Preface
1 The Best Mind Since Einstein (NOVA US VHS, originally broadcast on PBS TV, 1993).
Chapter 1
1 Thomas Reid, Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, ed. A. D. Woozley (London: Macmillan and Co., 1941), p. 203.
2 ‘The Self and the Future’, in Philosophical Review 79(2) (April 1970): 161–80.
3 Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines (London: Orion Business Books, 1999), p. 129.
4 Reasons and Persons, 3rd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), p. 256.
5 Ibid., p. 277.
6 Ibid., p. 281.
7 Ibid.
Chapter 2
1 Quoted in Victor Grassian, Moral Reasoning (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1992), p. 166.
2 A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities, The World of Mathematics, vol. 2, ed. James R. Newman (Redmond: Tempus, 1988), pp. 1301–02.
3 On the Genealogy of Morals, I, 13, in Basic Writings of Nietzsche, trans. and ed. Walter Kaufmann (New York: The Modern Library, 1992), p. 481.
4 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, Bk II, ch. XI, section X (London: Everyman, 1993), p. 125.
5 See ‘The Neural Time Factor in Conscious and Unconscious Events’, in Experimental and Theoretical Studies of Consciousness, Ciba Foundation Symposium 174 (London: John Wiley and Sons, 1993), pp. 123–37.
6 Mortal Questions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), p. 37.
7 Ibid.
8 ‘Responsibility and Control’, in Fischer (ed.), Moral Responsibility (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986), pp. 174–90; example is introduced on p. 176.
9 Elbow Room (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984), p. 8.
10 Ibid., p. 72 (my italics).
11 Philosophical Explanations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981), p. 315.
Chapter 3
1 Minds, Brains and Science (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), p. 44.
2 De Anima, ‘On The Soul’, Book II, The Complete Works of Aristotle Volume One, ed. Jonathan Barnes (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 657.
3 A. M. Turing, ‘Computing Machinery and Intelligence’, Mind LIX: 433–60.
4 See Hans Moravec, ‘When Will Computer Hardware Match the Human Brain?’, Journal of Evolution and Technology 1 (1998), available online at: <http://www.transhumanist.com/volume1/moravec.htm>.
5 See Nick Bostrom, ‘When Machines Outsmart Humans’, Futures 35(7): 759–64.
6 ‘Minds, Brains, and Programs’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3 (1980): 417–24.
7 At the Rochester Conference, documented in M. M. Lucas and P. J. Hayes (eds), Proceedings of the Cognitive Curriculum Conference (New York: University of Rochester, 1982).
8 On The Contrary: Critical Essays, 1987–1997 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998), p. 53.
9 Daniel C. Dennett, Darwin’s Dangerous Idea (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), p. 399.
10 Daniel C. Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1993), p. 269.
11 Are We Spiritual Machines?: Ray Kurzweil vs the Critics of Strong AI (Seattle: The Discovery Institute, 2002), p. 64.
Chapter 4
1 ‘Discourse on Method’, Pt IV, in Discourse on Method and the Meditations, trans. F. E. Sutcliffe (London: Penguin, 1968), p. 54.
2 ‘The Zombie Within’, Nature 411 (21 June 2001).
3 ‘What Mary Didn’t Know’, Journal of Philosophy 83 (1986): 291–5.
Chapter 5
1 ‘Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?’, Philosophical Quarterly 53(211) (2003): 243–55; available online at: <http://www.simulation-argument.com/simulation.htm>.
2 Ibid.
3 ‘How to Live in a Simulation’, Journal of Evolution and Technology 7 (September 2001); available online at <http://www.transhumanist.com/volume7/simulation.html>.
4 Ibid.
5 Critique of Pure Reason, Preface to 2nd edn, trans. Norman Kemp-Smith, p. 34.
6 Such instances are known as ‘Gettier cases’ after the American philosopher Edmund Gettier, who first constructed them in a 1963 paper comprising just over 900 words and three footnotes: ‘Is Knowledge Justified True Belief?’ in Analysis 26 (1963): 144–6.
7 ‘A Causal Theory of Knowledge’, Journal of Philosophy 64 (1967): 357–72.
8 ‘The Need to Know’, in Marjorie Clay and Keith Lehrer (eds), Knowledge and Skepticism (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989): p. 95.
9 The example is from Gilbert Harman’s Thought (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973), pp. 143–4.
10 Warrant and Proper Function (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 225.
Chapter 6
1 ‘Meaning and Reference’, Journal of Philosophy (1973): 699–711.
2 An account of Putnam Sr is contained in Bertram D. Wolfe, Strange Communists I Have Known (New York: Stein & Day, 1965), pp. 72–80.
3 See ‘The Meaning of “Meaning”’, in Philosophical Papers, Vol. II: Mind, Language, and Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp. 215–71.
4 ‘Individualism and the Mental’, Midwestern Studies in Philosophy 4 (1979): 73–122.
5 Words and Life, 3rd edn (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 443–4.
6 ‘Knowing One’s Own Mind’, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 60 (1987): 441–58.
7 Language, Thought and Other Biological Categories (Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press, 1984), p. 93.
8 ‘Cutting Philosophy of Language Down to Size’, in Anthony O’Hear (ed.), Philosophy at the New Millennium (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 134.
9 ‘The Wisdom of Repugnance’, The New Republic, 2 June 1997.
Chapter 7
1 Armies of the Night (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1968), pp. 191–2.
2 The Hague: Mouton & Co., 1957.
3 ‘The Role of Language in Intelligence’, in Jean Khalfa (ed.), What is Intelligence? The Darwin College Lectures (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), p. 168.
Chapter 8
1 The Language Instinct (London: Allen Lane, Penguin, 1994); quotes are from 2000 edn, p. 75.
2 The Language of Thought (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975).
3 Michael Devitt of the CUNY Graduate Center, quoted in the New York Times, 3 February 2001.
4 In ‘The Life of Birds’, presented by David Attenborough for the BBC Natural History Unit, 1998.
5 The Language Instinct, p. 55.
6 Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology (London: Penguin, 1978); quote is from 1997 Penguin edn, pp. 101–2.
The duck-rabbit illustration is from J. Jastrow, Fact and Fable in Psychology (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900). It was originally printed in the German humour magazine Fliegende Blatter (October, 1892).
Chapter 9
1 Maj. Gen. G. H. Israni, VSM, and Dr David R. Leffler, ‘Operation: World Peace’, Defense India (24 June 2002).
2 Truth and Truthfulness (Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2002), p. 2.
3 Ibid., p. 8.
4 Modernity and the Holocaust (Oxford: Polity, 1979), p. 7.
5 Felix Guattari, Chaosmosis: An Ethico-Aeshetic Paradigm, trans. Paul Bains and Julian Pefanis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), pp. 50–1.
6 Hugo Meynell, Postmodernism and the New Enlightenment (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1999), p. 178.
7 Social Text 46/47 (spring/summer 1996): 217–52.
8 For a full account and an amusing demolition of several key postmodern writers see Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont, Intellectual Impostures (London: Profile, 1998).
9 The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984), p. 60.
10 ‘Habermas and Lyotard on Post-Modernity’, Praxis International 4(1) (April 1984): 40.
11 ‘Pragmatism and Philosophy’, in Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982), introduction, 3 (i).
12 ‘Pragmatism, Davidson and Truth’, in Ernest Lepore (ed.), Truth and Interpretation (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986), p. 351.
13 ‘Rational Animals’, in Ernest LePore and Brian McLaughlin (eds), Actions and Events (Oxford: Blackwell, 1985), p. 480.
14 Philosophy and Social Hope (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999), p. 82.
15 Quoted in C. N. Degler, In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 84.
16 Philosophy and Social Hope, p. 82.
17 ‘Pragmatism and Philosophy’, in Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982).
18 Consequences of Pragmatism, p. xxxvii.
19 Scientific Autobiography and Other Papers, trans. Frank Gaynor (New York: Greenwood 1968), pp. 33–4.
20 Philosophy and Social Hope, p. 37.
Chapter 10
1 Scribner, 2003. New York.
2 Problems in Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1993), pp. 3–4.
3 Ibid., p. 13.
4 Ibid., p. 4.
5 Ibid., p. 22.
6 Ibid., p. 154.
7 Ibid., p. 22.
8 ‘Does Consciousness Emerge from a Quantum Process?’, THES, 5 April 1996.
9 ‘What is it Like to be a Bat?’, in Douglas Hofstadter and Daniel C. Dennett (eds), The Mind’s I (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982), pp. 394 and 396.
10 Matters of Metaphysics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 9.
11 H. Dreyfus and S. Dreyfus, From Socrates to Expert Systems: The Limits of Calculative Rationality (1984). In Carl Mitcham and Alois Huning (eds), Philosophy and Technology II: Information Technology and Computers in Theory and Practice, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science Series (Reidel, 1985), pp. 111–130 (p. 113); available online at: <http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/ ~hdreyfus/html/paper_socrates.html>.
12 Ibid.
13 Problems in Philosophy, p. 152.
Chapter 11
1 Daily Telegraph, 28 April 2004.
2 Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton (New York: Harper and Row, 1964), section 1, para. 3.
3 In ‘Moral Luck’, Mortal Questions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 30–31.
4 In ‘Moral Luck and the Virtues of Impure Agency’, Metaphilosophy 22: 14–27.
5 ‘Luck and Desert’, Mind 65 (1986): 198–209.
6 The Therapy of Desire: Theory and Practice in Hellenistic Ethics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 96.
7 Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers 1973–1980 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 21.
8 Ibid., p. 39.
Chapter 12
1 David Niven, The Moon’s a Balloon (London: Coronet, 1978), p. 217.
2 J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart (eds), An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation [1789] (London: Methuen, 1982); originally in John Bowring (ed.), The Works of Jeremy Bentham, 11 vols (Edinburgh, 1843), I, p. 143n.
3 ‘A Covenant for the Ark’, The Listener, 14 April 1983.
4 Preface to 1975 edn of Animal Liberation (New York: New York Review of Books/Random House, 1975), p. ix.
5 ‘Armchair Moralising’ (review of Peter Singer, Writings on an Ethical Life), New Statesman, 22 January 2001.
6 From ‘Taking Life: The Embryo and the Fetus’, in Practical Ethics, 2nd edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), p. 153.
7 ‘Darwin for the Left’, Prospect (June 1998).
Chapter 13
1 ‘Nothing Matters’, in Applications of Moral Philosophy (London: Macmillan, 1972), pp. 37–8; extract available online at <http://www.hku.hk/philodep/courses/cvmol/HareMeaning.htm>.
2 The Myth of Sisyphus, trans. Justin O’Brien (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000), p. 109.
3 In Good and Evil (New York: Macmillan, 1970).
4 ‘Truth, Invention and the Meaning of Life’, in Needs, Values, Truth (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), p. 91.
5 Good and Evil, p. 260.
6 ‘Truth, Invention and the Meaning of Life’, in Needs, Values, Truth (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987), p. 91.
7 How Are We to Live? (London: Mandarin, 1994), pp. 206–7.
8 Ibid.
9 ‘The Meaning of Life’, in E. D. Klemke (ed.), The Meaning of Life (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. 128.
10 ‘The Meanings of the Question of Life’, in Paradox and Discovery (Oxford: Blackwell, 1965), p. 40.
11 Ibid., p. 41.
12 The Myth of Sisyphus, trans. Justin O’Brien (New York: Vintage, 1960), pp. 3–4.
13 Reasons and Persons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 175.
14 The Doctor and the Soul (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1957), p. 73.
15 ‘The Absurd’, Mortal Questions, p. 11.
16 Philosophical Explanations, p. 585.
17 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 6.4312 (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 72.
18 A.W. Moore, The Infinite (London: Routledge, 1990), p. 227.
19 The View From Nowhere (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 224.
20 Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus 6.4311 (London: Routledge, 1993), p. 72.