INDEX
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Abbott, Lemuel, 236–7
Abbott, Sir Charles, 343
Abergavenny, 1st Earl of, 154, 178, 196
Abergavenny, 6th Marquess of, 183–4
Adam, Robert, 49
Adams, Edward, 318, 339–40, 354, 362, 363, 364
Addingham (Cumberland), 34
Addington, Henry, 306, 308
Allgood family of Nunwick Hall, 16–17
American colonies: and Navigation Acts, 40, 51; and post-Seven Years’ War settlement, 50–1; and the Sugar Act (1764), 51–2, 54–5; and financing of British Empire, 51–3, 54–5, 77–9; rum distillers of New England, 51; and the Stamp Act (1765), 52–3, 55; and banking crisis (1772), 76; and ‘Townshend duties’, 77–9; Boston ‘tea party’ (16 December 1773), 79, 82; ‘intolerable acts’ (1774), 82–3, 85–7; ‘Continental Congress’ at Philadelphia (1774/75), 85–7, 88; resolutions of Congress (1774), 86–7; declaration of independence (4 July 1776), 101; alliance with France (February 1778), 113, 117, 118, 121
American Duties Act (1766), 54–5, 56
American War of Independence: provisioning of king’s army, 10–11, 88–92, 93–4, 95–7, 103–8, 110–13, 115, 117–21, 130–1, 194; battles at Lexington and Concord (1775), 87; Bunker Hill (1775), 88, 89; companies of American militia, 92; occupation of Dorchester Heights (1776), 94; logistical minutiae of, 95; British advance (autumn 1776), 101–2; Washington’s victories at Trenton and Princeton, 103; French support for rebels, 109, 110, 113; British 1777 campaign, 110; Burgoyne’s surrender at Saratoga, 110, 158; France enters (1778), 113, 117, 118, 121; Spain enters (1779), 121–2, 128, 129; French forces in Caribbean/America, 122, 123, 124, 125; British victory at Savannah (1779), 125; British public discontent, 126–7; Charleston surrenders to British (June 1780), 127–8; Rodney’s capture of Saint Eustatius, 138, 149–50; British defeat at Yorktown (1781), 149–50; fighting near Ticonderoga, 158; Shelburne’s peace treaty, 168–9
Amherst, General, 114, 123–4, 125
Ancestry, 10
Ancestry DNA, 409–10
Anglican church, 313, 340–1; Colonial Church Union, 365–6
Anson, Admiral, 45
anti-slavery campaign: Granville Sharp as father of, 60, 231; story of the Zong, 231–2; Somerset case (1772), 231; and William Wilberforce, 232–3, 234, 236, 239–40, 242–3, 319, 320, 338–9, 340, 358, 368; Clarkson’s tract, 232; Clarkson’s investigation, 233–4, 235; Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 233, 242; image of the ‘kneeling slave’, 233, 234; Quaker sympathizers, 233, 340; roots in Nonconformist Christianity, 233, 340, 365; Wedgwood’s cameos, 233; Dolben’s Act (1788), 234–5; Lord Hawkesbury’s committee, 234, 235, 236; select committee examines, 236, 239; Wilberforce’s slave trade bills (1791/2), 239–40, 241, 242–3, 243; damaged by slave revolts, 240, 242; William Fox’s pamphlet on sugar, 241; anti-slavery petitions (1792), 242; Stephen’s plan relating to France (1806), 319–20; loss of impetus during 1790s, 319; Wilberforce’s slave trade bills (1804/5), 319; Abolition of the Slave Trade Act (1807), 320; Wilberforce’s slave trade bill (1807), 320; compulsory registration bill (1815), 338–9; the ‘Clapham Sect’, 340; post-1808 activities, 358, 360; slavery abolished (1833), 366–8
Appleby (Westmorland), 26, 28, 80, 170, 383
Arcot, Nawab of, 166, 206, 210
Atkinson, Ann (née Littledale, 1772–1828), 254, 317–18, 323, 325, 349–50, 351, 353; death of, 357
Atkinson, Bridget ‘Biddy’ (1891–1970), 6, 401–2
Atkinson, Bridget (née Maughan, 1732–1814): Receipt Book, 11, 13–15, 17, 141, 326, 407; early life of, 30–1; George’s courtship of, 30, 31, 32, 33–4; shell collection, 32, 99, 256, 257, 326, 327, 378, 393, 405; marries George (January 1758), 15–16, 34–5; birth of children, 36–7, 98; runs family house and farm, 98–9, 326; ploughs up gold brooch, 98; in London, 99; knowledge of smallpox, 100; daughter Dorothy’s correspondence with, 188–9, 212, 222–3, 225, 226–7, 326–7; as beneficiary of Richard’s will, 219; and death of Richard, 222; and daughter’s attachment to Clayton, 224–6; and death of brother-in-law Matthew, 237–8; fears for her sons in West Indies, 238, 254; Clayton children with at Temple Sowerby, 286, 287; mourns death of sons, 288–9; and Michael’s return from India (1804), 310–11; son Michael’s hostility to, 311, 314–15; raises John ‘James’ Atkinson, 316, 331; antiquarian hobbies, 327, 328; Antiquarian Society of Newcastle, 328; death of, 332–3
Atkinson, Catherine ‘Katie’ (1860–1932), 400, 401, 405, 406
Atkinson, Constance ‘Connie’ (née Banks, 1860–1947), 400–2, 406, 408
Atkinson, David, 16, 19, 410
Atkinson, Elizabeth ‘Eliza’ (née Pitter, 1829–98), 390–1, 392, 393–4, 400, 401
Atkinson, Elizabeth ‘Lizzy’ (1850–1922), 394
Atkinson, Evelyn (née Cook, 1892–1976), 3–5, 405–6
Atkinson, Francis Baring ‘Frank’ (1805–64), 355
Atkinson, Geoffrey (1892–1961), 408
Atkinson, George (1657–1723), 24–5, 26–7
Atkinson, George (1730–81), 28, 30–2, 33–7, 64, 220; and enclosure of common at Temple Sowerby, 80–2; and recoinage in Westmorland, 83–4, 97–8, 99; moves into banking, 84–5; and provision of oats to army, 130–1; death of, 148, 222
Atkinson, George (1764–1814): at Fenchurch Street, 157, 187; in Jamaica with Mures & Dunlop (1784–7), 222; returns to England (1787), 227; and sending of brothers to Jamaica, 238; in Jamaica (1791–2), 243, 247–9; and Mure family, 248, 252–4, 259, 324; returns to Jamaica (1793), 253–5; provisioning of Saint Domingue, 257, 258–9, 268, 269–70, 279, 280, 324; as Agent General in Jamaica, 258, 273, 279, 288, 329; Island Secretary of Jamaica office, 262, 288; and expeditionary force (1793–4), 264–5; marries Susan (1794), 268; ‘double commission’ issue, 269, 270, 324, 328–9; ill health, 269, 281, 329; and Balcarres, 271, 273, 274, 281–2; as lieutenant-colonel in militia, 273, 275, 281; and deportation of Maroons, 277, 278; returns to England (1798), 280–1, 287–8; Baring’s displeasure at, 281–2, 288; G. & M. Atkinson merchant house, 289–90, 292, 293, 294, 295–9, 298; and the Mures’ creditors, 289, 305, 324; buy out interests in two Jamaican estates (1799), 290, 329; and sugar/slave crisis (1799), 297–8; Atkinsons, Hanbury & Co., 298, 300, 301, 309–10, 318; on Hanbury and Cathcart’s speculation, 310; Atkinson, Bogle & Co., 318, 338, 339, 341, 354; and Tyne Iron Company, 321, 323; leases Lee residence from Baring, 325; sudden death of, 333–4, 339, 354; wealth of at death, 334 see also Atkinson, Mure & Bogle
Atkinson, George (1795–1849, ‘cousin George’), 349; letters to Lord Balcarres, 362, 363, 364; inherits share of merchant house, 334; Robertson, Brother & Co., 354–5, 361–3; treatment of his younger siblings, 355–6; elected to Jamaican Assembly, 360; and coffee estates, 361–4; Atkinson & Hosier, 363–4, 373, 375, 377–8, 387; discharged by Lord Balcarres, 363–4, 375; and ‘pioneer’ contract, 364, 373, 375, 376–7; embezzlement by, 374; and his cousin Dick, 377–8, 387, 388, 392; and the treadmill, 380–1; and Temple Sowerby, 384, 385; and optimism of 1840 period, 385–6; retires from Kingston house (1846), 388
Atkinson, George (1886–1932), 6, 401–2, 406
Atkinson, George Clayton (1808–77), 323, 349, 370, 373, 379; describes father Matt, 350; friendship with Bewick, 353–4; and Natural History Society of Northumberland, 357; and Tyne Iron Company, 357; tour of western isles of Scotland (1831), 371–2; and Newcastle’s natural history museum, 372; reunited with brother Dick (1851), 391–2
Atkinson, Harriet (1811–78), 325
Atkinson, Harriet (sister of author), 5
Atkinson, Isaac (1809–34), 350, 355, 357; death of, 373
Atkinson, Jane (1728–81), 28, 37; death of, 148
Atkinson, Jane (1775–1855), 256, 286, 311–12, 317–18, 323–4, 345; raises John ‘James’ Atkinson, 316, 331; and James’ departure for Jamaica, 331–2; inherits house and land from mother, 333; represents sisters and cousins in court, 335–6; wins court case over Richard’s estate, 336; and William Robertson, 378–9; and collections of natural wonders, 378, 393; helps her cousin Matthew (1841), 384; death of, 393
Atkinson, Jane (1853–1922), 399, 405
Atkinson, Jane (née Chaytor), 5, 6–7, 237
Atkinson, Jane (née Hodgson), 25
Atkinson, John (1771–98), 255–7, 268, 270, 281, 412; sudden death of, 283, 288, 289, 298–9; child of in Jamaica (James Atkinson), 311–12, 313, 315–16, 331; and Emilie Peychiera, 312, 313
Atkinson, John (1934–73), 4–5, 7–8, 9, 406
Atkinson, John ‘Jack’ (1888–1973), 3–5, 401–2, 405–6; Great War service, 402–3
Atkinson, John ‘James’ (born 1799), 311, 313, 315–16, 331–2
Atkinson, John ‘Jock’ (1857–1931), 393, 398, 399, 400–2, 403–5, 408
Atkinson, Margaret (née Sutton, 1707–73), 27–8
Atkinson, Matthew (1703–56), 27–8, 30, 403
Atkinson, Matthew (1736–89), 28, 30, 36, 83–4, 130–1, 222; as beneficiary of Richard’s will, 219, 220; death of, 237–8, 383
Atkinson, Matthew (1773–1852), 8, 9, 336, 383–4
Atkinson, Matthew ‘Matt’ (1769–1830), 16; and first cousin Matthew, 9, 383; mother Bridget’s anxiety over, 238, 254; voyage on the Hope (1793), 254–5; pledge to marry Ann Littledale, 254, 317–18; in Jamaica, 257, 274, 281, 289–90, 292, 294, 301, 306, 308–14; G. & M. Atkinson merchant house, 289–90, 292, 293, 294, 295–9, 298; as Island Secretary of Jamaica, 289, 308; private correspondence with Baring, 290, 299; and use of black ‘pioneers’, 292; provisioning of Toussaint, 294; Atkinsons, Hanbury & Co., 298, 300, 301, 309–10, 318; holds nine public offices in Jamaica, 308–9; allergy to paperwork, 308, 351–2; and brother John’s child in Jamaica, 311–12; children of in Jamaica, 312–13, 318, 358; returns to England (1805), 314–15; Michael’s letter to, 314, 315, 316–17; marries Ann Littledale (1806), 318; and Tyne Iron Company, 322–3, 351–2; friendship with Hodgson, 325–6, 327, 351–2; and Carr Hill House, 325, 349–50, 371; love of nature, 325, 351–2, 353; Antiquarian Society of Newcastle, 327; and future risk of Bogue estate (1813), 330; as George’s executor, 333–4, 356; and Michael Atkinson’s will, 345, 346; son George’s description of, 350; and ‘cousin George’, 355; death of, 357–8
Atkinson, Michael (1763–1821): Bengal writership, 157, 167; in India, 167, 222, 255, 310; returns from India, 310–11; and disputes over Richard’s estate, 311, 314–15, 316–17, 335–6, 343; hostility to rest of family, 311, 314–15, 316, 335–6; hostility to Nathaniel Clayton, 314, 316–17, 329, 333, 335, 336; Clayton sues for libel (1806), 316–17; lives at 67 Portland Place, 323; sister Jane on, 324; and brother George’s will, 333–4; inherits Skygarth farm from mother, 333, 336; joins Anne Barnard’s cause, 335; loses court case over Richard’s estate, 336; blocks plan to sell Jamaican estates, 343, 346; failed legal action on Richard’s will (1821), 343; death of, 344–6
Atkinson, Mure & Bogle: provisioning of Saint Domingue, 257, 258–9, 268, 269–70, 279, 280, 324; Baring saves, 260, 263, 267; papers in Baring Archive, 261–2; and Island Secretary’s office, 263; and expeditionary force (1793–4), 264–5; and bloodhounds from Cuba, 275; and deportation of Maroons, 278; winding up of, 288
Atkinson, Rev. Carleton, 28–9
Atkinson, Richard (author): inherits Temple Sowerby House, 5–6; career in book publishing, 7–8, 11, 17–18; and contents of Temple Sowerby House, 7; finds box of letters, 8–9, 383, 384; Chinese porcelain owned by, 163, 164, 165; has his DNA tested, 408–10, 416–17; distant cousins of West African ancestry, 410–11; visits Jamaica, 411–16; lecture to Jamaican Historical Society, 416
Atkinson, Richard ‘Dick’ (1767–93): at Fenchurch Street, 187; Lemuel Abbott’s portrait of, 236–7; in Madeira, 237; in Jamaica, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 255; death of, 255, 288–9, 414
Atkinson, Richard ‘Dick’ (1812–1876), 349; childhood, 350, 353; fascination with nature, 353, 372, 378–9; apprenticed to J. & A. Gilfillan, 357; tour of western isles of Scotland (1831), 371–2; in Jamaica at Atkinson & Hosier, 373, 377–8, 387; survives yellow fever attack, 377–8; and sister Mary Ann, 379; in Jamaica at Atkinson & MacGregor, 388–9; turns to property speculation, 388–90; marries Eliza Pitter, 390–1; returns to England (1851), 391–2; returns to Jamaica (1852), 392; leaves Jamaica for last time (1856), 393; rents Temple Sowerby House, 393–4, 400, 401; pocket diaries, 394; plans occupations for sons, 398; final illness and death of, 398–9
Atkinson, Richard Littledale ‘Dick’ (1880–1961), 406, 407
Atkinson, Richard (‘Rum’ Atkinson, 1739–85): birth and childhood of, 28–9; as clerk at house of Samuel Touchet, 29–30, 41, 45–8, 64; handwriting of, 29; friendship with Baring, 30, 120, 189–90, 192, 194, 260–1, 304–5; sister-in-law Bridget on, 36; letters to family as rare, 37; becomes clerk for Hutchison Mure, 48, 64; becomes junior partner of Mure, 49; letter to Jenkinson on Honduras, 52; and Society of West India Merchants, 55–6; circle of in early 1770s, 61–5, 67–75; and ironworks at Ringwood, New Jersey, 62–3, 64, 76, 92–3, 193; loyalty to Fordyce, 64–5, 67–71, 75, 139–40; Erskine’s correspondence with, 64, 82–3, 86, 92–3; Anne Lindsay on, 67–8, 69, 73–4, 140, 147, 148, 201, 216; lack of social deference, 67–8, 73–4; first meeting with Anne Lindsay, 67; and Fordyce’s debts, 68–9, 70–1, 75, 139–40; love for Anne Lindsay, 17, 76, 142–5, 161, 207; and resolutions of Congress (1774), 86; and provisioning of king’s army, 10–11, 89–92, 93–4, 95–7, 103–8, 110–13, 115, 117–21, 130–1; and John Robinson, 89, 97, 107, 111–12, 118, 120, 137–8, 154–5, 169, 170–3, 177–81, 183–5, 208; ill health, 92–3, 147, 208–9, 211–12; contract to feed army in Canada, 96–7, 115, 130; sister-in-law Bridget in London with, 99, 100; as Fraser’s partner in bread contract, 114–15; loses government business to Navy Board, 120; and defence of Jamaica, 122, 123–4; opposes end of American War (1778), 122, 125–6; lives at 32 Fenchurch Street, 127, 165, 187; and supply of wine to the Army, 128; and Gibraltar operation, 129, 130; and Anne Lindsay’s return to London, 134–5; and Anne Lindsay’s finances, 135, 138–9, 151, 157, 159, 160–1, 201; acquires Jamaican property, 136; becomes partner in Mures, Atkinson & Mure, 136; Benfield’s joint interest in Bogue estate, 136, 166, 167, 227, 238–9; at Mures, Atkinson & Mure, 136, 138, 141, 151; as slave owner, 136, 216, 217; accused over Lord North’s loan, 137–8, 139, 150–1; settlement of rum contracts (1781), 140–1; letters to Anne (National Library of Scotland), 141–3, 144–5, 160–1, 204–5, 207, 211–12; failed marriage proposal, 142–5, 147, 419–27; in Brighton (1781), 147–8; will of, 148, 160–1, 217, 219–23, 228, 229, 304–5, 316, 335, 343, 347, 428–30; and Lord North’s 1782-3 loan, 151; and Macpherson’s pension, 153, 166; signs petition to king (1782), 155; and ‘breaking the line’, 156–7; helps Anne’s siblings, 157–8, 207–8; ignored by new Treasury Board (1782), 158; deals with Anne’s blackmailer, 159–60; and the Bessborough, 163–5, 228; and East India Company, 163–5, 166, 167, 174–81, 183–4, 186, 194–5, 200, 203, 204, 206, 209, 210–11; in Gillray’s Banco to the Knave, 167–8; and plan to bring Pitt to power, 170–1, 172–3; leads opposition to Fox’s India Bill, 174–81, 183–4; character of, 17, 176, 216, 304–5; and political corruption, 179, 180; and Pitt’s first ministry, 185–6, 187; and Pitt’s India Bill, 185; as Public Advertiser’s ‘second rat’, 185; and 1784 general election, 189–90, 191–4, 195; Venus and Monarch legal actions, 191–2; stands for parliament (1784), 191–4, 195; as MP for New Romney, 196–7; parliamentary career, 200, 202; and Pitt’s tax cuts, 202–3; and Pitt’s India Act, 203, 204, 210; provides turtle for dinner party, 205; elected City of London alderman, 206–7; as Paul Benfield’s agent, 206, 210; and Campbell nomination, 207–8; mistakenly takes oil of vitriol, 209, 210; Burke’s attack on in Commons, 210–11; death of (26 May 1785), 212, 215–16, 220–2; black family of, 217–18, 262; obituaries, 218–19; burial of in Brighton parish church, 218, 219; over-optimism in will of, 219–20, 304–5, 335; disputes over estate of, 221–4, 226, 228–30, 238–9, 252, 289, 303–5, 311, 314–17, 324, 329–30, 335–7, 343; Mure family and estate of, 221, 222–4, 226, 238, 243, 252, 305, 335; Island Secretary of Jamaica office, 262; the Mures’ creditors and estate of, 289, 305, 324; final settlement of estate (1825), 347–8 see also Mure, Son & Atkinson; Mures, Atkinson & Mure
Atkinson, Sophia (née Mackereth, 1765–1822), 310, 324, 345
Atkinson, Susan (née Dunkley, 1777–1830), 268, 281, 325
Atkinson, William (1809–80), 355
Atkinson family: letters, 8–9, 15–16, 17, 19, 36–7, 356, 383, 384, 406, 407; family tree, 8, 9; ‘List of Negroes’, 9; standard Christian names, 9, 349; correspondence in Northumberland Archives, 16–17, 356; history of in Temple Sowerby (pre-1770), 22–3, 24–37, 84, 98; 1577 lease, 22, 23; leather-tanning business, 23, 26, 27, 36, 84; oak cradle, 28; gaps in family correspondence, 36–7, 97; move into banking, 84–5; farm at Whinfell, 98–9; letters in Lindsay family archive, 141–5; collection of land and excise taxes, 238; planned sale of Jamaican estates, 341–3; final settlement of Richard’s estate (1825), 347–8; sale of Jamaican estates, 347; Jock’s short history of, 403–4; Scandinavian branch of, 407–8
Audubon, John James, 357
Austen, Jane, Pride and Prejudice, 66
Ayr Bank, 72–3
Backbarrow ironworks (Lancashire), 84–5
Balcarres, Alexander, 6th Earl of (1752–1825), 207–8, 220, 221, 229, 271, 341, 343; military service in America, 157–8; as governor of Jamaica, 271–2, 273–9, 280, 281–2, 283, 291–2, 294–5, 299, 339–40; use of bloodhounds against Maroons, 275–6, 277, 278–9; and withdrawal from Saint Domingue, 282; and use of black ‘pioneers’, 291–2, 339–40, 362–3, 364, 375, 376; corrupt pioneer contract, 292, 339–40, 362–3, 364, 375, 376; and treaty with Toussaint, 293, 294; Maria Nugent on, 300–1; returns to England, 301; on shortage of slaves, 338; death of, 361
Balcarres, Countess of, 66, 74, 135
Balcarres, James, 7th Earl of (1783–1869), 361–4, 375, 376
Banks, Sir Joseph, 163–4, 328
Barber, Francis, 58
Baring, Alexander, 324, 358, 367
Baring, Dorothy, 268
Baring, Sir Francis: friendship with Richard, 30, 120, 189–90, 192, 194, 260–1, 304–5; as Touchet’s apprentice, 30, 48; and elocution, 47; sets up London office, 48; and rum contracts, 120, 140, 192, 260; on Richard’s character, 176, 290; and East India Company, 194–5, 203, 212, 260; army provisioning contracts, 194; on Lowther’s peerage, 196; buys out Benfield’s interest in Bogue, 239, 243, 290, 329; and Mure family, 243, 253, 259, 260; saves Atkinson, Mure & Bogle, 260, 263, 264, 267, 371; George Atkinson’s correspondence with, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 271, 281–2, 310, 321; pays off Laird’s mortgage, 267; and Saint Domingue, 279; on 1797 crisis, 280; displeasure at George Atkinson, 281–2, 288; winding up of Atkinson, Mure & Bogle, 288; private correspondence with Matt, 290, 299; and sugar/slave crisis (1799), 296, 297–9; and Louisiana purchase (1803), 308; testifies at Clayton v Atkinson, 316; and Stratton (Hampshire estate), 324–5; death of (1810), 325; estate of, 330, 348
Baring, Francis (grandson of Sir Francis), 371
Baring, Sir Thomas, 324, 325
Barings merchant bank, 261, 324, 375, 394; Baring archive in Moorgate, 261–2; and slave trade, 296–9, 309; and Louisiana purchase (1803), 308
Barnard, Andrew, 303, 304, 336
Barnard, Lady Anne see Lindsay, Lady Anne
Barré, Isaac, 52, 53, 82, 104, 105, 112, 126
Batavian Republic, 270
Bathurst, Lord, 359–60
Beckford, William, 39, 56
Bell, John, 327
Benfield, Paul, 136, 166–7, 206, 210, 211, 227, 238–9; half-share of Bogue estate bought out, 239, 243, 329
Bentinck, Captain John, 61, 62, 65, 160, 228, 229
Bentinck, William, 219
Berbice (schooner), 264
Berens, John, 193
Bersham (Denbighshire), 63
Bessborough (East Indiaman), 163–5, 228
Betty (possible mistress of Richard), 217–18, 262
Bewick, Thomas, 234, 353, 357
Bills of exchange, 56, 70, 84
Bleby, Henry, 365, 366
Bogle, George, 253–4, 258–9, 260, 261–2, 269, 279, 280, 288, 297–300, 318, 324
Bogle, Janet, 312–13, 318–19
Bogue estate (St James Parish, Jamaica), 245, 247, 289, 329–30, 341, 342, 347; Paul Benfield as co-purchaser of, 136, 166, 167, 227, 238–9; the Mures’ role in sale of, 167, 238–9; in Richard’s will, 220; Benfield’s half share bought out, 239, 243, 290, 329; infrastructure of, 243–4; George Atkinson buys out Nathaniel Clayton, 290, 329; scant remnants of today, 415
Boston (Massachusetts), 53, 78–9, 82; Boston ‘tea party’ (16 December 1773), 79, 82; early battles of Revolutionary War (1775), 87–8; British garrison leaves (March 1776), 94, 101
Boston Port Act (1774), 82, 86
Boswell, James, 47, 133, 228
Bowler, Professor Arthur, 95
Bradley, Mrs Martha, The British Housewife, 11, 12
bread fruit, 87
Bridges, Rev. George Wilson, 340–1, 365
Brighton, 147–8, 207, 209, 211–12, 218, 219
Bristol, 42, 109, 233
British army: provision of rum to, 11, 97, 104, 105–8, 110–13, 115, 120–1, 126, 137, 140–1; Boston garrison, 87–8, 94, 101; provisioning of during American War, 88–92, 93–4, 95–7, 103–8, 110–13, 115, 117–21, 130–1, 194; basic ration, 96; autumn 1776 advance, 101–2; Hessians in, 101, 103; in Philadelphia, 110, 117, 118; militia camps in south of England (1778), 113–14; bread contract with Fraser and Atkinson, 113–15; redeployment in the West Indies (1778), 117; Navy Board takes over shipping of supplies (1779), 119–20; and defence of Jamaica, 123–4, 125; fever in Saint Lucia (1780), 128; provision of oats for horses, 130–1; ‘Rum’ Atkinson helps Lindsay brothers, 157–8, 207–8; expeditionary force (1793–4), 263–5; yellow fever in Port-au-Prince garrison, 268–9; defeats in Europe (1794–5), 270–1; and Maroon War, 273–9, 281; withdrawal from Saint Domingue, 282–3; West India Regiments (African troops), 290–1, 309; use of black ‘pioneers’, 291–2, 339–40, 354, 362–3, 364, 373, 375, 376–7
British Empire: Navigation Acts, 40, 51, 58, 386, 389; and post-Seven Years’ War settlement, 49–51; Native American attacks on (1760s), 50–1; financing of in North America, 51–3, 54–5, 77–9
Brontë, Charlotte, Jane Eyre, 353
Brookes (slave ship), 235
Brown, Lancelot ‘Capability’, 65
Buccleuch, 3rd Duke of, 72–3
Burges, Sir James, 337
Burgoyne, General, 110, 158
Burke, Edmund, 126, 131, 166, 203, 204, 206, 210–11, 240
Burney, Fanny, 134
Bute, 3rd Earl of, 49, 51, 262
Buxton, Thomas Fowell, 358, 360, 366, 386
Byng, George, 137, 139
Byron, Lord, 369
Caldwell (Renfrewshire), 48
Cambridge University, 232, 255–6, 402
Campbell, Sir Archibald, 207–8
Canada, 50, 82, 86, 87–8, 94, 96–7, 104, 115, 130, 405–6; and Shelburne’s peace treaty, 168; troops in Great War, 402–3
Cape Colony, 304, 336
Cap-Français (Saint Domingue), 240, 241, 293, 307
Carleton, General Guy, 104
Carleton, Thomas, 26
Carr Hill (County Durham), 325, 349–50, 357, 371
Carron Company (Stirlingshire), 63, 73
Cathcart, Hugh, 290, 293, 294, 295, 309, 310
Cator, Bertie (1787–1864), 344, 345–6, 361
Cator, Sophia (née Atkinson, 1788–1862), 323–4, 344, 345, 346
Charterhouse School (London), 350
Chesters estate (Northumberland), 15, 285, 286, 312, 399–400, 401, 403–4; sale of mansion and contents (1929/30), 404–5
Chesters Fort (Cilurnum), 15–16, 285, 405
China, 40, 163, 164–5, 255
claret (wine), 128
Clarkson, Thomas, 232, 233–4, 235, 240, 242, 338, 352, 358, 359
Clayton, Anne (1797–1890), 393, 398
Clayton, Bridget (1790–1840), 287
Clayton, Dorothy (née Atkinson, 1761–1827), 11, 15, 36, 99, 211, 212, 222–3, 226–7; lives at 32 Fenchurch Street, 187–9, 204, 212, 215–16, 261; mother Bridget’s correspondence with, 188–9, 212, 222–3, 225, 226–7, 326–7; nurses Richard during final illness, 215; Clayton’s courtship of, 224–6; marries Clayton, 15, 226; in London with Nathaniel, 226–7, 228; lives on Westgate Street, Newcastle, 227, 251–2; pregnancies, 227, 251, 257, 330; and death of brother Dick, 288–9; refused entry by brother Michael (1804), 311; and death of mother, 332–3; lock of hair of, 356; death of, 356–7
Clayton, George (1789–1816), 330–1, 339
Clayton, Isabel (née Ogle, 1841–1928), 401, 403–4
Clayton, Isabella (1867–1952), 17
Clayton, Jack (1902–75), 404, 405
Clayton, John (1792–1890), 15, 251, 287, 330, 369, 370–1, 384, 388–9; Temple Sowerby House passes to (1855), 393, 401; power of in Newcastle, 394–7; buys and restores sections of Hadrian’s Wall, 397–8, 399; Roman studies, 397–8, 399–400; dig at Carrawburgh, 400; death of, 400
Clayton, Matthew (1800–67), 397
Clayton, Michael (1793–1847), 257, 330, 341–3, 345–6, 347, 369
Clayton, Nathaniel (1756–1832), 224–6, 227–8, 238, 239, 243, 252, 254, 305; Chesters estate, 15, 285, 286, 312; marries Dorothy, 15, 226; buys out Benfield’s interest in Bogue, 239, 243, 290, 329; on Mure family, 252, 253, 259; on sale of 32 Fenchurch Street, 260; pays off Laird’s mortgage, 267; on George’s transgressions, 282; promotes interests of wife’s relatives, 286; George buys out of Jamaican estates, 290, 329; Michael Atkinson’s hostility to, 314, 316–17, 329, 333, 335, 336; sues Michael Atkinson for libel (1806), 316–17; and Tyne Iron Company, 321, 323, 351–2; Antiquarian Society of Newcastle, 327; on future risk of Bogue estate (1813), 329–30; plans careers of sons, 330; and death of mother-in-law, 332–3; as George’s executor, 333–4; and plans to sell Jamaican estates, 343; and Michael Atkinson’s will, 344–5; suffers from gout, 356; death of, 369
Clayton, Nathaniel George (1833–95), 333–4, 400, 401
Clayton, Nathaniel ‘Nat’ (1787–1856), 227–8, 286–7, 330, 333–4, 369–70
Clayton, Richard (1802–56), 397, 400
Clayton, Sarah (1795–1880), 393, 398
Clerk, John, 156–7
Clifford, Lady Anne, 327
Clinton, General Sir Henry, 117, 118, 119, 128, 131
Coalbrookdale (Shropshire), 63
Cobbett, William, 371
coffee: and third leg of ‘triangular’ trade, 44; estates in Jamaica, 299, 301, 361–4
Collingwood, Luke, 232
Colthirst, James, 374
Columbus, Christopher, 295
Committee for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, 233, 242
Cook, Captain James, 87, 99, 257, 287
Cooper, Sir Grey, 105
Corbet, Edward, 306
Corbet, James, 33
Corn Laws, 387
Cornwallis, Lord, 149, 310
cotton, 40, 41, 42
Craskell, Captain, 272
Crawford and Balcarres, Robert, 29th and 12th Earl of, 376–7
Cross Fell (Pennine hill), 21, 64, 394
Cuba, 49, 275–6, 389, 393
Cumberland, historic county of, 30, 80, 113, 238, 318, 328
Cumberland, Duke and Duchess of, 147, 148
Cumberland, Richard, 157
Cumming, Thomas, 45
Dalemain mansion (Cumberland), 327
Dallas, Robert, 316–17
Dalston family of Acorn Bank, 22–3, 24, 80–1
Darby, Admiral George, 129–30
Dartmouth (merchant ship), 78–9
Dartmouth, Lord, 87
Davis, Rawle, 415
Davy, Sir Humphry, 328, 331
Dawn, Rev. James, 341
Defoe, Daniel, 23
Dering, Sir Edward, 196–7
Dessalines, General Jean-Jacques, 307–8
Dick, Sir Alexander, 133
Dixon, George, 99, 257
Dobson, John, 372–3, 379
Dobson, Mary Ann (née Atkinson, 1811–37), 350, 372–3, 379
Dolben, Sir William, 234–5
Dominica, 50, 122, 155, 240
Dorin, Joseph, 345
Douglas, Charles, 293
Douglas, Christina, 336, 337
Douglas, Sir Howard, 157
Dubuisson, Barthélémy, 294
Dun Fell (Pennine hill), 326
Duncan, William, 305
Dundas, Henry, 150, 170, 177, 179, 184, 206, 207, 210, 259, 269, 304; Anne Lindsay’s friendship with, 133–4; India Bill, 173–4; and Pitt’s India Bill, 185; and East India Company elections, 194–5; and anti-slavery campaign, 242; and Balcarres’ use of bloodhounds, 278; orders withdrawal from Saint Domingue, 282; orders African regiments in British Army, 291
Dunlop, William, 252–3, 262
Dunn, Irene, 15, 17
Dutch Republic, 138, 149
Eamont, River, 352
East India Company, 10, 33, 69–70, 77, 78, 157, 163–5, 204; tea of, 77, 78–9, 82, 203; Regulating Act (1773), 78, 165, 194; Leadenhall Street headquarters, 165, 174–5, 203; and Benfield, 166–7, 206, 210, 211; Burke’s attacks on, 166, 203, 204, 206, 210–11; Nawab of Arcot’s debts, 166, 206, 210; and Dundas’ India Bill, 173–4; power and importance of, 173–4; and Fox’s India Bill, 174–81, 183–4, 203; and Pitt’s India Bill, 185, 186–7; annual elections at (1784), 194–5; Pitt’s India Act, 199–200, 203–4, 210; accounts investigated by select committee, 200; and 1784 general election, 204, 206, 210–11; choice of successor to Hastings, 209–10
economy, British: financial crisis (early 1760s), 47–8, 50–1; banking crisis (1772), 68–76, 77; and ‘Townshend duties’, 77–9; banking during industrial revolution, 84–5; cost of American War, 104–8, 111–13, 126–7, 130–1, 136–8, 140–1, 150–1; and French Revolutionary Wars, 251–2, 280; payments in coin suspended (1797), 280; hunger in winter of 1799/1800, 285–6; stock market crash (1825), 383; crisis of 1840s, 384; adoption of free trade, 386–8
Eden, River, 15, 21, 26, 34, 352
Edinburgh, 61, 66, 73, 133–4, 141
Edwards, Bryan, 253, 269, 313
Effingham, 3rd Earl of, 112
Eglinton, Countess of, 133
Egremont, 2nd Earl of, 262
Eldon, Lord Chancellor, 369
Ellenborough, Lord, 316, 317
elocution, 47
Equiano, Olaudah, 231–2
Erskine, Lady, 73–4
Erskine, Robert, 61–2, 63–4, 76, 82–3, 86, 87–8, 92–3; supports American cause, 92, 101–2, 108–9; ‘Marine Chevaux de Frise’ of, 101–2; as Surveyor General to Continental Army, 108–9; death of (1780), 109
Espeut, Peter, 413, 414
d’Estaing, Admiral, 122, 125
Eusemere (Westmorland), 352
Evans, Julie, 13–15, 16, 407
Falconbridge, Alexander, 235
Falklands crisis (1770), 69
Fallowfield estate (Northumberland), 312, 351
Favourite (Touchet’s ship), 44, 45
Fisher, Rev. John, 286
Fishguard (Pembrokeshire), 280
Fitzherbert, Maria, 200–2, 211
Florida, 50
Foote, Samuel, 48, 75–6
Fordyce, Alexander, 64–6, 67–72, 74–6, 77, 134, 139–40
Fordyce, George, 61, 63, 64, 71, 100, 134, 209, 210, 219
Fordyce, James, 66
Fordyce, Lady Margaret (née Lindsay), 67, 73–4, 134–5, 138, 143, 188, 196; marries Fordyce, 66; and Fordyce’s debts, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 135, 139–40; in Brighton (1781), 147–8; given pension by North, 153, 154; in Paris (1784), 211–12; as beneficiary of Richard’s will, 219, 229–30; and death of Richard, 220; and disputes over Richard’s estate, 223–4, 229–30, 303–4; death of (1814), 337
Fordyce, William, 69, 71
Fox, Charles James, 126, 137, 152, 184, 186, 189, 190, 195, 200, 210; in Gillray’s Westminster School, 10; in Gillray’s Banco to the Knave, 167; hostility with the king, 169–70, 171, 177, 181; joins with North, 169; India Bill, 174–81, 183–4, 203; and 1784 general election, 196; and abolitionist campaign, 236, 240
Fox, William, 241
Fox family, 129
France: and Seven Years’ War, 50; support for American rebels, 109, 110, 113, 117, 118, 121; alliance with America (February 1778), 113, 117, 118, 121; capture of West Indian islands (1778/79), 122; finances during American War, 130; capture of Saint Kitts (1782), 152; defeat in Battle of the Saintes (1782), 155–6; annexations of West Indian islands (1782), 155; French Revolution, 240, 251, 257–8 see also French West Indies
Francis, Philip, 210
Francis-Brown, Suzanne, 416–17
Franklin, Benjamin, 50, 54, 61, 64, 88, 102, 108
free trade, 386–8
Freetown (Sierra Leone), 278
French Revolutionary Wars, 251–2, 253, 263–5, 267–70; French dominance in Europe (1794–5), 270–1; Welsh landings by French (1797), 280; French spies in Jamaica (1799), 294, 309; preliminary peace treaty (1801), 306–7
French West Indies, 50, 51, 53, 55, 122; slave revolts in, 240–1, 242; and French Revolutionary Wars, 253, 263–5, 267–70; and French Revolution, 257–8; British capture of islands (1794), 263–5; France recovers islands (1794–5), 270; and USA, 292–3; Stephen’s plan relating to slave trade (1806), 319–20
Fuller, Stephen, 111, 120, 124, 235
Gage, General Thomas, 87, 88
Gainsborough, Thomas, 337
Garrow, William, 316
‘gavelkind’ laws of tenure, 344
geological discovery, 351–2
George, Prince of Wales, 200–2
George III, King, 51, 82, 100–1, 119, 122, 125, 171, 172–3; American Congress’ ‘loyal address’ to (1775), 86; and Lord North, 104, 121, 152, 153–4; West India lobby petition to, 155; hostility to Fox, 169–70, 177, 203; hatred of Portland’s ministry, 173, 174; intervenes over Fox’s India Bill, 177–9, 181; removes Portland ministry, 181; and Pitt ministry, 184, 187, 203; and political corruption, 184, 190–1; and Balcarres’ use of bloodhounds, 278; and Bewick’s blocks, 353
Georges, William, 390–1, 394
Georgia, 124, 125
Germain, Lord George, 122, 123, 124, 125, 129, 149, 150, 157
Gibraltar, 129–30, 158
Gillray, James, 10, 167–8, 172
Glasse, Hannah, 205
Glorious Revolution, 169
Gold Coast, 42–3, 44
Goldsmiths’ Company, 191
Gordon, Lord George, 127
Graham, James, 31, 37
Grainger, Richard, 395, 396
Grasse, Admiral de, 149, 152, 155, 156
Graves, Admiral, 149
Great Exhibition (1851), 391
Great Saxham estate (Suffolk), 48, 49, 135–6, 221
Grenada, 50, 122
Grenville, George, 51, 52, 54
Grenville, William, 319, 320
Grey, General Sir Charles, 263–4, 265
Grey, 2nd Earl, 361, 366
Grosvenor, Thomas, 240
Guadeloupe, 44, 50, 264, 265, 270
gum arabic, 45
Gurney, Joseph John, 385, 386
Hadrian’s Wall, 15–16, 21, 351, 397–8, 399, 404
Halifax (Nova Scotia), 94, 402
Hamburg, 296
Hanbury, John, 290, 297, 299, 300, 310
Hanover Planter (merchant ship), 109
Hanway, Jonas, Essay on Tea (1756), 33
Hardwicke, Countess of see Yorke, Lady Elizabeth
Harrow School, 286, 355, 369
Hasell, Mary, 310
Hasell, Sir Edward, 327
Hasenclever, Peter, 62, 193
Hastings, Warren, 165–6, 167, 195, 209
Haugesund (Norwegian port city), 407–8
Hawkesbury, Lord see Jenkinson, Charles
Hendon Hall school, 402
Herbert, Colonel Henry, 114
Hesket Newmarket, farm at, 26
Hilton Bacon, farm at, 26
Hobart, Lord, 307
Hodgson, John, 325–6, 327, 331, 351–2
Holy Trinity Church, Clapham, 340
Honduras, 52
Hood, Admiral, 152, 155
Hope & Co. of Amsterdam, 308
Horne Tooke, John, 126
Hosier, James, 363, 375, 392
Howe, Admiral, 101
Howe, General William, 88, 90, 91, 93–4, 101, 103, 105–6, 110, 117–18, 158
Hudson River, 101, 110
Hume, David, 49, 73, 133
Hunter, John, 148
Hutchinson, Thomas, 79
Hutchinson, William, 98–9
India, 42, 165–7, 195, 400–1; Michael Atkinson in, 167, 222, 255; silk production in, 255; Jock and Connie return to (1894), 401–2
Indian Civil Service, 398, 399, 400, 402
industrial revolution, 84–5
ING (Dutch bank), 261
Ingham, William, 332–3
J. & A. Gilfillan (Liverpool merchant house), 357
J. & H. Clarke (Liverpool slave traders), 297
Jackson, John, 238
Jacobite rising (1745–6), 28
Jamaica: ‘List of Negroes’ (1801), 9; desolation by 1850s, 17, 392; Saxham estate, 48, 243, 244, 255, 414; and the Stamp Act (1765), 53–4; slave insurrections in, 53, 365–6; communication time with London, 56, 268; vulnerability during American War, 122–4, 125; hurricane (October 1780), 135–6; Dean’s Valley Dry Works (Westmoreland Parish), 136, 220, 228, 243, 247, 267, 289, 290, 310, 341, 347, 415–16; ‘Rum’ Atkinson acquires property in, 136; Spanish Town, 216–17, 262, 412–13; Williamson declares martial law (1791), 241; Montego Bay, 243, 271–2, 274, 275, 365, 414–15; Egypt estate (Westmoreland Parish), 244; Blue Mountains, 247, 411; Agent General’s office, 253, 258, 263, 269, 273, 279, 288, 308, 309, 329; and French Revolutionary Wars, 253; Island Secretariat, 262–3, 288, 289, 308; Balcarres as governor of, 271–2, 273–9, 280, 281–2, 283, 291–2, 294–5, 299, 339–40; Trelawny Town, 272–3, 274; ‘Maroons’ in the interior, 272–9, 281; bloodhounds from Cuba, 275–6, 277, 278–9; West India Regiments, 290–1, 309; use of black ‘pioneers’ in army, 291–2, 339–40, 354, 362–3, 364, 373, 375, 376–7; French spies in (1799), 294, 309; 1790s as buoyant decade for, 295–6, 319; coffee estates, 299, 301, 361–4; Maria Nugent’s diaries, 300–1; George Nugent as governor of, 300–1, 306–7, 309; cattle ranch in St Elizabeth Parish, 301; Martin’s Hill coffee estate (Manchester Parish), 301, 361–4; slave registration bill passed (1816), 339; Christian missionaries in, 340–1, 365; Manchester Parish, 341, 361–4; Marshall’s Pen estate (Manchester Parish), 341, 361–4, 413–14; St Mark’s Church in Mandeville, 341; Westmoreland Parish, 341, 359; free people of colour in, 364; Baptist War (1831–2), 365–6; Kensington Pen (St James Parish), 365; ratifies its own abolition act (1833), 373–4; Norwich estate (Portland Parish), 374, 377; Stanmore Hill estate (St Elizabeth Parish), 377; Whydah estate (Portland Parish), 377; use of the treadmill in, 380–1; parliamentary committee on corporal punishment, 381; ‘apprenticeship’ ended (1838), 382; post-1838 exodus from estates, 384–5; new farming technology, 385–6; March’s Pen near Spanish Town, 385; and adoption of free trade, 386, 388; St David Parish, 389–90; Lloyds, Coldstream and Mount Sinai estates, 389, 390; Norris estate (St David Parish), 389, 394; Port Royal Mountains, 390; built heritage, 412–13; St James Parish, 414–15; Hanover Parish, 414; James Robertson’s 1804 map of, 414 see also Bogue estate (St James Parish, Jamaica); Kingston (Jamaica)
Jamaica coffee house (London), 45
Jamaican Historical Society, 416
James, Richard, 391
James, Sir William, 157
Jefferson, Thomas, 101
Jenkinson, Charles (Lord Hawkesbury), 52, 80, 121, 129, 234, 235, 236
Jenner, Edward, 100
Jennings Clerke, Sir Philip, 131, 137
Jervis, Admiral Sir John, 263–4, 265
Johnson, Samuel, 58, 61, 101, 112, 133, 153
Johnstone, Sir James, 228
Jonathan’s coffee house (London), 45, 65
Jones, John Paul, 113
Kay, Dorothy (née Mitchell, 1879–1955), 406
Kay, Kenneth (1881–1935), 405, 406
Keppel, General William, 114–15
Kerr, James, 59
Kingston (Jamaica), 222, 253, 294–5, 355, 359, 360, 377, 392, 393, 416; and the Stamp Act (1765), 53; in late eighteenth-century, 247–8; Parish Church, 248, 283, 312, 392, 411–12; Atkinson house on North Street, 306, 318–19; suffocating heat of, 389; decay by 1850s, 392; great fire (1882), 411; earthquake (1907), 411; violent reputation of, 411
Kirkoswald (Cumberland), 30, 34, 286
Kite, Sir Robert, 59
Knibb, William, 365
Knights Hospitaller, 22
Knights Templar, 22
Knox, General John, 299
Knox, William, 123, 128, 129
La Rochefoucauld, Comte de, 221
Laird, David, 58, 59, 90, 117–18, 136, 139, 141, 228, 267
Lamb, Edward, 310
Laprade, Professor W.T., 184
Le Fleming, Sir Michael, 228
Leclerc, General Charles, 306, 307
Leeson, Nick, 261
Lewes, Sir Watkin, 193
Lindsay, Colin, 158
Lindsay, Lady Anne (Lady Anne Barnard), 66–9, 70, 71, 73–4, 138–40, 141–2, 143–5, 151, 204–5; self-imposed exile in Scotland, 133–4; returns to London (1777), 134–5; and Wentworth, 135, 142, 143, 148, 158–9; ‘secret share’ of 1782 loan, 138, 139, 151, 157, 159–60, 223–4; Richard’s letter to (July 1781), 142–3, 419–27; in Brighton (1781), 147–8; given pension by North, 153, 154; Richard helps brothers of, 157–8, 207–8; ‘Leon’ attempts to blackmail, 159–60; and writing of Richard’s will, 160–1, 217; and plan to bring Pitt to power, 170–1; on Portland, 174; on Fox’s India Bill, 181; and Richard’s niece Dorothy, 187–8, 226–7; on Richard standing for parliament, 191; and Mrs Fitzherbert, 200–2, 211; expedition to the continent (1784), 200, 201, 202, 204–5, 207, 211–12; and death of Richard, 216, 220–1; as beneficiary of Richard’s will, 219, 220, 222, 223, 228, 229–30; and Mure family, 223–4, 226; and disputes over Richard’s estate, 229–30, 303–4, 335, 336, 337, 343; marries Andrew Barnard (1793), 303, 304; in Cape Colony, 304; eventful life of, 336–7; loses court case over Richard’s estate, 336; autobiography of, 337–8; puts her papers in order, 346–7; death of (1825), 348
Lindsay, Robert, 229
linen imports, 27
Lisle, David, 58–9
Littledale, Bolton, 391
Littledale, Elizabeth (Aunt Wordsworth), 352, 357, 391
Littledale, Isaac, 254
Littledale, Thomas, 332
Liverpool, 233, 235, 297, 332, 357
Locke (ex-East Indiaman), 97
London: Richard’s earliest years in, 29–30, 41, 45–8; in 1760s, 39–40; and merchant fleet, 40–1, 57; Customs House, 40, 41, 46; Royal Exchange, 45, 46; black residents in eighteenth-century, 57–60, 217–18, 231–2; Richard’s circle in early 1770s, 61–5, 67–75; Bridget Atkinson in, 99; Gordon Riots (June 1780), 127; Ironmongers’ Hall, 127; Richard stands for parliament in City (1784), 191–4, 195; Richard elected City alderman, 206–7; the family in (Spring 1809), 323–4
London Tavern, Bishopsgate Street, 55–6, 86, 122, 191, 228
Long, Beeston, 55, 105, 107, 140
Long, Edward, 262–3
Long, Samuel, 123, 124
Lonsdale, 1st Earl of (Sir James Lowther), 80–1, 85, 150, 170, 184–5, 196, 228
Lonsdale, 1st Earl of (second creation), 383
Loring, Joshua, 106
Lowther, River, 352
Lyon (ship from Leith), 97
Macartney, Lord, 206, 209–10, 304
MacGregor, Charles, 388
Mackenzie, General, 345
Macleod, General, 278
Macpherson, James, 153, 166, 167
Macpherson, John, 166, 167, 345
Madeira, 128, 237
Maitland, Brigadier Thomas, 282–3, 293
malaria, 255, 281
Malembo (now Angola), 44
Manchester, 233–4, 360
Mansfield, Lord, 231, 232
Manship, John, 345
Marlborough College, 402
Martinique, 50, 155, 264
Massachusetts, 53, 79, 82
Maughan, Dorothy, 30–2, 34–5
Maughan, Jenny, 30–2, 33–4, 36, 37
Maughan, Michael, 30
Medway (Royal Mail steam vessel), 391
Melvil, Thomas, 42
merchant fleet, 40–1, 45, 57, 97, 128, 163–5
merchant houses, Jamaica: Mures & Dunlop in Kingston, 222, 248, 252–3, 259; G. & M. Atkinson, 289–90, 292, 293, 294, 295–9, 298; Atkinsons, Hanbury & Co., 298, 300, 301, 309–10, 318; Atkinson, Bogle & Co., 318, 338, 339, 341, 354; Robertson, Brother & Co., 354–5, 361–3; Adams, Robertson & Co., 354; Atkinson & Hosier, 363–4, 373, 375, 377–8, 387; Atkinson & MacGregor, 388–9 see also Atkinson, Mure & Bogle
merchant houses, London: Samuel Touchet, 29–30, 41, 44, 45, 47–8, 64, 151, 194; merchant house-planter relationship, 56–7 see also Mure, Son & Atkinson; Mures, Atkinson & Mure
Mercury (schooner), 275, 277
‘mestee’ label, 313
Methodism, 340
Miller, Albert, 414
Minorca, 152
Mirabeau, Comte de, 240–1
Molasses Act (1733), 51
Monarch (merchant ship), 191–2
Monboddo, Lord, 133
Montgomerie, Captain Alexander, 164–5
Montserrat, 155
Mount Mascal estate (Kent), 323, 344, 345–6, 361
‘mulatto’ label, 313
Müller, Jon, 408
Müller, Renira (née Atkinson), 407–8, 410
Municipal Corporations Act (1835), 371
Mure, Hutchison (West India merchant), 61, 167, 223–4, 239, 414; and the slave trade, 48–9; Richard as clerk for, 48, 64; financial difficulties, 135–6, 221; and North’s 1782-3 loan, 151; bankruptcy of, 259–60, 263, 288, 289, 303, 347; death of, 260; Island Secretary of Jamaica office, 262, 288
Mure, Robert, 221, 223–4, 226, 238, 239; bankruptcy of, 259–60, 263, 288, 289, 303, 347; death of (1815), 335
Mure, Samuel, 217, 243, 248, 252–3; Atkinson, Mure & Bogle, 253–4, 258–9, 260, 261–2, 280, 288, 324
Mure, Son & Atkinson: partnership formed (1766), 49; and West Indian planters, 56–7, 59; and slave trade, 58–9; and Ringwood ironworks, 62–3, 64, 76, 88, 92–3, 101–2, 109, 193; and 1772 banking crisis, 70, 74, 75; contracts for provisioning army, 89–92, 96–7, 115, 117–20, 128, 129–31; rum contracts, 106–7, 110–13, 120–1, 126, 140–1; Hanover Planter incident, 109; Venus and Monarch legal actions, 191–2
Mure, William, 136, 221, 223–4, 259; bankruptcy of, 259–60, 263, 288, 289, 303, 347
Mure family, 115, 238–9; financial problems, 135–6, 259; and Richard’s estate, 221, 222–4, 226, 238, 243, 252, 305, 324; bankruptcy of, 259–60, 263, 288, 289, 303, 347
Mures, Atkinson & Mure: formed (1781), 136; and North’s 1781-2 loan, 137, 138; settlement of rum contracts, 140–1; and North’s 1782-3 loan, 151, 223–4; and supplying of Minorca, 152; George Atkinson at, 157
Mutiny Act, 190
Mysore, Hyder Ali, Sultan of, 174
Napoleon Bonaparte, 306, 307, 338; sells Louisiana to USA (1803), 308
National Archives at Kew, 18, 29, 110
National Army Museum, 292
National Library of Scotland, 141, 376
National Portrait Gallery, 10
Native American tribes, 50–1
Natural History Society of Northumberland, 357
naval tactics: ‘breaking the line’, 156–7; floating batteries, 158
Navigation Acts, 40, 51, 58, 128, 386, 389
Neale, James, Fordyce & Down (of Threadneedle Street), 65, 68–70
Nevill, Henry (2nd Earl of Abergavenny), 154–5
Nevis, 155
New York, 11, 62, 76, 101–3, 105–7, 117, 118–19
Newbiggin Hall (Westmorland), 394
Newcastle, 15, 31, 224, 227, 251–2, 280, 285–6, 318, 370; Clayton mansion on Westgate Street, 227, 251–2, 286, 323, 325, 397; Tyne Iron Company, 321–3, 351–2, 357; pre-eminence as coal town, 321, 322; Antiquarian Society of, 327–8; corporation of, 369, 370–1, 396; natural history museum, 372; power of John Clayton in, 394–7; new town centre (1830s), 395–6; Grey’s Monument, 395
Newcastle & Carlisle Railway Company, 396
Newnham, Nathaniel, 193, 236
Newton, John, 235
Nicholl, Sir John, 336
Nonconformist Christianity, 340, 365
Norris, Robert, 235
North, Lord, 88–90, 109–10, 115, 117, 125, 126, 149, 165–6, 186; Regulating Act (1773), 78, 165; character and appearance of, 81; Boston Port Act (1774), 82; calls general election (1774), 85; and rum contracts, 89–90, 104–5, 106–7, 112–13, 120; and the king, 104, 121, 152, 153–4; bouts of depression, 121–2; loan for 1781-2, 137–8, 139; loan for 1782-3, 150–1, 223–4; ministry unravels after Yorktown, 150, 151–2; resigns (March 1782), 152–3; pensions awarded by, 153–4; in Gillray’s Banco to the Knave, 167–8; and Shelburne’s peace treaty, 168–9; Fox joins with (1783), 169; refuses to form government (1783), 171; and Fox’s India Bill, 177, 181; break with Robinson, 186
Northumberland, 2nd Duke of, 327
Northumberland Archives, 16–17, 331, 356
Nova Scotia, 94, 101, 277, 402
Nugent, General George, 300–1, 306–7, 309
Nugent, Maria, 300–1, 306, 313
Nunwick Hall (Northumberland), 16–17
Ogé, Vincent, 240
opium trade, 164–5
ornithology, 353–4, 357, 371–2, 413–14
Oxford University, 28–9, 331
Paris, Treaty of (1814), 338
Parker, Sir Hyde, 277, 278, 295
Paul, Lewis, 41
Payne, Edward, 191
Peel, Robert, 369, 387–8
Penn and Venables expedition (1655), 391
Pennant, Richard (Lord Penrhyn), 125, 236
Penrhyn, Lord see Pennant, Richard
Penrith Bank, 383–4
Peychiera, Emilie, 312, 313
Pitt the Elder, William (1st Earl of Chatham), 54, 170
Pitt the Younger, William, 10, 170–1, 172–3, 177–9, 186; and Fox’s India Bill, 176, 177, 179, 181; ‘coup’ brings to power (1783), 178–81, 183–4, 185–6; first ministry (1783–4), 184, 185–7; India bill defeated, 186–7; and East India Company elections, 194–5; arranges parliamentary seat for Richard, 196–7; triumph at 1784 election, 196; India Act (1784), 199–200, 203–4, 210; satire at expense of, 199; anti-smuggling measures, 202–3; and Campbell nomination, 207–8; intervenes over successor to Hastings, 209–10; and abolitionist campaign, 232–3, 234, 236, 240; resigns as prime minister (1801), 306; return as prime minister (1804), 319; death of (1806), 319
Plowright, Georgina, 16
politics: Gillray’s Westminster School, 10; general election (1761), 47; West India lobby, 50, 54–5, 86–7, 122–6, 155, 235, 366, 367; six prime ministers during 1760s, 54; general election (1768), 65; corruption in eighteenth-century, 79–80, 85, 179, 180, 184–5, 189, 190–1, 196–7; general election (1774), 85; rotten and pocket boroughs, 85, 360, 366; general election (1780), 166; Whig and Tory parties, 169; importance of royal patronage, 174, 179, 184–5, 189, 190–1; general election (1784), 189–94, 195–6; nature of elections in eighteenth-century, 191; electoral scrutiny in City of London (April 1784), 195; ‘Fox’s Martyrs’, 196; East India Company and 1784 election, 204, 206, 210–11; ‘Ministry of All the Talents’ (1806), 319; need for electoral reform, 360–1; Great Reform Act (1832), 361, 366; investigation into West Indian sinecures (1830s), 371
Pondicherry, blockade of (1778), 163
Port-au-Prince (Saint Domingue), 267–9, 279, 293, 294, 295, 307–8
Portland, 3rd Duke of, 81, 171, 172–3, 174, 181
Postlethwayt, Malachy, 42
Pretyman, George, 199
Price, Dr Richard, 126, 218
privateering, 45
Purrier, John, 120, 140, 192
‘quadroon’ label, 313
Quakers, 233, 340
Queensberry, 3rd Duke of, 30, 72–3
quinine, 255
railways, 322
Ranger (American naval vessel), 113
Ravenstonedale, grammar school at, 331
Reade & Yates (of Wall Street), 62, 63, 76
Recoinage Act (1774), 83–4
Richmond, 3rd Duke of, 112, 114, 126
Ridley, John, 401
Rigaud, André, 293–4
Ringwood (New Jersey), ironworks at, 62–3, 64, 76, 88, 92–3, 101–2, 109, 193
Robertson, Bridget (née Atkinson, 1799–1884), 339
Robertson, James, 414
Robertson, Robert (1777–1859), 318–19, 339, 355–6, 363
Robertson, William, 377, 378–9
Robinson, John: as MP for Westmorland, 80–1; and enclosure at Temple Sowerby, 80, 81–2; and Lowther, 80, 85, 196; appointed Secretary to the Treasury (1770), 81; and recoinage operation, 83–4; as MP for Harwich, 85; and Boston expedition (1775), 89, 90, 91–2, 93; and ‘Rum’ Atkinson, 89, 97, 107, 111–12, 118, 120, 137–8, 154–5, 169, 170–3, 177–81, 183–5, 208; and rum contracts, 106, 111–12, 113; and bread contract, 114–15; and provisioning of New York, 118–19; persuades Navy Board over supplies, 119–20; on North’s distress, 121–2; and provisioning of Gibraltar, 129, 130; as chief whip, 152; given pension by North, 153–4; daughter’s marriage to Nevill, 154–5; and East India Company, 166, 194, 195; and political manoeuvring, 166, 167–9, 170–3, 177–80, 183–5, 189, 190, 196, 208; in Gillray’s Banco to the Knave, 167–8; and Shelburne’s peace treaty, 168–9; and plan to bring Pitt to power, 170–1, 172, 173; house at Sion Hill, 170, 178, 204, 205, 227, 305; suffers from gout, 171–2; and Fox’s India Bill, 177, 178, 181, 183–4; and first Pitt ministry, 184–5; break with North, 186; party at Sion Hill (18 August 1784), 205; as beneficiary of Richard’s will, 219; and Anne Lindsay, 229; death of (1802), 305
Robinson, John (headmaster), 331
Rockingham, 2nd Marquess of, 54, 154, 167, 168
Rodney, Admiral Sir George, 124, 129, 138, 149–50, 155, 156–7, 158, 235; statue of in Spanish Town, 412
Roehampton, 65, 68, 69
Rose, George, 269
Rothschild, N.M., 376
Roume, Philippe, 294
Royal African Company, 42
Royal Navy: timber for, 26; dominance in North Atlantic and Caribbean, 52; Bentinck’s ship’s pump, 61; provision of rum to, 89, 113; during American War, 101; arrives at Gibraltar (1781), 129–30, 158; victory in Battle of the Saintes (1782), 155–6; in West Indies (1782), 155–6; relieves Gibraltar (1782), 158; press gangs, 251; expeditionary force (1793–4), 263–5; seizes Toussaint’s ships, 295; victory at Trafalgar (1805), 338; provision of beef to, 354; provision of bread and sea biscuits, 388
Royal Society, 61, 64
rum: provision of to Royal Navy, 89, 113; army considers as essential, 97
rum contracts: controversy over, 11, 97, 104–5, 107–8, 111–13, 115, 120–1, 126, 137, 140; first contract (1775), 89–90, 112–13, 140; second contract (1776), 11, 97, 104–5, 107–8; third contract (1777), 105–7, 110–12, 120, 140–1; and Robinson, 106, 111–12, 113; settlement of, 140–1, 192
Russell, Lord John, 361, 388
Russell, Richard, 147
Saint Domingue, 122, 240–1, 242, 257–8, 319; Bogle as Agent General, 258–9, 268, 269, 279, 324; British occupation of, 258–9, 267–70, 279, 280; Toussaint Louverture, 279–80, 282, 290–1, 293–4, 295, 306–7; British withdrawal from, 282–3; and US embargo, 292–3; War of Knives in, 293–4; Napoleon sends army to, 306, 307; Leclerc’s strategy of genocide, 307; Dessalines orders murders of the French, 307–8
Saint Eustatius, 138, 149–50
Saint Kitts, 152, 155
Saint Lucia, 122, 128, 155, 264, 265, 270
Saint Vincent, 50, 122
Saintes, Battle of the (1782), 155–6
Santo Domingo, 155, 306
Sasportas, Isaac, 294, 309
Savile, Sir George, 139
Sawbridge, John, 154, 191–4, 195
Scoresby-Jackson, Robert, 390
Scotland, 70, 71, 72–3, 133–4, 141
Scott, Mrs Dixon, 237
Scott, Phillipa, 13, 16, 407
Scott, Sir Walter, 328
scurvy, 91
Senegal, 45
Seven Years’ War, 45, 49–51, 65
Sharp, Granville, 58–60, 231, 232, 233
Sharp, William, 58–9
Shaw, Norman, 401
Shelburne, Lord (1st Marquess of Lansdowne), 112, 126, 168–9, 170, 184, 194, 218
Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, 66
Sheridan, Thomas, 47
silk industry, 255
Skelton, Thomas, 118
slavery: ‘List of Negroes’, 9; Britain’s culpability, 18–19, 42; legacy of in USA, 19; ‘triangular’ trade, 41, 42–4; capture of West Africans, 42–3, 44; British dominance in slave trade, 42; sale of slaves in the Americas, 43–4, 296–7; ‘middle passage’, 43, 235, 296; Mure as participant in slave trade, 48–9; slave insurrections in Jamaica, 53, 365–6; status in Britain itself, 58–60; as embedded in colonial law, 58; and Thomas Jefferson, 101; ‘Rum’ Atkinson as slave owner, 136; offspring of enslaved females, 217–18; Fuller’s defence of, 235; pro-slavery lobby, 235, 236, 240, 319, 358–9, 366, 367; slave revolts in West Indies, 240; sugar estates, 243–7; cruelty of overseers, 244–5; and French Revolution, 257–8; African regiments in British Army, 290–1, 309; demand for slaves in 1790s Jamaica, 296–7; Hanbury and Cathcart’s speculation, 310; sexual exploitation by white men, 312–13; cost of freeing slaves, 312; Abolition of the Slave Trade Act (1807), 320; and Treaty of Paris (1814), 338; workforce in West Indies shrinks, 338, 341; Christian missionaries in Jamaica, 340–1, 365; government’s ‘amelioration’ policy, 359–60; ‘Compensation’ of owners, 360, 367, 373–4, 375–7; slaves and news of the outside world, 364–5; Colonial Church Union, 365–6; Stanley bill (1833), 366–8; ‘apprenticeship’ of former slaves, 367–8, 374, 375, 380–2; local ratifications of abolition, 373–4; Slave Compensation Commissioners, 374; ‘apprenticeship’ ended (1838), 382; post-1838 exodus from estates, 384–5; continuation of in Cuba, 389, 393
Sligo, 2nd Marquess of, 374
smallpox, 100
Smith, Adam, 70, 73
Smith, John, 196, 223
Smith, Sir Lionel, 382
Smith, Nathaniel, 194, 206
Smith, William, 351
smuggling, 33, 202–3
Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery, 358
Society of West India Merchants, 55–6, 87, 105, 359–60
Sonthonax, Léger Félicité, 257–8
Spain, 50, 52, 53, 69, 121–2, 128, 129; fall of Minorca to (1782), 152; and Santo Domingo, 155, 306
St Kilda, archipelago of, 372
Stamp Act (1765), 52–4, 55
Stanley, Edward, 366–8
Stephen, James, 319–20
Stephens, Philip, 152
Stormont, Lord, 109, 110
Stratton estate (Hampshire), 324–5
Strong, Jonathan, 58–9, 90, 231
Stuart, Andrea, Sugar in the Blood, 18
Sturge, Joseph, 381
sugar: West Indiaman ships, 40–1, 57; and third leg of ‘triangular’ trade, 44; West India lobby, 50, 54–5, 86–7, 122–6, 155, 235, 366, 367; rum distillers of New England, 51; seasonal rhythm of trade, 57; William Fox’s pamphlet on, 241; sugar estates, 243–7; process of making, 245–7; ‘Otaheite’ variety of cane, 295–6; rising price of in 1790s, 295–6; ‘Creole’ sugar cane, 295; collapsing sales of West India produce (1799), 296–9; falling price of, 296–9, 319; Cuban, 296; post-1838 exodus from estates, 384–5; Peel exempts from free trade, 387; competition from foreign slave-grown varieties, 389, 393; plunging price of (late-1840s), 389
Sugar Act (1764), 51–2, 54–5
Sugar Duties Act (1846), 388
Surrey, Lord, 152–3
Sutton, Ann, 413–14
‘Swing riots’, 360–1
Symons, Jane (née Atkinson, 1815–61), 350, 390, 391
Symons, William, 391
Taylor, George (1736–1812), 36, 222–3
Taylor, Joseph (1774–1833), 347
Taylor, Margaret (née Atkinson, 1733–1827), 28, 36, 37, 219, 347
Taylor, Simon, 313, 320
tea, 33, 40; duties on in North America, 77, 78–9; of East India Company, 77, 78–9, 82, 203; contraband Dutch in American market, 78; Pitt cuts tax on, 202–3
Tea Act (1773), 78–9
Temple Sowerby House, 3–7, 9, 14, 19, 224; farmhouse, 3–4, 5–6, 27–8; Hotel, 6, 11–15, 16, 407; motto on longcase clock, 30; George Atkinson’s alterations (1758), 35–6; Erskine stays at, 64; Clayton children at, 286, 287; John ‘James’ Atkinson at, 316, 331; Jane inherits (1814), 333; passes to John Clayton (1855), 393; Dick Atkinson rents, 393–4, 400, 401; Jock and Connie at (1894), 401; Jock’s short history of, 403–4; death of Katie Atkinson (1932), 405, 406; bought at auction by Kenneth Kay (1932), 405; left to Jack (1955), 406
Temple Sowerby (Westmorland), 13, 21–3, 24–37, 326, 383; church and churchyard, 5, 13, 15, 226; tanning industry in, 13, 23–4, 25–6, 27, 84; Acorn Bank, 23, 24, 394; Whinfell near, 25–6, 98–9; enclosure of the common at, 80–2; and oat supply to army, 130–1; The Grange, 384
textiles industry, 41, 42, 255
Thames (Mure, Son & Atkinson’s ship), 58, 59, 90, 93
Thanet, 6th Earl of, 26
Thanet, 8th Earl of, 98
Tharp, John, 56–7
Thistlewood, Thomas, 244
Thurlow, Lord Chancellor, 177, 178
Tinkler, James, 32
tobacco, 40, 44
Tobago, 50
Touchet, Samuel, 29–30, 41, 42, 151; and triangular slave voyages, 44; ‘letters of marque’, 45; collapse of merchant house (October 1763), 47–8; as MP for Shaftesbury, 47
Toussaint Louverture, 279–80, 282, 290–1, 293–4, 295, 306–7
Townshend, Charles, 77–8
Townshend, Thomas (Lord Sydney), 125–6, 208
Trevelyan, George, 404
‘triangular’ trade, 41, 42–4
Tulip, Bridget (née Atkinson, 1773–1850), 256, 311–12, 327
Tulip, Henry, 311–12, 351, 397
‘turtle dinners’, 205–6
Tyne Iron Company, 321–3, 351–2, 357
Ullswater (Lake District), 352
United States of America: legacy of slavery in, 19; and French West Indies, 292–3; treaty with Toussaint, 293; and Cuban sugar, 296; Louisiana purchase (1803), 308
Van Diemen’s Land (Tasmania), 372–3, 379
Vanloo, Catharine, 135, 159
Venus (merchant ship), 191–2
Viking heritage, 21
Ville de Paris (French flagship), 155, 156
Walden, Treadwell, 399–400
Wallington Hall (Northumberland), 404
Walpole, General George, 275, 276–7
Walpole, Horace, 72, 81, 126, 196, 240
Walwick Hall (Northumberland), 401
Washington, George, 88, 94, 101, 103, 108, 130, 254
Watkins, Joseph, 47
Watson, Brook, 193, 240
Weare, Nathaniel, 51
Wedderburn, Alexander, 120
Wedgwood, Josiah, 233
Wellington, 1st Duke of, 361, 366, 368
Wentworth, 2nd Viscount, 135, 142, 143, 148, 158–9, 228, 229
Wesleyan missionaries, 340, 365
West Indies: economic collapse of, 17; and Navigation Acts, 40; West India lobby, 50, 54–5, 86–7, 122–6, 155, 235, 366, 367; and the Sugar Act (1764), 51–2, 54–5; and the Stamp Act (1765), 52–4; merchant house-planter relationship, 56–7; planters’ reliance on American foodstuffs, 86–7; and French entry to American War, 117; vulnerability during American War, 122–4, 125; French capture of islands (1778/79), 122; hurricane (October 1780), 135–6; French annexations (1782), 155; slave revolts in, 240–1, 242; and French Revolutionary Wars, 253, 263–5, 267–70; health risks of ‘torrid zone’, 255, 268–9; ‘patent offices’ granted by Crown, 262; enslaved workforce shrinks, 338, 341; investigation into sinecures (1830s), 371; competition from foreign slave-grown sugar, 389, 393 see also Jamaica
Westmorland, historic county of, 22, 23, 80, 83–4, 97–8, 99, 238, 326, 351–2, 383
Whinfell Forest, 26, 98
White, Robert, 301
Whitehaven (Cumberland), 25, 26, 113, 254, 318, 332, 350
Whyte, Brigadier John, 267–8
Wigglesworth, John, 279, 290
Wilberforce, William, 232–3, 234, 236, 239–40, 242–3, 319, 320, 338–9, 340, 358, 368
William IV, King, 366
Williams, James, 381
Williamson, General Adam, 241, 258, 259, 269, 270, 271
Windham, William, 230, 303
window tax, 202
Wolsingham (County Durham), 30, 31–2, 33, 34, 35
Wordsworth, Christopher, 256–7
Wordsworth, Dorothy, 352
Wordsworth, Elizabeth (née Littledale), 352
Wordsworth, Captain John, 352
Wordsworth, Richard, 80
Wordsworth, William, 67, 352
Wraxall, Nathaniel, 121, 190, 211, 215, 239
Wright, Charlotte, 312
Wyndham, Charles, 262, 263, 288, 371
Wyndham, Percy, 371
yellow fever, 255, 268–9, 377–8
Yorke, Lady Elizabeth (née Lindsay), 158, 204, 215–16, 220, 337
Yorke, Philip (3rd Earl of Hardwicke), 158
Zong (slave ship), 231–2