 116.
70. McKale, War By Revolution, 88–91, 191.
71. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung,” 91.
72. Martin Kröger, “Revolution als Programm: Ziele und Realität deutscher Orientpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg,” in Der Erste Weltkrieg, ed. Wolfgang Michalka (Munich: Piper, 1994), 382.
73. Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches, 171–172; Robert-Tarek Fischer: Österreich im Nahen Osten (Vienna: Böhlau, 2006), 255.
74. USArchII, RG256, M1107, R1, digest of the remarks of Aaron Aaronson on conditions in Turkey and Asia Minor prior to September 1916 as he left the country (conveyed by Walter Lippmann), December 28, 1917: Aaronson said that Jaeckh had instigated Pan-Turkism after the Young Turk coup of 1908, 7.
75. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung,” 18, 82.
76. Ibid., 19–20, 93.
77. Ibid., 91.
78. Manabendra Nath Roy, Memoirs (Bombay: Allied, 1964), 3–4.
79. Von Papen, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse, 1:74.
80. Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches, 276.
81. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz: Gold, Bankiers und Diplomaten: Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Orientbank 1906–1946 (Berlin: Trafo, 2002), 62–64, 85–107.
82. Werner Ende, “Iraq in World War I: The Turks, the Germans and the Shi’ite Mujtahids’ Call for Jihad,” in Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants, ed. Rudolph Peters (Leiden: Brill, 1981), 57–71.
83. PArchWGS, “An Reichskanzler Bethmann Hollweg, Telegramm 187, Fritz Klein in Kerbala, Bagdad, 08/03/16, gez. Hesse.”
84. Paul Leverkuehn, German Military Intelligence (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1954), and Der geheime Nachrichtendienst der Wehrmacht im Kriege (Bonn: Athenäum, 1964).
85. Von Oppenheim, “Denkschrift betreffend Die Revolutionierung,” 62–66.
86. Dagobert von Mikusch, Waßmuß, der deutsche Lawrence (Leipzig: List, 1937), 195.
87. PArchWGS, “News From Herat,” spy report on Germans of August 28, 1915, Khorazan, signed T. W. Haig, Consul General.
88. PArchWGS, report by Hentig and Niedermayer, Vienna, December 13, 1916, signed B. Graf Wedel.
89. Hans-Ulrich Seidt, “‘When Continents Awake, Island Empires Fall!’: Germany and the Destabilization of the East, 1919–1922,” in Germany and the Middle East, 1871–1945, ed. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (Princeton: Wiener, 2004), 84–85.
90. PArchWGS, translation of Afghan draft of Alliance Treaty with Germany, January 24, 1916, signed by the amir, Niedermayer, and Hentig; annotation by Niedermayer, January 25, 1916, on the amir’s statement about when the war was to begin.
91. Seidt, “‘When Continents Awake, Island Empires Fall!’” 89.
92. USArchII, RG256, M1107, R1, digest of the remarks of Aaron Aaronson on conditions in Turkey and Asia Minor prior to September 1916 as he left the country (conveyed by Walter Lippmann), December 28, 1917, 6.
93. Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches, 158–165.
94. Paul Leverkuehn, Posten auf ewiger Wache; Aus dem abenteuerreichen Leben des Max von Scheubner-Richter (Essen: Essener, 1938), 34.
95. Report to von Oppenheim, October 8, 1915, in Die Armenier-Frage und der Genozid an den Armeniern in der Türkei, 1913–1919, ed. Wardges Mikaeljan (Yerevan: Institut für Geschichte der Akademie der Wissenschaften Armeniens, 2004), October 8, 15, 225.
96. Von Oppenheim to Foreign Ministry, October 29, 1915, ibid., 284.
97. PArchWGS, “Memorandum by the India Office as requested by the Prime Minister, an Inner View of the Predominant Intellectual and Political Forces in the Ottoman Empire,” London, May 1, 1917, 24.
98. See also documents by Wolfgang Gust online, among them “The Armenian Genocide 1915/16 from the Files of the German Foreign Office,” Edition I, http://www.sci.am/downloads/musgen/WolfgangGust.pdf.
99. ParchAA, Nachlaß Stresemann, Abschrift aus dem Tagebuch des Strese-mann, Balkanreise 1916, 5–10. See also PArchAA, Nachlaß Stresemann, vol. 157, Balkanreise 1916, 5–6.
100. Afflerbach, Kaiser Wilhelm II. als Oberster Kriegsherr, 408–409.
101. M. Sşükrü Hanioğlu: A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008), 182.
102. Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches, 158–165; Klaus Kreiser, Atatürk: Eine Biographie (Munich: Beck, 2008), 99.
103. PArchAA, Nachlaß Stresemann, vol. 157, Balkanreise 1916, 5–6. See also USArchII, RG256, M1107, R41, Department of State Weekly Report, Near Eastern Affairs, Interview by Talat Pasha, March 7, 1918, 11–12.
104. Ralf Georg Reuth, Hitler, eine politische Biographie (Munich: Piper, 2003), 45.
105. See the kaiser’s letter on his insights into Zionism and anti-Semitism in Max Bodenheimer, Henriette Hannah Bodenheimer: Die Zionisten und das kaiserliche Deutschland (Bensberg: Schauble, 1972), 82–84.
106. Leonard Stein, The Balfour Declaration (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1961), 290–295; Chaim Herzog, Heroes of Israel: Profiles of Jewish Courage (Boston: Little, Brown, 1989).
107. Palestine Report by the Twelfth Zionist Congress, 1921, 19–39, in Schabinger, “Weltgeschichtliche Mosaiksplitter,” 190. See also Palestine during the War: Record of the Preservation of the Jewish Settlements in Palestine (London: Zionist Organization, 1921) (covers the years 1914–1917, report approved by the Twelfth Zionist Congress, 1921).
108. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 201, 216, 388.
109. Robert-Tarek Fischer, Österreich im Nahen Osten, 43; Schabinger, “Weltgeschichtliche Mosaiksplitter,” 179–208.
110. Stein, The Balfour Declaration, 208–209.
111. Palestine Report, in Schabinger, “Weltgeschichtliche Mosaiksplitter,” 191.
112. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 94.
113. Ibid., 158–159.
114. Stein, The Balfour Declaration, 521, 544–547.
115. USArchII, CIA, Arab Informant, Balfour Declaration 1917, Grand Mufti, secret, Cairo, October 30, 1943, 10.
116. Stein, The Balfour Declaration, 537.
117. Ibid., 541–542; Johann-Heinrich Graf von Bernstorff, The Memoirs of Count Bernstorff (London: Heinemann, 1936), 171; Bernard Lewis, A Middle East Mosaic (New York: Random House, 2000), 420–421.
118. USArchII, RG256, M1107, R41, “Department of State Weekly Report, Near Eastern Affairs, Interview by Talat Pasha,” March 7, 1918, 11.
119. PArchAA, R14144, Konstantinopel 394.
120. PArchAA, B Konstantinopel, 394, “An Reichskanzler Grafen von Hertling, Jüdische Palästina-Bestrebungen,” Istanbul, July 20, 1918.
121. Jewish Chronicle, July 19, September 6, September 30, 1918; Stein, The Balfour Declaration, 604.
122. “Aufzeichnung über eine Besprechung Adolf Hitlers mit Reichsminister Speer, 5/24/1942,” in Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Der Weg zur Teilung der Welt: Politik und Strategie von 1933 bis 1945 (Koblenz: Wehr & Wissen, 1977), 139, doc. 71.
123. Welt am Montag, November 21, 1898, quoted in Hagen, “German Heralds of Holy War,” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 24, no. 2 (2004): 149.
124. Ibid., 159.
125. Johannes Lepsius, “Vorwort vom August 1896 nach seiner Reise durch Anatolien und Syrien im Mai 1896,” in Eine Anklageschrift wider die christlichen Großmächte und ein Aufruf an das christliche Deutschland (Berlin: Akademische Buchhandlung Faber, 1897), 7; Lepsius, Der Todesgesang des Armenischen Volkes: Bericht über das Schicksal des Armenischen Volkes in der Türkei während des Weltkrieges (Potsdam: Tempelberg, 1919), 129, 156, 199–230.
126. Schabinger, “Weltgeschichtliche Mosaiksplitter,”149.
1. Eberhard Kolb, Der Frieden von Versailles (Munich: Beck, 2005), 64.
2. Manabendra Nath Roy, Memoirs (Bombay: Allied, 1964), 238–241.
3. USArchII, RG59, General Records DA, 1910–29, B9887, Lewis Heck to Department of State, Istanbul, February 6, 1919.
4. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Boston: Mariner, 1999), 195–201; Brigitte Hamann, Hitlers Wien: Lehrjahre eines Diktators (Munich: Piper, 2004), 502–503.
5. Hamann, Hitlers Wien, 679.
6. Volker Ullrich, Die Revolution von 1918/19 (Munich: Beck, 2009), 15.
7. “The King-Crane Commission: Recommendations” (August 28, 1919), in The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict, ed. Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin (New York: Penguin, 2008), 23–25.
8. Michael B. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present (New York: Norton, 2007), 392.
9. USArchII, RG263, CIA Records, Ent ZZ-18, Box 58 (2nd rel.), “Arab Informant, Chapter II, The Palestine Riots and Their Cause, Secret,” Cairo, October 30, 1943, 11.
10. Joseph Pomiankowski, Der Zusammenbruch des Ottomanischen Reiches (Graz: Akademische Druckund Verlagsanstalt, 1969), 91, 196, 445.
11. Amin al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 337.
12. USArchII, RG263, CIA Records, Ent ZZ-18, Box 58 (2nd rel.), OSS, U.S. Army Forces in the Middle East, Report No. 9677, “Hajj Amin al-Husaini: Grand Mufti Of Jerusalem, Secret,” Jerusalem, November 12, 1943, 2.
13. PArchAA, B Konstantinopel, 394, “An Reichskanzler Grafen von Hertling, Jüdische Palästina-Bestrebungen,” Istanbul, July 20, 1918, signed Bernstorff.
14. Philip Mattar, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini and the Palestinian National Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992), 12–13.
15. Ibid., 15. See also Ibrahim Abu Shaqra, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini mundhu wiladatihi hatta thaurat 1936 [Amin al-Husaini from his birth until the revolution of 1936] (Latakia: Al-Manara, 1998), 358.
16. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 358.
17. James Gelvin, “The Ironic Legacy Of The King-Crane Commission,” in The Middle East and the United States: A Historical and Political Reassessment, ed. David W. Lesch (Boulder: Westview, 1996), 11–27.
18. Oren, Power, Faith, and Fantasy, 386.
19. “The General Syrian Congress: Memorandum Presented to the King-Crane Commission (July 2, 1919),” in Laqueur and Rubin, The Israel-Arab Reader, 21–23; Abu Shaqra, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini, 27.
20. Abu Shaqra, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini, 25–27.
21. “Al-Fidaya Arabischer Geheimbund in Jerusalem zum Kampf gegen Juden mit terroristischen Mitteln gegründet,” Der Asienkämpfer (Berlin) 2, no. 8 (January 8, 1920): 8.
22. Efraim Karsh, Islamic Imperialism: A History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), 138; for Emir Faisal’s letter of sympathy with the Zionist movement to W. Frankfurter of Paris, “Arabs and Jews Are Cousins” (January 3, 1919), see Martin Gilbert, The Story of Israel (London: Deutsch, 2011), 18–19.
23. USArchII, RG263, CIA Records, Ent ZZ-18, Box 58 (2nd rel.), Office Memorandum: “Hajj Amin al-Husaini, Secret,” Jerusalem, November 14, 1951, 1; Biographic Sketch No. 60, “Hajj Amin al-Husaini,” April 14, 1951, 1.
24. Abu Shaqra, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini, 38–41.
25. Ibid., 29.
26. PArchWGS, SIS, Mustafa Fevzi Pasha on Iran and the Islamic United States of the Orient, London, July 6, 1921.
27. PArchWGS, Foreign Office, Turko-Afghan-Persian Treaty, Muslim Countries and Russia, secret, London, January 26, 1923.
28. PArchWGS, Turko-Afghan Treaty, March 1, 1921, SIS, Treaty, Appendix A, 4 pages.
29. PArchWGS, SIS, Afghan envoy to Ankara, Sultan Ahmad Khan, on Indian revolution, London, April 19, 1921.
30. PArchWGS, Turkish Nationalist Intrigue in Central Asia and Afghanistan, Abd ar-Rahman Peshawari, ambassador for Kabul, SIS, Geneva, March 11, 1921.
31. PArchWGS, SIS, Muhammadie Jemiete, Mustafa Kemal, Ahmad as-Sanusi, Abd al-Halim Celebi, Ankara, July 18, 1921.
32. PArchWGS, SIS, “Great National Assembly LT 5 million for pan-Islamic and anti-British propaganda, Ahmad as-Sanusi and his pan-Islamic centers to fight for the crescent against the cross in the new holy war,” Istanbul, November 14, 1921.
33. PArchWGS, SIS, Ahmad as-Sanusi, Pan-Islamic Conference March 15, and Mustafa Kemal, Istanbul, January 14, 1922.
34. PArchWGS, SIS, “Speech Extract Mustafa Kemal on Shaikh Ahmad as-Sanusi,” Ankara, December 16, 1921.
35. PArchWGS, SIS, “Turkish Pan-Islamic Policy, Council of Ulama, Abd al Aziz Jawish, Rauoul Bey, Jamiet ul-Islam,” Ankara, January 22, 1923.
36. PArchWGS, Interim Report of Inter-Deptl. Committee on Eastern Unrest, London, Most Secret, May 24, 1922, 16, 5–6.
37. “Mustafa Kemal: Die Islamische Politik der Türkei: Kein Islamreich mehr,” Der Asienkämpfer 4 (January 5, 1922): 5.
38. Tom Reis, Der Orientalist: Auf den Spuren von Essad Bey (Berlin: Osburg, 2008), 142–149.
39. PArchWGS, SIS, “Ahmad as-Sanusi prepares Pan-Islamic congress, Istanbul,” March 30, 1921; “Appointees in Ankara for pan-Islamic affairs, Farid Bey, Hamdullah Subi, Adnan Bey, Bolshevists promised weapons,” Istanbul, April 22, 1921.
40. PArchWGS, Foreign Office, “Turko-Afghan-Persian Treaty, Muslim Countries and Russia, Secret,” London, January 26, 1923.
41. Kreiser, Atatürk: Eine Biographie (Munich: Beck, 2008), pp. 174–175, 126–127; Jacob M. Landau, The Politics of Pan-Islam: Ideology and Organization (New York: Oxford, 1994), 218.
42. Norbert Schwanke, Deutsche Soldatengräber in Israel: Der Einsatz deutscher Soldaten an der Palästinafront im Ersten Weltkrieg und das Schicksal ihrer Grab-stätten (Münster: Aschendorff, 2008), 25.
43. “Palästina-Mandat und Völkerbund, Lord Balfour hat US-Bedenken behoben,” Der Asienkämpfer 4 (January 6, 1922): 5.
44. Hans-Ulrich Seidt, “‘When Continents Awake, Island Empires Fall!’ Germany and the Destabilization of the East, 1919–1922,” in Germany and the Middle East, 1871–1945, ed. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (Princeton: Wiener, 2004), 64–84.
45. PArchWGS, “Lebenslauf, 8 Anlagen, Fürstenberg/Mecklenburg, 07.06.44, gez. Harun ar-Raschid Bey,” 4: “Leiter der Exekutive der Militär-Polizei, die dem Reichsschatzministerium angeschlossen war.” “Konflikte Enver Pascha und Kemal Pascha,” Der Asienkämpfer 4 (January 5, 1922): 5.
46. Taner Akçam, The Young Turks’ Crime Against Humanity (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012), 1–25.
47. USArchII, RG256, M1107, R41, Department of State, Weekly Report, “Near Eastern Affairs, Russian Pan/Turanian Movement and Manifesto of Bolsheviki Government of 12/12/17,” “Baku and Moscow conferences, 01/17/18,” 5–7.
48. Speech of Grigory Zinoviev, Congress of the Peoples of the East, Baku, September 1920: Stenographic Report, trans. Brian Pearce (London: New Park, 1977), 33–36.
49. Speech of Karl Radek, ibid., 51–52.
50. Discussion by Efendiev, ibid., 54–55, 57.
51. Roy, Memoirs, 417–418, 420, 439–440.
52. Ibid., 444.
53. PArchWGS, SIS “Sources Only, Eastern Summary No. 638, Enver’s Activities in Turkestan, Secret,” London, April 21, 1922, 1.
54. PArchWGS, “11 Seiten Lebenslauf, 8 Anlagen, Fürstenberg/Mecklenburg, 07.06.44, gez. Harun ar-Raschid Bey”; see also his book, Marschall Liman von Sanders und sein Werk (Berlin: Eisenschmidt, 1932).
55. Die Rote Fahne (Berlin), November 9, 1918, 1.
56. John C. G. Röhl, Wilhelm II: Der Weg in den Abgrund 1900–1941 (Munich: Beck, 2009), 1239.
57. Kolb, Der Frieden von Versailles, 94.
58. Der Asienkämpfer 2, no. 3 (January 3, 1920): 3; “Asien den Asiaten,” ibid., no. 7 (January 7, 1920): 2.
59. Werner Steuber, “Jildirim”: Deutsche Streiter auf heiligem Boden (Berlin: Stalling, 1925), 174.
60. Jehuda L. Wallach, “The Weimar Republic and the Middle East: Salient Points,” in The Great Powers in the Middle East, 1919–1939, ed. Uriel Dann (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1988), 271–273.
61. USArchII, FMS, P-207, Fritz Grobba, “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba,” 14–15. USArchII, RG 338, FMS, P-207 consists of four documents by persons closely involved in German-Arab relations during World War II, composed at different times and bound together under the English title “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II.” The authors, titles, dates, and pagination of each document are as follows. “Vorbemerkungen von Generaloberst a.D. Franz Halder” (1955, x–xiv); General der Flieger a.D. Hell-muth Felmy, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung im zweiten Weltkrieg” (1955, 1–124); General der Artillerie a.D. Walter Warlimont, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung im zweiten Weltkrieg” (1955, 125–211); “Vorbemerkungen von Generaloberst Franz Halder zu Fritz Grobbas Supplement” (1956, ii–iv); “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba” (1956, v–ix, 1–82); addendum to “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba” (1957, 1–3). Subsequent citations of these documents will refer to the details in this note.
62. Ibid., 16–24.
63. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, “Aziz Cotta Bey, Deutsche und ägyptische Handel-skammern und der Bund Ägypter Deutscher Bildung (1919–1949),” in Fremde Erfahrungen, ed. Gerhard Höpp (Berlin: Arabisches Buch, 1996), 359–382.
64. Camilla Dawletschin-Linder, Diener seines Staates: Celal Bayar (1883–1986) und die Entwicklung der modernen Türkei (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2003), 24.
65. PArchWGS, SIS, “Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee On Eastern Unrest” (War Office, Home Office, Colonial Office, India Office), plus Appendix A, “Terms of Reference, Most Secret,” London, February 24, 1922, 16, 6.
66. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 644, 655.
67. Carl Heinrich Becker, “Der Islam im Rahmen einer allgemeinen Kulturgeschichte,” in Carl Heinrich Becker: Islamstudien, vol. 1 (Leipzig: Quelle & Meyer, 1924), 24–32.
68. Hans-Ulrich Seidt, Berlin, Kabul, Moskau: Oskar Ritter von Niedermayer und Deutschlands Geopolitik (Munich: Universitas, 2002), 162–166.
69. Walter Dirks and Karl Heinz Janßen, Der Krieg der Generäle (Berlin: Propyläen, 1999); Karl-Heinz Janßen: “Der große Plan,” Die Zeit (July 3, 1997): 11, 15–20.
70. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 117–118.
71. Florian Beierl and Othmar Plöckinger, “Neue Dokumente zu Hitlers Buch Mein Kampf,” Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte 43 (2009): 292.
72. Hitler, Mein Kampf, 659.
73. Ibid., 676.
74. Ibid., 170–173, 351.
75. Ibid., 116, 267.
76. Ibid., 658.
77. Ibid., 292, 610, 619.
78. Ibid., 150.
79. Ibid., 57, 207, 325.
80. Ibid., 140.
81. RGVArkhM, 7–1-368, Haut-Commissariat de la République Française en Syrie et au Liban, “Liste des Associations et Parties contre le Mandat de la France en Syrie, Comité Supérieur Islamique de Jérusalem, Président Amin al-Husaini,” Beirut, January 4, 1926, 2.
82. “Egyptian Students at University of Berlin and Abd al-Aziz Jawish,” Times (London), August 4, 1920. See also “Jawish und die Vorliebe der ägyptischen Studenten für Berlin,” Mitteilungen des Bundes der Asienkämpfer 2, no. 5 (January 5, 190): 3.
83. PArchAA, R1535, “An Wesendonk, Anschreiben, Deutsches Orient Institut aus NFO, Berlin, 09.08.1918, gez. Müller”; F28184, “Mittwoch, Deutsches Orient Institut,” 114, 116, 121.
84. PArchAA, R1535, “An Wesendonk, Bericht,” 2–3.
85. Ibid., 2–3.
86. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 206.
87. Kurt Fischer-Weth, Amin al-Husayni, Grossmufti von Palästina (Berlin: Titz, 1943), 87–89.
88. Muhammad Iqbal, Wiederbelebung des religiösen Denkens im Islam (original English ed., Lahore, 1930; 2d German ed., Berlin: Schiler, 2004).
89. See also the grand mufti’s and his aides’ articles on India in the journal Barid ash-Sharq [Orient Post], especially “Wathia’q an mauqif muslimi al-Hind” [The truth about Muslims of India], ibid., 47 (1943): 18.
90. William L. Cleveland, Islam Against the West: Shakib Arslan and the Campaign for Islamic Nationalism (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1985), 141.
91. Gerhard Höpp, “Araber im Berlin der 20er Jahre,” in Araber in Berlin, ed. Ausländerbeauftragte des Senats (Berlin: Verwaltungsdruckerei, 1992), p. 35.
92. Landau, The Politics of Pan-Islam, 92, 344–345.
93. Shakib Arslan, Limaza takhkhara al-Muslimun wa taqaddama ghairuhum? [Why did the Muslims slow down while the others advanced?] (1930; reprint, Beirut: Al-Hayat, 1965).
94. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, p. 74.
95. USArchII, FMS, P-207, Fritz Grobba, “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see above, Chapter 4, note 61), 31–32.
96. Nadi ash-Sharq or Orient-Klub e.V., Berlin, Humboldt-Haus, Kalckreuth-straße. See also Gerhard Höpp, Arabische und islamische Periodika in Berlin und Brandenburg (Berlin: Arabisches Buch, 1994), 25.
97. Moslemische Revue (Berlin), various issues, 1924–1940.
98. “Moslems unterm Hakenkreuz, Islam-Archiv schließt Lücken,” ibid., April 13, 1993, 26–27.
99. Klaus Gensicke, Der Mufti von Jerusalem und die Nationalsozialisten (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2007), 93; Jennie Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Hajj Amin al-Husaini and National Socialism (Belgrade: Cˇigoja Stampa, 2007), 224.
100. Die Islamische Gegenwart (1927): 2.
101. Ibid.; “M. Muhammad Ali und unsere Moschee,” Moslemische Revue 4 (1929): 45–46.
102. Hans Kohn, Die Europäisierung des Orients (Berlin: Schocken, 1934).
103. Georg Kampffmeyer, speech at Islam Institute, Berlin, December 1927, in Ausländerbeauftragte des Senats, Araber in Berlin, 39.
104. “Der Fürst der Drusen [Shakib Arslan] und die Ahmadija Anjumat Islam Ish’at-i-Islam Lahore,” Moslemische Revue 6, no. 3 (1930): 56–59.
105. “Satzungen der Deutsch-Moslemischen Gesellschaft, Berlin e.V.,” ibid., 6, no. 3 (1930): 53–56.
106. “Moslems unterm Hakenkreuz, Islam-Archiv schliesst Lücken,” 26–27.
107. Ibid., 109.
108. “Al-Hajj Nafi Shalabi, muassis al-Mahad al-Islami fi Berlin” [Al-Hajj Nafi Shalabi, founder of the Islamic Institute in Berlin], in Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, p. 205.
109. “Der Fürst der Drusen [Shakib Arslan] und die Ahmadija Anjumat Islam Ish’at-i-Islam Lahore.”
110. Philip S. Khoury, Syria and the French Mandate (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987), 401–402.
111. Die Islamische Gegenwart, Der Islamische Student, Sada al-Islam [Islam Echo]. See also Höpp, “Arabische und islamische Periodika,” 103.
112. Mohammed Nafi Tschelebi, “Palästina unter Juden und Arabern,” Ludendorff’s Volkswarte 3, no. 14 (1931): 2–3.
113. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 132.
114. Reinhard Schulze, Islamischer Internationalismus im 20. Jahrhundert (Leiden: Brill, 1990), 102.
115. Landau, The Politics of Pan-Islam, 243.
116. Bernd Bauknecht, Muslime in Deutschland von 1920 bis 1945 (Cologne: Teiresias, 2001), 99–106; Muhammad Asad, Der Weg nach Mekka (Düsseldorf: Patmos, 2009), 7–9.
117. Landau, The Politics of Pan-Islam, 246.
118. Schulze, Islamischer Internationalismus im 20. Jahrhundert, 102.
119. See also Gerhard Höpp, Muslime in der Mark: Als Kriegsgefangene und Internierte in Wünsdorf und Zossen, 1914–1924 (Berlin: Arabisches Buch, 1997), 35, 37, 47, 74, 106.
120. Paul Schmitz-Kairo, All-Islam: Weltmacht von morgen? (Leipzig: Gold-mann, 1937; 2d ed., 1942), 106–107, 109–110.
121. Ibid., 115, 130, 170–172, 184, 186, 207.
122. Hans Lindemann, Der Islam im Aufbruch, in Abwehr und Angriff (Leipzig: Brandstetter, 1941), 3, 26, 34, 68.
123. Ibid., 59–60, 83–84.
124. Ibid, 13.
125. According to Lindemann, these consisted of “ganz tiefgreifende Erschütterung im Islam und im Abendland (nach H. E. Corsepius)”; “gewaltiger Zivilisationsumbruch”; and furthermore, the “Übernahme westlicher Zivilisation ist nicht gleichbedeutend mit Einräumen abendländischer Sitten und Gebräuche,” ibid., 10, 44, 54, 49.
126. Ibid., 8–10, 25 (“Rassekampf in Indien”).
127. See also Bernard Lewis, Faith and Power: Religion and Politics in the Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 61–63.
128. Lindemann, Der Islam im Aufbruch, 9, 32, 54–55.
129. See also Schmitz-Kairo, All-Islam, 136–142.
130. Lindemann, Der Islam im Aufbruch, 69–71.
1. Amin al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 16–17; Jennie Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Hajj Amin al-Husaini and National Socialism (Belgrade: Čigoja Stampa, 2007), 40.
2. Ibid., 151.
3. Ibid., 80–81.
4. Ibid., 57.
5. Brynjar Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Movement 1928–1942 (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1998), 154.
6. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 25–26.
7. Reinhard Schulze, Islamischer Internationalismus im 20. Jahrhundert (Leiden: Brill, 1990), 94–100. Ibrahim Abu Shaqra, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini mundhu wiladatihi hatta thaurat 1936 [Amin al-Husaini from his birth until the revolution of 1936] (Latakia: Al-Manara, 1998), 25.
8. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 17.
9. Abu Shaqra, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini, 189.
10. Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt, 29, 47, 55.
11. Basheer M. Nafi, Arabism, Islamism, and the Palestine Question, 1908–1914: A Political History (Ithaca: Reading, 1998), 112.
12. This and other points made in this chapter are fully documented in the following chapters.
13. Nafi, Arabism, Islamism, and the Palestine Question, 115.
14. Palestine and Transjordan, July 17, 1937; New York Times, July 14, 1937; Yehoshua Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian Arab Nationalist Movement, vol. 2 (London: Frank Cass, 1974), 225–230; USArchII, Department of State, RG59 890G.00/434, Knabenshue to Murray, November 27, 1937; 867N.01/1011, Murray to Hull, January 15, 1938; 867N.01/1021, Knabenshue to Hull, January 22, 1938; al-Istiqlal, June 9, 1938.
15. Zvi Elpeleg, “Why Was an ‘Independent Palestine’ Never Created in 1948?” Jerusalem Quarterly 50 (1989), 3–22; the agreement is reported by Hanna Asfur in Bayan Nuwaihid al-Khut, al-Qiyadat wa al-Muassasat as-Siyasiyya fi Filastin, 1917–1948 [The leadership and political institutions in Palestine] (Acre: Silsilat ad-Dirasat, 1984), 403.
16. Nasir ad-Din an-Nashashibi interviewed on the grand mufti and Fakhr an-Nashashibi in an Arte TV program by Heinrich Billstein, Turban and Swastika, The Grand Mufti and the Nazis, aired September 12, 2009.
17. Muatamar al-Umma al-Islamiyya [Conference of the Islamic Nation], King David Hotel, Jerusalem, February 11, 1931.
18. Abu Shaqra, Al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini, 184–186.
19. BArchAAP, Deutsche Reichsbank, B25/01, No. 6790, “Die jüdische Industrie in Palestina; Jahresberichte der Haavara 1934–39”; “Erster Jahresbericht der Haavara, 01.01.35”; “Verwendung der durch die Haavara transferierten Gelder”; “Haavara Ltd. and Its Activities 1934–38.”
20. David Ben Gurion at the Histadruth Convention in 1934, in Tom Segev, Simon Wiesenthal: The Life and Legends (New York: Doubleday, 2010), 469.
21. Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 41.
22. Edgar Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy, 1933–1942” (Ph.D. diss., London University, 1998), 121.
23. USArchII, FMS, P-207, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung im zweiten Weltkrieg,” Supplement, Stuttgart, August 29, 1957. This document mentions payment to the grand mufti of £1,000 sterling via Fuad Hamza (Munich, September 1938); of £800 sterling via Musa al-Alami (Berlin, October 1938).
24. Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy,” 122.
25. Amin al-Husaini, “Islam-Judentum: Aufruf des Großmuftis an die islamische Welt 1937,” in Muhammad Sabri, Islam-Judentum-Bolschewismus (Berlin: Juncker & Dünnhaupt, 1938), 22–32.
26. Ibid.
27. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 174.
28. Tilman Nagel, Mohammed (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2008), 491.
29. Al-Husaini, “Islam-Judentum,” 26–27.
30. UKArchK, CO733/326/75023/2, Cox to Moody, February 11, 1937; Palestine, March 10, 1937, 74–75; UKArchK, FO371 5551/19/31, August 18, 1936.
31. Luigi Goglia, “Il Mufti e Mussolini: Alcuni documenti italiani sui rapporti tra nazionalismo palestinese e fascismo negli anni trenta,” Storia Contemporanea 17, no. 6 (1986): 1215.
32. USArchII, FMS, P-207, Fritz Grobba, “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see above, Chapter 4, note 61), 18; Fauzi Qawuqji, “Memoirs 1948,” Journal of Palestine Studies 1, no. 4 (1972): 27–58: there were sixty-three al-Futtuwa members in 1939; Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 51; USArchII, RG 338, FMS, P-207, General der Flieger a.D. Hellmuth Felmy, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung im zweiten Weltkrieg,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see above, Chapter 4, note 61), 19, 57.
33. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 40; Zvi Elpeleg, Through the Eyes of the Mufti: The Essays of Haj Amin (Portland: Mitchell Vallentine, 2009), 11.
34. Grobba, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung im zweiten Weltkrieg,” Supplement, 19.
35. Helmut Mejcher, “Saudi-Arabiens Beziehungen zu Deutschland in der Regierungszeit von König Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud,” in Der Nahe Osten in der Zwischenkriegszeit, ed. Linda Schatkowski Schilcher and Claus Scharf (Stuttgart: Steiner, 1989), 109–127; Michael Wolffsohn, “The German-Saudi Arms Deal on 1936–1939 Reconsidered,” in The Great Powers in the Middle East, 1919–1939, ed. Uriel Dann (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1988), 283–300, 288.
36. Grobba, “Supplement,” 20, 23, 30, 33, 40; Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy,” 123.
37. Grobba, “Supplement,” 21–24; Wilhelm Kohlhaas, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak (Freiburg: Herder, 1989), 9, 22.
38. Kohlhaas, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak, 9, 22; Grobba, “Supplement,” 18–19, 23.
39. USArchII, Office of U.S. Chief of Counsel For Prosecution of Axis Criminality, No. 792, PS, Original OKW Files Flensburg, Report for Admiral Canaris on Ibn Saud and the Grand Mufti, Staff Evidence, September 17, 1945.
40. Grobba, “Supplement,” 18–19.
41. USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.00/588, Wadsworth to Hull, June 12, 1937.
42. Falastin, April 16, June 15, 1937; Benjamin Shwadran, Jordan: A State of Tension (New York: Council for Middle Eastern Affairs Press, 1959), 227; Elie Eliacher, “An Attempt at Settlement in Transjordan,” New Outlook 18, no. 3 (1975): 71–75; USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.00/509, Wadsworth to Hull, June 8, 1937; 867N.00/522, June 26, 1937; Eliahu Elath, Shivat Zion ve’Arav [The return to Zion and the Arabs] (Tel Aviv: Dvir, 1974), 137, 238–241.
43. Memo, July 29, 1937, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951), 758–762.
44. Ibid.
45. Robert Woolbert, “Pan-Arabism and the Palestine Problem,” Foreign Affairs 16, no. 2 (January 1938): 316–317; Jacob C. Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), 89–93; Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian Arab Nationalist Movement, 2:89–93. UKArchK, FO371 551622/31, Mackereth to Foreign Office, September 15, 1937.
46. John Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs (New York: Harper, 1957), 143; Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine, 62.
47. USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.01/960, Allen to Hull, October 11, 1937; Palestine 12, no. 38 (September 22, 1937): 302, and no. 39 (September 29, 1937): 305; New York Times, September 19 and 22, 1937; Porath, The Emergence of the Palestinian Arab Nationalist Movement, 275; Rose al-Yusuf, February 4, 1938; USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.01/960, Allen to Hull, October 11, 1937.
48. Lukasz Hirszowicz, The Third Reich and the Arab East (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966), 34, citing Grobba, “Supplement”; Stephen Longrigg, Iraq 1900–1950 (New York: International Book Center, 1953), 272.
49. UKArchK, FO371 E3906/22/31, Ormsby-Gore to Secretary of State, July 2, 1937.
50. Alec Kirkbride to League of Nations, Permanent Mandates Commission Minutes, 36th session, 94; Ann Dearden, Jordan (New York, 1958), 55; New York Times, November 7, 1937; Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs, 155; Palestine & Transjordan, September 26, 1936.
51. On the details, see Barry Rubin, The Arab States and the Palestine Conflict (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1982).
52. New York Times, October 6 and 7, November 10 and 25, and December 7, 1938; Times (London), October 6, 7, and 8, December 7, 1940; Christopher Sykes, Crossroads to Israel (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), 192–193.
53. Documents on German Foreign Policy, 746, 754, 779. See also David Yisraeli, “The Third Reich and Palestine,” Middle East Affairs (October 1971): 347.
54. USArchII, Department of State, RG59 67N.01/1280 and /1346, Knabenshue to Hull, November 14 and 25, 1938; U.S. Department of State, RG9 867N.01/1384 and 1429, Knabenshue to Hull, December 30, 1938. Maurice Peterson, Both Sides of the Curtain (London: Constable, 1950), 143.
55. USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.01/1364, King Ibn Saud to President Roosevelt, December 15, 1938; see also RG59 867N.01/1365 and New York Times, January 15, 1939.
56. Ibid., November 12, 1938.
57. USArchII, Department of State, RG59 890G.911/15, Knabenshue to Hull, February 16, 1939.
58. Great Britain and the East, February 2, 1939.
59. UKArchK, FO371 E754/6/31, Lampson to Foreign Office, January 20, 1939; Journal d’Egypte, January 19, 1939; USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.01/1446, Fish to Hull, February 9, 1939.
60. USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.01/1441 and /1447, Johnson to Hull, February 7 and 11, 1939; UKArchK, FO371 E1660/6/31 and E1661/6/31; Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine, 116; David Ben-Gurion, My Talks with Arab Leaders (New York: Keter Books, 1973), 219, 230–231; New York Times, February 8, 10, and 16, 1939.
61. New York Times, February 8, 10, and 16, 1939.
62. UKArchK, FO371 E1668/6/31 and E1448/6/31, February 23 and 24, 1939; Michael Cohen, “The Palestine White Paper, May 1939: Appeasement in the Middle East,” Historical Journal 16, no. 3 (1973): 584.
63. UKArchK, FO371 E1717/6/31, Peterson to Foreign Office, March 2, 1939; USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.01/1472, Bullitt to Hull, March 10, 1939, interview with Weizmann; 1485, Kennedy to Hull, March 20, 1939, interview with MacDonald.
64. UKArchK, FO371 E1253/6/31 and E1254/6/31, Bullard to Foreign Office, February 18, 1939; UKArchK, E1334/6/31, February 20, 1939, and 1459, Johnson to Hull, February 21, 1939.
65. UKArchK, FO371 E1875/6/31, March 7, 1939; Cohen, “The Palestine White Paper,” 586–588; New York Times, February 27, 1939.
66. New York Times, February 27, 1939.
67. Ibid.
68. UKArchK, FO371 File 23231, Lampson to Foreign Office, March 23, 1939; E2541/6/31 and E2724/6/31; E2691/6/31, Lampson to Foreign Office, April 12, 1939; Cohen, “The Palestine White Paper,” 590–591.
69. UKArchK, FO371 E2956/6/31, E3029/6/31, and E3158/6/31, Lampson to Foreign Office, April 23, 24, and 28, 1939; E3156/6/31, Houston-Boswell to Foreign Office, April 29, 1939.
70. UKArchK, FO371 E3160/6/31, E3029/6/31, and E3158/6/31, Lampson to Foreign Office, April 23, 24, and 28, 1939; E3156/6/31, Houstoun-Boswell to Foreign Office.
71. UKArchK, FO371 E3160/6/31 and E3161/6/31, Lampson to Foreign Office.
72. Ibid.
73. The meeting notes including all the quotations below are in UKArchK, FO371 E3945/6/31, Lampson to Foreign Office.
74. Parliamentary Papers, Cmd. 6019 (1939), 1–12.
75. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 276, 295.
76. Documents on British Foreign Policy, ser. 3, ed. Ernest L. Woodward, vol. 4 (London: H.M. Stationery Office, 1978), 209; Chaim Weizmann, Trial and Error (New York: Harper, 1966), 406.
77. UKArchK, FO371 E2362/10/31, Peterson to FO, April 11, 1938.
78. UKArchK, FO371 E3673/6/31 and E4904/6/31, Lampson to Foreign Office, May 18 and June 28, 1939; E4794/6/31, Newton-Butler to Foreign Office, June 28, 1939; USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.01/1557, Fish to Hull, May 20, 1939; New York Times, May 19, 1939; Times (London), May 18, 1939; Weizmann, Trial and Error, 408; Palestine and Transjordan, July 9, 1939; Jarida Misr al-Fatah, July 8, 1939.
79. USArchII, Department of State, RG59 867N.01/1603/1/2, 1613, 1622, 1632, Knabenshue to Hull, May 25 and 26, June 8 and 29, 1939; UKArchK, FO371 E3700/6/31, Houstoun-Boswell to Foreign Office, May 19, 1939; E4788/72/93 ad E4929/6/31, Newton to Foreign Office, June 28 and July 4, 1939; E5422/831, Bennett to Foreign Office, July 29, 1939.
80. UKArchK, E5422/831, Bennett to Foreign Office, July 29, 1939.
81. Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy,” 124.
82. Glubb, A Soldier with the Arabs, p. 159; Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine, 146–155; Akher Sa’a (Cairo), no. 1977 (September 13, 1972): 11–13.
83. Akher Sa’a (Cairo), no. 1977 (September 13, 1972): 11–13; Majid Khadduri, Arab Contemporaries (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 239.
1. Volker Koop, Hitler’s Fünfte Kolonne (Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburg Verlag, 2009), 265–274.
2. Albrecht Fueß, Die deutsche Gemeinde in Ägypten von 1919–1939 (Hamburg: Lit-Verlag, 1996), 94.
3. Koop, Hitlers Fünfte Kolonne, 271.
4. Seton Lloyd, The Interval (Oxford: Alden Press, 1986).
5. Rainer Michael Boehmer, Uruk (Mainz: Zabern, 1985).
6. Manfred Steffen to Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, August 2, 2010, on his father Willi Georg Steffen.
7. Adam Falkenstein, Topographie von Uruk, vol. 1 (Leipzig: Harassowitz, 1941); Wilhelm Kohlhaas, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak (Freiburg: Herder, 1989), 26, 32, 62, 114; Ekkehard Ellinger, Deutsche Orientalistik zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1933–1945 (Berlin: Deux Mondes, 2006), 477, 502.
8. Friedrich Freiherr Kreß von Kressenstein, Mit den Türken zum Sueskanal (Berlin: Vorhut, 1938), 109; Mitteilungen des Bundes der Asienkämpfer 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1920): 3; (January 3, 1920): 4.
9. Paul Leverkuehn, Der geheime Nachrichtendienst der Wehrmacht im Kriege (Frankfurt: Athenäum, 1964), 162; for the Abwehr’s structure, see Chantal Metzger, L’empire colonial français dans la stratégie du Troisième Reich (1936–1945), vol. 2 (Brussels: Lang, 2002), 958–960.
10. RGVArkhM, 7-1-368, Haut-Commissariat de la République Francaise en Syrie et au Liban, “Liaison britannique Beyrouth, Mufti Hajj Amin al-Husaini, Hashim Jaishi, Abd al-Latif Salah, Très Secret,” Beirut, August 3, 1939, 1; 7-1-969, 14, “Traduction d’un rapport sur les fraoti’s arabes en Palestine, 1939,” 1–2.
11. USArchII, T120, R901, F61169, “Return of Adil Azma, secret, Aleppo, 07/05/41, signed Rahn”; Adil Azma, “Functions, secret, Berlin, 07/08/41, signed Grobba”; F14696, B15765-769, “Organisation und Arbeitsplan der Abwehr im Orient, Abwehr II in Türkei, Apparat durch Verhaftungen zerschlagen, Geheime Reichssache, Berlin 18.04.41, gez. Grobba”; T77 R1432 F702, “An OKW/Amt Ausland Abwehr II, III, Mufti, Munir Rais, Fauzi al-Qawuqji, Nach Eintreffen Pässe, Nachrichtennetz schaffen, S-Tätigkeit einleiten, Übergangsorganisation Syrien, Türkei, Geheime Kommandosache, Sonderstab F, 05.12.41, gez. Stabschef Meyer-Ricks”; RGVArkhM, 7-1-660, 6713, “Activité de Hajj Amin et intrigues Anglo-Irakiennes, Fauzi Qawuqji, Adil Azma, Adil Arslan,” October 18, 1940.
12. Hans-Jürgen Döscher, Das Auswärtige Amt im Dritten Reich (Berlin: Siedler, 1987), 175.
13. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, ed., Germany and the Middle East, 1871–1945 (Princeton: Wiener, 2004), 184–85.
14. Barry Rubin, Istanbul Intrigues (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1989), 35.
15. Jeffrey Herf, Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 9, 39, 44.
16. Kurt Munzel, “Der Gebrauch des Genetivexponenten im arabischen Dialekt von Ägypten” (Diss., Erlangen University, 1948); Kurt Munzel, Ägyptisch-Arabischer Sprachführer (Wiesbaden: Harassowitz, 1958; 2d ed., 1983).
17. Friedrich C. Andreas, “Die Iranier,” in Unter fremden Völkern, ed. Wilhelm Doegen (Berlin: Stolberg, 1925), 376.
18. Georg Graf von Kanitz, “Turkestan” (1911), in Die Karawane des Gesandten, ed. Martin Kröger (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009), 92–102; Rudolf Nadolny, “Persien” (1913) (report to Reich Chancellor Theobald von Beth-mann Hollweg, Sarajevo, June 17, 1913), in “Rudolf Nadolny,“ibid., 115–125.
19. Ellinger, Deutsche Orientalistik zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, 348, 491: Walther Hinz, Irans Aufstieg zum Nationalstaat im fünfzehnten Jahrhundert (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1936), 124.
20. Stefan R. Hauser, “German Research on the Ancient Near East and Its Relation to Political and Economic Interests from Kaiserreich to World War II,” in Schwanitz, Germany and the Middle East, 155–179.
21. Erich F. Schmidt, Flights Over Ancient Cities Of Iran (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1940).
22. Hauser, “German Research on the Ancient Near East.”
23. PArchAA, Iran, Schacht Türkei/Iran, “Liste 15 deutsche Firmevertreter bei Schacht, Teheran, 24.11.36, Schmidt-Dumont”; “Aide mémoire Trade, Four Year Plan, Iran Raises Exports about 50 Mio. Mark, 1–3, Teheran, 24.11.36, Wohltat”; “Aide mémoire, plan Iran-Germany, Tehran, 12/21/36,” 10, signed Melchers.
24. PArchAA, RAV Teheran 28, Besuch Schacht Bd. 1, Bd. 2, Türkei/Iran, “Liste 15 deutsche Firmevertreter bei Schacht, Teheran, 24.11.36, Schmidt-Dumont”; “Aide mémoire Trade, Four Year Plan, Iran Raises Exports about 50 Mio. Mark, 1–3, Teheran, 24.11.36, Wohltat”; “Aide mémoire, plan Iran-Germany, Tehran, 12/21/36,” 10, signed Melchers.
25. PArchAA, RAV Teheran 28, Besuch Schacht Bd. 1, “Liste 1, Deutsche, Soirée des Gesandten, Teheran 23.11.36.”
26. PArchAA, Iran, Schacht Türkei/Iran, “To State Secretary Dieckhoff, Near East Report, Tehran, 8/1/37,” 24.
27. PArchAA, RAV Teheran 28, Besuch Schacht Bd. 1, Bd. 2, “Iran 20.– 25.11.36”; “Großkreuz Humayun an Präsident Dr. Schacht”; “Reisebericht, I-III, Reichsbankpräsident Schacht, streng vertraulich, Teheran 30.11.36,” 5; “Teheran, deutsche Presseschau, 03.12.36”; PArchAA, Iran, Schacht Türkei/Iran, “To State Secretary Dieckhoff, Near East Report, Tehran, 8/1/37, 11, signed Smend.”
28. Arabic names of Golden Square: Al-Halaqa adh-Dhaabiyya or al-Murabba adh-Dhahabi; the four main leaders were Fahmi Said, Kamil Shabib, Salah ad-Din as-Sabbagh, Mahmud Salman.
29. Dennis Kumetat, “The Failure of German Business and Economic Policy toward Iraq in the 1930s: An Example of the German Arms and Steel Company Otto Wolff of Cologne,” Al-Abhath: Journal of the American University of Beirut 55–56 (1907–1908): 147–173.
30. Salah ad-Din as-Sabbagh, Fursan al-Uruba fi al-Iraq [Knights of Arabdom in Iraq] (Damascus, 1956), 109; Mustafa Dawud Kabha, “Tamarrud 1941 fi al-Iraq” [The 1941 uprising in Iraq], al-Qalam (Nazareth) 1, no. 2 (March 20, 1987): 26–31.
31. USArchII, FMS, P-207, USArchII, FMS, P-207, Fritz Grobba, “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see above, Chapter 4, note 61), 17, 33.
32. Edgar Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy, 1933–1942” (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1998), 60.
33. Grobba, “Supplement,” 26; Amin al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 55; Fritz Grobba, Männer und Mächte im Orient (Göttingen: Musterschmidt, 1967), 130.
34. Peter Wien, Iraqi Arab Nationalism (New York: Routledge, 2006), 31; Grobba, “Supplement,” 26; Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy,” 58.
35. Grobba, “Supplement,” 32.
36. Ibid., 77.
37. Grobba, “Supplement,” 33; David M. Rosen, Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2005), 206–207; Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy,” 143.
38. Kohlhaas, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak, 18; Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy,” 120.
39. Grobba, “Supplement,” 19–20.
40. Ibid., 21.
41. Grobba to Foreign Ministry, November 9, 1937, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 767–772.
42. Barry Rubin, “Anglo-American Relations in Saudi Arabia, 1941-1945,” Journal of Contemporary History 14, no. 2 (April 1979): 253–267.
43. Grobba, “Supplement,” 32.
44. BMArchLo, 371-23342, 371-2334, October 22, 1939, High Commissioner to London; documents of Wilhelm Stellbogen (press attaché, Deutsches Nachrichtenbüro), and Hasan al-Banna (Jihad in Palestine), including receipts and notes of October 18, 1939, October 16, 1939 dealing with Stellbogen’s flat, Egyptian Military Secret Service, are found in Asam al-Aryan, “Al-Ikhwan wa al-Amirikiyun” [The Brothers and the Americans], Ash-Asharq al-Ausat (December 16, 2005); see also Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt, 241.
45. Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt, 241.
46. Ibid., 179; For Auni Abd al-Hadi see also Avi Shlaim, “The Balfour Declaration and Its Consequences,” in Yet More Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain, ed. Wm. Roger Louis (London: Tauris, 2005), 251–270.
47. Grobba, “Supplement,” 12, 29.
48. Sylvia Keddourie, ed., Arab Nationalism: An Anthology (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962), 44.
49. Majid Khadduri, Arab Contemporaries: The Role of Personalities in Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), 240–243; Geoffrey Furlonge, Palestine Is My Country: The Story of Musa Alami (New York: Praeger, 1969), 127–128; Majid Khadduri, Independent Iraq (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951), 170–171; Lukasz Hirszowicz, The Third Reich and the Arab East (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966), 82; Jacob C. Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), 147.
50. Documents on German Foreign Policy, series D, 11:241; Khadduri, Independent Iraq, 166–169, 281–285.
51. Trefor Evans, The Killearn Diaries (London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1972), 125–127; George Kirk, “More Lessons of Palestine,” The 19th Century and After (December 1948): 64; Khadduri, Arab Contemporaries, 238.
52. Muhammad Abd ar-Rahman Burj, Aziz al-Misri wa al-Haraka al-Wataniyya al-Misriyya [Aziz al-Misri and the Egyptian national movement] (Cairo: Markaz ad-Dirasat bil-Ahram, 1980), 71–77.
53. Times (London), May 30, 1941; Michael Cohen, “A Note on the Mansion House Speech,” Asian and African Studies 11, no. 3 (1977): 375–386.
54. Anwar Sadat, Revolt on the Nile (New York: Day, 1957), 39.
1. USArchII, FMS, P-207, Fritz Grobba, “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see above, Chapter 4, note 61), 26; Fritz Grobba, Männer und Mächte im Orient (Göttingen: Musterschmidt, 1967), 130.
2. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., Bureau of Secretary of State to Ribbentrop, B50692, report on meetings of von Papen and Shaukat in Ankara and Grobba and Haddad (August 26, 1940 in Berlin), secret, Berlin, August 27, 19, signed Grobba; To Mackensen, Meeting with Haddad (alias Taufiq Ali ash-Shakir) on Greater Arabia, Secret, Berlin, September 7, 1940.
3. USArchII, T120, R901, F61123, B23, “Notice on the Arab Question,” Berlin, March 7, 1941.
4. PArchAA, Nachlaß von Hentig, vol. 84, von Oppenheim to Grothe on Shakib Arslan, Berlin, September 4, 1941, 1.
5. Karl-Heinz Roth, “Berlin-Ankara-Baghdad: Franz von Papen and the German Near East Policy During the Second World War,” in Germany and the Middle East, 1871–1945, ed. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (Princeton: Wiener, 2004), 190–191: Naji Shaukat in Ankara, later Haddad also went to Ankara for talks with Franz von Papen.
6. PArchAA, Botschaft Ankara, vol. 555, B488069–71, Grand Mufti to “Excellence Papen,” Baghdad, June 21, 1940, 1–3, signed Grand Mufti de Palestine; B488097–98, July 22, 1940, signed Le Grand Moufti de Palestine; telegram, Uthman Kamal Haddad alias Taufiq Ali ash-Shakir in Ankara, Tarabya, secret, June 8, 1940, 1–2.
7. Urs Schwarz, Schicksalstage in Berlin (Lenzburg: Müller, 1986), 28.
8. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., Bureau of Secretary of State Ribbentrop’s order, “the Italian envoy gave indeed to premier al-Kailani this text on the Arab independence on behalf of his government 07/07/40 in Baghdad,” secret, Berlin, September 24, 1940, signed Woermann.
9. Raoul Aglion, “Allah’s Divided Children,” The Nation, May 24, 1941, 607–609.
10. Durable Dranger, “Max von Oppenheim in the Middle East,” Time, June 16, 1941.
11. USArchII, T120, R901, F61124, declaration in support of Arab independence drafted by Haddad in Berlin; B50712–13, document from Rome, September 14, 1940, signed Mackensen; order by von Ribbentrop concerning the declaration, and text of declaration, B50714–16, signed Woermann (seen by von Ribbentrop on September 28, 1940).
12. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., To von Papen, information addressed to von Papen on von Weizsäcker–Haddad conversation on declaration in support of Arab independence, Berlin, October 18, 1940, signed Grobba; account of Weizsäcker–Haddad conversation for the Italians, Berlin, October 19, 1940; account of Weizsäcker–Haddad conversation, Berlin, October 21, 1940, signed Weizsäcker. PArchAA, Nachlaß von Hentig, vol. 84, B326021–22, To Habicht, [Union Jack] plan draft addressed to Habicht, Berlin, July 25, 1940, signed von Oppenheim; Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, “Max von Oppenheim und der Heilige Krieg: Zwei Denkschriften zur Revolutionierung islamischer Gebiete 1914 und 1940,” Sozial.Geschichte, 19, no. 3 (2004): 28–59.
13. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., B50723–24, von Weizsäcker–Haddad conversation on declaration in support of Arab independence, Berlin, October 18, 1940, signed von Weizsäcker.
14. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., B255094, Bureau of Secretary of State to von Ribbentrop.
15. BArchPAA, 61123, B283, German radio declaration in support of Arab independence of December 5, 1940; for the German and the Arabic text see also Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger, December 5, 1940.
16. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., B255092-01, Bureau of Secretary of State to von Ribbentrop; B50692, declaration of al-Lajna al-Qaumiyya fi Bairut [National Committee in Beirut], Beirut, January 14, 1941, text of declaration in support of Arab independence, via von Hentig, Berlin, January 4, 1941, signed Woermann.
17. Amin Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 73–74.
18. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., B481559–65, Bureau of Secretary of State, to Mackensen, Meeting with Haddad (who had been in Berlin since August 26, 1940, waiting to go to Rome) on Greater Arabia, Secret, Berlin, September 7, 1940, signed von Weizsäcker.
19. See Hitler’s speech before the Reichstag, January 30, 1939.
20. USArchII, T120, R901, 61123, B50688, von Papen und Naji Shaukat, “Italiener angeblich für unabhängiges Großarabien, Geheim, Aufzeichnung, 21.07.40, Tarabya 31.07.40, gez. Kroll”; B50686–87, “06.07.40, von Papen-Shaukat, nordarabisches Reich unter irakischer Führung, weitere Treffen in Ankara für Wiederaufnahme der Beziehungen,” gez. Woermann; B50689–90, “Heute Treff Großmuftis Sekretär (will weiter nach Rom und Berlin), Großarabien, einig mit Saudi-Arabien, Anschluss Jordaniens an Palästina, Entfernung Abdullahs, Geheim, Trabya 06.08.40, gez. Von Papen.”
21. USArchII, T120, R901, 61123, B72–73, “Die Person des Großmufti, Berlin März 1941.”
22. USArchII, X-411, Von Hentig report on Syria and Greater Arabia, secret, Berlin, February 26, 1941.
23. PArchAA, R901, 61123, Abetz to Woermann, “Syrische Frage,” Paris, February 25, 1941.
24. PArchAA, R901, 61123, “Bedeutung des Irak-Öls für die Kriegführung,” Berlin, May 3, 1941.
25. PArchAA, R901, 61123, “Waffenlieferungen nach dem Irak, geheime Reichssache, Berlin 6.3.41, gez. Ripken.”
26. PArchAA, R901, 61123, “Aufzeichnung zur arabischen Frage, geheime Reichssache, Berlin, 7.3.41.”
27. USArchII, R901, 61169, Von Hentig, “Groß-Arabien und die Lage in Syrien, Geheime Reichssache,” Berlin, February 26, 1941, 14, 16ff; “Stellungnahme zum Bericht von Hentigs, Geheime Reichssache, Berlin 7.3.41”; Chantal Metzger, L’empire colonial français dans la stratégie du Troisième Reich (1936–1945), 2 vols. (Brussels: Lang, 2002), 2:830–833, 841–842.
28. PArchAA, vol. 555, from Ankara Embassy, “A Son Excellence Monsieur l’Ambassadeur de la Grande Allemagne à Ankara” (Papen), 1–2, Baghdad, June 21, 1940, signed Grand Moufti de Palestine.
29. RGVArkhM, 7-1-998–46, “Renseignement, Von Hentig, Roser, Adil Arslan, Saadi al-Kailani, Umar Dawuq, Riad as-Sulh, Akram az-Zuwaitar, Mukhtar as-Sulh, Ihsan Jabiri, Amin al-Husaini,” Paris, February 28, 1941.
30. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., B255147, “Déclaration officielle de l’Allemagne et de l’Italie concernant les Pays Arabes,” paragraph 7: “L’Allemagne et l’Italie reconaissent l’illegalité du ‘Jewish National Home’ en Palestine. Elles reconaissent à la Palestine et aux autres Pays Arabes le droit de résoudre la question des éléments juifs en Palestine et dans les autres Pays Arabes selon l’intérêt national arabe de la même manière qu’était résolue cette question dans les pays de l’Axe. Il s’en suit aussi qu’aucune immigration juive ne sera permise dans les Pays Arabes” (Berlin, March 1, 1941). USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., B255146–48, Bureau of Secretary of State to von Ribbentrop, and B50692, to Woermann: Uthman Kamal Haddad suggests a refined version of paragraph 3 (“Si la France accorde l’indépendence à la Syrie, l’Allemagne et l’Italie n’auront acune objection à cet égard.”), and advances a new draft of the “Déclaration officielle de l’Allemagne et de l’Italie concernant les Pays Arabes,” Berlin, March 1, 1941, signed Grobba.
31. USArchII, T120, R901, F61123, draft of letter to al-Husaini from Hitler, March 1941, signed Weizsäcker, 2; see also T120, R63571, F50682, B51223–25, “Materialien zur arabischen Frage, Geheime Reichssache,” Berlin, October 14, 1942.
32. USArchII, T120, R901, F61123, B32–33, 36, note on the Arab question, Berlin, March 7, 1941.
33. PArchAA, R901, 61123, “A Son Excellence Le Führer de la Grande Allemagne, Geheime Reichssache, Baghdad, 20.01.41,” signed Muhammad Amin al-Husaini, Grand Mufti de Palestine; to the Grand Mufti, secret, Berlin (March 4), 1941, signed Freiherr von Weizsäcker; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 74–75.
34. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 35, 73; Grobba, “Supplement,” 57: Some dozen Palestinians were in Baghdad with al-Husaini; PArchWGS, Nachlaß Günther Pawelke, vol. 6, Werner Junck to Pawelke, Duisburg, December 11, 1956.
35. USArchII, T77, R1432, F690, Cable 197 to Berlin and Special Command F: five hundred to a thousand al-Qawuqji men mobilized and need more weapons, discussion with Shammar leader in ar-Raqqa and Palestinian leader in Aleppo regarding anti-British uprising, will return today to Beirut, June 29, 1941, signed Meyer-Ricks, Rahn; F662, report by Meyer-Ricks on Syria, British steps and guerilla warfare by Arabs, and Vichy and Lebanon, June 22, 1941–July 4, 1941, Beirut, July 4, 1941, signed Meyer-Ricks; F691, Report on Special Command F and operations, southern Greece, July 14, 1941, signed Felmy (see also Rudolf Rahn, Ruheloses Leben [Düsseldorf: Diederichs, 1949), 260–262, 267, 317; PArchAA, Nachlaß von Hentig, vol. 84, Bl. 325927–28, to von Hentig, war news about Fritz Grobba, Fauzi al-Qawuqji, Shakib Arslan, Said al-Kailani, and Amin al-Husaini who luckily escaped, Berlin, October 31, 1941, signed von Oppenheim.
36. USArchII, T120, R901, F61169, B313977–79, cable to von Ribbentrop regarding talks under way since May 20, 1941, Warlimont visit to the French seeking support against the British in Syria and Iraq, supply of weapons from depots for Iraq, Paris, May 24, 1941, signed Abetz.
37. USArchII, T120, R901, F61169, cable to Ribbentrop, French Envoy in Ankara asks for transit permit to Syria, we ask von Papen to support him, Paris, June 21, 1941, signed Abetz.
38. Rahn, Ruheloses Leben, 229; see also Metzger, L’Empire colonial français dans la stratégie du Troisième Reich, passim.
39. USArchII, T120, R63571, F50682, to Woermann, regarding England and Iraq, Musa al-Husaini and Hamilton R. Gibb, signed Grobba, Berlin, October 16, 1940.
40. “Bila misyu, bila mistir, bi-s-sama Allah, wa ala-l-ard Hitlir.” Gerhard Höpp, “‘Nicht Ali zuliebe, sondern aus Hass gegen Mu’awiya’: Zum Ringen um die Arabien-Erklärung der Achsenmächte 1940–1942,” Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika 27 (1999): 572.
41. Sami al-Jundi, Al-Ba’th (Beirut: An-Nahar, 1969), 27.
42. Frankfurter Zeitung, December 6, 1940.
43. Norman Stillman, The Jews of Arab Lands in Modern Times (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1991), 106.
44. RGVArkhM, 7-1-998–46, “Renseignement, Von Hentig, Roser, Adil Arslan, Saadi al-Kailani, Umar Dawuq, Riad as-Sulh, Akram az-Zuwaitar. Mukhtar as-Sulh, Ihsan Jabiri, Amin al-Husain, Paris, 28.02.1941.”
45. USArchII, RG338, FMS, P-207, Franz Halder, “Vorbemerkungen von Generaloberst a.D. Franz Halder,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see Chapter 4, note 61), xii–xiii.
46. Anwar Sadat, Revolt on the Nile (New York: Day, 1957), 39.
47. Robert Lyman, Iraq 1941 (Oxford: Osprey, 2005), 207; USArchII, RG 338, FMS, P-207, General der Flieger a.D. Hellmuth Felmy, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung im zweiten Weltkrieg,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see above, Chapter 4, note 61), 37.
48. ArchPAA, 15916 FC, cable from grand mufti to German government, via Italy’s embassy, Baghdad, May 3, 1941, signed al-Husaini, Mackensen; Felmy, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung,” 34: OKW meeting on May 6, 1941; Ernst von Weizsäcker, Erinnerungen (Munich: List, 1950), 307.
49. In 1941 the code name Max Müller was used for the grand mufti but also for his secretary Kamal Uthman Haddad. The latter’s other code name was Taufiq Ali ash-Shakir.
50. Grobba, “Supplement,” 40: joint insurrection proposed by Rashid Ali to Ibn Saud in May 1940; Kohlhaas, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak, 56, weapon deliveries to Iraq via Salonica and Athens, airplane deliveries to Werner Junck, May 15, 19, 1941.
51. Grobba, “Supplement,” 44, 48–49, 51, 61; Felmy, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung,” 34.
52. Felmy, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung,” 55.
53. Ibid., 54.
54. PArchWGS, “Weisung Nr. 30, Mittlerer Orient, 23.05.41, gez. Jodl”; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 76–78; Grobba, “Supplement,” 53.
55. USArchII, RG 338, FMS, P-207, General der Artillerie a.D. Walter Warli-mont, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung im zweiten Weltkrieg,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see Chapter 4, note 61), 180; Kohlhaas, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak, 57, 94; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 72.
56. Kohlhaas, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak, 90; Grobba, “Supplement,” 57.
57. Grobba, “Supplement,” 50–51: PArchWGS, Nachlaß Günther Pawelke, vol. 6, “Meine Erinnerungen an die Ereignisse des Tages unserer Ankunft in Baghdad, aus dem Gedächtnis aufgezeichnet am 20.11.56, gez. O. Krückmann”; Felmy, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung,” 37.
58. Halder, “Vorbemerkungen von Generaloberst a.D. Franz Halder,” xiii.
59. PArchWGS, Nachlaß Günther Pawelke, vol. 6, “Ursprung des Irakunterneh-mens, Wilhelm Melchers, Nürnberg, 11.08.47,” 2.
60. PArchWGS, “An Oberst Junck, Kriegsgerichtliche Untersuchung eingestellt, alle Vorwürfe laut Grobbas Bericht 01.07.41, gegenstandslos, 20.09.41, gez. Kastner.”
61. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 70–71.
62. Bernd Philipp Schrödder, Iraq 1941 (Freiburg: Rombach, 1980), 41–58.
63. Felmy, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung”; Warlimont, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung.”
64. PArchWGS, to Naji Shaukat, Arabic letter with codenames, Rome, September 28, 1942, signed Amin al-Husaini; on the Farhud see Ruth Bondy, The Emissary: A Life of Enzo Sereni (Boston, Little, Brown, 1977), 193; Hayyim Cohen, “The Anti-Jewish Farhud in Baghdad,” Middle Eastern Studies 3, no. 1 (October 1966): 2–17.
65. Time, July 21, 1941.
66. Warlimont, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung,” 163–165.
67. Grobba, “Supplement,” final remarks on Churchill, Falkenhayn, Verdun, Hitler, and his enemies about the missed chance in the Middle East, 79–82; Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 1911–1914 (London: Butterworth, 1931), 79–80; Göring made the same point to Hitler on the “enemies’ weakest point in the South,” as he claimed after World War II, adding a remark on the “endless, unbeatable Russia in the East,” see USArchII, RG332, B104, State Department Special Interrogation Mission, Hermann Göring, by DeWitt C. Poole and Harold C. Vedeler, Wiesbaden, November 9, 1945.
68. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, Hajj Amin al-Husaini, Biographic Sketch No. 60, confidential, Washington, April 24, 1951, 2; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 92.
69. USArchII, T120, R63571, F50682, to Ribbentrop, urgent Tehran cable, Berlin, June 6, 1941, signed Woermann.
70. PArchWGS, Diary, Abwehr Major Erwin Lahousen, Grand Mufti in Tehran’s Japanese Embassy, Berlin 03.09.1941, signed Lahousen; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 82–83, 179.
71. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 90–92.
72. Ibid., 89.
73. Ibid., 93–94.
74. Daniel Carpi, “The Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husaini, and His Diplomatic Activity during World War II (October 1941–July 1943),” Studies in Zionism, no. 7 (1983): 106–107.
75. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 96, 100.
76. BArchPAA, F8367P, B14828–837, propaganda against the British in the Middle East, secret, Berlin, August 7, 1941, signed Grobba; USArchII, T77, R1432, S71, F695, Amt Ausland/Abwehr, “An Krummacher, Abwehr II, Sonder-stab F, Leitstelle Naher Orient, Ministerpräsident al-Kailani, 11,000 türkische Pfund (Hälfte Italiener, Hälfte Botschaft Ankara), Geheime Kommandosache,” Berlin, November 5, 1941.
77. Jana Forsmann, Testfall für die “Großen Drei” (Cologne: Böhlau, 2009), 43.
78. Grobba, “Supplement,” 78–79.
79. USArchII, T120, R28541, F28202, “Notiz für den Führer, gez. Fuschl, 7.09.42,” 6.
80. Ata Taheri, Deutsche Agenten bei iranischen Stämmen 1942–1944, ed. Burkhard Ganzer (Berlin: Schwarz, 2008), 13, 91–97.
81. USArchII, FMS, P-207, Warlimont, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung,” 163–166, 181.
82. “Unterredung zwischen dem Führer und Graf Ciano, Berlin, 29.11.1941,” in Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Der Weg zur Teilung der Welt: Politik und Strategie von 1933 bis 1945 (Koblenz: Wehr & Wissen, 1977), 128, doc. 64.
83. PArchAA, F41797, E261172–74, “An Auswärtiges Amt Berlin, für Ettel vom Großmufti, geheim, Rom 13.08.42, gez. Bismarck: Die Lage der Juden in den arabischen Ländern bis 18.07.42.”
84. USArchII, T120, R901, 61125, B E261249–50, “Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Appunto, Segreto, Roma,” September 13, 1942; see also Luigi Goglia, “Il Mufti e Mussolini,” in Storia Contemporanea 16, no. 12 (1986): 1201–1253.
85. USArchII, Office of Naval Intelligence, C-9-E 25524, box 116, OSS 25681, Kirk to Hull, November 20–26, 1942, report of December 6, 1942, and OSS 26373, December 11, 1942, Kirk to Hull, December 3, 1942. See also Felmy, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung,” and Warlimont, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung.” Detailed accounts of Arab activities in Germany are contained in USArchII, RG226, OSS XL 14167, interrogation of Carl Rekowsky, August 14, 1945. See also Anthony R. De Luca, “‘Der Grossmufti’ in Berlin: The Politics of Collaboration,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 10, no. 1 (February 1979): 125–138.
86. USArchII, T120, R28, B28202 ff.3, B28414–7, “Die Länder des arabischen Raumes im Nahen Osten, Geheim, ‘Westfalen,’” May 31, 1942.
87. BArchPAA, F41796, E260591, cable to Hitler before leaving for Rome, Berlin, February 13, 1942, signed Amin al-Husaini.
88. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 116.
89. Taqi ad-Din al-Hilali, Die Einleitung zu al-Birunis Steinbuch, mit Erläuterungen übersetzt (Leipzig: Harassowitz, 1941).
90. PArchWGS, letter From al-Burqiba to al-Husaini, reporting receipt of his letter of January 22, 1943 on North African affairs, enclosing a memorandum to the Axis powers by Said Taufiq and Ramzi al-Ajaqi, and asking the grand mufti to intervene that he can come to Berlin for direct talks with the Germans, January 29, 1943.
91. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 117, 208.
92. Ibid., 116–117.
93. USArchII, RG218, B59, Joint Psychological Warfare Committee, “Abd al-Karim, Investigation Request to OSS, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Secret,” Washington, D.C., August 4, 1942. BArchPAA, F41796, BE260924, “Arabische Mitarbeiter Rashid Ali al-Kailanis und des Grossmuftis, Rom 14.04.42, gez. Granow,” report on Free Arab broadcast and al-Umma al-Arabiyya; BArchPPAA, 61123, B51074–75, report that al-Husaini is waiting for the Axis radio declaration and will choose co-workers for Radio Athens, Rome, March 28, 1942.
94. Memorandum on Arab Northwest Africa, Rome, November 18, 1942, Berlin, January 16, 1943, in al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 118–119. USArchII, R901, 61125, B302991–97, “Telegramm, Deutsch-italienische Besprechung über Tunis im Palazzo Chigi, Bey von Tunis, al-Husaini, al-Burqiba, Deutsch-Arabische Lehrabteilung, Rom 2.01.1943”; Metzger, L’Empire colonial français dans la stratégie du Troisième Reich, 2:963–969.
95. BArchPAA, F41796, BE260924, “Arabische Mitarbeiter Rashid Ali al-Kailanis und des Grossmuftis, Rom 14.04.42, gez. Granow”: report on Free Arab broadcast, Al-Umma al-Arabiyya, and al-Husaini’s and al-Kailani’s visit to Rome, May 5–11, 1942; BArchPPAA, 61123, B51074–75, report that al-Husaini is waiting for the Axis radio declaration and will choose co-workers for Radio Athens, Rome, March 28, 1942.
96. PArchAA, R27327, B297998-01, “An Kapp, Memorandum, Propagandas-chriften der Araberfeinde, November 1942.”
97. USArchII T120, R392, S930, F297916, German Foreign Ministry, special files of Envoy Ettel who was attached as the ministry’s representative to the grand mufti of Jerusalem; B297924, “Arabien Komitee 38. Sitzung,” Berlin, December 3, 1942: Following the earlier mentioned exchange of letters between al-Kailani and Groß of the Race-Political Office of the Nazi Party, October 17, 1942, about henceforth using anti-Judaism instead of anti-Semitism, twenty thousand leaflets were printed by OKW, the German Supreme Command, in a run to be distributed by airplanes over North Africa. See also B298067, Yunis Bahri of Bukarest, too OKW, Berlin, October 30, 1942.
98. German racist and Islamist leaflets for Arabs of November 17, 1941 in Metzger, L’Empire colonial français dans la stratégie du Troisième Reich, 2:909–915.
99. Von Ribbentrop letter of April 28, 1942 in Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 115–116.; Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Islam in Europa, Revolten in Mittelost (Berlin: Weist, 2013), 165.
100. PArchAA, Abwehr Afrika to Ritter, on German economic activities in French North Africa, Algeria, Morocco, on agents, and on allied landing in western Africa, Berlin, May 14, 1942, signed Canaris; see also Metzger, L’Empire colonial français dans la stratégie du Troisième Reich, Annex 44, 2:896–898.
101. Maurice M. Roumani, The Jews of Libya (Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 2009), 34–37.
102. Robert Satloff, Among The Righteous (New York: Public Affairs, 2006), 42–44.
103. Daniel Carpi, Between Mussolini and Hitler: The Jews and the Italian Authorities in France and Tunisia (Hanover: Brandeis University Press, 1994), 205–227; Satloff, Among The Righteous, 31–33.
104. Shraga Elam and Dennis Whitehead, “Rauff vs. the Yishuv,” Haaretz, July 4, 2007; Rauff’s letter on Special Vans, Berlin, July 5, 1942, at http://www.holocaust-history.org/19420605-rauff-spezialwagen/rauff-1.gif.
105. USArchII, RG263, CIA B106, Name Index (2nd rel.) “Walter Rauff, Memorandum to Dr. Voss and his friends (original message 06/01/45, 2), Secret, Cairo 02/09/54,” 1.
106. Klaus-Michael Mallmann and Martin Küppers, Halbmond und Hakenkreuz: Das Dritte Reich, die Araber und Palästina (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 2006), 146, 203.
107. For documentation on Walther Rauff, see Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, “Amin al-Husaini and the Holocaust: What Did the Grand Mufti know?” World Politics Review Exclusive, May 5, 2008, 1.
108. Mallmann and Küppers, Halbmond und Hakenkreuz, 207.
109. Rahn, Ruheloses Leben, 295–302.
110. Gerhard Höpp, “In the Shadow of the Moon: Arab Inmates in Nazi Concentration Camps,” in Schwanitz, Germany and the Middle East, 224. USArchII, RG263, EZZ-18, CIA Name Files (2nd release), B107, Walter Rauff, “German Intelligence Service in Tunis during the occupation, Colonel Rauff as Gestapo chief of Tunis, Secret, 11/15/43.”
111. Satloff, Among the Righteous, 19–20.
112. USArchII, RG263, EZZ-18, CIA Name Files (2nd release), B107, Walter Rauff, “Head of SD in Milan, Secret, 07/02/44.” USArchII, RG263, EZZ-18, CIA Name Files (2nd release), B107, “Walter Rauff, Personal-Bericht 1938, gez. Albert; Personalangaben 08.09.38, gez. Rauff; Bewährung als Führer SD Einsatzkommando Tunis, Winter 1942–43, Stellungnahme und Antrag Botschafter Rahns, Verleihung des Deutschen Kreuzes in Silber, gez. Wolff; Lebenslauf handschriftlich Rahn, Personalbericht, 23.04.38, gez. Rauff.”
113. PArchAA, Botschaft Rom, Q, vol. 161, B304529–304531, “Niederschrift des Großmufti über seine beabsichtigte Tätigkeit in Nordafrika, übergeben General Amé, darin Briefinhalt, 26.07.42, an von Ribbentrop, Rom,” August 29, 1942.
114. BArchPAA, R27766, Rahn to Foreign Ministry, predicting results of arming Arabs such as looting and pogroms against Jews, Tunis, December 5, 1942; see also Mallmann and Küppers, Halbmond und Hakenkreuz, 209.
115. USArchII, R901, 61169, B95–99, report to Woermann on Arabs, French, German-French relations, Europe, and ideological warfare, “Geheime Kommandosache,” Paris, February 28, 1942, signed Rahn.
116. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 122.
117. USArchII, T120, R63, S71 F50682, B51137, report to Grobba, on Arab Legion and on plans made by al-Husaini in Rome, February 7–May 11, 1942, Berlin, May 22, 1942, signed Woermann.
118. USArchII, T120, R901, 61125, B33, agreement with the German Supreme Command (OKW) about the use of the Arab Freedom Corps, September 12, 1942 (replacing the agreement of January 1942 between Grobba, al-Kailani, General Felmy, and the grand mufti); see also BE261249–50, Ministero degli Affari Esteri, “Appunto, Segreto, Roma, 09/13/42.” BArchAAL, 61124, B71–77, “Befehlshaber Sonderstab F, Bericht über die Tätigkeit des Sonderstabes F in der arabischen Frage, Großmufti rekrutierte eine Kompanie aus arabischen Gefangenen, Felmys Besprechungen Anfang Mai und Mitte Juli 1942 mit al-Husaini und al-Kailani, Name Freiheitscorps, Verträge, 15.08.42, gez. Felmy.”
119. USArchII, T120, R901, 61125, B31–32, Supreme Command S.I.M., Center of the Grand Mufti in North Africa (translation from Italian), September 10, 1942.
120. Daniel Carpi, “The Mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husaini, and His Diplomatic Activity During World War II (October 1941–July 1943),” Studies in Zionism, no. 7 (spring 1983): 119.
121. BArchAAP, F61124, “Betrifft Sonderverband 288,” January 13, 1942.
122. USArchII, R901, 61125, B55–56; see also Mallmann and Küppers, Halbmond und Hakenkreuz, 216–217.
123. Sadat, Revolt on the Nile, 8–44; James Heyworth-Dunne, Religious and Political Trends in Modern Egypt (Washington, D.C.: privately published, 1950), 25–26; Geoffrey Warner, Iraq and Syria, 1941 (London: Davis-Poynter, 1974), 24–27; Abd ar-Rahman Azzam, Die Freiheitskämpfe der Tripolitaner (Berlin: Der Neue Orient, 1918).
124. Sadat, Revolt on the Nile, 18–44.
125. Ibid.
126. Report to Foreign Office, “Security Summary Middle East,” February 12, 1942, in Brynjar Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Movement 1928–1942 (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1998), 267–268.
127. Wajih Atiq, Al-Malik Faruq wa Almaniya an-Naziyya [King Faruq and Nazi Germany] (Cairo: Al-Fikr, 1992), 90, 187.
128. Sadat, Revolt on the Nile, 18–44; Heyworth-Dunne, Religious and Political Trends in Modern Egypt, 25–26; Warner, Iraq and Syria, 1941, 24–27.
129. Stimme des Freien Arabertums, June 25, 1942, quoted in Jeffrey Herf, “Hitlers Dschihad,” Vierteljahreshefte zur Zeitgeschichte, no. 2 (2010): 270–72.
130. “Aufzeichnung des Gesandten Ettel, Unterredung mit Großmufti am 27.06.42, Augenblick bald gekommen, Ägypter zum offenen Aufruhr aufzurufen, Geheime Reichssache, Berlin 27.06.42, gez. Ettel,” Akten Zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik, 1918–1945, Serie E, 1941–1945, vol. 3, June 16–September 9, 1942 (Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht 1974), 1473/367993, 71–72; Atiq, Al-Malik Faruq wa Almaniya an-Naziyya, 178, 187.
131. “Ettel an Auswärtiges Amt, Amin Zaki Bey mit Faruqs Antwort für Hitler, Faruq grüßt Großmufti, Istanbul 24.07.42, gez. Ettel,” Akten Zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik, 1918–1945, Serie E, 1941–1945, 3:222–223, Nr. 129; Atiq, Al-Malik Faruq wa Almaniya an-Naziyya, 115–134; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 171.
132. Jehan Sadat, Ich bin eine Frau aus Ägypten (Munich: Heyne, 1987), 70; John W. Eppler, Rommel ruft Kairo (Gütersloh: Bertelsmann, 1959), 202–203, 295–298.
133. Anwar as-Sadat, “Rommel at al-Alamainin: An Egyptian View (1942),” in A Middle East Mosaic, ed. Bernard Lewis (New York: Random House, 2000), 314–316.
134. Wajih Atiq, Al-Jaish al-Misri wa alman fi atha al-Harb alamiyya ath-Thaniyya [The Egyptian Army and the Germans during World War Two] (Cairo: Cairo University Press, 1993), 63.
135. “Ettel an Auswärtiges Amt, Amin Zaki Bey mit Faruqs Antwort für Hitler, Istanbul 24.07.42, gez. Ettel,” Akten Zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik, 1918–1945, Serie E, 1941–1945, 3:222–223, Nr. 129; see also Atiq, Al-Jaish al-Misri, 112.
136. Ettel/Tismer document, Berlin, July 28, 1942, and Tismer document, Berlin, July 31, 1942, Muhammad Radwan on a British plan to attack Marsa Matruh cutting off German-Italian troops at al-Alamain and the death of the other pilot, Ahmad Sayyid Husain, in Atiq, Al-Jaish al-Misri, 223–225, 227.
137. BArchPAA, F14073, 364869; “Ettel an Auswärtiges Amt, Amin Zaki Bey mit Faruqs Antwort für Hitler (Fussnote 2 zur Ankunft der beiden ägyptischen Flieger am 06.07.07.42, Telegramm 28.07.42) Istanbul 24.07.42, gez. Ettel,” Akten Zur Deutschen Auswärtigen Politik, 1918–1945, Serie E, 1941–1945, 3:222–223, Nr. 129; see also Gerhard Höpp, “Der Koran als ‘Geheime Reichssache’: Bruchstücke deutscher Islampolitik zwischen 1938 und 1945,” in Gnosisforschung und Religionsgeschichte, ed. Holger Preißler and Hubert Seiwert (Marburg: Diagonal, 1994), 435–446.
138. BArchPAA, FC4030, B363198, “An Tismer, Büro Ettel, Aufruf al-Husainis und al-Kailanis an die Ägypter, Broschüre Der Islam und die Demokratien, Berlin 07.01.43, gez. Winkler”; B363199, “‘Bayan Samahat al-Mufti al-Akbar ila ash-Shab al-Misri,’ Rundfunkerklärung des Großmuftis an das ägyptische Volk, 3.07.42.”
139. BArchPAA, F14009, B321578–80, “Radio-Erklärung des Großmufti, 3.07.42.”
140. Reinhard Stumpf, “Einleitung,” in Marsch und Kampf des Deutschen Afrikakorps, vol. 1: 1941, ed. Generalkommando des Deutschen Afrikakorps (1934; reprint, Berlin: Mittler 1994), 9–25.
141. “Tötet die Juden bevor sie Euch töten, Stimme des Freien Arabertums, 7.07.42,” in Herf, “Hitlers Dschihad,” 274; see also Jeffrey Herf, Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 112–113.
142. Abwehr II chart in Metzger, L’Empire colonial français dans la stratégie du Troisième Reich, 2:958.
143. PArchWGS, Diary of Erwin von Lahousen, head of Sabotage Department, Abwehr II, B208, July 13, 1942.
144. Oscar Reile, Treff Lutetia Paris: Der Kampf der Geheimdienste im westli-chen Operationsgebiet, in England und Nordafrika 1939–45. Im “Dienst” Gehlens 1949–61 (Munich: Welsermühl, 1973), 231–232.
145. BArchPAA, FC4030, B363196, “Notiz, Großmufti im Rundfunk, Martyr-errede 11.11.42, Amerikaner und Juden in Nordafrika, 25.11.42, Berlin 08.01.43.”
146. BArchPAA, 61124, B205–206, “An Canaris, Geheimbrief an Bey von Tunis, al-Husaini will Reise mit Canaris nach Tunis, Berlin, 08.12.42”; USArchII, R901, 27332, B390957, report to Ettel on Nine Points of an Islamic Pact and Bloc of North Africa, February 1943.
147. Mallmann and Küppers, Halbmond und Hakenkreuz, 214.
148. “Telegraf, 6,000 Deutsche, Kairo gibt Spezialisten Verträge,” Sächsische Zeitung, July 29, 1947; “Deutsche gegen Israel,” ibid., January 15, 1949.
1. Von Ribbentrop to von Papen, Berlin, September 26, 1941, in Franz von Papen, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse, 2 vols. (Munich: List, 1952), 2:547–548; Rudolf Rahn, Ruheloses Leben (Düsseldorf: Diederichs, 1949), 400.
2. PArchWGS, Higher Command to German Afrikakorps, explaining that after the hot season is over in fall 1941 as discussed with the Italian Higher Command, a German-Italian offensive will drive the British out of Egypt and the Suez Canal area, at the same time proceeding through Turkey, Syria, and Palestine, “geheime Kommandosache,” June 28, 1941.
3. Edgar Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy, 1933–1942” (Ph.D. diss., University of London, 1998), 187.
4. Jan Lipinsky, Das Geheime Zusatzprotokoll zum deutsch-sowjetischen Nichtangriffsvertrag vom 23. August 1939 und seine Entstehungsund Rezeptionsgeschichte von 1939 bis 1999 (Frankfurt: Lang, 2004); Heinz Tillmann, Deutschlands Araberpolitik im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1965), 140.
5. BArchPAA, 61123, FS, Hitler’s order to train Arabs for desert war, and to include Rashid Ali al-Kailani as leader of the training, “geheime Kommandosache,” January 13, 1942.
6. USArchII, RG263, CIA Records, al-Husaini letters, April 19, 1943; PArchWGS, al-Husaini to von Ribbentrop on Muslims of Albania, asking for declaration of independence, Berlin, December 9, 1943.
7. BArchPAA, F4925, B390726–31, “Unaufrichtigkeit des Großmufti gegenüber deutschen militärischen Stellen,” Berlin, October 26, 1942.
8. USArchII, T120, R901, 61124, B38–39, Arab leaders in Istanbul, Adil al-Azma, Nabil al-Azma, Akram Zuwaitar, asking Berlin through Ishaq Darwish for an official declaration on the Middle East, especially on Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Palestine, Arab emirates, including recognition of the independence of the Arab kingdoms and their right of unification July 4, 1942; USArchII, T120, R901, 61125, “An Ettel, Großmuftis Nachricht an Kamil Muruwwa: Ich habe für Salim und Kameraden das Nötige gesandt (Randvermerk: ‘freigelassene Araber [in Frankreich]’), Sofia, 12.02.43.”
9. BArchPAA, F61124, B45–48, “Stellungnahme zum Schreiben des Auswärtigen Amts vom 05.08.42, DAL keine Arabische Legion, Soldatenzahlen Araber, Geheime Kommandosache, 14.08.42, gez. Felmy”; USArchII, T120, R28 S541, F28202, B28455–60, “Notiz für Gesandten von Rintelen, Unterredung Jodl-Felmy, Deutsch-Arabische Lehrabteilung ca. 4.000 Mann mit Sonderausbildung, darunter zwei Kompanien Araber, eine hat 170 Mann aus dem Vorderen Orient, die andere 100 Marokkaner, DAL wird zur Zeit von Griechenland in den Kauskasus verlegt, unser Vordringen in arabische Welt für Frühjahr 1943 erwartet, Geheim, Führerhauptquartier, 31.08.42.”
10. USArchII, T120, R901, 61125, B29–30, report on meeting of Canaris, Felmy, von Lahousen, Meyer-Ricks, Amé, and Simen with al-Husaini, top secret, Rome, September 15, 1942, signed Canaris; R901, 61124, B70, cable on several hours of meeting between Canaris and al-Husaini, no command for al-Husaini over troops of Cape Sounion, he was depressed, signed Mackensen, top secret, Rome, September 17, 1942; B62890–91, report on the grand mufti’s argument against using Arabs in the Caucasian theatre of war, and memorandum to Keitel on the movement of the Cape Sounion camp, Rome, September 29, 1942, signed Amin al-Husaini.
11. Otto Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen: Ein Leben als Soldat und Diplomat (Würzburg: Holzner, 1968), 334–335, 405–409, 469.
12. Alexander Kirk to Foreign Office, “Basic Trends of Axis Broadcasts for Arabs,” Cairo, April 18, 1942, in Herf, “Hitlers Dschihad,” 270.
13. USArchII, T454, R16, Eastern Ministry and Occupied Soviet Areas, 1941–45, Too I 855/42; Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 501, describes three principles of Rosenberg’s ministry in ruling the occupied areas from the summer of 1942: liberation from Bolshevism, establishment of sovereign states, and winning of the hearts and minds of the population, including for the fight against partisans.
14. USArchII, T454, R16, Eastern Ministry and Occupied Soviet Areas, 1941–45, report by Oberkriegsverwaltungsrat on the visit to the Uraza Bairam festival in Kislovodsk, October 11, 1942, 4, 5.
15. USArchII, T454, R16, Eastern Ministry and Occupied Soviet Areas, 1941–45, Ic/AO 3719/42, report by High Command of Army Group B to Army High Command (OKH) on the Kalmyks after the fall of Elista, August 26, 1942, with details of militias, volunteers, horsemen bands, agents, and insurgency, secret, January 18, 1942, signed Sordenstern.
16. Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 627–628: Mende took over the Department of Alien Peoples in late August 1943.
17. Ibid., 295–297.
18. Ibid., 321.
19. Bernd Bronwetsch, “Die sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen zwischen Stalin und Hitler,” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 41, no. 2 (1993): 135–142; Camilla Dawletschin-Linder, “Die turko-tatarischen Kriegsgefangenen im Zweiten Weltkrieg im Dreiecksverhältnis zwischen deutscher Politik, turanistischen Aspiration und türkischer Außenpolitik,” Der Islam 80 (2003): 1–29; Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europa zwischen Hitler und Stalin (Munich: Beck, 2010), 220–229.
20. PArchAA, Nachlaß Von Hentig, V84, B325943–45, report to von Oppenheim on Tatars and other Muslims in the field, October 11, 1941, signed von Hentig.
21. Maria Keipert and Peter Grupp, eds., Biographisches Handbuch des deutschen Auswärtigen Dienstes 1871–1945, vol. 2, ed. Gerhard Keiper and Martin Kröger (Paderborn: Schöningh, 2005), 403–404; on the Brotherhood of Tatar Fighters, the Törek Tatarlarynyň Milli Köräsh, and the Tatarischer Kampfbund (Idel-Ural Turktataren), see Sebastian Cwiklinski, Wolgatataren im Deutschland des Zweiten Weltkriegs: Deutsche Ostpolitik und tatarischer Nationalismus (Berlin: Schwarz, 2002), 99–102, 121–126.
22. BArchPAA, 61174, B198, OKW to Foreign Office, January 31, 1941; see Dawletschin-Linder, “Die turko-tatarischen Kriegsgefangenen im Zweiten Weltkrieg,” 18.
23. BArchPAA, von Papen to Foreign Office, Ankara, July 25, 1941, see Dawletschin-Linder, “Die turko-tatarischen Kriegsgefangenen im Zweiten Weltkrieg,” 15.
24. Volker Koop, Hitlers Muslime: Die Geschichte einer unheiligen Allianz (Berlin: Bebra, 2012), 19.
25. Bernd Lemke, Der Irak und Arabien aus der Sicht deutscher Kriegsteilnehmer und Orientreisender 1918 bis 1945 (Frankfurt: Lang, 2012), 324–349.
26. Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 420–421.
27. Von Papen, Der Wahrheit eine Gasse, 2 vols. (Munich: List, 1952), 2:553–554; Sebastian Cwiklinski, Wolgatataren im Deutschland des Zweiten Weltkriegs (Berlin: Schwarz, 2002), 18–19.
28. Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 496–497.
29. USArchII, T454, R16, Eastern Ministry and Occupied Soviet Areas, 1941–45, “Auswahl von Fragen, die aus den Reihen der Kaukasischen Legionäre gestellt wurden, geheim, 25.08.42.”
30. Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 435.
31. Joachim Hoffmann, Die Ostlegionen 1941–1943: Turkotataren, Kaukasier und Wolgafinnen im deutschen Heer (Freiburg: Rombach, 1976), 24–25.
32. USArchII, T454, R16, Eastern Ministry and Occupied Soviet Areas, 1941–45, letter of Cora von Mende to “Sir Thomas,” October 1946, 4; Dawletschin-Linder, “Die turko-tatarischen Kriegsgefangenen im Zweiten Weltkrieg,” 16–17; Patrik von zur Mühlen, Zwischen Hakenkreuz und Sowjetstern: Der Nationalismus der sowjetischen Ostvölker im Zweiten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1971), 84.
33. Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 467.
34. PArchWGS, Abwehr Diary of Erwin von Lahousen, Stalag IIIA, entry of November 29, 1941, 178, on Luckenwalde prisoners and Abwehr II.
35. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682 ff., report to Weizsäcker that Hitler agreed to an Indian Legion to be organized under the leadership of State Secretary Keppler, but decided to postpone an Arab Legion as suggested on December 22, 1941, until discussions to be held with the military, results to be given to Hitler via von Ribbentrop, “Geheime Reichssache,” Berlin, December 24, 1941, signed Woermann; Note from OKW regarding Indian Legion, Arab Legion, Grobba, and von Lahousen, Berlin, December 24, 1941, signed von Weizsäcker; Hoffmann, Die Ostlegionen 1941–1943, 26–27.
36. BArchPAA, 61124, B45–48, “Stellungnahme zum Schreiben des Auswärtigen Amts, 05.08.42, Namensgebung Deutsch-Arabische Lehrabteilung, Geheime Kommandosache, 18.04.42, gez. Felmy.”
37. East Turk Armed Formation: Osttürkischer Waffenverband des SS-Hauptamtes in Dresden.
38. PArchWGS, letter to Major Morrison on the Eastern Ministry’s function and structure, Detmold, October 31, 1945, signed von Mende, 2. See also Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 394, 592.
39. Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 301, 302–303, 318–321, 371.
40. Hitler’s Order No. 41, April 5, 1942, for Operation Blue, and for later Operations Herron and Edelweiss up to the Caspian Sea.
41. Dietrich Eichholz, Krieg um Öl: Ein Erdölimperium als deutsches Kriegsziel (1938–1943) (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2006), 122–132.
42. USArchII, T454, R16, Eastern Ministry and Occupied Soviet Areas, 1941–45, report to Leibbrandt and Schickedanz on a trip to Turkey, August 14–29, 1942, secret, Berlin, September 1, 1942, I5.
43. See Chapter Seven. USArchII, T120, R901, 61123, B168–185, “Vordringen Deutschlands über den Kaukasus nach dem arabischen Raum, Geheime Reichssache, 05.02.42, gez. Grobba.”
44. USArchII, T120, R901, 61124, B65–66, “Sonderstab F Oberkommando Wehrmacht, Amt Ausland/Abwehr unterstellt, Geheime Kommandosache, Berlin 15.08.42, gez. Canaris.”
45. USArchII, T120, R901, 61124, B68–69, “Sonderstab F bzw. Deutsches Orientkorps, Mitteilung General Felmys, Arabisches Bataillon ehedem Deutsch-Arabische Lehrabteilung, Umwandlung in Korpsverband, Geheime Reichssache, Berlin 03.09.42, gezeichnet Grobba”; B149–150, “Die Vertetung des Auswärtigen Amts für die neuen Aufgaben südlich des Kaukasus, Iranisch-Arabischer-Türkischer Raum, u.a. Ausbildung fremder Verbände, H.Qu. OKH, 06.09.42”; PArchAA, Handakten Ritter, “Bericht arabisches Freiwilligen-Bataillon Tunis 14.12.42,” 1–4; 61125, B16–19, “An Prüfer, Deutsch-Arabische Lehrabteilung, Araber, Einsatzziel Irak und Iran, die 30–40 Palästinenser des Großmuftis, Geheime Reichssache, Berlin 20.11.42, gez. Schuurre.”
46. Amin al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 120–121.
47. USArchII, R901, 61125, B105, “Irak und englische Judenpolitik in Paläs-tina, Absehen von der Erwägung, schriftliche Zusicherung zu veröffentlichen, Geheime Reichssache, Berlin 10.02.43, gez. Prüfer.”
48. BArchPAA, Großmufti Bosnien, 69287, B168–175, “Notizen über al-Husainis Gespräche, Berlin 28.04.43, gez. Winkler”; B181 reports that in Sarajevo the Grand Mufti wore four costumes—Croatian, German-Italian, Arabian, and Islamic.
49. In Rome in August 1942 al-Husaini gave an interview for the Sarajevo weekly Osvit claiming that the Axis victory would be a victory of the Islamic nations, and he met with the Bosnian student Mustafa Busulajetish on December 19; Mudhakkirat, 137.
50. PArchAAP, “An Weizsäcker, Muslime in Kroatien, Beilage, Angriffe auf Muslime, Berlin 09.06.42, gez. al-Husaini.”
51. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 138–139.
52. BArchPAA, Großmufti Bosnien, 69287, B00144–75, “Politische Lage, der Besuch April 1943.”
53. Bernwald in Guido Knopp, Die SS: Eine Warnung an die Geschichte (Bertelsmann: Munich, 2002), 298.
54. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 143.
55. PArchWGS, “Reichsleiter Baldur von Schirach, Vermerk, SS-Standartenführer Bock, Großmufti von Palästina, Besuch der Staatsoper, Wien 07.04.43, gez. Generalkulturreferent Walter Thomas.”
56. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 140: Five points of Bosnian and Croatian recruitment into Waffen SS.
57. Jennie Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem Haj-Amin el-Husseini and National-Socialism (Belgrade: Čigoja Stampa, 2007), 193.
58. BArchBe, AA, NS19/2181, Reichsführer SS, “An Brandt, Treffen Großmufti-Goebbels, Goebbels-Hitler, geheime Kommandosache, Rolle der SS und Großmufti, Grunewald, 27.05.44,” 2–3, remarks of Berger.
59. BArchPAA, Großmufti Bosnien, 69287, B00146, B00150, “An Professor Six, Politische Lage, der Besuch April 1943, Panislamische Kampftruppe, Konfliktfall Türkei, Teufelsdivision, Gefahrenmoment panislamischer Truppe, Berlin 04.05.43, gez. Konsul Winkler”; B168–175, “Notizen über al-Husainis Gespräche, SS-Division soll panislamische Kampftruppe werden, Türken und Bosniaken, Großmufti als Kalif, Berlin 28.04.43, gez. Winkler.”
60. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 123, 129–145.
61. Ibid., 149; Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 191.
62. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 391, 436.
63. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682; BArchPAA, R101202, “Reise des Großmuftis nach Holland, Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Volendam, 25.08.–29.08.43, Geheim, Berlin 07.09.43, 10.09.43, gez. Melchers”; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 121.
64. BArchB, An Chef des SS Hauptamtes Berger, F2922, B699837–38, “An Berger, Empfang türkischer Offiziere 14.12.43, die mit Aufstellung Islamischer Division beauftragt, Sympathie der deutschen Führung für Muslime und islamische Sache, vier Bitten der türkischen Offiziere, al-Husaini’s Vorschlag, Krim-Tataren aus SS und Wehrmacht in die Islamische Division eingliedern, Berlin 15.12.43, gez. Amin al-Husaini.”
65. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 432, 436.
66. “British Spy Records Show Nazi Plans for Palestinian Jews,” Associated Press, July 5, 2001.
67. Police report from the Sir Martin Gilbert Archival Collection, the Churchill War Papers, London, in David G. Dalin and John F. Rothman, Icon of Evil (New York: Random House, 2008), 61, 184.
68. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 437.
69. Ibid., 146; Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 148–149.
70. Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 148–149; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 122, 138, 141, 145.
71. USArchII, RG226, OSS Records, R&A Research Reports, XL5487, “Intelligence Report No. 1, Tall Afar Parachute Expedition, Secret, Basra 12/27/44,” 1–15.
72. Cwiklinski, Wolgatataren im Deutschland des Zweiten Weltkriegs, 31–32.
73. BArchB, 2, 699597, Reichsministerium für die besetzten Ostgebiete, “Arbeitsgemeinschaft Turkestan und Richtlinien für die besetzten Ostgebiete, 1944”; 2, 699592, “Übersicht Kaukasische Leitstelle”; 2, 699386–88, “Abteilungsbefehl 2, Berlin Grunewald, 30.09.41, gez. Olzscha”; 2, 699382–83, “Übersicht Gesamtgliederungen der Verbände.”
74. Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 235.
75. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 148–149, al-Husaini calls Djozo Hasan Sulaiman Juzu instead of Husain, likely his mistake; Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 230–236.
76. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 149.
77. USArchII, T83/2/3, Conversation of Hitler with Jodl, Warlimont, Fegelein, von Below, and others, top secret, at headquarters near Rastenburg (July 31, 1944), 9–12, 42–43; for Volksdeutsche see Detlef Brandes, Holm Sundhaussen, and Stefan Troebst, eds., Lexikon der Vertreibungen (Vienna: Böhlau, 2010), 708–11.
78. Al-Qur’an 43:61.
79. Ibid.
80. Harald Möller, “Wie sich die SS einmal mit dem Koran beschäftigte und dabei auf den Iran stieß,” Orient 45, no. 2 (2004): 329–332.
81. BArchP, RF85, F3347 and Berlin Document Center, Research Department, Special Box 6, Das Arabische Büro, letter to Himmler, Berlin, July 16, 1943, signed Amin al-Husaini, 1; BArchPAA, R101202, “Reise des Großmuftis nach Holland, in seiner Wohnung ein gerahmtes Bild von Himmler und sich selbst, Geheim, Berlin 07.09.43, gez. Melchers.”
82. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 164–165.
83. PArchAA, Personalakte Grobba, vol. 4827, “An Reichsminister des Auswärtigen, Gesandter Dr. Fritz Grobba in Bagdad ein Hochgrad-Freimaurer in Loge Zur Beständigkeit, seit 1934 gedeckt, Berlin, 26.03.1937, gez. M. Bormann.”
84. BArchAAL, F56474, B351003–04, report dictated by Prof. Pierre Schrumpf: the grand mufti on the Turkish regime, Tevfik Rüstü Aras, and the Jews, Grobba on the Jews of Baghdad, Berlin, November 29, 1941.
85. Al-Husaini coined the expression after the 1967 Middle Eastern war, Mudhakkirat, 209.
86. Klaus Kreiser, Atatürk: Eine Biographie (Munich: Beck, 2008), 178.
87. We thank Klaus Kreiser of Berlin for additional information on Kemal Dogan Bek who served with Mustafa Kemal 1913 in Benghazi.
88. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 213.
89. Ibid., 214.
90. Hadassa Ben-Itto, The Lie That Wouldn’t Die: The Protocols of the Elders of Zion (London, Mitchell 2005).
91. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 214, 219–220.
92. Ibid., 213–14.
93. PArchWGS, protocol of the Wannsee Conference, Berlin, January 20, 1942, 4–5.
94. Ibid.; see also http://www.ghwk.de/wannsee/dokumente-zur-wannsee-konferenz/?lang=de.
95. USArchII, T120, R63571, F50682, B50794–96, Anlage 8, “Entwurf [des Sekretärs] des Großmuftis für eine offizielle Erklärung Deutschlands und Italiens über arabische Länder, 8 Punkte, Gesandten Grobba Ende Februar 1941 übergeben, Geheime Reichssache, 1/3/41.”
96. PArchWGS, order to Heydrich, to prepare an overall solution for the Jewish question in Europe and submit a draft for the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question, Berlin, July 31, 1941, signed Göring; see also http://www.ghwk.de/wannsee/dokumente-zur-wannsee-konferenz/?lang=de. For a short time Jews were deported also from Germany to the occupied Soviet areas after the Wannsee Conference. But the main part of the Holocaust happened in occupied Polish and Soviet areas; Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 417; see also Snyder. For Hitler’s order in May of 1941 to liquidate all Jews of Eastern Europe, see also Joachim Fest, “Hitlers Krieg,” Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte 38, no. 3 (1990): 371.
97. Meanwhile Himmler forbade the emigration of Jews with regard to the dangers of the war and the possibilities of the East, PArchWGS, Protocol of Wannsee Conference, Berlin, January 20, 1942, 5; http://www.ghwk.de/wannsee/dokumente-zur-wannsee-konferenz/?lang=de.
98. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 112.
99. BArchPAA, 61123, B135–141, December 12, 1941, signed Grobba.
100. BArchPAA, 61123, B135-141, “Empfang des Großmufti durch den Führer, 1.12.1941, gez. Grobba.”
101. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682, B50970, minutes of Rintelen’s phone call about four decisions following the al-Husaini–Hitler conversation, taken by the Führer and von Ribbentrop; von Ribbentrop wants new minutes after talks with Rome, Berlin, November 18, 1941, signed Woermann.
102. “Unterredung zwischen dem Führer und Graf Ciano, Berlin, 29.11.1941,” in Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Der Weg zur Teilung der Welt: Politik und Strategie 1939–1945 (Koblenz: Wehr & Wissen 1977), 128–129, doc. 64.
103. [New] invitation to Hofmann, for the Wannsee Conference, now to be held on January 20, 1942, Berlin, January 8, 1942, signed Heydrich; see also http://www.ghwk.de/wannsee/dokumente-zur-wannsee-konferenz/?lang=de. PArchAA, “Schreiben Sicherheitspolizeichef Reinhard Heydrich an Unterstaatssekretär Martin Luther, Berlin 08.01.1942,” 1. See also the other documents there.
104. Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen, 465.
105. So stated by Hitler to the Nazi leadership in Berlin on August 12, 1941, according to a note of that date in the diary of Joseph Goebbels, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels: Sämtliche Fragmente, ed. Elke Fröhlich, 23 vols. (Munich: Saur, 1987–2008), 1.5; see also Volker Ullrich, “Hitlers bösester Befehl,” Die Zeit, August 1, 1998, 29.
106. International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, Document UK-81, Affidavit C, Dieter Wisliceny, January 3, 1946; see also Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, vol. 8 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1946), 606–619.
107. For more on Krumey, Kastner, Wisliceny, and Eichmann in Budapest see Shlomo Aronson, Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 228.
108. International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, Document UK-81, Affidavit C, Dieter Wisliceny, January 3, 1946; see also Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, 8:606–619.
109. Eichmann heard from Heydrich in late summer 1941: “Der Führer hat die physische Vernichtung der Juden befohlen.” Voice recording of the Eichmann trial in Jerusalem, at http://www.ghwk.de/wannsee/dokumente-zur-wannsee-konferenz/?lang=de.
110. PArchWGS, AA, Referat D IIIg, B372040–42, “Wünsche und Ideen des Auswärtigen Amts zu der vorgesehen Gesamtlösung der Judenfrage in Europa, Anliegende Aufzeichnung wird als Vorbereitung für die morgige Sitzung bei SS-Obergruppenführer HEYDRICH Herrn Unterstaatssekretär Luther vorgelegt, Berlin, 08.12.1941,” initialed “R” (Rademacher), 1–3. See also http://www.ghwk.de/wannsee/dokumente-zur-wannsee-konferenz/?lang=de.
111. The voice recordings of Eichmann’s trial in Jerusalem give information on methods of killing as mentioned at the Wannsee Conference, the chain of command from the start of mass murder to Hitler’s order, and Eichmann’s function as expert for transports; at http://www.ghwk.de/wannsee/dokumente-zur-wannsee-konferenz/?lang=de.
112. See also Fritz Grobba, Männer und Mächte im Orient (Göttingen: Muster-schmidt, 1967), 260–261.
113. For Hoffmann’s photo of the meeting, captioned “Führer meets premier Rashid Ali al-Kailani,” see Völkischer Beobachter, July 20, 1942.
114. See Chapter One.
115. Four-page handwritten affidavit from the Nuremberg trials, “Betr. Gross-mufti von Jerusalem,” July 26, 1946, signed Dieter Wisliceny, in Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Amin al-Husaini und das Dritte Reich (Lawrenceville, 2008), 1–6.
116. Affidavit of Dr. Rudolf Kastner at the Nuremberg trial, in e.g. Dalin and Rothman, Icon of Evil, 169.
117. The grand mufti might have sent the Jordanian Abu Ghanima, the Palestinian Rasim al-Khalidi, or the Egyptian Mustafa al-Wakil to visit the camp, though this is less likely.
118. PArchAA, R100702, F1784–85, “Wunsch Kailanis ein KZ zu besichtigen,” Berlin, June 26, 1942, signed Grobba; Grobba, report and doc. 1-2, in Germany and the Middle East 1871–1945, ed. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (Princeton: Wiener, 2004), 218–220.
119. PArchWGS, Four-page handwritten affidavit from the Nuremberg trials, “Betr. Grossmufti von Jerusalem,” July 26, 1946, signed Dieter Wisliceny, in Schwanitz, Amin al-Husaini und das Dritte Reich, 1–6.
120. Kilian Bartikowski, “Benito Mussolini,” in Handbuch des Antisemitismus, ed. Wolfgang Benz, vol. 2.2 (Berlin: De Gruyter Saur, 2009), 569–571.
121. PArchWGS, “An von Ribbentrop (Botschafter Prüfer durch al-Husaini übergeben), Balkan Juden 500 Erwachsene und 4000 Kinder, Berlin 15.05.43, gez. al-Husaini.”
122. Al-Husaini, radio broadcast to the Islamic world, Islamic New Year 1364, December 17, 1944, Barid ash-Sharq 6, no. 52 (1944): 3–6.
123. BArchPAA, 13300, B51442–43, “Aufzeichnung, Großmufti bei Steengracht, 4,000 jüdische Minderjährige und 500 Erwachsene aus Bulgarien nach Palästina verhindern, Bulgarien unternahm bereits entsprechenden Schritt, al-Husaini regt arabisch-islamische Abteilung im Auswärtigen Amt an, Berlin 17.05.43, gez. Prüfer.”
124. USArchII, RG263, CIA B106, Card Index, Jews, Bulgaria, conversation of al-Husaini with the Bulgarian Ambassador, an order was issued to prevent the Jews from leaving Bulgaria, al-Husaini announced that he will forward a memo on the bad situation of Bulgarian Muslims, Berlin, June 16, 1943, 1.
125. Aronson, Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews, 228.
126. For the affidavit of Dr. Rudolf Kastner at Nuremberg see, e.g., Dalin and Rothmann, Icon of Evil, 169.
127. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 189–196.
128. Ibid. For al-Husaini’s letter to the government of Budapest of June 28, 1943 see, e.g., The Nation Associates, ed., The Arab Higher Committee, Its Origins, Personnel and Purposes: The Documentary Record. Submitted to the United Nations (New York, May 1947), unpaginated.
129. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 196.
130. The Nation Associates, The Arab Higher Committee.
131. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 196–197.
132. PArchWGS, testimony of Hermann Krumey, Court of Justice, Frankfurt am Main, May 27, 1961, 1–2: “It has been pointed out to me that the 20 June 1942 teletype to Eichmann does not mention the term ‘special treatment,’ but that in my teletype to Ehlich, dated 22 June 1942, I dictated the following sentence: ‘I have notified IVB4 of the transfer of these children, on the assumption that they are destined for special treatment.’ I would like to state regarding that: I do not remember exactly what was in my mind when I drafted the teletype. It is my opinion that I did not then take the words ‘special treatment’ to mean extermination. I am sure that at that time I was not aware of and familiar with the term ‘special treatment’ in the sense of extermination. The children were a special matter within our camp operation and required a special treatment relative to our conditions. In using the phrase, ‘on the assumption that they are destined for special treatment,’ I consider that I indicated that the children required to be given a special treatment, as they could not simply be included in our normal evacuation procedures, but would have, for example, to be accommodated in homes. I would explain the fact that I contacted Eichmann on this assumption by saying that his section, IVB4, was the office which, as far as I was concerned, was responsible here because of the aspect of transport. IVB4 always decided where our transports were to be sent. That is why I also inquired of them in this instance, since, after all, the children had to be evacuated from our camp, and I wanted to know where they were to go.”
133. At the trial of Adolf Eichmann, Morning Session 50, Document 281, 1961, Prosecutor Steiner stated that Wisliceny had described conversations with Eichmann, Later Wisliceny made one correction: “I have read these descriptions and find them correct, except for this, that Eichmann was born in Palestine, and that the Mufti was a permanent partner of Himmler’s; this is not what I said.” The Nizkor Project, Session 50, http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-050-07.html.
134. According to Dieter Wisliceny: “The Mufti is one of the originators of the systematic destruction of European Jewry by the Germans, and he has become a permanent colleague, partner and adviser to Eichmann and Himmler in the implementation of this programme.” Here Wisliceny adds: “I have read these descriptions and find them correct, except for this, that Eichmann was born in Palestine, and that the Mufti was a permanent partner of Himmler’s; this is not what I said.” The Nizkor Project, Session 50, http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-050-07.html.
135. PArchWGS, al-Husaini diary, 1944, entries for November 7, 9, and 10, 1944: “Eichmann.”
136. ISArchJ, Mufti War Time Papers, B 186–89, report to von Ribbentrop regarding the Division of Arab and Muslim Volunteers, German press reports of November 2, 1944, and al-Husaini’s presence in Berlin between November 2 and 9, 1944, where he met, among others, the head of the Middle Eastern desk Dr. Melchers, Oybin spa, December 11, 1944, signed al-Husaini.
137. Affidavit of Dr. Rudolf Kastner at Nuremberg trial in, e.g., Dalin and Rothman, Icon of Evil, 169.
138. Goebbels mentions a conversation between Hitler and himself on unrest in India, see Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels 1.4:621, entry for May 1, 1941.
139. Chris Hale, Himmler’s Crusade (New York: Bantam, 2004), 284–300; Johannes Glasneck and Inge Kircheisen, Türkei und Afghanistan: Brennpunkte der Orientpolitik im zweiten Weltkrieg (Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1968), 206–208, 214–215.
140. Hale, Himmler’s Crusade, 207–234.
141. USArchII, FMS, P-207, Fritz Grobba, “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see above, Chapter 4, note 61), 76: report on meeting of von Ribbentrop with Schäfer, von Hentig, and Grobba; ibid., addendum, 2: at the end of December 1939 von Ribbentrop had revived the Tibet project with the Soviets.
142. A Goebbels diary entry for April 20, 1941 mentions a report by the semiofficial German news agency Transocean of Moscow. Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels 1.4:597:.
143. Wilhelm Kohlhaas claims that Alfred Rosenberg likely opposed the joint Nazi-Soviet Amanullah project for ideological reasons, giving anti-Bolshevism priority, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak (Freiburg: Herder, 1989), 12, 18, 23, 37. But there was a revival of that plan by the Abwehr and the SD in April of 1940; Glasneck and Kircheisen, Türkei und Afghanistan, 268.
144. Glasneck and Kircheisen, Türkei und Afghanistan, 213.
145. Grobba, “Supplement,” 76; Flacker, “Fritz Grobba and Nazi Germany’s Middle Eastern Policy, 1933–1942,” 204; Kohlhaas, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak, 12; Glasneck and Kircheisen, Türkei und Afghanistan, 213, 234–235.
146. USArchII, RG 338, FMS, P-207, General der Artillerie a.D. Walter Warli-mont, “Die deutsche Ausnutzung der arabischen Eingeborenenbewegung im zweiten Weltkrieg,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see Chapter 4, note 61), 152, 159.
147. USArchII, R901/61124, meeting of May 14, 1942, between von Ribbentrop, Grobba, and Felmy on political preparations for the German advance into Arab lands and the Indian Legion, “Geheime Kommandosache,” Berlin, May 30, 1942, signed Grobba.
148. PArchAA, R27326, B367937–44, “Angriffe Radio Londons auf al-Husainis Appell an die Inder und indischen Muslime, Entgegnung al-Husainis, 13.09.42”; see Hans Lindemann, Der Islam im Aufbruch, in Abwehr und Angriff (Leipzig: Brandstetter, 1941), 74–75, on Hindus and Muslims in northwestern India.
149. USArchII, T120, R36, 28202, Grand Mufti’s secret organization, principles, distribution, former officers and youth, 72 branches alone in India, 28.11.41, signed Grobba.
150. Oriente Moderno 22 (1942): 368–370; see also “Amin al-Husaini: Rundfunkrede an die Inder, Berlin, 22.08.1942,” in Mufti-Papiere, ed. Gerhard Höpp (Schwarz: Berlin, 2001), 63–65.
151. USArchII T120, R392, S930, F297916, B367923–27, German Foreign Ministry, special files of Envoy Ettel, attached in the service of the grand mufti of Jerusalem, the Faqir of Ipi (also Faqir Ibi, al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 84–85), al-Husaini’s Arabic letter, top secret, Berlin, January 18, 1943.
152. For Ashmawi, see Israel Gershoni and James Jankowski, Egypt: Dictatorship versus Democracy in the 1930s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009), 220–223.
153. USArchII, RG263, CIA Records, Ent ZZ-18, B58–60 (2nd rel.), Cairo Station Files, report on Salih Mustafa Ashmawi’s recent visit, his statement on April 19, Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun, and messages of the grand mufti, secret, Cairo, April 27, 1943.
154. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 231.
155. Grobba, “Supplement,” 35.
156. Jan Kuhlmann, Subhash Chandra Bose und die Indienpolitik der Achsenmächte (Berlin: Schiler, 2003), 318–322.
157. USArchII, T77, R1432, F698–699, Special Command F, letter to Meyer-Ricks on talks with Bose, Fauzi al-Qawuqji, and Kapp on a joint Arab-Indian Committee for a general uprising of Indian troops, based in Basra, Berlin, November 9, 1941, signed Krummacher.
158. Paul Leverkuehn, Der geheime Nachrichtendienst der Wehrmacht im Kriege (Frankfurt: Athenäum, 1964), 178–179.
159. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 104, 206–208; Kuhlmann, Subhash Chandra Bose und die Indienpolitik der Achsenmächte, 191, 232, 284, 317; Claudia Preckel, “Philosophers, Freedom Fighters, Pantomimes: South Asian Muslims in Germany,” in Islam and Muslims in Germany, ed. Ala al-Hamarneh and Jörn Thiel-mann (Leiden: Brill, 2008), 308–309.
160. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 84–85.
161. Grobba, “Supplement,” 76–78: Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 166: Faqir, Arabic for “poor,” was a Dervish and Sufi honorific title, not a code name as Lebel suggested.
162. Lindemann, Der Islam im Aufbruch, 75.
163. Aga Khan, Die Memoiren des Aga Khan: Welten und Zeiten (Munich: Desch, 1954), 344.
164. Paul Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne 1923–1945 (1949; reprint, Wiesbaden: Aula, 1984), 375.
165. H. R. Trevor-Roper, Hitler’s Table Talk 1941–1944, rev. ed. (New York: Enigma, 2007), August 28, 1942, midday, 504.
166. PArchAA, R27649, B371052–53, “An Prinz Max Hohenlohe, Der Führer, Aga Khan, Fühlungnahmen und andere inoffizielle Kanäle nach England, Berlin, 24.07.1940, gez. Hewel.”
167. PArchAA, R27649, B371041–42, “An Prinz Max Hohenlohe, Ihr Gespräch mit Aga Khan verwendet, interessiert uns, der Khan trägt doch zu sehr auf 2 Schultern, Berlin, 23.01.1941, gez. Hewel.”
168. Aga Khan, Die Memoiren des Aga Khan, 432, 355, 357, 403.
169. PArchAA, R27649, B371054, “Hewels Notiz, Erkundungen seines Sekretärs über Aga Khan in der Schweiz und Gespräche mit ihm, September 1939, Skeptiker des britischen Kriegerfolgs, offener Polemiker, Rückwirkung auf Islam, grosse Stellung und Bedeutung die London Aga Khan beimisst, machtvolle Person, die Islam im Orient repräsentiert, seine Äußerungen verfolgen auch gewisse Zwecke, Berlin 24.07.1940.”
170. PArchAA, R27649, B371052–53, “An Prinz Max Hohenlohe, Der Führer, Aga Khan, Fühlungnahmen und andere inoffizielle Kanäle nach England, Berlin, 24.07.1940, gez. Hewel.”
171. PArchAA, R27649, B371044–46, “An Hewel, Prinz Max Hohenlohe über Treffen mit Aga Khan zu England, Indien und Mittelmeer, Zürich, 09.08.1940.”
172. PArchAA, R27649, B371063–66, “An Hewel, Gespräch mit Aga Khan und Botschaft an den Führer, Khedive und König von Ägypten, Ägypten erobern, Kampf gegen England ist Kampf gegen die Juden, Istanbul an Russland, Schloss Rothenhaus bei Görkau, 25.07.1940, gez. Max Hohenlohe.”
173. PArchAA, R27649, B371048–49, “An Hewel, Max Hohenlohes Memorandum über Aufenthalt in der Schweiz 04.–10.08.1940 zu England Coventrisieren und Blockade, USA Kriegeintritt, Aga Khan, Geldschwierigkeiten, Pariser Rennpferde, iranischer Staatsbürger.”
174. Lindemann, Der Islam im Aufbruch, 24.
175. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 179–186; Grobba, “Supplement,” 89.
176. Lindemann, Der Islam im Aufbruch, 16; Paul Schmitz-Kairo, All-Islam: Weltmacht von morgen? (Leipzig: Goldmann, 1937; 2d ed., 1942), 243–244.
177. See also IArchStJ, B919, Arabic letter to Japan’s foreign minister, signed “Amin al-Husaini, Rais al-Muatamar al-Islami al-Alami [President of the Islamic World Conference].”
178. ISArchJ, Mufti War Time Papers, B917–18, note to Foreign Minister of Japan regarding the Islamic Liberation Army and a pact between the Islamic leadership and Japan, Berlin, June 22, 1944, signed Amin al-Husaini; Arabic letter of al-Husaini to the Muslims of Japan, with an appeal and condolences on the occasion of the passing of the mufti Abd ar-Rashid Ibrahim, in The Nation Associates, ed., Le Haut Comité Arabe: Ses origines, ses membres, ses buts. Documents d’ archives soumis aux Nations Unies en mai 1947 (New York: Nation Associates, 1947), 57.
179. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 180–84.
180. Al-Husani’s Arabic radio broadcast on the occasion of the Muhammad’s birth, March 1944, in Barid ash-Sharq 6, no. 53 (1944): 7–9.
181. BArchB, Reichsführer SS, F3347, B2576076–77, “al-Husaini’s Aufruf und Flugblätter an Araber in alliierten Heeren, Berlin, Oybin 23.01.45”; USArchBDC, Special File 6, Grand Mufti, 1–2; NS 19/2637, B39–40.
182. BArchBe, AA, NS19/2181, Reichsführer SS, “An Brandt, Treffen Großmufti-Goebbels, Goebbels-Hitler, geheime Kommandosache, Grunewald, 27.05.44,” 2–3.
183. Grobba, “Supplement,” 69.
184. Ibid.
185. USArchII, CIC Reports, Grand Mufti’s Hidden Documents, Confidential, December 1, 1944, 1–2; CIB Files, Grand Mufti, Bad Gastein Report, March 11, 1945, 1; USArchII, CIC Reports, al-Husaini, al-Kailani, and Abwehr II, May 22, 1945, 1.
186. PArchWGS, al-Husaini’s timeline and program of visits in the Muslim Indian Shababiyya military camps for the Arab Legion, January 20, 1945, 1.
187. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 153–154.
188. PArchWGS, letter to Nahum Goldmann regarding Eichmann, al-Husaini, Argentina, and Linz, March 30, 1954, signed Simon Wiesenthal, 1–4.
189. Foreign Ministry agreement with Amin al-Husaini, April 5, 1945, in Schwanitz, Gold, Bankiers und Diplomaten: Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Orient-bank 1906–1946 (Berlin: Trafo, 2002), 294.
1. See, e.g., the grand mufti’s and his aides’ articles on India in Barid ash-Sharq, especially “Wathia’q an mauqif muslimi al-Hind” [The truth about Muslims of India], ibid., 47 (1943): 18.
2. BArchB, F4925, B390798–04, Al-Husaini to Ettel complaining of Minister Grobba’s indiscretions, October 1942.
3. USArchII, T120, R901, 61125, B30, Canaris on spy centralization by al-Husaini in North Africa, Rome, September 15, 1942.
4. Donald M. McKale, Curt Prüfer: German Diplomat from the Kaiser to Hitler (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1987), 197, 33.
5. Amin Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 119.
6. In late October 1942 Schellenberg’s title was head of the security police and the security service, SD.
7. PArchAA, R27325, B390752–53, “Handakte des Gesandten Ettel, Ag. Aus-land Nr. 1903/42, geh. Kds. Ausl. II, A2, Amt Ausland Abwehr, Notiz, Betrifft: Mufti als Mitarbeiter, Bericht des VO/Mufti Rom Nr. 10/42g, 11/20/42, Notiz, Vier Gründe Mufti auf der Seite der Achse, Geheime Kommandosache 2/12/42, 5/11/42.”
8. BArchPAA, F15557, B368056–60, October 20, 1942, report on details of al-Husaini’s Greater Arab Empire as told to the Italians and Germans on September 15, 1942.
9. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 121.
10. PArchWGS, Office Of Chief Of Council For War Crimes, Doc. No. NG-5462–5570, “Eidesstattliche Erklärung” (on financial affairs of Germany’s Arab guests] of Carl Rekowski, October 5, 1947, 8, 10.
11. USArchII, FMS, P-207, Fritz Grobba, “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see above, Chapter 4, note 61), 75.
12. See also The Nation Associates, ed., The Arab Higher Committee, Its Origins, Personnel and Purposes: The Documentary Record. Submitted to the United Nations (New York, May 1947), unpaginated.
13. PArchAA, Personalakte Grobba, I-IV, 4828, IV (1939–45), “Besoldung-Bezüge, Berlin 05.01.40, gez. Diederich.”
14. Ibid.
15. USArchII, T120, R28541, 28202, UStS/Pol. Nr. 959, November 6, 1941.
16. Jennie Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Haj-Amin el-Husseini and National-Socialism (Belgrade: Čigoja Stampa, 2007), 153.
17. USArchII, T120, R901, 61125, B42–43, Ribbentrop, Al-Kailiani, Felmy, (2.) “Militärabommen mit dem Oberkommando der Wehrmacht über die Verwendung des arabischen Freiheitscorps, unterzeichnet am 12.09.42 in Rom, Großmufti erhielt Kopie, Geheime Reichssache, Berlin 13.01.43, gez. Prüfer.”
18. USArchII, T77, R1432, F565–689, Special Command F, Adil Azma to Fauzi al-Qawuqji on conversations regarding a draft of a pact with Germany in Baghdad, Istanbul, September 15, 1941 (completed after September 20, 1941), 12: conversations in Istanbul between September 6 and 20, 1941 in a group to which Rashid Ali al-Kailani belonged; USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682, B50971–75, report to Woermann on Arab drafts of pacts of friendship and alliance between the Axis powers and Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, and Transjordan, including seven paragraphs of a draft of a pact between Germany, Italy, and Iraq, signed by Rashid Ali al-Kailani, Naji Shaukat, Muhammad Hasan Salman, Berlin, December 12, 1941, signed Grobba.
19. The grand mufti used in German the term “Präsident des islamischen Weltkongresses” (president of the Islamic World Congress, Rais al-Muatamar al-Islami al-Aam, or later, al-Alami), although the original name was the General Islamic Congress; also in PArchWGS, letter to von Ribbentrop, Oybin, December 11, 1944, signed Al-Husaini, 3.
20. Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 227.
21. BArchPAA, F41796, E260921–24, April 14, 1942.
22. USArchII, OSS 61, Master Cards, al-Kailani in Hitler’s Near East Council, advisory body, August 20, September 30, 1942.
23. BArchPAA, F16096, “Al-Qanun al-Asasi li-Hizb al-Umma al-Arabiyya [Statute of the Arab Nation Party],” point 3: “Tard al-Yahud min al-Buldan al-Arabiyya wa muharabat al-Yahudiyya al-Alamiyya [Driving Jews out of Arab lands and fighting against world Jewry].” See also Al-Husaini’s handwritten Arabic letter to Naji Shaukat about the founding of a secret organization in Baghdad in February 1942, including codenames, Rome, September 28, 1942, signed Amin Al-Husaini.
24. USArchII, T120, R63, S71, F50682, B51112, mentions the grand mufti’s Pan-Arab flag as a black, white, and green triangle with a red triangle at the staff, Berlin, April 22, 1942.
25. USArchII, T120, R901, 61125, B28, September 15, 1942.
26. BArchAAP, F61124, B49–50, August 14, 1942.
27. PArchAA, Inland IIg 410, F2842, B393064–66, December 16, 1943.
28. PArchAA, R27326, B367937–44, September 13, 1942; Hans Lindemann, Der Islam im Aufbruch, in Abwehr und Angriff (Leipzig: Brandstetter, 1941), 74–75.
29. BArchAAL, F4170, “An U.St.S. Henke, Aufzeichnung über Besuch der Sachbearbeiter Dr. Boehm und Hofheinz für islamische Fragen im SS-Hauptamt, Großmufti, AA Referat für islamische Fragen und Erwin Ettel, Berlin 03.03.44.”
30. Elke Fröhlich, ed., Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels: Sämtliche Fragmente, 23 vols. (Munich: Saur, 1987–2008), 1.3:589–591.
31. BArchBe, AA, NS19/2181, Reichsführer SS, “An Brandt, Treffen Großmufti-Goebbels, Goebbels-Hitler, geheime Kommandosache, Grunewald, 5/27/44,” 2–3, gez. Berger.”
32. Fröhlich, Die Tagebücher von Joseph Goebbels, 2.12:188–89.
33. BArchAAL, F13300, An Steengracht, Aufzeichnung Prüfer [Grand Mufti honorary president of the Islamic Central Institute of Berlin], Berlin 17.05.43, gez. Prüfer; PArchWGS, Talk, al-Husaini, Gerhard von Mende, Mullah Institutes Armed Forces and SS, secret, Oybin, 27.07.44, 3, signed von Mende.
34. The Rome institute was established by the Societá Amici dell’India, Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, on April 29, 1942, Jan Kuhlmann, Sub-hash Chandra Bose und die Indienpolitik der Achsenmächte (Berlin: Schiler, 2003), 232; see also Ranjan Borra, “Subhash Chandra Bose, The Indian National Army, and the War of India’s Liberation,” Journal of Historical Review 3 (1982): 407–439.
35. Gerhard Höpp, Muslime in der Mark: Als Kriegsgefangene und Internierte in Wünsdorf und Zossen, 1914–1924 (Berlin: Arabisches Buch, 1997); Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 224–225, 240.
36. “Der Großmufti über den Befreiungskampf des Islams,” Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, December 19, 1942, 1.
37. Hitler, Mein Kampf (Boston: Mariner, 1999), 357, 455, and 552.
38. “Der Großmuftii über den Befreiungskampf des Islams,” Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, December 19, 1942.
39. “Dieser Krieg kann dem Islam die Freiheit bringen: Großmufti von Jerusalem and die Muslime der Welt,” Völkischer Beobachter, December 20, 1942, 4; “Der Großmufti über den Befreiungskampf des Islams,” Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, December 19, 1942, 1.
40. PArchWGS, Aktennotiz Dr. Koeppen, “Aufgabengebiet ‘Überstaatliche Mächte,’ Großmufti, Reichsleiter Rosenberg, Araber und Bezeichnung Antisemitismus, Berlin, 5/17/43, gez. Dienstleiter Hans Hagemeyer.”
41. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 161; Weltkampf was published by the Hoheneichen Verlag in Munich for the Hohe Schule, Außenstelle Frankfurt am Main.
42. PArchWGS, Office Of Chief Of Council For War Crimes, Doc. No. NG-5462–5570, “Eidesstattliche Erklärung” of Carl Rekowski, October 5, 1947, 6.
43. PArchWGS, “An Rosenberg, Rosenbergs Artikel im Völkischen Beobachter ‘Schmarotzerschutz: Heilige Pflicht der Demokratien.’” Berlin, August 2, 1944.
44. Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 240, suggested, perhaps following Kamal ad-Din Jalal, that the grand mufti got his “Points of Contact between Islam and National Socialism” from Rosenberg. This is unlikely. The stump speech about those points contains chosen verses of al-Qur’an and hadith that Rosenberg could not have known. The language of al-Husaini’s speeches was inspired, even in wording, however, by Hitler’s writings and speeches. Al-Husaini was often invited to Hitler’s public speeches, and received translations of others in writing.
45. Zvonimir Bernwald’s testimony is in the TV show by Stefan Meining, “The Pact between Radical Muslims and Hitler.” German ARD, Report Munich, July 17, 2006, 5.41 min; Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 231.
46. PArchWGS, al-Husaini’s stump speech, “Islam and National Socialism,” 1943, 5, and “Rede vor den Imamen der bosnischen SS-Division, 04.10.44,” 5; see also Gerhard Höpp, ed., Mufti-Papiere (Berlin: Schwarz, 2001), 218–222.
47. “Gemeinnutz geht vor Eigennutz” was part of the NSDAP program of 1920. The mint of Berlin produced one-reichsmark coins with this legend from 1934 on.
48. BArchP, AA, R27327, 298019–23; HA Ettel 6, 207; TL 15451.
49. PArchWGS, “Aktennotiz Dr. Koeppen, Aufgabengebiet ‘Überstaatliche Mächte,”’ Großmufti, Reichsleiter Rosenberg, Araber und Bezeichnung Antisemitismus, Berlin, 17.05.43, gez. Dienstleiter Hans Hagemeyer.”
50. Grobba, “Supplement,” 27; Weltkampf: Die Judenfrage in Geschichte und Gegenwart, no. 3 (1944): 168 (inquiry by Rashid Ali al-Kailani and response by Prof. Dr. Walter Groß of the NSDAP Office of Racial Policy, October 17, 1942; Groß explains that term “anti-Semite” is incorrect and that “anti-Jewish” (“Judengegner”) is preferable and adds that the expression “anti-Semitism” is also incorrect, since it would apply to Arabs and other speakers of Semitic languages); see also Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 239.
51. Grobba, “Supplement,” 27.
52. “Araber und Muslime befinden sich im Krieg mit dem Judentum,” Radio Berlin, January 28, 1944, in Jeffrey Herf, “Hitlers Dschihad,” Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, no. 2 (2010): 259–86.
53. Muhammad Sabri, Islam-Judentum-Bolschewismus (Berlin: Juncker & Dünnhaupt, 1938), 5–21, including Amin Al-Husaini, “Islam-Judentum: Aufruf des Großmuftis an die islamische Welt 1937,” 22–32; for Sabri see also Gerhard Höpp, Texte aus der Fremde (Berlin: Arabisches Buch, 2000), 75–77.
54. For instance, for Bosniaks in SS units, see Veliki Muftija Jeruzalemski, Islam i židovstvo [Islam and Jewry] (Zagreb: Croat Printing, 1943); see also Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 312.
55. Sabri, Islam-Judentum-Bolschewismus, 19–20: He quoted the French Communist Jean Barthel: “If Muhammad were alive today, he would be a Communist.”
56. Ibid.
57. “Tötet die Juden bevor sie euch töten, Stimme des Freien Arabertums,” 7.07.42, in Jeffrey Herf, “Hitler’s Dschihad,” in Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte, (2010) 2, 274.
58. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 160–161.
59. PArchWGS, Deutsches Historisches Institut Moskau, “Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmler 1943–1944, Auszüge, Termine des Reichsführer-SS am 4. Juli 1943 (Hochwald),” 329; rechts unten abgezeichnet ‘Gro[othmann]’; Programm für den Besuch Seiner Eminenz des Groß-Mufti am 4. Juli 1943 in der Feld-Kommandostelle des Reichsführer-SS, 10.45–17.50 Uhr, 530–531, links unten gez. voll ‘Grothmann’, darin dessen handschriftliche Ergänzung einer Uhrzeit, 15.30 Uhr: Abholung des Gastes durch den Reichsführer-SS in seiner Wohnung. Darin sind erwähnt al-Husainis diverse Termine mit SS-Sturmbannführer Grothmann, SS-Obergruppenführer Berger, SS-Gruppenführer Best, SS-Obergruppenführer von dem Bach, SS-Brigadeführer von Herff, SS-Brigadeführer von Scholz, SS-Obersturmbannführer Tiefenbacher, SS-Obersturmbannführer Brandt, SS-Standartenführer Rode und Major Wiederhold.” We are thankful to Rainer Karlsch, Wladimir J. Sacharow, and Matthias Uhl for locating these documents.
60. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 124; Paul Schmidt, Statist auf diplomatischer Bühne 1923–1945 (1949; reprint, Wiesbaden: Aula, 1984), 543–544.
61. Simon Wiesenthal, Großmufti, Großagent der Achse (Salzburg, Ried 1947), 45: Wiesenthal relies on a statement by Dieter Wisliceny of January 26, 1946.
62. BArchAAP, F4191, B408995, Sonder, Telegramm Nr. 2864, “Winkelmann teilt Ankunft al-Husaini am 07.10.1944 in Budapest mit, insgesamt sechs Personen, bittet mich, für Betreuung zu sorgen, unbekannt, was er machen soll, ob Besuch politischer Charakter und Sprachregelung zu erwarten [handschriftliche Randnotiz: RAM hat fernmündlich Westfalen, A[lois] Brunner (Sonderzug West-falen, Büro von Ribbentrops Dienstzug—WGS) gebeten, dieses Telegramm nicht oder wenigstens gleichzeitig mit Vortragsnotizen dem RAM vorzulegen, 06.10.], Budapest, 05.10.44, gez. [Edmund] Veesenmayer.”
63. Peter Z. Malkin and Harry Stein, Eichmann in My Hands (New York: Warner, 1990), 38.
64. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 159.
65. David G. Dalin and John F. Rothman, Icon of Evil (New York: Random House, 2008), 57–59; Raul Hillberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, rev. ed. (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1985), 504–505.
66. Jean-Claude Pressac and Serge Klarsfeld, eds., The Struthof Album Study of the Gassing at Natzweiler-Struthof of 86 Jews Whose Bodies Were to Constitute a Collection of Skeletons: A Photographic Document (New York: The Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1985).
67. According to Hitler’s instruction of December 12, 1941. See also Heinrich Himmler’s activities schedule, Berlin, December 18, 1941; Volker Ullrich, “Hitlers bösester Befehl,” Die Zeit, August 1, 1998, 29; Otto Bräutigam, So hat es sich zugetragen: Ein Leben als Soldat und Diplomat (Würzburg: Holzner, 1968), 599.
68. Ernst Jäckh, “Deutsch-türkische Interessengemeinschaft,” in Der Schwabenspiegel, September 22, 1909; Jäckh, “Der Schwabe Friedrich List als Orient-Prophet,” ibid., December 2, 1910; Jäckh, “Friedrich Lists deutsch-englische Orientprophetie,” ibid., April 14, 1910.
69. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 126–127.
70. Ibid., 171.
71. PArchWGS, Deutsches Historisches Institut Moskau, Dienstkalender Heinrich Himmler 1943–1944, Auszüge, “Termine des Reichsführer-SS am 8. Mai 1944, 14.00–23.00 Uhr, 385; rechts unten gez. kurz ‘Gro[thmann],’ darin aufgeführt al-Husainis diverse Termine mit SS-Obergruppenführer Berger, SS-Standartenführer Wagner, SS-Sturmbannführer Weibrecht, SS-Gruppenführer Johst, SS-Sturmbannführer Grothmann, SS-Brigadeführer Fegelein, General Reinecke und Oberst Westhoff; handschriftlich Uhrzeit des Treffens al-Husainis mit Berger ‘23.00 Uhr’ nachgetragen [durch Grothmann].”
72. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 124–125.
73. Ibid., 124.
74. Astrid Ley and Günther Morsch, Medizin und Verbrechen: Das Krankenre-vier des KZ Sachsenhausen 1936–1945 (Berlin: Metropol, 2007), 392.
75. PArchWGS, diary of Amin al-Husaini 1944, entries for November 7, 9, and 10, 1944: “Eichmann.”
76. For a detailed discussion of these themes in PLO propaganda, see Barry Rubin, The PLO Between Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism (Jerusalem: Hebrew University Sassoon Center, 1993).
77. This account is taken from the postwar interrogation of Erich Mansfeld, USArchII, RG338, and 238, M1270, July 30, 1945.
1. Barry Rubin, The Arab States and the Palestine Conflict (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1982), 133–147.
2. USArchII, RG226, OSS L42785, May 4, 1944; L32219, August 15, 1944; ad L44470, August 17, 1944. See also OSS 89863, August 9, 1944. Detailed minutes of the meeting are in OSS 101239, October 12, 1944; OSS 95754, Henderson to Stettinius, September 1, 1944; and OSS 11401, January 18, 1945.
3. An excellent analysis of wartime Palestinian politics is in OSS 54614, January 6, 1944.
4. For the text of the Palestine resolution, see Jacob C. Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine (New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), 192; OSS L52078, December 29, 1944.
5. King Abdallah of Transjordan, Memoirs (New York: Cape, 1950), 253.
6. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B58–60, security summaries to the effect that the mufti hopes soon to publish files refuting false accusations on his alleged pro-Axis activities as spread by the Jews, June 9, 1947.
7. Life, October 27, 1952.
8. Joseph B. Schechtman, The Mufti and the Fuehrer (New York: Yoseloff, 1965), 163.
9. PArchWGS, “Schnellbrief, An Staatspolizei(leit)stellen, Inspekteure der Si-cherheitspolizei und des SD im Altreich und Wien, Evakuierung von Juden, Geheim,” Berlin, January 31, 1942, signed Eichmann, 1: “The most recently started measures and the evacuation of Jews to different areas in the East are to be regarded as the start of the final solution of the Jewish question. . . .”
10. Amin Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 128.
11. USArchII, CIA, NF, RG263, EnZZ-18, B14, “Interrogation of PW Dieter Wisliceny on the German SD and the persecution of Jews 1933–44, Confidential,” August 27, 1945, signed Kurt Sichel.
12. Adolf Eichmann, “I Transported Them To The Butcher: Eichmann’s Own Story,” pt. 1, Life, November 28, 1960. The former SS officer Willem M. Sassen recorded interviews with Eichmann on sixty-seven tapes in 1955, and two excerpts appeared in Life magazine in 1960. Based on it, the filmmaker Raymond Ley produced a ninety-minute documentary drama, Eichmanns Ende: Liebe, Verrat, Tod, for ARD TV which aired in Germany on July 25, 2010.
13. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 163.
14. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B58–60, CIC Reports, instruction to 12th Army Group that eleven al-Husaini–related persons are to be apprehended, giving place of residence so far as known, profession, place and date of birth: Safwat al-Husaini (farmer, Jerusalem, October 20, 1900), Salim al-Husaini (journalist, Jerusalem, November 16, 1913), Sad ad-Din Abd al-Latif (waqf director, Jerusalem, April 9, 1999), Dr. Farhan Jandali (eye doctor, Khums, April 3, 1918, with wife and child), Dr. Zafir Hifni (lawyer, Aleppo, October 10, 1908), Dr. Maruf ad-Dawalibi (jurist, Aleppo, December 15, 1904, with wife and child), Ramzi al-Ajati (engineer, Aleppo, October 1, 1906), Fauzi Mudarris (farmer, Aleppo, May 10, 1913) Yusuf Rushdi (journalist, Tunis, July 15, 1907), Baha Tabba (merchant, Beirut, May 21, 1904), hardly legible entry (likely bodyguard Habib Hasan, chauffeur, Beirut, March 15, 1912), secret, June 5, 1945; add to this Hasan Abu as-Saud, secret, June 17, 1945.
15. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 128–129; David G. Dalin, Hitler’s Pope (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2001), 137; an unpublished manuscript by Yigal Carmon tells the story of the American officer who took over al-Husaini’s archive in Berlin.
16. The Nation Associates, ed., The Arab Higher Committee, Its Origins, Personnel and Purposes: The Documentary Record. Submitted to the United Nations (New York, May 1947), 2; Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 128.
17. Tom Segev, Simon Wiesenthal: The Life and Legends (New York: Doubleday, 2010), 394–96; Simon Wiesenthal, Ich jagte Eichmann (Gütersloh: Mohn, 1961), 19.
18. Wiesenthal, Ich jagte Eichmann, 26, 44–45.
19. Simon Wiesenthal, Großmufti, Großagent der Achse (Salzburg: Ried, 1947).
20. ArhJugBG, Inv. Br. 553, 574–173, memorandum to the State Department to take the initiative to indict al-Husaini as a war criminal and issue instructions to the War Crimes Commission, for he was a major supporter of the Axis and was directly involved in the murder of millions of Jews in Europe, New York, mid-1945, 1–6.
21. Jennie Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem: Hajj Amin al-Husaini and National Socialism (Belgrade: Čigoja Stampa, 2007), 232–233; Alexandr Danilov, “Post-soviet Transformation: From Chaos of Revolutions to Democracy with Human Face,” in States and Nations between Local and Global, ed. International Sociological Association (Moscow: Russian State University for Humanities, 2009), 31: Hussein Djozo, “Đihad,” Glasnik vrhovnog islamskog starješinstva u SFRJ [Journal of the Islamic community elders in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia] (1973): 7–8; Ibrahim Dzafic, Der Korankommentar von Husein Djozo (1912–1982) (Marburg: Tectum, 2008).
22. Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, 260–264; Schechtman, The Mufti and the Fuehrer, 175.
23. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B58–60, security summaries, report that Sad ad-Din Arif of the Arab Higher Committee, a leading arms smuggler, met al-Husaini to draw money for supplies and weapons, that Ahmad Hilmi approved and checks were signed by Ishaq Darwish, September 4, 1945.
24. USArchII, RG263, CIA Name Files, EnZZ-18, B58–60, security summaries, report of grand mufti’s arrest (AP), London, May 21, 1945.
25. USArchII, RG263, CIA Name Files, IN 36881.
26. USArchII, RG263, CIA Name Files, ISLD telegram, report of a new French policy in the Levant involving a mutually convenient agreement between Paris and al-Husaini, Beirut, August 28, 1945.
27. USArchII, RG263, CIA Name Files, Jane Burell, Washington, D.C., March 7, 1946; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 38, 48, 233.
28. For details see Schechtman, The Mufti and the Fuehrer, 169–174.
29. USArchII, RG263, CIA NF, EnZZ-18, B58–60, security summaries, report on the grand mufti, Jane Burell, Washington, D.C., March 7, 1946.
30. Justice Robert H. Jackson, New York Post, June 18, 1946; see also Schechtman, The Mufti and the Fuehrer, 181; al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 253–254.
31. The United Zionist Revisionists of America, Statement, al-Husaini and the U.S. Administration, mid-1946, reprinted in Schechtman, The Mufti and the Fuehrer, 180; see also al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 252–253; the World Jewish Congress proposed that Eichmann be tried at Nuremberg in part regarding his close contacts with al-Husaini; see Segev, Simon Wiesenthal, 113.
32. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B58–60, security summaries, report on censorship of the New Yorker Morgen Journal’s accusations against al-Husaini concerning the extermination of Jews and demanding his trial as a war criminal, Cairo, June 25, 1945.
33. Andrew Roth, “The Mufti’s New Army,” The Nation, November 16, 1946, 551–52.
34. New York Post, April 20, 1946.
35. The quote by al-Banna is at the end of page 28 and the beginning of page 29 (see footnote 86). Footnote 54 reads: “Hassan al-Banna and the Mufti of Palestine” in “Contents of Secret Bulletin of Al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin dated 11 June 1946,” Cairo (23 July 1946). NARA RG 226 (Office of Strategic Services) Washington Registry SI Intelligence, Field Files, Entry 108A, 190/16/28/3–7, Box 15, Folder 2.
36. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 392, 427.
37. Ibid., 73, 259, 334, 390–393.
38. Ibid., 334–335; Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 101.
39. ArchBStU, XAXXII, 18852, “Profile terroristischer Gruppen, Berlin, 1/3/89,” 54–55.
40. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 73, 259, 334, 390–393.
41. Ibid., 427, 438. 493.
42. Morris, 1948, 121, 152–53. According to Morris, Salama, for example, had a German adviser who was killed in battle on April 5, 1948.
43. For a detailed discussion of these issues in the 1930s and 1940s, along with documentation for these assertions, see Rubin, The Arab States and the Palestine Conflict.
44. Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 14–17.
45. Gamal Abd El Nasser, Die Philosophie der Revolution (Cairo: Mondiale, 1953), 62.
46. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, Biographic report on al-Husaini mentioning his twenty Palestinian bodyguards, secret, Washington, D.C., November 19, 1951, 3.
47. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, Biographic report on al-Husaini, Habib Hasan, al-Husaini’s declining power, and his four close advisers, secret, Beirut, January 30, 1950; on al-Husaini’s habits and his mysterious [Soviet] visitors between midnight and three in Cairo, secret, Beirut, May 19, 1950.
48. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 185–187.
49. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, Ex-Mufti and his supporters, Middle East and Pakistan, confidential, Washington only, Cairo, November 26, 1951, 1–2.
50. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on al-Husaini, Sukkar, Ramadan, al-Kashani, and terrorist circles, secret, Beirut, September 27, 1951. USArchII, RG263, CIA Records, Ent ZZ-18, B58–60 (2nd rel.), report on accomplices in King Abdallah’s assassination fleeing to the Gaza strip, July 31, 1951, 1; report on activities of the former grand mufti and the Arab Higher Executive, and on the leader of the mufti’s terrorist organizations in various countries, Abdullah at-Tal, secret, Beirut, September 27, 1951, 1–2; report that Egypt’s officials consider the mufti deeply involved in the assassination of King Abdullah, secret, Cairo, October 12, 1951, 1. The assassination of as-Sulh has been historically attributed to the Syrians based only on newspaper speculation, but the CIA concluded that it had been done by al-Husaini’s men, also Syrians.
51. See Chapter Eleven.
52. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 84–86.
53. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on al-Husaini’s use of funds from Pakistan, Alluba, and Khaliq az-Zaman, July 23, 1950; Alluba, funds transfer, Permanent Islamic Congress, August 24, 1950.
54. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, Biographic report on al-Husaini, al-Kashani, and the Soviets, secret, Washington, D.C., November 19, 1951, 5.
55. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on al-Husaini, the Jamiyyat Fidaiyyun al-Filastin, and al-Kashani’s role on its board, secret, Karachi, April 25 and May 13, 1952.
56. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on al-Husaini, the Arab League delegation to Bonn, and counterintelligence, Washington, D.C., September 11, 1952, 1–3.
57. Ibid.
58. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on al-Husaini, the Arab Higher Committee, the Muslim Brothers, al-Kashani, security information, and the Levant States, July–August 1951, 1–2; Biographic Report, Al-Husaini, relations with al-Kashani, secret, Washington, D.C., January 5, 1952, 2, 4–5; report on Islamic World Congress in Jerusalem, March 12–December 9, 1953; report on al-Husaini and al-Kashani in Lebanon, confidential, Beirut, December 1, 1953, signed Raymond A. Hare.
59. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on al-Husaini’s new intelligence service with Egyptian officials, secret, Beirut, January 8, 1951.
60. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on al-Husaini’s assassins against collaborators in all Arab lands, May 26, 1949; on al-Husaini’s remarks that if U.S. and Britain stay out, the Arabs will liquidate Israel and on World War III, June 23, 1951, 2.
61. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini, Biographic Sketch No. 60, April 24, 1951, 6.
62. Aidar Khairutdinov, Musa Dzharullakh Bigiev (Kazan’: Fan, 2005), 81–83; see also Batyr Baishev, documentary film And the Moon was Glowing on the Tatar philosopher Musa Jarullah Bigi (1875–1941). There is some debate, however, over the identity of Wiesenthal’s main informant. See Segev, Simon Wiesenthal, 88–89; Wiesenthal, Ich jagte Eichmann, 137.
63. Wiesenthal, Ich jagte Eichmann, 135.
64. Ibid., 140, 148–149.
65. Amtsgericht Hamburg, Vereinsregister, 69 VR AR 112154, Gründungspro-tokoll Deutsche-Muslim-Liga, Hamburg, January 30, 1954, 1–3.
66. USArchII, RG263, CIA NF, EnZZ-18, B30–31, Eichmann, letter to Nahum Goldmann on Eichmann, al-Husaini, Argentina, and Dr. Ibn Ajma Bey Bigi, Linz, March 30, 1954, signed Simon Wiesenthal, 3.
67. Wiesenthal, Ich jagte Eichmann, 149.
68. Ibid., 138, 155.
1. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, report on von Leers, statement of Cesar Ugarte Jr., April 29, 1965, 1–2.
2. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF., EnZZ-18, B58–60, Regional Security Officer, memorandum on Cesar Ugarte, Odessa, Nazis, Lists, Cairo, April 29, 1965, 1–8; Amin al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 177.
3. Uki Goñi, Odessa: Die wahre Geschichte (Berlin: Assoziation A, 2006), 9–10.
4. Tom Segev, Simon Wiesenthal: The Life and Legends (New York: Doubleday, 2010), 215–216.
5. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, FBI report, Walter Maria Kotschnig reported to have been responsible for attendance of Roehm, Himmler, and Leers at meetings, 1925–33, January 11, 1952, September 1, 1956.
6. Ibid., 4.
7. USArchII, RG263, B17/18, Gehlen, Russian Experts of German Intelligence Service, Secret Control, January 8, 46; CIA Biographic Sketch of General Reinhard Gehlen 1961.
8. Statement of Udo Grobba to Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, August 22, 2002.
9. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, “The Jinnee and the Magic Bottle: Fritz Grobba and the German Middle Eastern Policy 1900–1945,” Germany and the Middle East 1871–1945, ed. Schwanitz (Princeton: Wiener, 2004), 87–117.
10. USArchII, RG319, B5, Revision note Number 4 on the German intelligence services, February 17, 1945.
11. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B38–41, report on “Utility” (Reinhard Gehlen’s CIA cover name), the odium he inspired, and the GIS, French, and British positions, May 1950, 1–8.
12. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on al-Husaini and a German in Cairo, Grobba and Clodius in Soviet captivity, the ex-mufti in Kabul contacting Germans and Soviets, and the oil crisis in Persia, secret, Bonn, September 22, 1951; al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini, Biographic Sketch, April 24, 1951, 6; Biographical Information on al-Husaini, Einhorn, secret, Washington, D.C., November 19, 1951, 3.
13. PArchWGS, Nachlaß Günther Pawelke, vol. 6, letter of Werner Junck to Pawelke, Duisburg, October 29, 1956.
14. PArchAA, Geheimarchiv Akte Dr. Voigt, Bd. 66, Nr. 6446, April 3, 1958.
15. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Berlin-Kairo: Damals und heute (Berlin: DAG, 1991), 85–110.
16. Andrea Röpke, “Stille Hilfe,” Antifaschistisches Infoblatt 70 (2006): 1, 10–13, 12.
17. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B58–60, Amin al-Husaini, Regional Security Officer, memorandum on Cesar Ugarte, Odessa, Nazis, Lists, Cairo, April 29, 1965, 1–8; Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 177.
18. Segev, Simon Wiesenthal, 163–165.
19. Nationalrat der Nationalen Front der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik, Dokumentationszentrum der staatlichen Archivverwaltung der DDR, ed., Braun-buch: Kriegsund Naziverbrecher in der Bundesrepublik: Staat, Wirtschaft, Verwaltung, Armee, Justiz, Wissenschaft ([Ost-]Berlin: Staatsverlag, 1965).
20. Nationalrat der Nationalen Front der DDR, ed., Braunbuch: Kriegsund Nazi-Verbrecher in der BRD und in Westberlin, 3d ed. ([East] Berlin: Staatsverlag, 1968).
21. Segev, Simon Wiesenthal, 156.
22. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, Johann von Leers; see also Counter Intelligence Corps, Alleged Member of ODESSA Group, April 19, 1948, in Heinz Schneppen, ODESSA und das Vierte Reich (Berlin: Metropol, 2007), 19.
23. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, report on Johann von Leers, his Middle Eastern connections, his past in the RSHA and Abwehr, and his connection with Eichmann, March 19, 1958, 2.
24. Wiesenthal, Ich jagte Eichmann (Gütersloh: Mohn, 1961), 180–185, 197–198.
25. Heike B. Görtemaker, Eva Braun: Leben mit Hitler (Munich: Beck, 2010), 254, 280.
26. Sefton Delmer, Black Boomerang (London: Viking, 1962).
27. “Oberländer, Der Stöpsel,” Der Spiegel, January 27, 1960, 5.
28. Amtsgericht Hamburg, München, Vereinsregister, AR 112154, To Regierungsdirektor Nentwig, Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und soziale Fürsorge, Munich, Notification of the establishment of a self-contained Islamic community, Bonn, April 17, 1957, Namanjani’s letter of November 5, 1958 on behalf of the Islamic Community in Munich with the name Ecclesiastical Administration of Muslim Refugees in the German Federal Republic.
29. Ian Johnson, A Mosque in Munich: Nazis, the CIA, and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood in Europe (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010).
30. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, “Stalin in Mecca,” Common Knowledge 15, no. 3 (Fall 2009): 512–13.
31. Erik Lommatzsch, “Hans Globke und der Nationalsozialismus: Eine Skizze,” Historisch-Politische Mitteilungen 10 (2003): 95–128.
32. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B80, Johann von Leers, Regional Security Officer, memorandum on Cesar Ugarte, ODESSA, Nazis, Lists, April 29, 1965, 1–8; for a different version of the CIA information linked to Federico Schwend, see Guido Knopp, Die SS: Eine Warnung an die Geschichte (Munich: Bertelsmann, 2002), 343.
33. Regierungsdirektor Nentwig, Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Arbeit und soziale Fürsorge, München 22, Prinzregentenstrasse 5, April 17, 1957.
34. “Alte Kameraden,” Der Spiegel, January 20, 1965. Kai Hermann, “Die Karriere eines SS-Offiziers: Zech-Nentwig: Britischer Agent, Legationsrat, Indus-trieller, Zuchthäusler,” Die Zeit, January 5, 1964, 18.
35. Wiesenthal, Ich Jagte Eichmann, 221–222.
36. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, 100 Fascist Personalities, January 9, 1956, 2.
37. Wolfram Meyer zu Uptrup, Kampf gegen die “jüdische Weltverschwörung” (Berlin: Metropol, 2003).
38. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, Reichsverräter, January 15, 1956, 1–6, 1.
39. Ibid.; Dr. Hans A. Euler, “What Eva Perón Meant to Argentina,” Der Arbeitgeber (1952): 15–16; Karl Neubert, “Weltpolitk,” Der Weg, September 4, 1952; Felix Schwarzenborn, ibid., August 7, 1953, August 29, 1956.
40. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, Hasan Fahmi Ismail, October 31, 1956, 1.
41. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Statement of Cesar Ugarte Jr., April 29, 1965, 1–2.
42. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, Bandung Conference, June 15, 1956, 5.
43. USArchII, RG263, CIA NF, Entry ZZ-16, B12, report on Johann von Leers’s conversion to Islam by ex-grand mufti, on Gesine von Leers, Otto Skorzeny and Ernst von Kayser, on al-Husaini’s outreach to Algeria, Morocco, Yemen, Pakistan, and on less frequent consultations of al-Husaini by Abd an-Nasir, October 15, 1957, 1–3.
44. Ibid.
45. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, Dr. Hans A. Euler, “What Eva Perón Meant to Argentina,” Der Arbeitgeber (1952): 15–16; Karl Neubert, “Weltpolitk,” Der Weg, September 4, 1952; Felix Schwarzenborn, Der Weg, August 7, 1953, August 29, 1956.
46. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, reports on von Leers visit by Priester, September 30, October 25, 1957; on Leers and Priester article for states of Bandung Conference, National Aid, and Nikolaus von Rychkowsky, January 30, 1958; on Priester, Kirkut, and Husayni, December 4, 1958, 1.
47. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum, von Leers and seven top ODESSA members in Cairo, April 29, 1965, 1–8, 8.
48. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, von Leers registered by Amt VI (RSHA), September 5, 8, 1956, 1.
49. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, Leers chief adviser to Abd an-Nasir, February 2, 1959, 1.
50. “Nasser und die ‘Weisen von Zion,’” Der Tagesspiegel, October 31, 1958.
51. Shauqi Abd an-Nasir, Thaurat Abd an-Nasir [Abd an-Nasir’s Revolt] (Nicosia: Al-Arabi, 1981), see also his works on back cover.
52. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, report on “Spider’s Web” organization and Kernmayr, February 2, 1959, 2.
53. Ibid.
54. Ibid., von Leers Activities, October 24, 1957, 1–2.
55. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, von Leers, Eisele, May 4, 1958, 1.
56. Zvi Elpeleg, ed., Through the Eyes of the Mufti: The Essays of Haj Amin, translated and annotated by Rachel Kessel (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 2009); see the review by Wolfgang G. Schwanitz in Jewish Political Studies Review, December 24, 2012, 136–141.
57. William Stevenson, “Nazis in Egypt, The Expose That Nasser Could Not Take,” New York Post, August 25, 1956.
58. Anne Sharpley, “He Threw Me Out,” Washington Daily News, May 15, 1956.
59. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, Al-Jihad of Jerusalem article, September 12, 15, 1956.
60. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, Exploit Nazis, August 31, 1956, 1.
61. Röpke, “Stille Hilfe,” 10–11.
62. Rudolf Augstein, “Ludwig Zind,” Der Spiegel, December 17, 1958.
63. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, von Leers; mentioned in connection with escape to Egypt of camp physician Dr. Eisele and anti-Semite Ludwig Zind, Frankfurter Rundschau, January 12, 1959, January 12, 1958.
64. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum 1954–59, French Foreign Legion, July 31, 1956, 1.
65. In the 1950s René Vautier joined the FLN in Algeria and established a film unit called Groupe Farid with Ahmad Rashidi and Jamel Shandarli. They produced L’Algérie en flammes, in 1958.
66. Boualem Sansal, Das Dorf des Deutschen oder das Tagebuch der Brüder Schiller, trans. Ulrich Zieger (Gifkendorf: Merlin, 2009), 100, 200, 133–134, 241–262.
67. Ibid.
68. “Ex-Nazi Officials In Cairo Named, Anti-Semitic Campaign,” Daily Telegraph, January 20, 1960.
69. For doubts on the identity of Louis (Ludwig) Heiden, see Samir Ata Allah, “Louis al-Hajj,” Al-Majalla, May 29, 2008.
70. The list was launched by the Simon Wiesenthal Center in 2002. As of April 1, 2010, Alois Brunner and Aribert Heim were both on the list. See also http://www.operationlastchance.org/; http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Last_Chance.
71. “6,000 Deutsche, Kairo gibt Spezialisten Verträge,” Telegraf, July 29, 1947; “Deutsche gegen Israel,” Sächsische Zeitung, January 15, 1949.
72. Wiesenthal, Ich jagte Eichmann, 137, 139, 179, 194.
73. See “List of experts in both units, 4/30/53,” in Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, Deutsche in Nahost 1946–1965, 2 vols. (Munich: Haensel-Hohenhausen, 1998), 1:208.
74. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B107, Ernst Otto Remer, Dietrich von Mirbach on Remer and al-Husaini, Cairo, April 27, 1953, 1; report on Remer’s monthly allowance, his contact with the Supreme Guide of Ikhwan, and Sophia Tauwil, Cairo, September 18, 1954, 1.
75. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Intel Sum, report on von Leers and “Spider’s Web” organization, names in media, March 5, 1965, 1.
76. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B107, Ernst Otto Remer, Frederyk Kulikowski, Cairo, July 27, 1955, 1; Remer suspected of working with the East, December 20, 1955, 1–2; Remer of Varel near Oldenburg possible Bloc agent, his illegal arms trade with Oriental Trade Company, October 17, 1961, 1–2.
77. On Nazis and spies, see Joel Beinin, The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).
78. See reviews by Wolfgang G. Schwanitz of Shabtai Teveth, Ben-Gurion’s Spy: The Story of the Political Scandal That Shaped Modern Israel, Orient 38, no. 3 (1997): 567–570, and Khalid Muhi ad-Din, “Wa al-An Atakallamu” [And now I am talking], Der Islam 73, no. 2 (1996): 360–363.
79. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, on his Middle Eastern connections, the RSHA, Abwehr, “Utility” (Gehlen), Mohn, Leverkuehn, Rademacher, and Eichmann, von Leers, Secret, Munich, March 19, 1958, 1–3.
80. Ibid.
81. PArchAA, B372020–21, Aufzeichnung, “Sitzung RSHA, 06.03.42, weitere Behandlung Judenfragen, Sterilisierung der rund 70.000 Mischlinge, Mischehen, Geheime Reichssache, Berlin 7.03.42”; B372009–11 “An Luther, Gaus, Woer-mann, Weizsäcker, Ergebnisse Mischlinge, Geheime Reichssache,” Berlin, November 6, 1942, Rademacher, see also http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Rademacher#cite_note-4. See also Eckart Conze, Norbert Frei, Peter Hayes, and Moshe Zimmermann, Das Amt und die Vergangenheit: Deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik (Munich: 2010), 186.
82. Ernst Klee, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich (Frankfurt: Fischer, 2005), 476.
83. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B80, von Leers, Two agents on Middle Eastern connections, RSHA, Abwehr, “Utility” (Gehlen).
84. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, (2nd rel.), B106, Walter Rauff, Recruiting Germans for Arab Legion, post in general staff of Arab army, Secret, March 4, 1949; Von Strachwitz about forty-seven Germans employed in Syria, Rauff is said to reorganize the Second Bureau along Gestapo lines, Secret, November 5, 1949.
85. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-18, B106, Walter Rauff, Advisor for Syrian Army Second Bureau, June 10, 1949; Aid to Midani, Syrian Chief of Intelligence, Secret, July 29, 1949.
86. See also Lutz Hachmeister, “Presseforschung und Vernichtungskrieg: Zum Verhältnis von SS, Propaganda-Apparat und Publizistik,” in Die Spirale des Schweigens: Zum Umgang mit der nationalsozialistischen Zeitungswissenschaft, ed. Wolfgang Duchkowitsch et al. (Münster: Lit, 2004), 78.
87. Bodo Hechelhammer, Walther Rauff und der Bundesnachrichtendienst (Berlin: Bundesnachrichtendienst, 2011); Jost Dülffer, “Im Einsatz für den BND,” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 27, 2011, 8.
88. For Rauff see also Gerald Steinacher, Nazis auf der Flucht: Wie Kriegsverbrecher über Italien nach Übersee entkamen (Innsbruck: Studienverlag, 2008), 204–255; Shraga Elam and Dennis Whitehead, “Rauff vs. the Yishuv,” Haaretz, July 4, 2007.
89. Wiesenthal, Recht, 288, 290.
90. BArchAAP, “Telegramm, Winkelmann teilt Ankunft al-Husaini . . ., 5/10/44.”
91. Simon Wiesenthal, Recht, nicht Rache: Erinnerungen (Frankfurt: Ullstein, 1988), 300.
92. USArchII, RG263, CIA NF, EnZZ-18, B30–31, Eichmann, letter to Dr. S. J. Roth, Arbeit-Zeitung article, December 6, 1962, 1–3.
93. Arbeiter-Zeitung, 1962, in Wiesenthal, Recht, nicht Rache, 292.
94. Ibid.; Bunte interview with Brunner, October 10, 1985.
95. Times of Israel, January 10, 2013, http://www.timesofisrael.com/mossad-tried-to-kill-saddam-in-the-1970s-new-documentary-reveals/.
96. “Nazi Butcher in Syria Haven,” Chicago Sun-Times, November 1, 1987.
97. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B19, Alois Brunner, Nazi war criminal in Damascus, November 5, 1987, signed Shultz, 1–3.
98. Andreas Förster, “Gerichtsstand Ostberlin,” http://www.profil.at/articles/1130/560/303091/stasi-gerichtsstand-ostberlin.
99. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B19, Alois Brunner, Kennedy’s cable to Ambassador Djerejian, confidential, Washington, D.C., July 3, 1991, 1.
100. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B19, Alois Brunner, European Parliament on Brunner, September 12, 1991, 1–2.
101. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B19, Alois Brunner, Alois Brunner, dead or alive? January 6, 1993, 1–2.
102. “Leader of the Azerbaijan Legion, Portrait of Dudansky,” Unser Herr, July 20, 1943.
103. USArchII, RG263, CIA B106, Name Index, al-Husaini and Head of Azerbaijan National Committee Abd ar-Rahman Fatalibeyli-Dudanginsky . . ., July 15, 1949, 1–2.
104. USArchII, RG65, FBI, NF, 136AB, B175, F105–285524-Sec.1, François Genoud.
105. PArchAA, Aktenbestand (AB) V5/Band (Bd)88/Bd1447, Einzelfälle, AB4/Bd840, AB11/Bd382, AB11/Bd1392, AB36/Bd112, AB36/Bd300.
106. Al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat, 227.
107. PArchAA, V5, B14, 4J, Landgericht Berlin, Zivilkammer 171 (Kammer für Wertpapierbereinigung).
108. PArchAA, V5, B14, 47, “An Deutsche Botschaft Ankara, Entschädigungsansprüche des al-Hajj Amin al-Husaini, Bonn, 13.05.74, gez. Däumer.”
109. PArchAA, V5, B14, 4J, Landgericht Berlin, Zivilkammer 171, “Beschluss im Verfahren 1,100,000 AEG Aktien (53.380), unbekannte Verwahrart, unbekannte Stücknummern, Geschäftsnummer 171 KWpE 16/71, Antragsteller François Genoud vertreten durch Dr. Hans Flächsner, Westberlin, 03.04.74, 2–8, gez. Muhs.”
110. PArchAA, V5, B14, 47, “Devisenfonds des Goßmufti Amin al-Husaini und zur Person (contra), geheim, Bonn, 15.08.67, gez. Söhnke,” 1–3.
111. PArchAA, V5, B14, 47, “Devisenfonds des Großmufti Amin al-Husaini (bester Freund), geheim, Bonn, 17.08.67, gez. Linsser”; also suggested in section IB4 (VLR Schirmer) and IB5.
112. USArchII, RG65, FBI, NF, 136AB, B175, F105–285524-Sec.1, Genoud, FBI/CIA on subject, secret, Berne, June 6, 1975.
113. USArchII, RG65, FBI, NF, 136AB, B175, F105–285524-Sec.1, Genoud, possible ineligibility, secret, Washington, D.C., June 7, 1975, signed Kissinger. See also USArchII, RG65, FBI, NF, 136AB, B175, F105–285524-Sec.1, Genoud, FBI Director, memorandum that Genoud was found to be ineligible under Sec. 212 (A) (28) F of the Immigration and Nationalities Act, secret, August 14, 1975.
114. USArchII, RG65, FBI, NF, 136AB, B175, F105–285524-Sec.1, report of Genoud’s contacts with extreme right-wing, anti-Zionist circles, and dinner in Hotel de la Paix, secret, Lausanne, July 21, 1986.
115. USArchII, RG65, FBI, NF, 136AB, B175, F105–285524-Sec.1, report on Genoud, Libya, and France, secret, Paris, August 12, 1986.
116. Himmat was listed by the UN Security Council as a person associated with al-Qaida on November 9, 2001, and Nada on September 3, 2002, See the UNSC summaries of April 6, 2009, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSQI05301E.shtml.
117. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz, “‘Doppelte’: deutsche Gesandte in Kairo 1953–1963,” in Misr wa Almaniya fi al-Qirnain at-Tasi’a Ashara wa al-’Ishrin fi dhau al-Watha’iq [Egypt and Germany in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries as reflected in archives], ed. Wajih Atek and Wolfgang G. Schwanitz (Cairo: Dar ath-Thaqafa, 1998), pt. 2, 212: “NSDAP Member List of 10/20/52.”
118. Wilhelm Kohlhaas, Hitler-Abenteuer im Irak (Freiburg: Herder, 1989), 15.
119. Helmut Glenk, Horst Blaich, and Manfred Haering, From Desert Sands To Golden Oranges: The History of the German Templer Settlement of Sarona in Palestine 1871–1947 (Victoria, B.C.: Trafford, 2005).
120. Eckart Conze, Norbert Frei, Peter Hayes, and Moshe Zimmermann, Das Amt und die Vergangenheit: Deutsche Diplomaten im Dritten Reich und in der Bundesrepublik (Munich: Blessing, 2010), 664.
121. Ibid., 654.
122. Ibid., 387.
123. PArchWGS, Nachlaß Günther Pawelke, vol. 1, “Frontflugspange, 20 Feindflüge, Gefechtsstand, 18.04.1941, 07.06.41, gez. Junck.”
124. USArchII, HICOG Bonn, report on Israeli attack against Pawelke, Journal de Jérusalem, Jerusalem Post, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, November 18, 1952.
125. See the good study of Ekkehard Ellinger, Deutsche Orientalistik zur Zeit des Nationalsozialismus 1933–1945 (Berlin: Deux Mondes, 2006).
126. “Muff im Talar,” Der Spiegel, November 20, 1967; “Prof. Spuler suspend-iert,” Hamburger Abendblatt, November 17, 1967; “9.11.67—Studentenprotest an der Hamburger Uni,” Die Welt, November 29, 1999.
1. Tariq Ramadan, “Whither the Muslim Brotherhood?” New York Times, February 9, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/09/opinion/09iht-edramadan09.html?_r=2&ref=global.
2. See Chapters Six and Nine.
3. Daniel Schwammenthal, “The Mufti of Berlin: Arab-Nazi Collaboration Is a Taboo Topic in the West,” Wall Street Journal, September 24, 2009.
4. Gilbert Achcar, The Arabs and the Holocaust (New York: Picador, 2010), 130; Meir Litvak and Esther Webman, From Empathy to Denial: Arab Responses to the Holocaust (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009). For the apologetic approach, see Muhammad Kabha, “The Palestinian National Movement and Its Attitude toward the Fascist and Nazi Movements 1925–1945,” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 37 (2011): 437–450.
5. See, for example, Albert Hourani, Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798–1939 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962).
6. On the moderates’ weaknesses, impediments to their success, and reasons for their defeats, see Barry Rubin, The Long War for Freedom: The Arab Struggle for Democracy in the Middle East (New York: John Wiley, 2005).
7. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B58–60, report on al-Husaini, Arafat, the West Bank as a base for a Palestinian state, secret, Beirut, December 29, 1968, 1–2. All material on the al-Husaini–Arafat discussions is taken from this document.
8. M. P. Waters [pseudonym of Maurice or Moshe Pearlman], Mufti Over The Middle East (London: Barber/Narod Press, 1942), 18–26.
9. ArhJugBG, Inv. Br. 553, 574–173, memorandum to the State Department, New York, mid-1945, to take the initiative to indict al-Husaini as a war criminal and issue instructions to the War Crimes Commission as a major supporter of the Axis, directly involved in the murder of millions of Jews in Europe. A following list comprises the names of some of the Arab political and spiritual leaders murdered by the Grand Mufti’s gangsters up to 1939 as set out in an Arabic document, published in Cairo, January 2, 1939. The document charges him with direct responsibility for these murders: Shaikh Ali al-Khatib, imam of the Sakhra Mosque; Shaikh Said al-Khatib, preacher of the al-Aqsa Mosque; Shaikh Abd ar-Rahman al-Khatib, instructor in Arabic and religion at the Rashidiyya School; Shaikh Mahmud Ansari, supervisor of the haram area of the al-Aqsa Mosque; Shaikh Abd al-Hafiz Humuri, a Hebron religious authority; Farid Hamad Allah, a Tulkarm leader; Abd as-Salam Barqawi, a Jenin dignitary; al-Hajj Ali Harzun, deputy mayor of Lydda; Shaikh Said Hunaidi, an elder killed during prayers at the mosque of Lydda; Shaikh Ali Abu Salim, head of the village of Batilli, who together with four members of his family—Abd, Hasha, Jamal, and Rushdi—was murdered on the night of a religious festival; Mustafa Yusuf al-Khatib of Dair Nazzam; Ali al-Hajj Muhammad, chief of the village of Allar; Muhammad Irshad and Ahmad Irshad, two brothers from Jenin; Hasan Sidqi Dajjani, Jerusalem leader and noted lawyer; Khalil Taha, a well-known Haifa leader; Taufiq Hiyas, a relative of Khalil Taha; Ibrahim Bey Khalil, a Hebron leader and treasurer of the fund for orphans; Nasir ad-Din, mayor of Hebron; Shaikh Ibrahim Abd ar-Razzaq, head of the village of Bait Rima; Ahmad Abd ar-Razzaq, the brother of the above; Ahmad Abd ar-Rahman, head of the village of Imatin; Nimr Sab, mayor of Qilqiliyya; Ibrahim Badr, chieftain of Dair ash-Shaikh, assassinated with his wife, three children, and valet; Muhammad Marqa, dignitary of Hebron. Attached is a letter to the editor of the New York Times, January 2, 1944, and an article, “Mufti Held Disturber,” by A. S. Yehuda, New School for Social Research, New York, December 30, 1943.
10. PArchAA, R27327, B297993–7, “Memorandum an Karl Kapp, Propaganda der Araberfeinde, Berlin, 02.11.1942.”
11. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B58–60, report on al-Husaini, Arafat, and the West Bank as a base for a Palestinian state, secret, Beirut, December 29, 1968, 1–2.
12. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B58–60, report on al-Husaini, Arafat, and the West Bank as a base for a Palestinian state, secret, Beirut, December 29, 1968, 1–2.
13. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B58–60, report on and urgent meeting between al-Husaini and Arafat, on February 20, 1969 in Beirut while Arafat was en route from Moscow to Amman via Beirut, on the dispute between them, and al-Husaini’s letter to the king, March 4, 1969, 1–2.
14. Ibid.
15. BArchBe, SAPMO, NL182/1333, “An Ulbricht, Stoph, Honecker, Axen [Umlaufnote, SED Politbüro] Neuorientierung für den Palästinensischen Wider-stand auf der Botschafter Konferenz in Moskau am 19.08.1969: Einladen, Ausrüsten, Nutzen und Bewaffnen der Führer palästinensischer Organisationen für gemeinsame Aktion, Radikale zügeln, Ostberlin 1.10.69, gez. Otto Winzer.”
16. USArchII, RG263, CIA, NF, EnZZ-16, B58–60, report on clash of Arafat’s Fatah with al-Husaini’s Islamic Conquest Fidaiyin, a new right-wing Fidaiyin splinter group under Brigadier Rashid Araikat, in which five Islamic Conquest supporters were killed and fifty-five joined the Fatah, in a refugee camp close to Amman in mid-June 1969, June 30, 1969, 1–2.
17. Filastin al-Thawra, January 1970; Walid Khadduri, ed., International Documents on Palestine 1969 (Beirut: The Institute for Palestine Studies and The University of Kuwait, 1972), 300.
18. For a detailed discussion of this issue, see Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
19. Fatah, “The Seven Points” (January 1969, passed by the Central Committee of Fatah), in The Israel-Arab Reader: A Documentary History of the Middle East Conflict, ed. Walter Laqueur and Barry Rubin (New York: Penguin, 2008), 130–131.
20. Rubin and Rubin, Yasir Arafat, 69–70.
21. For a detailed discussion of these events see ibid., 185–216.
22. Mahmud Abbas, “Sviazi mezhdu sionizmom i natsizmom (1933–1945) (diss., Moscow University, 1982); see also his Al-Wajh al-Akhar: Al-Alaqat as-Sirriyya baina an-Naziyya wa as-Sahyuniyya [The other point of view: The secret ties between the Nazis and the Zionist movement] (Amman: Dar Ibn Rushd, 1984), 253; and Through Secret Channels (Reading: Garnet, 1995).
23. Bernard Lewis, Semites and Anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice (New York: Norton, 1987), 161.
24. On the Brotherhood’s history, see Barry Rubin, Islamic Fundamentalists in Egyptian Politics, 2d rev. ed. (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2008).
25. Two rare exceptions are Ali Bader’s 2008 novel, The Tobacco Keeper, and the remarks of Rashid Al-Khayoun, interviewed on al-Arabiyya Television, December 4, 2009, translated in MEMRI Special Dispatch No. 2750, January 13, 2010, http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/2312.htm.
26. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, RLB-1788, report on meeting between Fedor Pisarenko of the Soviet legation and Halina Abd al-Karim al-Jauni, secret, Beirut, December 27, 1949; Ad-Dawalibi publicly for Soviet alliance according to al-Husaini’s instruction, April 15, 1950.
27. USArchII, FMS, P-207, Fritz Grobba, “Supplement des Gesandten a.D. Dr. Fritz Grobba,” in “German Exploitation of Arab National Movements in World War II” (see above, Chapter 4, note 61), 75.
28. Barry Rubin, The Truth About Syria (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2007).
29. Michel Aflaq, Fi Sabil al-Ba’ath [For the Ba’th] (Beirut: Dar at-Tali’a, 1959), 40–41, quoted in Franck Salameh, “Does Anyone Speak Arabic?” Middle East Quarterly (Fall 2011), http://www.meforum.org/3066/does-anyone-speak-arabic.
30. See Chapter Six.
31. On the struggle between Iran and the Saudi regime, see, for example, Barry Rubin, Cauldron of Turmoil (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992).
32. David Barnett and Efraim Karsh, “Azzam’s Genocidal Threat,” Middle East Quarterly (Fall 2011): 85–88. This article for the first time tells the full story of the Azzam quote and its documentation.
33. See, for example, Barry Rubin and Judith Colp Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
34. Götz Nordbruch, Nazism in Syria and Lebanon: The Ambivalence of the German Option, 1933–1945 (New York: Routledge, 2009), 20–21, 33–34.
35. Grobba, “Supplement,” 72–73, Arab News Bureau Sofia; PArchWGS, NG-5462–5570, report from Rekowski: twenty-five hundred marks monthly for Kamil Muruwwa, seven hundred U.S. dollars monthly for Mr. Glock of Lisbon (8, 10).
36. Eyal Ziser, Lebanon: The Challenge of Independence (London: I. B. Tauris, 2000), 174.
37. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, al-Husaini’s interview with al-Hayat, copies sold ten times their price, secret, Jerusalem, December 15, 1953, 1.
38. Kamil Muruwwa, “Nam, al-Mufti al-Akbar qabil Hitler” [Yes, the Grand Mufti met Hitler], Al-Hayat, no. 37 (March 19, 1946); “Haqiqat Dahrina” [A truth of our lifetime], ibid., no. 650 (June 22, 1948); Kamil Muruwwa, Qul Kalimatuka wa Imshi [Say your word and beat it], vol. 1, nos. 1–1426 (Beirut: Al-Hayat, 1970), 37, 113, 650–651.
39. New York Times, April 19, 1988, http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/19/us/anti-semitism-charges-lead-to-delay-on-religion-prize.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all.
40. Barry Rubin, The PLO Between Anti-Zionism and Antisemitism (Jerusalem: Hebrew University Sassoon Center, 1993) provides many examples.
41. Anti-Defamation League of B’nai B’rith, “Open Letter To King Fahd of Saudi-Arabia,” press release, New York, February 7, 1985, 1.
42. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, “Ex-Grand Mufti and support for Said Ramadan, exiled Egyptian Ikhwan leader in Damascus, Islamic congresses in Jerusalem 1956, Mecca, finance,” December 16, 1954, 1.
43. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on activities of the Ikhwan al-Muslimin leader Muhammad Said Ramadan and the ex-grand mufti in Karachi, February 21, 1963, 1.
44. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, “Al-Husaini, Ramadan, 9/54 arrests, Syrian Muslim Brothers,” December 11, 1954.
45. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on the ex-grand mufti’s money for Ramadan’s newspaper Al-Muslimun.
46. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on Ramadan’s newspaper Al-Muslimun; see also Ralph Ghadban, Tariq Ramadan und die Islamisierung Europas (Berlin: Schiler, 2006), 60; Brynjar Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt: The Rise of an Islamic Movement 1928–1942 (Reading: Ithaca Press, 1998), 155.
47. USArchII, RG263, CIA, B58–60, report on the al-Husaini Clan, Said Ramadan, Saudi Arabia, the Saud–an-Nasir dispute, and Jamal al-Husaini’s spy system in Lebanon and Syria, secret, May 8, 1962, 1–2.
48. PArchAA, Nachlaß von Hentig, vol. 84, 326011–12, von Oppenheim to LR Otto von Grote on Shakib Arslan, Sanusi, and Ismail Hakki Bey, Berlin, April 9, 1941.
49. Grobba, “Supplement,” 69, 73, on monthly allowance for Amir Shakib Arslan, editor of Islam and La Nation Arabe in Lausanne, from the Foreign Ministry’s Press Department; PArchWGS, Office Of Chief Of Counsel for War Crimes, Doc. No. NG-5462–5570, Rekowski, 9; PArchAA, Nachlaß von Hentig, vol. 84, 326010, von Oppenheim to Melchers, money request for Shakib Arslan, Berlin, April 10, 1941; ibid., 32608–09, von Oppenheim to Woermann, money request for Shakib Arslan, Berlin, April 10, 1941.
50. Said Ramadan, Islamic Law: Its Scope and Equity (London: P. R. Macmillan, 1961); Said Ramadan, Das islamische Recht: Theorie und Praxis (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1980); Ghadban, Tariq Ramadan und die Islamisierung Europas, 60.
51. Ghadban, Tariq Ramadan und die Islamisierung Europas, 56–57; Lia, The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt, 155; Reinhard Schulze, Islamischer Internationalismus im 20. Jahrhundert (Leiden: Brill, 1990), 203; Amin al-Husaini, Mudhakkirat al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini [The memoirs of al-Hajj Muhammad Amin al-Husaini], ed. Abd al-Karim al-Umar (Damascus: Al-Ahali, 1999), 88. For an Egyptian government evaluation, see Archiv des Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des MfS, Berlin, MfS, X/111, minutes of conversation between Erich Mielke and Sharawi Juma, top secret, East Berlin, July 3, 1969, 1–8.
52. Barry Rubin, The Muslim Brotherhood: A Global Islamist Movement (New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2010); Barry Rubin, Survey of Islamism, 2 vols. (New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2009).
53. Vereinsarchiv, Islamische Gemeinschaft Deutschland, Hamburg, VerArch AGH, Deutsche Muslim-Liga e.V., VR112154, “Protokoll, gez. Anna Bohnsack, Hamburg, 24.06.61,” 84–86.
54. VerArchAGM, Islamische Gemeinschaft in Deutschland, VR6256, “An Ramadan, Genf, Forderung Generalversammlung Moscheebaukommission, verfehlte Neuwahl Vorstand, Abstimmungsresultat Generalversammlung 26.11.61, Ablehnung Kandidatur Said Ramadans und Ali Kantemirs, München 22.12.61.”
55. Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Inneren, ed., Verfassungsschutzbericht 2008 (Munich: Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern, 2009), 62; see also Bundesministerium des Inneren, ed., Vorabfassung Verfassungsschutzbericht 2005 (Berlin: Druckerei Alt-Moabit, 2006), 221.
56. Himmat was listed by the UN Security Council as a person associated with al-Qaida on November 9, 2001, and Nada on September 3, 2002, See the UNSC summaries of April 6, 2009, http://www.un.org/sc/committees/1267/NSQI05301E.shtml.
57. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States (New York, 2006), 366.
58. Video of Clapper testimony, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r66wLuAn5Mo.
59. Ramadan, “Whither the Muslim Brotherhood?”
60. Ayman al-Zawahiri, Knights under the Prophet’s Banner. The book was published in al-Sharq al-Awsat, December 2–12, 2001, and translated by the U.S. Department of Commerce, Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), December 2, 2001 (FBIS-NES-2001–1202–12).
61. PArchAA, R27327, B297998–01, An Kapp, Memorandum, Propagandas-chriften der Araberfeinde, November 1942.
62. See Chapter Eight.
63. Sayid Qutb, “Our Struggle with the Jews,” quoted in Ronald L. Nettler, Past Trials and Present Tribulations: A Muslim Fundamentalist’s View of the Jews (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1987), 86–87.
64. Hamas Covenant, August 18, 1988, Article 15, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp.
65. Al-Aqsa TV on February 28, 2010, http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/2415.htm, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4035.htm.
66. Rubin and Rubin, Anti-American Terrorism and the Middle East, 137–142.
67. Al-Jazeera, January 28–30 2005, http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/2005.htm.
68. “Muslim Brotherhood Supreme Guide, ‘The U.S. Is Now Experiencing the Beginning of Its End’; Improvement and Change in the Muslim World ‘Can Only Be Attained Through Jihad and Sacrifice,’” MEMRI, Special Dispatch No. 3274, October 6, 2010, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4650.htm.
69. For a discussion of this issue, see Barry Rubin, Modern Dictators: Third World Coupmakers, Strongmen, and Populist Tyrants (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1987).
