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Page numbers in italic refer to the illustrations
Abbot, Captain 45–6
Abbott, Elizabeth 61
abolition movement
Kimber trial 42–3
John Locke and 69
legality of slavery in England 124–34
motto 126
Somerset case 137–50
and the Zong massacre 201
growing support for 215–19
Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade 215–16
and sugar 214, 215–18, 245–6
women in 216–17
medallions 152, 217
Abolition Act (1807) 218, 223
Jane Austen’s support for 245–6, 250
Adam, James 64, 78, 243
Adam, Robert 64, 78, 79, 171, 173, 243
Adams, Gene 237
Allen, William 216
Allwood, Dr 48
American War of Independence (1775–83) 187
Amherst, Lord 164
Amissa (freed slave) 179
Ann and Mary 137
Anti-Saccharites 214, 215–18, 245–6
Antigua 238, 246–7, 248, 250
Arnold, Samuel 88
Asante, Amma 238
Aubrey, Thomas 32–3
Austen, Captain Charles 25
Austen, Edward 243
Austen, Fanny 25, 27
Austen, James 246
Austen, Jane
and the navy 25–6
and Finch-Hatton family 243–4
supports abolition movement 245–6, 250
connections to sugar plantations 246–7
Emma 53, 97–8, 245
Mansfield Park 60, 98–9, 243, 244–6, 247, 248–50
Persuasion 26
Pride and Prejudice 172, 244–5
Sanditon 9, 250–1
Bagshaw, William 153
Ball, Elizabeth 233
Banks, Mrs 129–30, 221
Barbados 246
Barber, Francis 232–3, 234
Barber, Samuel 233
Barbosa, Captain José 35
Barham Court, Teston, Kent 218, 219
Bathurst, Colonel Richard 232
Beckford, Richard 59
Beckford, William 247
Belgravia House School 234–5
Bell (Belinda, slave) 147–8
Belle, Dido Elizabeth
double portrait 2, 3–11, 79, 96, 174, 237, 239
birth 24, 27, 83, 86–8, 207
adopted by Lord Mansfield 86–9, 92–9, 237
baptism 93–4
name 95
education 96–7
status in household 98–9
closeness to Lord Mansfield 99, 177–9, 204, 207–9, 222
and black Londoners 104
and the Somerset case 144, 148–9, 170–1
and the Gordon Riots 163
at Kenwood 169, 175–9
Hutchinson meets 175–9
and her father’s death 210, 227
and Lord Mansfield’s death 227–8
Lord Mansfield’s will 170, 208, 222, 227
marriage 226, 228–32
children 229–30, 231–2, 234–5
inherits money from Lady Margery 235
death 235–6
grave 237
Jane Austen and 244
Belle (film) 238
Belle Island 23–4
La Bellone 17
Bentham, Jeremy 116, 171
Bermuda 33, 58
black people
stereotyping of 37–8, 47, 106, 179
in London 103–8
freedom in England 124–5
and the Somerset case 146
see also slave trade
Blackstone, William 127–8
Bloomsbury, Gordon Riots 160, 163–4
Boer War 236–7
Bonomi, Joseph 243
Boston Tea Party (1773) 174
Boswell, James 67, 72–3, 96, 116–17, 128
Boulton, Thomas 44–5
Bristol 34, 155, 180
British Empire, importance of West Indies to 61
Buller, Justice Francis 113, 208–9
Bünau, Heinrich, Graf von 91
Burney, Fanny 8, 172, 173, 220, 232
Butterworth, William 44
Cade, Elizabeth 138, 221
Calabar, Two Princes of 180–2, 222
Cambridge, HMS 19, 20–1
Canadian Scouts 236–7
Cape Verde 15
Caribbean see West Indies
Catholic Relief Act (1778) 161–2
Catley, Ann 117
Charleston, South Carolina 125
Charleston (slave ship) 44
Charlie, Bonnie Prince 66
Charlotte, Queen 217–18
Chesham 216–17
Christ Church, Oxford 68–9, 111
Cibber, Colley 73, 74
Cibber, Susannah Maria 73–4
Cibber, Theophilus 73–5
Cicero, Marcus Tullius 111, 116
Clarkson, Thomas 39, 41, 147, 187, 201, 215, 218, 246, 249
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor 79, 216
Collingwood, Luke 188–90, 195–6, 197, 200
Colman, George 88
Conti, Prince de 117
Cooney, William 37
Cope, John 48
Cope, Molly 48
Corbould, Richard 168, 171–2
Coventry, John 229
Cowper, William 54–5, 146–7, 246
Crookshanks, William 47
Cruikshank, Isaac 30, 43, 218
Cuba 20–1, 24
Cugoano, Ottobah 37, 201
Cullen, Susan 233–4
Cumberland, Richard 60–1, 96
Curaçao 22
Dance, George 122
Davinie, Martha 229
Davinier, Charles 229–30, 234–5, 236
Davinier, Harold 238
Davinier, John 228–30, 235–6, 238
Davinier, Lavinia 236
Davinier, William Thomas 230, 235, 237
d’Avinière, Lindsay 236–7
Davy, William 138–40, 147
Delaney, Mary 72
Devonshire, Georgiana, Duchess of 6
Dominica 180
double portrait 3–11, 79, 174, 237, 239
Dowse (Lord Mansfield’s manservant) 163–4
Dunning, John 116, 130, 132, 133
East India Company 209, 235
Easter Ross 16
Eastwell Park, Kent 206, 242, 243
Elizabeth, Empress of Russia 117
Eon de Beaumont, Chevalier d’ 117–20
Equiano, Olaudah (Gustavus Vassa) 38–9, 187, 196, 216–17, 233–4
Erskine, Lord 165
Evans, Captain Jenkins 44
Feloz (slave ship) 35–6
Finch, Daniel, 2nd Earl of Nottingham 71
Finch-Hatton, Edward 206
Finch-Hatton, Lady Elizabeth see Murray, Lady Elizabeth
Finch-Hatton, George 205–6, 243
Finch-Hatton, George, 5th Earl of Nottingham 206, 244
Foley, Thomas 69
Fox, William 216
France 107–8, 114, 117–18, 228
Franklin, Benjamin 145–6
French Revolution 228
Gambia 16
Garrick, David 105, 114, 128
George I, King 66
George II, King 76
George III, King 164
Gilbert (insurers) 196–8
Gillray, James 214, 217–18
Glorious Revolution (1688) 66
Godmersham 244
Gordon, Lord George 161–2, 165
Gordon Riots (1780) 160, 161–6, 169, 172, 205
Gregson, James 223
Gregson, William (Billy) 153–4, 156, 157, 187–9, 199, 223
Gregson, William (Billy’s son) 157
Gregson v Gilbert 193–201
Grenada 246
Habeas Corpus Act (1679) 127, 128–9, 130, 133, 137–8, 181
Hampson, Sir Thomas 60
Hampson family 246
Hampstead Heath 77, 171
Hanley, Captain John 188
Hardwick, Lord 131
Hardy, Lydia 216–17
Hargrave, Francis 139, 141–2, 147
Harrison and Co. 172
Harvey (ex-slave) 126–7
Havana 20–1, 23
Hawkins, John 245
Hawksmoor, Sir Nicholas 93
Haydn, Joseph 107
Hayes v. Jacques 117, 118–20
Heath, James 168, 172
Henley, Lord 126–7
Heywoods Bank 157
Hinds, Jacob 85
Hogarth, William 102, 106
Holland, Jane 236
Holt, Lord Chief Justice 126, 129, 141
Houses of Parliament 161–2
Howard, Henrietta 72
Howe, Charlotte 183
Hudibras (slave ship) 44
Hutchinson, Thomas 169, 174–80, 182, 184, 215, 222
Hylas, John 129
illegitimacy 97–8, 115
Inkle and Yarico 88, 106
insurance, Zong case 192, 196–201
Jacobites 66, 67, 75–7, 90, 149
Jamaica 19, 46, 179, 238
sugar plantations 47–8, 56–61, 246, 247
mixed-race children 86
and the Somerset case 146, 148
Zong massacre 190–1
James II, King 66
Johnson, Dr Samuel 67, 232–3, 246
Jones, Thomas 180–1
Kelsall, James 189–91, 198, 200
Kenwood House, London 64, 168, 169
double portrait 10–11
Lord Mansfield acquires 77
Lord Mansfield’s improvements 78–80, 171–2
and the Gordon Riots 164–5, 166
visitors 172–3, 174–80
inventory 173–4
after Lady Mansfield’s death 206–7
Lord Mansfield’s last years at 220
Kimber, Captain John 42–3, 218
King, Peter 22
King’s Bench 68, 112
Knight, Fanny 247
Knowles, John 137, 138
Latrobe, Christian Ignatius 219
Lee, John 200
Leigh-Perrot family 246
Lewis, Thomas 129–34, 137, 181, 221, 222
Lichfield 233
Lincoln’s Inn 75
Lindsay, Sir Alexander 16
Lindsay, Lady Emilia 16
Lindsay, Sir John (Dido’s father) 14
early life 16
naval career 15–24, 209
marriage 22, 209
other illegitimate children 22, 210
and Maria 22–4, 27, 31, 34, 35, 48
and Dido’s birth 24, 27, 83, 86–8, 95, 178
sends Dido to England 86–8, 92–3, 94, 98
death 176, 209–10, 227
Lindsay, Lady Mary (née Milner) 22, 209, 210
Lisle, David 108, 124, 125
Liverpool 34, 152, 153–7, 187, 223
Liverpool Exchange 154–5
Lloyds 156–7
Locke, John 69
Lockyer v Offley 208–9
Lofft, Capel 142, 145
London
black people in 103–8
Gordon Riots 160, 161–6
London Chronicle 19–20, 92–3, 210, 219
London Evening Post 143
London Protestant Association 161
‘Lord Mansfield’s Rule’ 115
Louis XV, King of France 117
Louis XVI, King of France 92, 107, 118
Macdonald, John 234
Madeira 15
Manners, Lord 175
Mansfield, Earls of 10
Mansfield, Lady Elizabeth (Betty) 82
marriage 71–2
at Kenwood 77, 79–80, 169, 174
adopts Dido and Elizabeth 88–9, 92–5
and the Gordon Riots 163
ill-health 169, 205
Hutchinson describes 175
death 205, 210
Mansfield, James 139, 141, 147
Mansfield, William Murray, 1st Earl of 16
double portrait 10, 11
childhood 65–6
education 66–9
legal career 68, 69–70, 73–5, 77–8, 111–17
parliamentary career 68, 75
marriage 71–2
character 72–3, 76, 77, 96, 115–16
Sloper case 73–5
accused of being a Jacobite 75–7, 149
and Kenwood House 77, 78–80, 171–8
adopts Dido and Elizabeth 87, 88–9, 92–9, 237
on Dido’s mother 24
closeness to Dido 99, 177–9, 204, 207–9, 222
portraits of 110, 194
reforms legal system 111–15
Hayes v. Jacques 117, 118–20
and the Yorke-Talbot ruling 125–6
and legality of slavery in England 128
and R v Stapylton 130–4, 137–8
Somerset case 137–50, 170–1, 182–4, 222
and William Davy 139
and the Gordon Riots 162–6, 169
will 169–70, 208, 210, 222, 227
Amissa case 179
and the Two Princes of Calabar 180–2, 222
and the Zong case 192, 195–200, 221
and his wife’s death 205
last years 219–21
death 220–1, 227
Maria (Dido’s mother) 22–4, 27, 31, 34, 35, 48, 83, 86–7, 93, 98
Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 92, 107
marriage, mixed-race 106, 232–4
Martinique 22
Mbatha-Raw, Gugu 238
mercantile law 113–14
Mersey, River 153, 154, 156
Middleton, Lady Margaret 217, 218, 219, 221
Milner, Mary see Lindsay, Lady Mary
mixed-race relationships 45–8, 106, 232–4
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley 71–2
Montague, Duke and Duchess of 105
Montserrat 16
Moravian Church 219
More, Hannah 217
Morning Chronicle 118, 144, 146
Morro, siege of (1762) 20–1, 24, 27
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 107
mulattoes 83–7, 140
Murray, Lady Anne 207, 220
Murray, David see Stormont, David Murray, 7th Viscount
Murray, Lady Elizabeth 175–6
double portrait 2, 10–11, 96, 174, 237, 239
adopted by Lord Mansfield 91–2, 94, 99
education 96–7
and the Gordon Riots 163
marriage 205–6, 227–8
at Eastwell Park 243
Jane Austen meets 243–4
Murray, Lady Margery 207, 220, 235
Murray, William see Mansfield, William Murray, 1st Earl of
Myrtilla (slave) 47
‘natural’ daughters 97–8
Newcastle, Duke of 72, 78
Newton, John 36, 37, 40, 201
Nibbs family 246
Norris, Robert 249
novels 8–9, 97–8
see also Austen, Jane
Nugent, Sir George 47
Nugent, Lady Maria 47–8
O’Neil, Captain Terence 180, 181
Oxford University 68–9, 76
paintings
double portrait 3–11, 79, 174, 237, 239
black children in 104
Pascal, Michael 38
Paton, Richard 20
Percival, Sally 234
Perth Grammar School 65
Phibbah (slave) 46–7, 58, 60, 85
Philadelphia 223
Pigot, Mr 195, 198
Pimlico 230–1, 234–5
Piozzi, Hester 233
Pitt, William the elder 69, 72
plays 60–1, 88, 103
Pluto (fireship) 16–17
Pope, Alexander 70–1, 75, 77, 162, 172, 173
Port Royal 19
Portland, Margaret Bentinck, Duchess of 72, 170
Porto Santo 15
portrait, double 3–11, 79, 174, 237, 239
Portsmouth 15
Poser, Norman 69–70, 76–7
Prince, Mary 33–4, 45–6, 48, 58, 85–6, 221
Quakers 215–16
Queensbury, Duchess of 104–5
R v Stapylton 129–34, 137–8
Rambler’s Magazine 220
Ramsay, Allan 22
Ramsay, James 201, 218–19
Ranelagh Gardens, Chelsea 231
Reynolds, Sir Joshua 82, 116, 194
Richardson, Samuel 8, 177
Riddel, John 150
Robin John brothers 180–2
Robinson, Samuel 32
Rochefort 17
Rose, Joseph 173
Royal Navy 15–27, 209, 246
Rutland, Duke of 219
Rysbrack, John 89
Saint-George, Joseph Boulogne, Le Chevalier de 107–8, 207
St George’s, Bloomsbury 93–4
St George’s, Hanover Square 229, 236
St Kitts 16
Sancho, Ignatius 105–6, 108, 162, 166
Sarah (slave) 44
Say and Sele, Lady 175
Scone Palace, Perth 10, 91, 237
Senegal 15
Seven Years War (1754–63) 17–21
Shakespeare, William 106, 248
Shanley v Harvey 126–7
Sharp, Granville 122
early life 123–4
and Jonathan Strong 108, 124–5, 221
and legality of slavery in England 124–33
and R v Stapylton 129–31, 133
Somerset case 137–42, 144–5, 150
and the Zong massacre 187, 196, 198, 200–1
and the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade 215
committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 223
death 223
Sharp, William 124
ships
fireships 16–17
women on naval ships 24–7
slave ships 32, 34–45, 155–7, 187–92, 195–201
Zong massacre 187–92, 195–201
insurance 192, 196–9
Sierra Leone 223
slaves and slave trade 31–48
ships 32, 34–45, 155–7, 187–92, 195–201
slave markets 32–4
triangular trade 34
sexual abuse of female slaves 36–41, 84
stereotyping of black women 37–8, 47
consensual relationships 44–8
sugar plantations 54–61
field slaves 56–7
punishment of slaves 56–8, 59
house slaves 83–4
mixed-race children 83–7
names of slaves 95
Jonathan Strong case 124–5
legality of slavery in England 124–34
runaway slaves 125
Yorke-Talbot ruling 125–6, 128–9
Somerset case 137–50, 182–3
Liverpool and 155–7
Zong massacre 186, 188–92, 195–201
ignorance of 222
Mansfield Park and 60, 244–6, 250
see also abolition movement; black people
Sloper, William 73–5
Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade 215–16
Somerset, James 136, 137–50, 165, 170–1, 180–3, 221–2, 237
Soubise (black servant) 104–5, 108
South Africa 236–7, 238
Stanfield, James 39–40, 42, 43
Stapylton, Robert 129–34, 137, 138
Sterne, Laurence 105
Stewart, Charles 137, 138, 140, 142, 150
Stone, Andrew 75–6
Stormont, David Murray, 5th Viscount 16, 65, 67
Stormont, David Murray, 7th Viscount 6, 89–92, 94, 107, 164, 206, 227, 228
Stormont, Lady (Henrietta Frederica de Berargaard) 91, 94
Stormont, Lady Louisa 92, 96, 206
Strong, Jonathan 108, 124–5, 181, 221, 237
Stuart, James Francis Edward (the Old Pretender) 66, 67, 75, 76–7, 149
Stubbs, Robert 189, 190, 197
sugar 50, 238
demand for in England 51–4
plantations 54–61
abolition movement and 215–18, 245–6
Austen family and 246–7
absentee planters 248
Swift, Jonathan 70
Talbot, Lord 131
Tarrant, Charles 93
Tarring Fig Gardens, Sussex 6–7
tea 52, 53–4
Tenerife 15
Terence 68
theatre 60–1, 88, 103
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane 60–1
Thistlewood, John 47, 85
Thistlewood, Thomas 46–7, 48, 58–60, 61, 84, 85
Trent, HMS 15–16, 17–21, 22–4
Two Princes of Calabar 180–2, 222
United States of America 125, 174, 222
van Loo, Jean-Baptiste 71, 110, 170
Vanquier 18
Vassa, Gustavus see Equiano, Olaudah
Vassa, Joanna 233–4
Vauxhall pleasure gardens 105
Virgil 95
Virginia 180, 181–2
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet de 58
Walpole, Horace 76
Walsh, Rev Robert 35–6
Walters family 246
Walvin, James 197–8
Wedgwood, Josiah 52–3, 152, 217
Wellington, Duke of 244
West Indies
John Lindsay’s naval career in 16, 18–24
slaves 31–2
sugar plantations 54–61
importance to British Empire 61
and the Somerset case 140, 142–4, 146, 148–9
tourism 238
Westminster Abbey 210, 221, 223
Westminster Hall 68, 112, 144
Westminster School 66–8
Whigs 66
Wilberforce, William 42–3, 215, 218, 223
Wildman, James 247–8
Wilkin, Charles 230
William of Orange 66
Wilmot, Lord 129
Wilson, Captain David 42
women
on naval ships 24–7
stereotyping of black women 37–8, 47
mixed-race relationships 45–8, 106, 232–4
in abolition movement 216–17
Wood, John 154
Wren, Sir Christopher 93
Yorke-Talbot ruling (1729) 125–6, 128–9
Zoffany, Johann 11, 239
Zong (formerly Zorg) 157, 186, 188–92, 195–201, 221, 238
Zucchi, Antonio 173