a. Szinovacz, M. E., DeViney, S., & Atkinson, M. P. (1999). Effects of surrogate parenting on grandparents’ well-being. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 54B, S376–S388.
b. Pruchno, R. A. (1999). Raising grandchildren: The experiences of black and white grandmothers. Gerontologist, 39, 209–221.
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e. Robertson, J. F. (1977). Grandmotherhood: A study of role conceptions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 39(1), 165–174.
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g. Pruchno, R. A. (1999). Raising grandchildren: The experiences of black and white grandmothers. Gerontologist, 39, 209–221.
h. Kropf, N. P., & Burnette, D. (2003). Grandparents as family caregivers: Lessons for intergenerational education. Educational Gerontology, 29, 361–372.
i. Burton, L. (1992). Black grandparents rearing children of drug-addicted parents: Stressors, outcomes, and social service needs. Gerontologist, 32, 744–751.
j. Hayslip, B., Jr., & Kaminski, P. L. (2005). Grandparents raising their grandchildren: A review of the literature and suggestions for practice. Gerontologist, 45, 262–269.
k. Gattai, F. B., & Musatti, T. (1999). Grandmothers’ involvement in grandchildren’s care: Attitudes, feelings, and emotions. Family Relations, 48, 35–42.
l. Szinovacz, M. E., & Davey, A. (2006). Effects of retirement and grandchild care on depressive symptoms. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 62, 1–20.
m. Burton, L. (1992). Black grandparents rearing children of drug-addicted parents: Stressors, outcomes, and social service needs. Gerontologist, 32, 744–751; Jendrek, M. P. (1993). Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: Effects on lifestyle. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 609–621.
n. Burton, L., & Devries, C. (1992). Challenges and rewards: African American grandparents as surrogate parents. Generations, 16, 51–54; Szinovacz, M. E., DeViney, S., & Atkinson, M. P. (1999). Effects of surrogate parenting on grandparents’ well-being. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 54B, S376–S388; Gattai, F. B., & Musatti, T. (1999). Grandmothers’ involvement in grandchildren’s care: Attitudes, feelings, and emotions. Family Relations, 48, 35–42.
o. Szinovacz, M. E., & Davey, A. (2006). Effects of retirement and grandchild care on depressive symptoms. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 62, 1–20; Jendrek, M. P. (1993). Grandparents who parent their grandchildren: Effects on lifestyle. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 609–621.
p. Antonucci, T. C. (1990). Social supports and social relationships. In R. H. Binstock and L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed., pp. 205–226). New York: Academic Press; Musil, C. M., & Ahmad, M. (2002). Health of grandmothers: A comparison by caregiver status. Journal of Aging and Health, 14, 96–121.
q. Neugarten, B. L., & Weinstein, K. K. (1964). The changing American grandparent. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 26(2), 199–204.
r. Pruchno, R. A. (1999). Raising grandchildren: The experiences of black and white grandmothers. Gerontologist, 39, 209–221.
s. Burton, L., & Devries, C. (1992). Challenges and rewards: African American grandparents as surrogate parents. Generations, 16, 51–54.
t. Peterson, C. C. (1999). Grandfathers’ and grandmothers’ satisfaction with the grandparenting role: Seeking new answers to old questions. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 49, 61–78.
TABLE 5.1
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b. Sowell, E. R., Thompson, P. M., Tessner, K. D., & Toga, A. W. (2001). Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: Inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation. Journal of Neuroscience, 21, 8819–8829; Sowell, E. R., Trauner, D. A., Gamst, A., & Jernigan, T. L. (2002). Development of cortical and subcortical brain structures in childhood and adolescence: A structural MRI study. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 44, 4–16.
c. Good, C. D., Johnsrude, I. S., Ashburner, J., Henson, R. D., Friston, K. J., & Frackowiak, R. S. (2001). Cerebral asymmetry and the effects of sex and handedness on brain structure: A voxel-based morphometric analysis of 465 normal adult human brains. NeuroImage, 14(3), 685–700.
d. Bartzokis, G., Beckson, M., Lu, P. H., Nuechterlein, K. H., Edwards, N., & Mintz, J. (2001). Age-related changes in frontal and temporal lobe volumes in men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 461–465; Bartzokis, G., Sultzer, P., & Lu, P. H. (2004). Heterogeneous age-related breakdown of white matter structural integrity: Implications for cortical “disconnection” in aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 25, 843–851; Davatzikos, C., & Resnick, S. M. (2002). Degenerative age changes in white matter connectivity visualized in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral Cortex, 12, 767–771; Nusbaum, A. O., Tang, C. Y., Buchsbaum, M. S., Wei, T. C., & Atlas, S. W. (2001). Regional and global changes in cerebral diffusion with normal aging. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 22, 136–142; O’Sullivan, M., Jones, D. K., Summers, P. E., Morris, R. G., Williams, S. C. R., & Markus, H. S. (2001). Evidence for cortical “disconnection” as a mechanism of age-related cognitive decline. Neurology, 57, 632–638; Salat, D. H., Tuch, D. S., Greve, D. N., van der Kouwe, A. J. W., Hevelone, N. D., Zaleta, A. K., et al. (2005). Age-related alterations in white matter microstructure measured by diffusion tensor imaging. Neurobiology of Aging, 26, 1215–1227; Sowell, E. R., Peterson, B. S., Thompson, P. M., Welcome, S. E., Henkenius, A. L., & Toga, A. W. (2003). Mapping cortical change across the human life span. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 309–315; Grieve, S. M., Clark, C. R., Williams, L. M., Peduto, A. J., & Gordon, E. (2005). Preservation of limbic and paralimbic structures in aging. Human Brain Mapping, 25, 391–401; Resnick, S. M., Goldszal, A. F., Davatzikos, C., Golski, S., Kraut, M. A., Metter, E. J., et al. (2000). One-year age changes in MRI brain volumes in older adults. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 464–472; Guttman, C. R. G., Jolesz, F. A., Kikinis, R., Killiany, R. J., Moss, M. B., Sandor, T., et al. (1998). White matter changes with normal aging. Neurology, 50, 972–978; Pfefferbaum, A., Adalsteinsson, E., & Sullivan, E. V. (2005). Frontal circuitry degradation marks healthy adult aging: Evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. NeuroImage, 26, 891–899; Pfefferbaum, A., Mathalon, D. H., Sullivan, E. V., Rawles, J. M., Zipursky, R. B., & Lim, K. O. (1994). A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study of changes in brain morphology from infancy to late adulthood. Archives of Neuroscience, 51, 874–887; Pfefferbaum, A., Sullivan, E. V., Hedehus, M., Lim, K. O., Adalsteinsson, E., & Moseley, M. (2000). Age-related decline in brain white matter anisotropy measured with spatially corrected echo-planar diffusion tensor imaging. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 44, 259–268; Wahlund, L.-O., Almkvist, O., Basun, H., & Julin, P. (1996). MRI in successful aging, a 5-year follow-up study from the eighth to ninth decade of life. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 14, 601–608.
TABLE 7.2
a. Labouvie-Vief, G. (1990). Wisdom as integrated thought: Historical and developmental perspectives. In R. J. Sternberg (Ed.), Wisdom: Its nature, origins, and development (pp. 52–83). New York: Cambridge University Press.
TABLE 7.3
a. Erikson, E. H., (1982). The life cycle completed: A review. New York: Norton.
TABLE 7.4
a. Vaillant, G. E. (2002). Aging well. New York: Little, Brown and Company.
TABLE 7.5
a. Cohen, G. D. (2005). The mature mind: The positive power of the aging brain. New York: Basic Books.
TABLE 11.1
a. Galli, R. L., Shukitt-Hale, B., Youdim, K. A., & Joseph, J. A. (2002). Fruit polyphenolics and brain aging: Nutritional interventions targeting age-related neuronal and behavioral deficits. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 959, 128–132; Lau, F. C., Bielinski, D. F., & Joseph J. A. (2007). Inhibitory effects of blueberry extract on the production of inflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide-activated BV2 microglia. Journal of Neuroscience Research, 85(5), 1010–1017; Lau, F. C., Shukitt-Hale, & Joseph, J. A. (2005). The beneficial effects of fruit polyphenols on brain aging. Neurobiology of Aging 268, S128–S132.
b. Duthie, S. J., Whalley, L. J., Collins, A. R., Leaper, S., Berger, K., & Deary, I. J. (2002). Homocysteine, b vitamin status, and cognitive function in the elderly. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75, 908–913; Kruman, I. I., Kumaravel, T. S., Lohani, A., Pedersen, W. A., Cutler, R. G., Kruman, Y., Haughey, N., Lee, J., Evans, M., & Mattson, M. P. (2002). Folic acid deficiency and homocysteine impair DNA repair in hippocampal neurons and sensitize them to amyloid toxicity in experimental models of alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neuroscience, 22(5), 1752–1762; Mattson, M. P. (2003). Gene-diet interactions in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders. Annals of Internal Medicine, 139(5), 441–444; Mattson, M. P., Kruman, I. I., &Duan, W. (2002). Folic acid and homocysteine in age-related disease. Ageing Research Reviews, 1, 95–111.
c. auy, R. & Dangour, A. D. (2006). Nutrition in brain development and aging: role of essential fatty acids. Nutrition Reviews, 64(5), S24–S33.
d. Franco, O. H., Burger, H., Lebrun, C. E. I., Peeters, P. H. M., Lamberts, S. W. J., Grobbee, D. E., et al. (2005). Higher dietary intake of lignans is associated with better cognitive performance in postmenopausal women. The Journal of Nutrition, 135, 1190–1195; Zhao, L., Chen, Q., Brinton, R. D. (2002). Neuroprotective and neurotrophic efficacy of phytoestrogens in cultured hippocampal neurons. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 22(7), 509–519.
TABLE 11.2
a. Wolkove, N., Elkholy, O., Baltzan, M., & Palayew, M. (2007). Sleep and aging: 2. Management of sleep disorders in older people. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 176(10), 1449–1454.
TABLE 12.1
a. Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (2002). Social neuroscience. In J. T. Cacioppo, G. G. Berntson, R. Adolphs, C. S. Carter, R. J. Davidson, M. McClintock, et al. (Eds.) Foundations in social neuroscience (pp.3–10). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(3), 488–531.
b. Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (2002). Social neuroscience. In J. T. Cacioppo, G. G. Berntson, R. Adolphs, C. S. Carter, R. J. Davidson, M. McClintock, et al. (Eds.) Foundations in social neuroscience (pp.3–10). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Hanson, B. S., Isacsson, S.-O., Janzon, L., Lindell, S.-E., & Rastam, L. (1988). Social anchorage and blood pressure in elderly men—A population study. Journal of Hypertension, 6, 503–510; Kamarck, T. W., Manuck, S. B., & Jennings, J. R. (1990). Social support reduces cardiovascular reactivity to psychological challenge: A laboratory model. Psychosomatic Medicine, 52, 42–58.
c. Thomas, P. D., Goodwin, J. M., & Goodwin, J. S. (1985). Effect of social support on stress-related changes in cholesterol level, uric acid level, and immune function in an elderly sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 735–737.
d. Lepore, S. J., Allen, K. A. M., & Evans, G. W. (1993). Social support lowers cardiovascular reactivity to an acute stressor. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 518–524.
e. Eng, P. M., Rimm, E. B., Fitzmaurice, G., & Kawachi, I. (2002). Social ties and change in social ties in relation to subsequent total and cause-specific mortality and coronary heart disease incidence in men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 700–709; Orth-Gomér, K., Rosengren, A., & Wilhelmsen, L. (1993). Lack of social support and incidence of coronary heart disease in middle-aged Swedish men. Psychosomatic Medicine, 55, 37–43.
f. Berkman, L. F. (1995). The role of social relations in health promotion. Psychosomatic Medicine, 57, 245–254; Seeman, T. (1996). Social ties and health: The benefits of social integration. Annals of Epidemiology, 6, 442–451.
g. Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59676–684; Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R., Alper, C. M., & Skoner, D. P. (2003). Sociability and susceptibility to the common cold. Psychological Science, 14(5), 389–395; House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540–545; Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002). Psychoneuroimmunology and psychosomatic medicine: Back to the future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 15–28; Seeman, T. (1996). Social ties and health: The benefits of social integration. Annals of Epidemiology, 6, 442–451; Thomas, P. D., Goodwin, J. M., & Goodwin, J. S. (1985). Effect of social support on stress-related changes in cholesterol level, uric acid level, and immune function in an elderly sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 735–737; Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(3), 488–531.
h. Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59676–684; Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R., Alper, C. M., & Skoner, D. P. (2003). Sociability and susceptibility to the common cold. Psychological Science, 14(5), 389–395; House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). Social relationships and health. Science, 241(4865), 540–545; Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002). Psychoneuroimmunology and psychosomatic medicine: Back to the future. Psychosomatic Medicine, 64, 15–28; Seeman, T. (1996). Social ties and health: The benefits of social integration. Annals of Epidemiology, 6, 442–451; Thomas, P. D., Goodwin, J. M., & Goodwin, J. S. (1985). Effect of social support on stress-related changes in cholesterol level, uric acid level, and immune function in an elderly sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 735–737; Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(3), 488–531.
i. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Rickers, D., George, J., Messick, G., Speicher, C. E., Garner, W., et al. (1984). Urinary cortisol levels, cellular immunocompetency, and lonliness in psychiatric inpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 46(1), 15–23.
j. Cutrona, C., Russell, D., & Rose, J. (1986). Social support and adaptation to stress by the elderly. Journal of Psychology and Aging, 1, 47–54; Eng, P. M., Rimm, E. B., Fitzmaurice, G., & Kawachi, I. (2002). Social ties and change in social ties in relation to subsequent total and cause-specific mortality and coronary heart disease incidence in men. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 700–709; Larson, R. (1978). Thirty years of research on the subjective well-being of older Americans. Journal of Gerontology, 33, 109–125; Shye, D., Mullooly, J. P., Freeborn, D. K., & Pope, C. R. (1995). Gender differences in the relationship between social network support and mortality: A longitudinal study of an elderly cohort. Social Science and Medicine, 41, 935–947; Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996). The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychological Bulletin, 119(3), 488–531.
k. Anson, O. (1989). Marital status and women’s health revisited: The importance of a proximate adult. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 51, 185–194.
l. Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R., Alper, C. M., & Skoner, D. P. (2003). Sociability and susceptibility to the common cold. Psychological Science, 14(5), 389–395.
m. Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59676–684.
n. Seeman, T. (1996). Social ties and health: The benefits of social integration. Annals of Epidemiology, 6, 442–451.
o. Kawachi, I., & Berkman, L. F. (2001). Social ties and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 78(3), 458–467; Russell, D. W., & Cutrona, C. E. (1991). Social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among the elderly: Test of a process model. Psychology and Aging, 6, 190–201.
p. Cohen, S., Doyle, W. J., Turner, R., Alper, C. M., & Skoner, D. P. (2003). Sociability and susceptibility to the common cold. Psychological Science, 14(5), 389–395.
q. Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59676–684; Russell, D. W., & Cutrona, C. E. (1991). Social support, stress, and depressive symptoms among the elderly: Test of a process model. Psychology and Aging, 6, 190–201; Segrin, C. (2003). Age moderates the relationship between social support and psychosocial problems. Human Communication Research, 29(3), 317–342; Vandervoort, D. (1999). Quality of social support in mental and physical health. Current Psychology, 18(2), 205–222.
r. Siegel, J. M., & Kuykendall, D. H. (1990). Loss, widowhood, and psychological distress among the elderly. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 519–524.
s. Bassuk, S. S., Glass, T. A., & Berkman, L. F. (1999). Social disengagement and incident cognitive decline in community-dwelling elderly persons. Annals of Internal Medicine, 131, 165–173; Cohen, S. (2004). Social relationships and health. American Psychologist, 59676–684.
t. Cacioppo, J. T., & Berntson, G. G. (2002). Social neuroscience. In J. T. Cacioppo, G. G. Berntson, R. Adolphs, C. S. Carter, R. J. Davidson, M. McClintock, et al. (Eds.) Foundations in social neuroscience (pp.3–10). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
TABLE 13.1
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c. Volling, B. L., & Belsky, J. (1992). The contribution of mother-child and father-child relationships to the quality of sibling interaction: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 63, 1209–1222.
d. Harris, K. M., Furstenberg, F. F., Jr., & Marmer, J. K. (1998). Paternal involvement with adolescents in intact families: The influence of fathers over the life course. Demography, 35(2), 201–216; Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (1997). The role of the father in child development (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons; MacDonald, K., & Parke, R. D. (1984). Bridging the gap: Parent-child play interaction and peer interactive competence. Child Development, 55, 1265–1277; Ricks, S. S. (1985). Father-infant interactions: A review of empirical research. Family Relations, 34, 505–511; Rosenberg, J., & Wilcox, W. B. (2006). The importance of fathers in the healthy development of children. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, Office on Child Abuse and Neglect.
e. Caldera, Y. M. (2004). Paternal involvement and infant-father attachment: A Q-Set study. Fathering, 2, 191–210; Dubowitz, H., Black, M. M., Cox, C. E., Kerr, M. A., Litrownik, A. J., Radhakrishna, A., et al. (2001). Father involvement and children’s functioning at age 6 years: A multisite study. Child Maltreatment, 6(4), 300–309; Harris, K. M., Furstenberg, F. F., Jr., & Marmer, J. K. (1998). Paternal involvement with adolescents in intact families: The influence of fathers over the life course. Demography, 35(2), 201–216; Rosenberg, J., & Wilcox, W. B. (2006). The importance of fathers in the healthy development of children. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, Office on Child Abuse and Neglect.
f. Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (1997). The role of the father in child development (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons; Zimmerman, M. A., Salem, D. A., & Maton, K. I. (1995). Family structure and psychosocial correlates among urban African-American adolescent males. Child Development, 66, 1598–1613.
g. Kazura, K. (2000). Fathers’ qualitative and quantitative involvement: An investigation of attachment, play, and social interactions. Journal of Men’s Studies, 9, 41–57.
h. Volling, B. L., & Belsky, J. (1992). The contribution of mother-child and father-child relationships to the quality of sibling interaction: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 63, 1209–1222.
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j. Dubowitz, H., Black, M. M., Cox, C. E., Kerr, M. A., Litrownik, A. J., Radhakrishna, A., et al. (2001). Father involvement and children’s functioning at age 6 years: A multisite study. Child Maltreatment, 6(4), 300–309; Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (1997). The role of the father in child development (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons; Radin, N. (1972). Father-child interaction and the intellectual functioning of four-year-old boys. Developmental Psychology, 6(2), 353–361; Ricks, S. S. (1985). Father-infant interactions: A review of empirical research. Family Relations, 34, 505–511; Sutton-Smith, B., Rosenberg, B. G., & Landy, F. (1968). Father-absence effects in families of different sibling compositions. Child Development, 39(4), 1213–1221.
k. Browne, C. S., & Rife, J. C. (1991). Social, personality, and gender differences in at-risk and not-at-risk sixth-grade students. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(4), 482–495; Harris, K. M., Furstenberg, F. F., Jr., & Marmer, J. K. (1998). Paternal involvement with adolescents in intact families: The influence of fathers over the life course. Demography, 35(2), 201–216; Nord, C. W., & West, J. (2001). Fathers’ and mothers’ involvement in their children’s schools by family type and resident status. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education; Rosenberg, J., & Wilcox, W. B. (2006). The importance of fathers in the healthy development of children. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Children’s Bureau, Office on Child Abuse and Neglect.