Chapter 1
1 Gustafsson, A. and Lindenfors, P. 2009. Latitudinal patterns in human stature and sexual stature dimorphism. Annals of Human Biology 36: 74–87.
2 Grey, R. 2016. Cave fires and rhino skull used in Neanderthal burial rituals. New Scientist, 1 October 2016: 3093.
Chapter 2
1 Coronil, F., Fix, A.G., Pels, P., Briggs, C.L., Mantini-Briggs, C.E., Hames, R., Lindee, S. and Ramos, A.R. 2001. Perspectives on Tierney’s Darkness in El Dorado. Current Anthropology 42: 265–76.
2 The letter and some additional commentary is available at people.maths.ox.ac.uk/trefethen/bmi.html.
3 Detail on the increase in diabetes globally can be found at www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes.
4 For example, Vogli, R.D., Kouvonen, A., Elovainio, M. and Marmot, M. 2014. Economic globalization, inequality and body mass index: a cross-national analysis of 127 countries. Critical Public Health 24: 7–21.
5 Prentice, A.M. 2005. The emerging epidemic of obesity in developing countries. International Journal of Epidemiology 35: 93–9.
6 Prentice, A. and Webb, F. 2005. Obesity amidst poverty. International Journal of Epidemiology 35: 24–30.
7 Krishnan, M., Major, T.J., Topless, R.K., Dewes, O., Yu, L., Thompson, J.M., McCowan, L., de Zoysa, J., Stamp, L.K., Dalbeth, N. and Hindmarsh, J.H. 2018. Discordant association of the CREBRF rs373863828 A allele with increased BMI and protection from type 2 diabetes in Māori and Pacific (Polynesian) people living in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Diabetologia 61: 1603–13.
8 Speakman, J.R., 2008. Thrifty genes for obesity, an attractive but flawed idea, and an alternative perspective: the ‘drifty gene’ hypothesis. International Journal of Obesity 32: 1611.
9 Post, J.D. 1977. The last great subsistence crisis in the Western World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
10 Helmchen, L.A. and Henderson, R.M. 2004. Changes in the distribution of body mass index of white United States men, 1890–2000. Annals of Human Biology 31: 174–81.
11 Prentice, A.M., Hennig, B.J. and Fulford, A.J. 2008. Evolutionary origins of the obesity epidemic: natural selection of thrifty genes or genetic drift following predation release? International Journal of Obesity 32: 1607.
12 Wang, G. and Speakman, J.R. 2016. Analysis of positive selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with body mass index does not support the ‘thrifty gene’ hypothesis. Cell Metabolism 24: 531–41.
13 Speakman, J.R. 2018. The evolution of body fatness: trading off disease and predation risk. Journal of Experimental Biology 221: p.jeb167254.
14 Speakman, J.R. 2006. Thrifty genes for obesity and the metabolic syndrome – time to call off the search? Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 3: 7–11.
15 Cunningham, E. 2012. Are diets from paleolithic times relevant today? Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 112: 1296.
16 Crittenden, A.N. 2011. The importance of honey consumption in human evolution. Food and Foodways 19: 257–73.
17 Schoeninger, M.J. 2014. Stable isotope analyses and the evolution of human diets. Annual Review of Anthropology 43: 413–30.
18 Eaton, S.B. and Konner, M. 1985. Paleolithic nutrition: a consideration of its nature and current implications. New England Journal of Medicine 312: 283–9.
19 Mellberg, C., Sandberg, S., Ryberg, M., Eriksson, M., Brage, S., Larsson, C., Olsson, T. and Lindahl, B. 2014. Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet in obese postmenopausal women: a 2-year randomized trial. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68: 350.
20 Genoni, A., Lo, J., Lyons-Wall, P. and Devine, A. 2016. Compliance, palatability and feasibility of paleolithic and Australian guide to healthy eating diets in healthy women: A 4-week dietary intervention. Nutrients 8: 481.
Chapter 3
1 Latham, K.J. 2013. Human health and the Neolithic revolution: an overview of impacts of the agricultural transition on oral health, epidemiology, and the human body. Nebraska Anthropologist 28: 95–102.
2 Balk, E.M., Adam, G.P., Langberg, V.N., Earley, A., Clark, P., Ebeling, P.R., Mithal, A., Rizzoli, R., Zerbini, C.A.F., Pierroz, D.D. and Dawson-Hughes, B. 2017. Global dietary calcium intake among adults: a systematic review. Osteoporosis International 28: 3315–24.
3 Del Valle, H.B., Yaktine, A.L., Taylor, C.L. and Ross, A.C. (eds). 2011. Dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. National Academies Press.
4 Fuller, F., Beghin, J. and Rozelle, S. 2007. Consumption of dairy products in urban China: results from Beijing, Shangai and Guangzhou. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 51: 459–74.
5 For example, www.livekindly.com/chinas-growing-milk-consumption-global-concern .
6 Chen, P., Li, Z. and Hu, Y. 2016. Prevalence of osteoporosis in China: a meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Public Health 16: 1039.
7 See commentary via the journal Science at www.sciencemag.org/news/2014/04/how-sheep-became-livestock.
8 Gerbault, P., Liebert, A., Itan, Y., Powell, A., Currat, M., Burger, J., Swallow, D.M. and Thomas, M.G. 2011. Evolution of lactase persistence: an example of human niche construction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366: 863–77.
9 Itan, Y., Jones, B.L., Ingram, C.J., Swallow, D.M. and Thomas, M.G. 2010. A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 36.
10 Bayoumi, R.A.L., Flatz, S.D., Kühnau, W. and Flatz, G. 1982. Beja and Nilotes: nomadic pastoralist groups in the Sudan with opposite distributions of the adult lactase phenotypes. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58: 173–8.
11 Itan, Y., Powell, A., Beaumont, M.A., Burger, J. and Thomas, M.G. 2009. The origins of lactase persistence in Europe. PLoS Computational Biology 5: p.e1000491.
12 Bersaglieri, T., Sabeti, P.C., Patterson, N., Vanderploeg, T., Schaffner, S.F., Drake, J.A., Rhodes, M., Reich, D.E. and Hirschhorn, J.N. 2004. Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. The American Journal of Human Genetics 74: 1111–20.
13 Lokki, A.I., Järvelä, I., Israelsson, E., Maiga, B., Troye-Blomberg, M., Dolo, A., Doumbo, O.K., Meri, S. and Holmberg, V. 2011. Lactase persistence genotypes and malaria susceptibility in Fulani of Mali. Malaria Journal 10: 9.
14 Rohrer, F. 2007. China drinks its milk. BBC News news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/6934709.stm.
15 McClure, S.B., Magill, C., Podrug, E., Moore, A.M., Harper, T.K., Culleton, B.J., Kennett, D.J. and Freeman, K.H. 2018. Fatty acid specific d13C values reveal earliest Mediterranean cheese production 7,200 years ago. PloS One 13: p.e0202807.
16 Kropf, N.P. and Kelley, S. 2017. Why more grandparents are raising their grandchildren. The Conversation theconversation.com/why-more-grandparents-are-raising-their-grandchildren-83543 .
17 De Munter, J.S., Hu, F.B., Spiegelman, D., Franz, M. and van Dam, R.M. 2007. Whole grain, bran, and germ intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study and systematic review. PLoS Medicine 4: p.e261.
18 Jacobs Jr., D.R., Marquart, L., Slavin, J. and Kushi, L.H. 1998. Whole-grain intake and cancer: An expanded review and meta-analysis. Nutrition and Cancer 30: 85–96.
19 Ludvigsson, J.F., Leffler, D.A., Bai, J.C., Biagi, F., Fasano, A., Green, P.H., Hadjivassiliou, M., Kaukinen, K., Kelly, C.P., Leonard, J.N. and Lundin, K.E.A. 2013. The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms. Gut 62: 43–52.
20 Lohi, S., Mustalahti, K., Kaukinen, K., Laurila, K., Collin, P., Rissanen, H., Lohi, O., Bravi, E., Gasparin, M., Reunanen, A. and Mäki, M. 2007. Increasing prevalence of coeliac disease over time. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 26: 1217–25.
21 Kaukinen, K., Partanen, J., Mäki, M. and Collin, P. 2002. HLA-DQ typing in the diagnosis of celiac disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology 97: 695–9.
22 Molina-Infante, J., Santolaria, S., Sanders, D.S. and Fernández-Bañares, F. 2015. Systematic review: noncoeliac gluten sensitivity. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 807–20.
23 Mansueto, P., Seidita, A., D’Alcamo, A. and Carroccio, A. 2014. Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: literature review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition 33: 39–54.
24 Lionetti, E., Gatti, S., Pulvirenti, A. and Catassi, C. 2015. Celiac disease from a global perspective. Best practice & research Clinical Gastroenterology 29: 365–79.
25 Morrell, K. and Melby, M.K. 2017. Celiac Disease: The Evolutionary Paradox. International Journal of Celiac Disease 5: 86–94.
26 Augusto, D.G. and Petzl-Erler, M.L. 2015. KIR and HLA under pressure: evidences of coevolution across worldwide populations. Human Genetics 134: 929–40.
27 Lionetti, E. and Catassi, C. 2014. Co-localization of gluten consumption and HLA-DQ2 and -DQ8 genotypes, a clue to the history of celiac disease. Digestive and Liver Disease 46: 1057–63.
28 Ivarsson, A. 2005. The Swedish epidemic of coeliac disease explored using an epidemiological approach – some lessons to be learnt. Best practice & research Clinical Gastroenterology 19: 425–40.
29 Marasco, G., Di Biase, A.R., Schiumerini, R., Eusebi, L.H., Iughetti, L., Ravaioli, F., Scaioli, E., Colecchia, A. and Festi, D. 2016. Gut microbiota and celiac disease. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 61: 1461–72.
Chapter 4
1 Sender, R., Fuchs, S. and Milo, R. 2016. Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body. PLoS Biology 14: p.e1002533.
2 Yong, E. 2016. You’re probably not mostly microbes. The Atlantic 8 January 2016: www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/01/youre-probably-not-mostly-microbes/423228/?dom=pscau&src=syn .
3 Clemente, J.C., Manasson, J. and Scher, J.U. 2018. The role of the gut microbiome in systemic inflammatory disease. British Medical Journal 360: p.j5145.
4 Wilson, J.C., Furlano, R.I., Jick, S.S. and Meier, C.R. 2015. Inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of autoimmune diseases. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis 10: 186–93.
5 Park, J.S., Lee, E.J., Lee, J.C., Kim, W.K. and Kim, H.S. 2007. Anti-inflammatory effects of short chain fatty acids in IFN-g-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells: Involvement of NF-kB and ERK signaling pathways. International Immunopharmacology 7: 70–7.
6 Quoted in www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/10/171020125752.htm
7 For more information on MS see www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/multiple-sclerosis/symptoms-causes/syc-20350269.
8 Planas, R., Santos, R., Tomas-Ojer, P., Cruciani, C., Lutterotti, A., Faigle, W., Schaeren-Wiemers, N., Espejo, C., Eixarch, H., Pinilla, C. and Martin, R. 2018. GDP-l-fucose synthase is a CD4+ T cell-specific autoantigen in DRB3* 02: 02 patients with multiple sclerosis. Science Translational Medicine, 10: p.eaat4301.
9 Pennisi, E. 2019. Evidence mounts that gut bacteria can influence mood, prevent depression. Science 4 February 2019: www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/02/evidence-mounts-gut-bacteria-can-influence-mood-prevent-depression .
10 See editorial in Nature 566(7), 2019: www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00483-5.
11 Xu, Z. and Knight, R. 2015. Dietary effects on human gut microbiome diversity. British Journal of Nutrition 113: S1–S5.
12 Makki, K., Deehan, E.C., Walter, J. and Bäckhed, F. 2018. The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease. Cell Host & Microbe 23: 705–15.
13 Sonnenburg, E.D. and Sonnenburg, J.L. 2014. Starving our microbial self: the deleterious consequences of a diet deficient in microbiota-accessible carbohydrates. Cell Metabolism 20: 779–86.
14 Xu, L., Lochhead, P., Ko, Y., Claggett, B., Leong, R.W. and Ananthakrishnan, A.N. 2017. Systematic review with meta-analysis: breastfeeding and the risk of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 46: 780–9.
15 Pannaraj, P.S., Li, F., Cerini, C., Bender, J.M., Yang, S., Rollie, A., Adisetiyo, H., Zabih, S., Lincez, P.J., Bittinger, K. and Bailey, A. 2017. Association between breast milk bacterial communities and establishment and development of the infant gut microbiome. JAMA Pediatrics 171: 647–54.
16 Pawankar, R. 2014. Allergic diseases and asthma: a global public health concern and a call to action. World Allergy Organization Journal 7: 1–3.
17 Lundbäck, B., Backman, H., Lötvall, J. and Rönmark, E. 2016. Is asthma prevalence still increasing? Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine 10: 39–51.
18 Strachan, D. 1989. Hay fever, hygiene and household size. British Medical Journal 299: 1259–60.
19 Strachan, D. 2000. Family size, infection and atopy: the first decade of the ‘hygiene hypothesis’. Thorax 55: S2–S10.
20 Stanwell-Smith, R., Bloomfield, S.F. and Rook, G.A.W. 2012. The hygiene hypothesis and its implications for home hygiene, lifestyle and public health. In International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene: www.ifh-homehygiene.org/reviews-hygienehypothesis (an excellent and very readable review).
1 Trichopoulos, D., Zavitsanos, X., Katsouyanni, K., Tzonou, A. and Dalla-Vorgia, P. 1983. Psychological stress and fatal heart attack: the Athens (1981) earthquake natural experiment. The Lancet 321: 441–4.
2 Nesse, R.M. and Young, E.A. 2000. Evolutionary origins and functions of the stress response. Encyclopedia of Stress 2: 79–84.
3 A summary of Ishigami’s work can be read at www.brainimmune.com/mental-state-and-tuberculosis-tohru-ishigami-1918 .
4 This and other advice is given in the JAMA Article ‘Acute emotional stress and the heart’, available at jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/208031 .
5 A summary, with links to primary research, is available at www.healthline.com/health-news/millennial-depression-on-the-rise#Millennial-who?
6 Horwitz, A.V. and Wakefield, J.C. 2007. The loss of sadness: How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
7 Hidaka, B.H. 2012. Depression as a disease of modernity: explanations for increasing prevalence. Journal of Affective Disorders 140: 205–14.
8 Breggin, P.R. 2015. The biological evolution of guilt, shame and anxiety: A new theory of negative legacy emotions. Medical Hypotheses 85: 17–24.
9 Statistics on anxiety and an overview of the many different forms of anxiety now recognised can be found at adaa.org/about-adaa/press-room/facts-statistics .
10 The Cancer Research United Kingdom page can be found at www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/cancer-controversies/stress .
11 More information is available in the article ‘These things don’t cause cancer, but people think they do’ by Yasemin Saplakoglu, 2017, available at www.livescience.com/62412-widespread-cancer-myths.html.
12 Stein, D.J., Newman, T.K., Savitz, J. and Ramesar, R. 2006. Warriors versus worriers: the role of COMT gene variants. CNS Spectrums 11: 745–8.
13 Gutleb, D.R., Roos, C., Noll, A., Ostner, J. and Schülke, O. 2018. COMT Val158Met moderates the link between rank and aggression in a non-human primate. Genes, Brain and Behavior 17: p.e12443.
1 The recent problems of Myspace are detailed by Jon Bordkin in an article entitled ‘Myspace apparently lost 12 years’ worth of music, and almost no one noticed’ available at arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/03/myspace-apparently-lost-12-years-worth-of-music-and-almost-no-one-noticed .
2 Valkenburg, P.M., Peter, J. and Schouten, A.P. 2006. Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem. CyberPsychology and Behavior 9: 584–90.
3 Wang, R., Yang, F. and Haigh, M.M. 2017. Let me take a selfie: Exploring the psychological effects of posting and viewing selfies and groupies on social media. Telematics and Informatics 34: 274–83.
4 Davila, J., Hershenberg, R., Feinstein, B.A., Gorman, K., Bhatia, V. and Starr, L.R. 2012. Frequency and quality of social networking among young adults: Associations with depressive symptoms, rumination, and corumination. Psychology of Popular Media Culture 1: 72.
5 Feinstein, B.A., Bhatia, V. and Davila, J. 2014. Rumination mediates the association between cyber-victimization and depressive symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29: 1732–46.
6 Dobrean, A. and Păărelu, C.R. 2016. Impact of Social Media on Social Anxiety: A Systematic. New developments in Anxiety Disorders: 129.
7 A general discussion of the effects of social media, and the evidence or otherwise of its ill effects, can be read at www.bbc.com/future/story/20180104-is-social-media-bad-for-you-the-evidence-and-the-unknowns .
8 Arampatzi, E., Burger, M.J. and Novik, N. 2018. Social network sites, individual social capital and happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies 19: 99–122.
9 Lakhiani, V. 2018. Science-based reasons why friends make us happier. Mind Valley 17 January 2018: blog.mindvalley.com/why-friends-make-us-happier .
10 Matsumoto-Oda, A. and Oda, R. 1998. Changes in the activity budget of cycling female chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology 46: 157–66.
11 Takano, M. 2018. Two types of social grooming methods depending on the trade-off between the number and strength of social relationships. Royal Society Open Science 5: p.180148.
12 Brondino, N., Fusar-Poli, L. and Politi, P. 2017. Something to talk about: gossip increases oxytocin levels in a near real-life situation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 77: 218–24.
13 Dunbar, R.I.M. 1993. Co-Evolution of neocortex size, group size and language I in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16: 681–735.
14 Dunbar, R.I.M. 1992. Neocortex size as a constraint on group size in primates. Journal of Human Evolution 22: 469–93.
15 Buettner, R. 2017. Getting a job via career-oriented social networking markets. Electronic Markets 27: 371–85.
16 The W.L. Gore model is described in www.ideaconnection.com/interviews/00012-The-Tipping-Point.html.
17 Healy, S.D. and Rowe, C. 2006. A critique of comparative studies of brain size. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274: 453–64.
18 Dunbar, R.I.M. 2012. Social cognition on the Internet: testing constraints on social network size. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367: 2192–201.
19 McCarty, C., Killworth, P.D., Bernard, H.R., Johnsen, E.C. and Shelley, G.A. 2001. Comparing two methods for estimating network size. Human Organization 60: 28–39.
20 Zhou, W.X., Sornette, D., Hill, R.A. and Dunbar, R.I. 2005. Discrete hierarchical organization of social group sizes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272: 439–44.
21 Dunbar, R.I.M. 2014. Mind the gap: or why humans aren’t just great apes. In Lucy to Language: The Benchmark Papers: 3–18. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
22 Wellman, B. 2012. Is Dunbar’s number up? British Journal of Psychology 103: 174–6.
23 Facebook statistics available via www.omnicoreagency.com/facebook-statistics .
Chapter 7
1 Ferguson, C.J. and Beaver, K.M. 2009. Natural born killers: The genetic origins of extreme violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior 14: 286–94.
2 Gómez, J.M., Verdú, M., González-Megías, A. and Méndez, M. 2016. The phylogenetic roots of human lethal violence. Nature 538: 233–7.
3 GBH, grievous bodily harm, is the most severe definition of assault in English criminal law and requires wounding or other severe injury to be inflicted with intent.
4 Frisell, T., Lichtenstein, P. and Långström, N. 2011. Violent crime runs in families: a total population study of 12.5 million individuals. Psychological Medicine 41: 97–105.
5 Zhang-James, Y., Fernàndez-Castillo, N., Hess, J.L., Malki, K., Glatt, S.J., Cormand, B. and Faraone, S.V. 2018. An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models. Molecular Psychiatry 1.
6 The BBC provides an overview of ‘one punch deaths’ in an article available at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-38992393 .
7 An account of the exchange between Carrier and Fish is provided by Amina Khan in the LA Times: www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-human-fist-punching-evolution-males--20151021-story.html .
8 Geoffrey Mohan discusses this hypothesis and its reception in the LA Times: www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-face-fit-for-punches-20140609-story.html .
9 Nickle, D.C. and Goncharoff, L.M. 2013. Human fist evolution: a critique. Journal of Experimental Biology 216: 2359–60.
10 Oka, R.C., Kissel, M., Golitko, M., Sheridan, S.G., Kim, N.C. and Fuentes, A. 2017. Population is the main driver of war group size and conflict casualties. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114: E11101–E11110.
11 Michael Price provides an excellent overview of this research in Science: www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/12/why-human-society-isn-t-more-or-less-violent-past .
12 A ‘reality check’ of the situation in the United Kingdom is provided by BBC Reality Check at www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-44397532 .
13 Media Violence Commission, International Society for Research on Aggression (ISRA). Report of the Media Violence Commission. Aggressive Behavior 38: 335–41.
14 Discussed in www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/ 2014/sep/29/poverty-porn-charity-adverts-emotional-fundraising .
15 A nice overview of some of this research is given in www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/11087683/Watching-violent-films-does-make-people-more-aggressive-study-shows.html.
1 A medically reviewed summary of the costs of drugs is given at www.verywellmind.com/what-are-the-costs-of-drug-abuse-to-society-63037.
2 The Institute of Alcohol Studies is an excellent resource for alcohol-related facts and figures: www.ias.org.uk/Alcohol-knowledge-centre/Economic-impacts/Factsheets/Estimates-of-the-cost-of-alcohol.aspx .
3 Goodchild, M., Nargis, N. and d’Espaignet, E.T. 2018. Global economic cost of smoking-attributable diseases. Tobacco Control 27: 58–64.
4 www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates .
5 The National Institute on Drug Abuse provides an excellent overview of cocaine: www.drugabuse.gov/publications/teaching-packets/neurobiology-drug-addiction/section-iv-action-cocaine.
6 Kilts, C.D., Schweitzer, J.B., Quinn, C.K., Gross, R.E., Faber, T.L., Muhammad, F., Ely, T.D., Hoffman, J.M. and Drexler, K.P. 2001. Neural activity related to drug craving in cocaine addiction. Archives of General Psychiatry 58: 334–41.
7 Self, D.W. 1998. Neural substrates of drug craving and relapse in drug addiction. Annals of Medicine 30: 379–89.
8 Nutt, D., King, L.A., Saulsbury, W. and Blakemore, C. 2007. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet 369: 1047–53.
9 Nutt, D. 2008. Equasy – an overlooked addiction with implications for the current debate on drug harms. Journal of Psychopharmacology 23: 3–5.
10 The debacle is described in www.theguardian.com/politics/ 2008/may/08/drugspolicy.drugsandalcohol .
11 Plowman, T. and Rivier, L. 1983. Cocaine and cinnamoylcocaine content of Erythroxylum species. Annals of Botany 51: 641–59.
12 Additional information on the manufacture of cocaine can be found at www.recovery.org/cocaines/how-made/ .
13 www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/40015726/cocaine-is-getting-stronger-drug-experts-warn .
14 More information on coca leaf chewing can be found in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Bulletin: www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1952-01-01_2_page009.html .
15 Jikomes, N. and Zoorob, M. 2018. The cannabinoid content of legal cannabis in Washington State varies systematically across testing facilities and popular consumer products. Scientific Reports 8: 4519.
16 Steigerwald, S., Wong, P.O., Khorasani, A. and Keyhani, S. 2018. The form and content of cannabis products in the United States. Journal of General Internal Medicine 33: 1426–8.
17 Gage, S.H. 2019. Cannabis and psychosis: triangulating the evidence. The Lancet Psychiatry 6: 364–5.
18 Sun, A.J. and Eisenberg, M.L. 2017. Association between marijuana use and sexual frequency in the United States: A population-based study. The Journal of Sexual Medicine 14: 1342–7.
19 Zemishlany, Z., Aizenberg, D. and Weizman, A. 2001. Subjective effects of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) on human sexual function. European Psychiatry 16: 127–30.
20 Boileau, I., Assaad, J.M., Pihl, R.O., Benkelfat, C., Leyton, M., Diksic, M., Tremblay, R.E. and Dagher, A. 2003. Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens. Synapse 49: 226–31.
21 Carrigan, M.A., Uryasev, O., Frye, C.B., Eckman, B.L., Myers, C.R., Hurley, T.D. and Benner, S.A. 2015. Hominids adapted to metabolize ethanol long before human-directed fermentation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112: 458–63.
22 The State of Science Report on the Effects of Moderate Drinking by the National Institutes of Health and Department of Health and Human Services 2003 available at pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ModerateDrinking-03.htm .
23 This UK Government site tells you exactly how much you can expect to lose on gaming machines www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/for-the-public/Safer-gambling/Consumer-guides/Machines-Fruit-machines-FOBTs/Gaming-machine-payouts-RTP.aspx .
24 Paulson, J., 2018. Hardwired for Risk: The Clinical Utility of Exploring Evolutionary Aspects of Gambling. Journal of Gambling Issues 40: 174–9.
Chapter 9
1 This, and more of Margaret Sullivan’s thoughts on fake news, can be read at newslab.org/fake-news-has-lost-its-meaning-and-punch-posts-margaret-sullivan-says .
2 MacDonald, E. 2017. The fake news that sealed the fate of Antony and Cleopatra. The Conversation 13 January 2017: theconversation.com/the-fake-news-that-sealed-the-fate-of-antony-and-cleopatra-71287 .
3 Soll, J. 2016. The long and brutal history of fake news. Politico Magazine 18 December 2016: www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/fake-news-history-long-violent-214535 .
4 Hill, R. and Flanagan, J. 2019. The Maternal–Infant Bond: Clarifying the Concept. International Journal of Nursing Knowledge: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/2047-3095.12235 .
5 Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P.J., Fischbacher, U. and Fehr, E. 2005. Oxytocin increases trust in humans. Nature 435: 673.
6 Nave, G., Camerer, C. and McCullough, M. 2015. Does oxytocin increase trust in humans? A critical review of research. Perspectives on Psychological Science 10: 772–89.
7 Ide, J.S., Nedic, S., Wong, K.F., Strey, S.L., Lawson, E.A., Dickerson, B.C., Wald, L.L., La Camera, G. and Mujica-Parodi, L.R. 2018. Oxytocin attenuates trust as a subset of more general reinforcement learning, with altered reward circuit functional connectivity in males. Neuroimage 174: 35–43.
8 McNamara, J.M., Stephens, P.A., Dall, S.R. and Houston, A.I. 2008. Evolution of trust and trustworthiness: social awareness favours personality differences. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276: 605–13.
9 Engelmann, J.M. and Herrmann, E. 2016. Chimpanzees trust their friends. Current Biology 26: 252–6.
10 Brosseau-Liard, P., Cassels, T. and Birch, S. 2014. You seem certain but you were wrong before: Developmental change in preschoolers’ relative trust in accurate versus confident speakers. PloS One 9: p.e108308.
11 Talamas, S.N., Mavor, K.I. and Perrett, D.I. 2016. Blinded by beauty: Attractiveness bias and accurate perceptions of academic performance. PloS One 11: p.e0148284.
12 Lalumière, M.L., Harris, G.T. and Rice, M.E. 2001. Psychopathy and developmental instability. Evolution and Human Behavior 22: 75–92.
13 Graham, J. and Özener, B. 2016. Fluctuating asymmetry of human populations: a review. Symmetry 8: 154.
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15 Jarret, C. 2017. New analysis suggests most Milgram participants realised the ‘obedience experiments’ were not really dangerous. The British Psychology Society Research Digest: digest.bps.org.uk/2017/12/12/interviews-with-milgram-participants-provide-little-support-for-the-contemporary-theory-of-engaged-followership/ .
Chapter 10
1 Pronin, E., Olivola, C.Y. and Kennedy, K.A. 2008. Doing unto future selves as you would do unto others: Psychological distance and decision making. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34: 224–36.
2 Rand, D.G., Greene, J.D. and Nowak, M.A. 2012. Spontaneous giving and calculated greed. Nature 489: 427.
3 Lohse, J. 2016. Smart or selfish – When smart guys finish nice. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 64: 28–40.
4 Bouwmeester, S., Verkoeijen, P.P., Aczel, B., Barbosa, F., Bègue, L., Brañas-Garza, P., Chmura, T.G., Cornelissen, G., Døssing, F.S., Espín, A.M. and Evans, A.M. 2017. Registered replication report: Rand, Greene, and Nowak (2012). Perspectives on Psychological Science 12: 527–42.