Notes

[1] Charles C. Ryrie, Balancing the Christian Life (Chicago: Moody, 1969), 159.

[2] Leon Morris, Galatians: Paul’s Charter of Christian Freedom (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1996), 43.

[3] Campbell, “Galatians,” 591.

[4] Josh McDowell and Don Stewart, Handbook of Today’s Religions (Nashville: Nelson, 1983), 24.

[5] In the Greek text, the subject (“God”) is implied.

[6] Stott, The Message of Galatians, 34.

[7] This reconstruction is not merely conjecture. Galatians 2:4-5 mentions that these “false brethren” had infiltrated the church in Jerusalem to “spy out” the believers’ freedom in Christ.

[8] Campbell, “Galatians,” 593.

[9] James Montgomery Boice, “Galatians,” in Expositor’s Bible Commentary, ed. Frank E. Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 10:440.

[10] See Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History 2.23.

[11] Ibid. 2.23.15.

[12] Walther Günther, “Lie, Hypocrite,” in The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 2:467–470.

[13] Commentators and Bible translations differ on where Paul’s address to Peter ends. Some end it at the initial rebuke at 2:14 (rsv, esv, net). Many, like the nasb, niv, and nkjv, extend the quotation all the way to the end of the chapter.

[14] Stott, The Message of Galatians, 64.

[15] F. F. Bruce, The Epistle to the Galatians: A Commentary on the Greek Text, The New International Greek Testament Commentary Series (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982), 142.

[16] Donald Grey Barnhouse, Romans, vol. 3, God’s Remedy (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1954), 208.

[17] Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Colonel William S. Smith, November 13, 1787, in William B. Parker and Jonas Viles, eds., Letters and Addresses of Thomas Jefferson (Buffalo, NY: National Jefferson Society, 1903), 65.

[18] See Boice, “Galatians,” 10:465.

[19] Stott, The Message of Galatians, 93.

[20] Morris, Galatians, 116.

[21] G. Walter Hansen, Galatians, The IVP New Testament Commentary Series, ed. Grant R. Osborne (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1994), 107–108.

[22] Stott, The Message of Galatians, 97.

[23] Charles C. Ryrie, Basic Theology (Chicago: Moody, 1999), 352.

[24] Campbell, “Galatians,” 600.

[25] Stott, The Message of Galatians, 100–101.

[26] Hansen, Galatians, 114.

[27] Campbell, “Galatians,” 601.

[28] See Steve Farrar, Point Man: How a Man Can Lead His Family (Sisters, OR: Multnomah, 2003), 29.

[29] For a more detailed treatment of these spiritual disciplines, see Charles R. Swindoll, So, You Want to Be Like Christ? Eight Essentials to Get You There (Nashville: W Publishing Group, 2005).

[30] See Bruce, The Epistle to the Galatians, 208–209.

[31] Hansen, Galatians, 135.

[32] John Adair, “What’s the Meaning of This? A History of Interpretation,” in Insight’s Bible Handbook: Practical Helps for Bible Study (Plano, TX: IFL Publishing House, 2007), 60.

[33] Roy B. Zuck, Basic Bible Interpretation (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1991), 29.

[34] For Paul’s use of allegory, see E. Earle Ellis, Paul’s Use of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1981); Colin Brown, “Parable, Allegory, Proverb,” in The New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1976), 2:747–748, 754–756.

[35] Joseph C. Aldrich, Life-Style Evangelism: Crossing Traditional Boundaries to Reach the Unbelieving World (Portland, OR: Multnomah, 1981), 20.

[36] Campbell, “Galatians,” 603.

[37] C. S. Lewis, The Great Divorce (New York: Macmillan, 1946), 72.

[38] The diamond was originally purchased for $312,000.00 (J. Willard Hershey, The Book of Diamonds: Curious Lore, Properties, Tests, and Synthetic Manufacture [New York: Hearthside Press, 1940], 101). This equals approximately five million dollars adjusted for inflation (see http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/cpicalc.pl).

[39] Adapted from Victor Argenzio, Diamonds Eternal (New York: David McKay, 1974), 50–52.

[40] Stott, The Message of Galatians, 135.

[41] Eugene H. Peterson, Traveling Light: Reflections on the Free Life (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1982), 145.

[42] Stott, The Message of Galatians, 140.

[43] Bruce, The Epistle to the Galatians, 243.

[44] John Calvin, Commentaries on the Epistles of Paul to the Galatians and Ephesians, trans. William Pringle (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1996), 162–163.

[45] The Greek present active participle always has a continuous aspect, describing an ongoing practice that characterizes a person’s life.

[46] Boice, “Galatians,” 10:498.

[47] Bruce, The Epistle to the Galatians, 257.

[48] Walter Bauer et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), 871.

[49] Hansen, Galatians, 185.

[50] Bruce, The Epistle to the Galatians, 262.

[51] Hansen, Galatians, 191–192.

[52] See ibid., 197.

[53] Ibid.

[54] Stott, The Message of Galatians, 180.

[55] Helen H. Lemmel, “Turn Your Eyes upon Jesus,” in The Hymnal for Worship and Celebration (Waco, TX: Word Music, 1986), no. 335.

[56] Campbell, “Galatians,” 611.

[57] G. L. Borchert, “Ephesus,” in The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, rev. ed., ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982), 2:115.

[58] Edward M. Blaiklock, “Ephesus,” in The New International Dictionary of Biblical Archaeology, ed. R. K. Harrison and David R. Douglass (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1983), 181.

[59] Borchert, “Ephesus,” 2:115.

[60] E. M. B. Green and C. J. Hemer, “Ephesus,” in New Bible Dictionary, 2nd ed., ed. J. D. Douglas et al. (Wheaton, IL: Tyndale, 1982), 337.

[61] S. Lewis Johnson, Jr., “The Paralysis of Legalism,” Bibliotheca Sacra 120 (April–June 1963): 109.

[62] Donald K. Campbell, “Galatians,” in The Bible Knowledge Commentary: New Testament Edition, ed. John F. Walvoord and Roy B. Zuck (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1983), 589.

[63] John R. W. Stott, The Message of Galatians, The Bible Speaks Today (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press, 1968), 13.

[64] See H. N. Ridderbos, “Galatians, Epistle to the,” in The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley, vol. 2, E–J (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1982).

[65] Francis Bacon, The Essays or Counsels Civil and Moral, 4th ed. (London: Routledge, 1887), 11–12.

[66] See John Pollock, The Apostle: A Life of Paul (Wheaton, IL: Victor Books, 1985), 14–15.

[67] Ibid., 15–16.

[68] James Montgomery Boice, Ephesians: An Expositional Commentary (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1997), 5.

[69] Harold W. Hoehner, Ephesians: An Exegetical Commentary (Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002), 173.

[70] Boice, Ephesians, 6.

[71] See Hoehner, Ephesians, 144–148.

[72] Eph. 6:21-22; cf. Acts 20:4; 2 Tim. 4:12; Titus 3:12.

[73] John R. W. Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, The Bible Speaks Today Series (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1979), 22–23.

[74] See the very similar greetings in Rom. 1:7; 1 Cor. 1:3; 2 Cor. 1:2; Gal. 1:3; Phil. 1:2; 1 Thes. 1:1; 2 Thes. 1:2; 1 Tim. 1:2; 2 Tim. 1:2; Titus 1:4; and Phlm. 1:3.

[75] Walter Bauer et al., A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 2nd rev. ed. (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1979), 322.

[76] Thomas Ken, “Doxology,” in The Hymnal for Worship and Celebration (Waco, TX: Word Music, 1986), no. 625.

[77] Warren Wiersbe, Be Rich: Are You Losing the Things That Money Can’t Buy? (Colorado Springs: Victor Books, 1976), 13–14.

[78] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 39.

[79] Johannes E. Louw and Eugene A. Nida, eds., Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains, vol. 1, Introduction and Domains, 2nd ed. (New York: United Bible Societies, 1988), § 6.55.

[80] Ibid., § 6.54.

[81] Hoehner, Ephesians, 241.

[82] Johnson Oatman Jr., “Count Your Blessings,” in The Hymnal for Worship and Celebration, no. 562.

[83] See Hoehner, Ephesians, 247.

[84] Ibid., 259.

[85] A. Skevington Wood, “Ephesians,” in The Expositor’s Bible Commentary, vol. 11, Ephesians —Philemon, ed. Frank E. Gaebelein (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978), 30.

[86] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 56.

[87] Because God the Father is a spirit and does not have a literal body (John 4:24; 1 Tim. 1:17), the physical image of Christ sitting at God’s “right hand” is probably best understood as a reference to Christ’s supreme authority as the appointed heir of all things, as in Psalm 110:1. See Wood, “Ephesians,” 30.

[88] Charles Haddon Spurgeon, The Treasury of the Bible (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1968), 7:276–277.

[89] R. Kent Hughes, Ephesians: The Mystery of the Body of Christ, Preaching the Word Series (Wheaton, IL: Crossway, 1990), 65.

[90] Ibid.

[91] Doctrinal Statement of Dallas Theological Seminary, Article IV.

[92] Charles Wesley, “And Can It Be?” in The Hymnal for Worship and Celebration, no. 203.

[93] See views in Hoehner, Ephesians, 342.

[94] Ibid., 343.

[95] John Milton, Paradise Lost 2.142-143.

[96] Josephus, The Jewish Wars 5.193-194.

[97] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 92.

[98] See 1 Clement 5.3-4; 42.1-3; Ignatius, Magnesians 13.1; Romans 4.3; Polycarp, Philippians 9.1; Tertullian, Against Marcion 4.5.

[99] “The Muratorian Fragment,” in Bruce M. Metzger, The Canon of the New Testament: Its Origin, Development, and Significance (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 307.

[100] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 116.

[101] Louw and Nida, Greek-English Lexicon, § 35.20.

[102] Hoehner, Ephesians, 449.

[103] Max Turner, “Ephesians,” in New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition, 4th ed., ed. Gordon J. Wenham et al. (Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity, 1994), 1234.

[104] See A. Skevington Wood, “Ephesians,” 50.

[105] Hoehner, Ephesians, 489.

[106] Samuel Trevor Francis, “O the Deep, Deep Love of Jesus,” in The Hymnal for Worship and Celebration, no. 211.

[107] See Hoehner, Ephesians, 489.

[108] Randy White, as quoted in Charean Williams and Tim Price, “Remembering Tom Landry —Reactions from Friends, Players and On-field Foes,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, February 14, 2000.

[109] Hoehner, Ephesians, 504.

[110] Louw and Nida, Greek-English Lexicon, § 66.6.

[111] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 148.

[112] Daniel B. Wallace, Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New Testament (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996), 99–100.

[113] See Hoehner, Ephesians, 531, 533.

[114] W. Hall Harris, “The Ascent and Descent of Christ in Ephesians 4:9–10,” Bibliotheca Sacra 151 (April–June 1994): 204–214.

[115] See J. Armitage Robinson, St. Paul’s Epistle to the Ephesians: A Revised Text and Translation with Exposition and Notes (London: Macmillan, 1903), 96.

[116] See Charles R. Swindoll, Insights on James, 1 & 2 Peter, Swindoll’s Living Insights New Testament Commentary (Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale, 2014), 220–224.

[117] “The Apostles’ Creed,” in The Hymnal for Worship and Celebration, no. 716.

[118] On the foundational and temporary nature of the offices of apostle and prophet, see “Are There Apostles and Prophets Today?” on page 207.

[119] Ray Stedman with James D. Denney, Our Riches in Christ: Discovering the Believer’s Inheritance in Ephesians (Grand Rapids: Discovery House, 1998), 188.

[120] See Rom. 14:19; 15:2; 1 Cor. 14:3, 5, 12, 26; 2 Cor. 12:19.

[121] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 172.

[122] Max Turner, “Ephesians,” 1239.

[123] R. Kent Hughes, Ephesians, 141.

[124] Boice, Ephesians, 161.

[125] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 184–185.

[126] Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation of Christ, trans. Aloysius Croft and Harold Bolton (Milwaukee: Bruce, 1940), 1.

[127] The origins of this humorous story are unknown, but it has been repeated in various forms for decades.

[128] Frederick Buechner, Listening to Your Life: Daily Meditations with Frederick Buechner, comp. George Connor (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1992), 242.

[129] Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich, eds., Theological Dictionary of the New Testament: Abridged in One Volume, trans. and abridged by Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1992), 865.

[130] Wood, “Ephesians,” 68.

[131] Kittel and Friedrich, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 30.

[132] Ibid., 620.

[133] Wood, “Ephesians,” 68–69.

[134] Doctrinal Statement of Dallas Theological Seminary, Article IV.

[135] Charles Wesley, “And Can It Be?” in The Hymnal for Worship and Celebration, no. 203.

[136] Hoehner, Ephesians, 687.

[137] Charles Hodge, Commentary on the Epistle to the Ephesians (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994), 300.

[138] For a full treatment of the biblical doctrine of God’s will, see Charles R. Swindoll, The Mystery of God’s Will (Nashville: Nelson, 1999).

[139] Hoehner, Ephesians, 705.

[140] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 218.

[141] Hoehner, Ephesians, 786–787.

[142] John MacArthur, Ephesians, The MacArthur New Testament Commentary Series (Chicago: Moody, 1986), 324.

[143] Sam Tsang, From Slaves to Sons: A New Rhetoric Analysis on Paul’s Slave Metaphors in His Letter to the Galatians (New York: Peter Lang, 2005), 22.

[144] Mark Hassall, “Romans and Non-Romans,” in John Wacher, ed., The Roman World (London: Routledge, 2002), 2:685–700.

[145] Tsang, From Slaves to Sons, 39.

[146] Boice, Ephesians, 220.

[147] Louw and Nida, Greek-English Lexicon, § 35.29.

[148] Martin Luther, “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God,” in The Hymnal for Worship and Celebration, no. 26.

[149] Ibid.

[150] R. Kent Hughes, Ephesians, 216.

[151] Christopher Nolan et al., The Dark Knight (Warner Bros., 2008).

[152] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 275.

[153] Hoehner, Ephesians, 834.

[154] Luther, “A Mighty Fortress Is Our God.”

[155] Elisha A. Hoffman, “Leaning on the Everlasting Arms,” in The Hymnal for Worship and Celebration, no. 354.

[156] Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to the Ephesians 13.1., trans. Michael W. Holmes, The Apostolic Fathers: Greek Texts and English Translations, updated ed. (Grand Rapids: Baker, 1999).

[157] Hoehner, Ephesians, 842.

[158] Stott, God’s New Society: The Message of Ephesians, 281.

[159] Max Turner, “Ephesians,” 1244.

[160] Hoehner, Ephesians, 850.

[161] Rom. 16; 1 Cor. 16:19; Col. 4:7-15; 2 Tim. 4:19-21; and Phlm. 1.