Abduh, Muhammad, 65, 100, 141, 203n38Abduh, Muhammad, 65, 100, 141, 203n38
Abidi, Ahmed, 86, 92–95, 104, 142
Addawa. See Mosques
Adoption, 93–94
Advanced Institute in Islamic Sciences (ISSI), 95–105,
West, 11–12, 17–18, 59–60. See also Algerians; Maghrébins; Moroccans; Tunisians
Â’isha (wife of the Prophet Muhammad), 76, 97, 170
al-Albâni, Muhammad Nâsir al-Dîn, 73, 77–78, 156, 159, 203n38, 213n17
colonial divisions in, 174, 201n4, 203n40
marriage in, 158, 160–61, 210n3
and Paris Mosque, 25–26
Algerians: identity of, 22–23, 105
and immigration to France, 16–18, 26, 201n15
in mosques, 33, 38, 52, 61, 204n57
Arafa, Hichem El, 67–68
at CERSI, 50, 66–87, 92–95, 113, 184, 207n12
on objectives of Qur’an, 81–84, 90, 135–36, 166–68, 171–72
on fiqh of minorities, 141, 148
use of in debates, 149–52
instruction in 31, 55, 69, 85–89, 93, 95–98, 102, 105–7, 112–115, 207n4, 213n11
at Islamic secondary schools, 118, 120–21, 124
ibn Ashur, Muhammad al-Tahir, 56, 65, 82–83, 88, 100, 207n14
Associations, 31–33, 49–51, 179–85
Catholic, 181
Jewish, 181–82,
AVS (À Votre Service), 45–46, 49, 170–71,
al-Azhar University, 27, 140–11, 209n9
Azouz, Karim, 49–51, 57, 148–49, 205n13
Babès, Leïla, 189–90
Banking, 83, 88, 138–43, 146–49, 155–56, 187, 209n2, 209n8. See also Ribâ
ibn Bayyah, Abdullah (Ben Biya), 143–44,
ibn Baz, Abdelaziz, 56, 73–74, 77, 79, 162, 203n38, 206n20, 213n17
Bekri, Abdelkrim, 88–89,
Berber languages, 17, 21, 33, 59
Beur, 21–22
Boltanski and Thévenot, 199n6
Boubakeur, Dalil, 26, 43, 88, 205n12
Bourdieu, Pierre, 108–9, 199n6
Bourget, Salon du, 143, 185–88,
Britain, contrast with France, 9, 33
al-Bûtî, Muhammad Saîd Ramadân, 93, 140–41, 146, 148, 155–56, 208n3
al-Bûti, Mohamed Tawfik, 150–56.
Catholic Church: and associations, 181–82, 214n19
and Islam, 30
and the Republic, 7, 110, 164, 188–89, 195–96
and schools, 110, 116–18, 181, 183, 208n1
Center of Studies and Research on Islam (CERSI). See Arafa, Hichem El
Citizenship, 3, 5, 7, 9, 21, 30, 110, 180, 182–83, 191–92, 201n4, 202nn24 and 27, 212n36
Clichy-sous-Bois, 20, 37–43, 202n20
Collective of French Muslims, 44–51,
Colonialism, 25–26, 30, 33, 174
Communalism, 111, 116, 179–88, 191, 213n1
Daffé, Mamadou, 43, 48, 204n57
Damascus, University of, 92–93, 141, 150
Discrimination, 19–20,
Divorce: in French civil law, 173–77, 197, 212n36
Islamic, 41, 55–56, 79–81, 102–4, 143, 154, 157–58, 161–63, 166–68, 206n19, 210n20, 211n12
Ethnicity: in associations, 21, 180
and housing, 20–21
European Council for Fatwa and Research, 88–91, 138–43, 148–49, 203n35, 209nn4 and 8
European Institute of Human Sciences (IESH), 47, 86–87, 89, 93
Fatwa, 43–14, 73–74, 83–84, 144–18, 151–52, 160, 169, 200n8, 207n13. See also European Council for Fatwa and Research; al-Qaradâwî, Yûsuf
Fiqh, 50, 54, 57, 64, 73, 81–83, 88, 104, 154, 162, 168
for minorities, 56, 65, 88, 141, 144–48, 209n9
teaching of, 82, 90, 93, 96–97, 100
French Council for the Muslim Religion (CFCM). See Islamic Council
Gender. See Islam
al-Ghazzâlî, 72, 82, 113, 207n5
Hadith, 55–56, 65, 72–81, 84–85, 95–98, 102, 112–13, 120–21, 124, 147, 150, 203n38
Halâl, 64, 67, 70–71, 83, 94, 151
of food, 45, 53, 91, 118, 169–172
of marriage, 158–64. See also AVS (À Votre Service); Sacrifice
Hammrouni, Chokri, 106–8
Hanafî legal school, 64, 90, 94, 98, 102–3, 139, 141, 153, 169, 206n23, 210n13
Hanbalî legal school, 57, 64, 98, 139, 142, 169
Headscarves: debates over, 23, 114, 185, 191–97
in public schools, 23, 26–27, 49–52, 99, 114–18, 123, 191–94, 208n5, 210n21, 215n30
worn by Muslim women, 51, 72, 91, 97, 102, 112, 127
Îd al-adhâ. See Sacrifice
Ijtihâd, 82, 90, 150–53, 214n22
Imams, 24–27, 30, 42–62, 71–73, 102, 127, 130, 172, 204n43, 204n57, 206n18
court action against, 164–65
role of in marriage and divorce, 158–68, 211n12, 215n36
training of, 27, 45–49, 85–86, 88–89, 95. See also Imarraine, Fouad; Kechat, Larbi; Meskine, Dhaou; Mondher, Najjar
Imarraine, Fouad, 45–47, 205n8
Immigration. See Migration
Islam: approaches to, 21–24, 63–75, 77–84, 90–92
apostasy from, 189
converts to, 22, 57, 64, 66, 73–74, 100, 158–59, 192, 214n23
ethics in, 50, 106, 114, 120–21, 124, 168–70
in Europe, 15–16
French attitudes toward, 3, 31–32, 188–98, 199n1
and gender equality, 8, 50, 93–94, 97, 101, 119, 138, 175, 177–79, 189, 193–96, 200n8, 213n1
and science, 121–23
state governance of, 26–33, 43–44, 52–53
women in, 4, 10, 23, 45, 49, 51, 70–77, 88–89, 92, 97, 101–2, 116, 118, 145–46, 155
women praying in, 38, 40, 52, 101. See also Fiqh; Hadith; Law, Islamic; Maqâsid (al-maqâsid ash-sharîa); Mosques; Qur’an; Shari’a (sharîa)
Islamic Council, 26–32, 43–44, 49, 53, 60, 117, 130, 189, 204n43
Jaballah, Ahmad, 89–92, 136, 141
al-Jazaïri, Abubaker Jaber, 57, 79, 93, 97
Jurisprudence. See Fiqh; Law
Kabtane, Kamel, 52
Kechat, Larbi, 41, 48, 149–55, 167
Laïcité (secularity), 108–9, 179, 188–96, 213n1
Lamont, Michèle, 199n6
Law, French 157, 173–74, 197–98
on immigration, 17, 165, 175, 200n1, 212n39
on marriage and divorce, 56, 119, 157–58, 164–65, 169, 173–78, 212n36
ordre public in, 173–78
on religious signs in public schools, 27, 114–18, 215n33
Law, Islamic, 8, 80, 103, 138, 142, 144–47, 150–53, 168–69
in French Algeria, 26, 174. See also Adoption; Divorce; Fiqh; Ijtihâd; Illa; Legal schools; Maqâsid (al-maqâsid ash-sharîa); Marriage; Maslaha; Prayer (salât); Shari’a (sharia)
Legal schools, 64–65, 83, 86, 90, 92–104. See also Fiqh; Hanafî legal school; Hanbalî legal school; Mâlikî legal school; Shâfiî
Lyon: Islamic associations in, 22, 44, 49–51, 148, 213n17
mosque in, 22, 25, 51–57, 61, 163
Muslims in, 17–18
Mahr (wedding gift), 157–58, 167, 206n19, 210n1
Mâlikî legal school 17, 54, 57, 64, 66, 83, 86–88, 95–104, 112, 144, 153, 168–69, 206n23
Maqâsid (al-maqâsid ash-sharîa), 13, 50, 56, 65, 80–83, 88–95, 100, 103, 135–36, 139–44, 152–53, 166–69, 197, 207n14, 208n3
Marriage: annulment of, 102–3, 191–95, 216n49
French practices of, 119–120, 212n46
French rules for, 119, 157, 165, 173–78, 210n3, 211n18, 212nn36 and 38
and immigration, 165, 175, 202n21
of Muslims, 3–5, 41, 55–56, 142–44, 153, 157–68, 211n9. See also Divorce
Maslaha, 13, 82–83, 90, 145, 169, 207n13
al-Maudûdi, Abdullah, 82
Menia, Fayçal, 117
Meskine, Dhaou, 38–44, 95, 110–131, 141–42, 163
Migration, 16–21, 60–61, 200n1, 201nn2, 5, and 6, 212n39
Minorities. See Fiqh
Mokni, Habib, 105–6
Mondher, Najjar, 54–57, 141, 163, 206n19
Moroccans: in France, 17–18, 31, 33, 47, 192–94, 201n15, 211n9
in the Islamic Council, 25, 204n43
and mosques, 47–49, 57, 61, 168, 204nn43 and 57
Morocco: family law in, 96, 177, 195
Islamic movements in, 186–87
and support for mosques in France, 26, 57, 61
Mosques, 11, 17, 22, 25, 29–32, 37–62, 70–73, 101, 116–17, 193–97, 205n1, 205n10, 214n20
and the Islamic Council, 204n43
marriage in, 166–67
Turkish, 60–61
—by city: Bagnolet, 215n38
Bordeaux, 168
Clichy-sous-Bois, 37–43
Évry, 31
Lyon, 51–57
Paris (Addawa), 149–53, 210n18
Paris (Great Mosque), 25–26, 87–89
Saint-Denis (Tawhid), 44–47
Toulouse, 204n57
Muhammad, the Prophet, 27–28, 38, 40–41, 65, 75, 78, 121, 124, 141, 162, 184, 189, 203n38. See also Hadith
Muslims: number in France, 18, 200n15
Objectives (of Islam). See Maqâsid (al-maqâsid ash-sharîa)
Pabiot, Corentin, 100–4
Pluralism, in Islamic law, 65
Polygamy, 17, 155, 169, 175–77, 212nn38, 40, and 46
Pragmatism, 13–14, 84, 138, 142, 154–56, 163, 169, 177, 196–98
Prayer (salât), 29–32, 38–41, 45–47, 77, 127
on Feast of Sacrifice, 170–72
rules for, 77–78, 91–93, 97–102, 153. See also Mosques
Public reasoning, 5–6
al-Qaradâwî, Yûsuf, 49, 56–58, 66, 72–73, 79–83, 90–91, 140–42, 156, 162, 171, 209n9
on fiqh for minorities, 145–51, 165, 168. See also European Council for Fatwa and Research
Qur’an, 55–57, 87, 91, 93–96, 105–6, 124, 139, 146–47, 150, 189, 207n8
on marriage and divorce, 102–3, 162, 164
in sermons, 46
sacrifice in, 28, 170. See also Maqâsid (al-maqâsid ash-sharîa)
Ramadan, Tariq, 22, 44–45, 49–50, 98, 146, 168, 171, 199n4, 202n27, 214n17, 215n27
Rawls, John, 199n5
Renseignements Généraux, 43, 129–31
La Réussite. See Success School
Ribâ, 138, 147, 152, 209n5. See also Banking
Riyadh: study in, 68, 72, 82, 112–13,
Sabri, Abdelkarim, 96–100
Sacrifice: Feast of, 28–29, 37, 53, 64, 99, 169–72
ritual, 53, 57, 137, 151, 169–70
Saint-Denis, 4, 20, 44–47, 66, 86, 89, 96, 140
Salafi, 25, 49, 52, 56–57, 66, 71–74, 77, 90, 117, 203n38, 205n10
Schools
—elementary and secondary, in France: Arabic language in, 67
headscarves in, 23, 26–27, 49–52, 99, 114–18, 123, 191–94, 208n5, 210n21, 215n30
Islamic, 110–24, 182–84, 186, 208nn1, 2, and 5, 214n20
Jewish, 182
religious, 7–8, 182–84, 208n1, 213n14
—higher Islamic, 66–81, 85–109
Seine-Saint-Denis (département), 20, 28–29, 43, 71, 104, 131, 214n18
Sermons, 25, 38–41, 45–48, 61, 67, 89, 197, 205n10
Shâfiî, 64, 90, 98, 102, 104, 144–45, 206n23
Shari’a (sharîa), 63, 77, 82, 90, 147, 150–53, 160, 168–69, 189–90, 191. See also Fiqh; Law, Islamic; Legal schools; Maqâsid (al-maqâsid ash-sharîa)
al-Shâtibî, Abû Ishâq, 65, 82–83, 88, 90, 100, 139, 144–45, 167, 207n13
Success School (La Réussite), 110–30, 182–84, 208nn2 and 5, 214n20
Tablighi Jamaat, 64, 66, 70, 73–74, 204n43,
Tawhid (association and bookstore): in Lyon, 22, 47, 148, 213n17
in Paris, 44–47, 66, 74, 156, 171
Tunisia: and mosques in France, 26, 54, 61
politics and Islam in, 11, 38, 112, 130, 186
Tunisians: immigrants in France, 17–18, 54, 201n15, 208n3
as religious teachers in France, 38, 54, 66, 67–68, 123, 203n36. See also Abidi, Ahmed; Arafa, Hichem El Boulâbi, Abdurraouf; Hammrouni, Chokri; Jaballah, Ahmad; Meskine, Dhaou; Mokni, Habib
Turkey: immigrants from, 17–19, 201n15
and mosques in France, 26, 49, 52, 60–61, 204n43
Umar ibn al-Khattâb, 143–44, 152–53
Unions des Organisations Islamiques de France (UOIF), 25, 43–44, 47, 86, 89, 91, 93, 100, 136, 139, 143–45, 148, 185, 204n43, 208nn4 and 1, 209n8, 213n17, 214nn17 and 19
Walzer, Michael, 199n6
Weber, Max, 199n6
Women. See Islam
World Trade Towers, attack on, 73, 113
al-Zuhaily, Wahba, 93–94