Chapter 1. Canaries in the Mine
1. Dumas Malone, The Sage of Monticello: Jefferson and His Time, vol. 6 (Boston, 1981), pp. 417–18.
2. Marvin Perry, “Denying the Holocaust: History as Myth and Delusion,” Encore American and Worldwide News, Sept. 1981, pp. 28–33.
3. For an example of this see how the deniers have treated Anne Frank’s diary. David Barnouw and Gerrold van der Stroom, eds., The Diary of Anne Frank: The Critical Edition (New York, 1989), pp. 91–101.
4. The incident occurred at Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis on February 9, 1990. It was subsequently revealed that the teacher had been arrested for stealing war memorabilia from a local museum (Indianapolis News, Feb. 16, 1990).
5. Indianapolis Star, Feb. 22 and 23, 1990.
6. The Sagamore, Feb. 26, 1990.
7. “Like your uncle from Peoria,” was how actress Whoopi Goldberg described the neo-Nazi Tom Metzger, whom she hosted on her television show in September 1992. Metzger, an ardent racist and antisemite, advocates the forced racial segregation of blacks. Goldberg acknowledged that he was particularly dangerous because he appeared so civil. Howard Rosenberg, the television critic of the Los Angeles Times, wondered why, if Goldberg recognized this, it was necessary for her to host him on her show. Obviously she had fallen prey to the same syndrome afflicting those who invite the deniers to appear (Los Angeles Times, Sept. 21, 1992).
8. New Orleans Times-Picayune, Aug. 26, 1990.
9. From a letter signed by David Duke accompanying the Crusader, February 1980, as cited in David Duke: In His Own Words (New York, n.d.).
10. Interview with David Duke conducted by Hustler magazine, reprinted in the National Association for the Advancement of White People News, Aug. 1982.
11. Jason Berry, “Duke’s Disguise,” New York Times, Oct. 16, 1991. See also Letters to the Editor, New York Times, Oct. 19, 1991.
12. Jason Berry, “The Hazards of Duke,” Washington Post, May 14, 1989. He also tried to appear as if he had modulated his views on other topics. No longer did he speak of sterilizing welfare mothers; now it was “birth control incentives” (Los Angeles Times, June 10, 1990). See also Lawrence N. Powell, “Read my Liposuction: The Makeover of David Duke,” New Republic, Oct. 15, 1990.
13. Jacob Weisberg, “The Heresies of Pat Buchanan,” New Republic, Oct. 22, 1990, pp. 26–27.
14. Ibid., p. 26.
15. Report of the Anti-Defamation League on Pat Buchanan, Los Angeles Jewish Journal, Sept. 28, 1991.
16. New York Times, Feb. 14, 1992.
17. David Warshofsky (pseud.), interview with author, December 1992. “Warshofsky” is a regular participant in the Institute’s meetings and is in constant communication with various deniers both in the United States and in Europe.
18. Robert D. Kaplan, “Croatianism: The Latest Balkan Ugliness,” New Republic, Nov. 25, 1991, p. 16.
19. “Croatia,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (New York, 1990), Israel Gutman, ed., p. 326.
20. Some of the key Slovakian separatists have engaged in actual denial. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Mar. 17, 1992.
21. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Nov. 6, 1992; The Times, Mar. 6, 1988.
22. Daily Telegraph, July 10, 1992.
23. Sunday Telegraph, Jan. 12, 1992.
24. Daily Telegraph, July 10, 1992.
25. Independent on Sunday, May 10, 1992.
26. Frederick Brown, “French Amnesia,” Harpers, Dec. 1981, p. 70.
27. Nadine Fresco, “The Denial of the Dead: On the Faurisson Affair,” Dissent, Fall 1981, p. 467.
28. Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Assassins of Memory: Essays on the Denial of the Holocaust (New York, 1993), pp. 40–41; Serge Thion, ed., Vérité historique or vérité politique? (Paris, 1980), pp. 187, 190, 211.
29. Vidal-Naquet, Assassins of Memory, p. 115.
30. Ibid.
31. Guardian, July 3, 1986; Le Monde, July 4, 1986.
32. New Statesman, Apr. 10, 1981, p. 4.
33. Annales d’Histoire Revisionniste, vol. 1, Spring 1987; Judith Miller, One by One by One: Facing the Holocaust (New York, 1990), p. 134.
34. Miller, One by One by One, p. 137; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Oct. 23, 1987.
35. Time, May 28, 1990; U.S. News & World Report, May 28, 1990, p. 42; Los Angeles Times, May 29, 1990, pp. HI, H7. In the following parliamentary election Le Pen’s party was routed but this resulted from a change in the voting system and not a loss of support. Miller, One by One by One, p. 138.
36. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Oct. 23, 1987; Alain Finkielkraut, Remembering in Vain: The Klaus Barbie Trial and Crimes Against Humanity (New York, 1989), pp. 35–44.
37. L’Express, Oct. 28-Nov. 4, 1978; Gill Seidel, The Holocaust Denial (Leeds, England, 1986).
38. New Statesman, Sept. 7, 1979, p. 332.
39. The Times, May 11, 1990; Jewish Week, Sept. 15, 1989.
40. Dokumentationszentrum, 1988 Annual Report, Vienna, Austria.
41. Austrian News, Embassy of Austria, Press and Information Dept., Washington, Oct., 1989.
42. Spotlight, June 1, 1992.
43. In 1991, the Gallup organization conducted a poll of Austrian attitudes toward Jews commissioned by the American Jewish Committee. Fifty-three percent of the people surveyed thought it was time to “put the memory of the Holocaust behind us” and 39 percent believed that “Jews have caused much harm in the course of history.” An almost identical proportion believed that Jews had “too much influence” over world affairs; close to 20 percent wanted them out of the country. These statistics indicate a country “ripe” for an antisemitic ideology such as Holocaust denial. Fritz Karmasin, Austrian Attitudes Towards Jews, Israel and the Holocaust (New York, 1992).
44. Jewish Telegraph Agency, Aug. 18, 1992, p. 4; Nov. 11, 1992.
45. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Nov. 2, 4, 1992.
46. Arab News, May 8, 1988.
47. New York Times, Dec. 10, 1989.
48. New Statesman, Sept. 7, 1979; Searchlight, Nov. 1988, p. 15.
49. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Dec. 22, 1992. Outside of the League, some Australians have been able to voice Holocaust denial charges with impunity. Dr. Anice Morsey, a prominent member of the Australian Arab community, has accused Zionists of fabricating the story of the Holocaust. She maintained that the Jews who were killed were fifth columnists or spies. Morsey asserted that Israel was the financial beneficiary of this hoax and Germany the victim. Morsey’s views did not seem to have hampered her career. Subsequent to making that statement she was appointed ethnic affairs commissioner by the Victorian government. An Nahar, Nov. 8, 1982, quoted in Jeremy Jones, “Holocaust Revisionism in Australia,” in Without Prejudice (Australian Institute of Jewish Affairs), Dec. 4, 1991, p. 53. Kenneth Stern’s forthcoming Holocaust Denial contains a useful survey of recent Holocaust denial activities throughout the world (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1993), chap. 2.
50. New York Times, Mar. 12, 1987; Jennifer Golub, Japanese Attitudes Toward Jews (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1992), p. 6.
51. The Weekend Australian, Aug. 19–20, 1989; New York Times, Dec. 25, 1988; Time, Oct. 7, 1991.
52. Yehuda Bauer, “ ‘Revisionism’—The Repudiation of the Holocaust and Its Historical Significance,” in The Historiography of the Holocaust Period, Yisrael Gutman and Gideon Grief, eds. (Jerusalem, 1988), p. 702.
53. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 18, 1990.
54. Near East Report, Apr. 16, 1990, p. 72.
55. Interview with Robert Faurisson, Vichy, France, June 1989.
56. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Nov. 26, 1992.
57. Esquire, Feb. 1983.
58. The Progressive, Apr. 1986, p. 4.
59. Peter Hayes, “A Historian Confronts Denial,” in The Netherlands and Nazi Genocide, G. Jan Colijn and Marcia S. Littell, eds. (Lewiston, 1992), p. 522.
60. Safet M. Sarich to Winnetka educators, May 1991.
61. New York Times, Jan. 1, 1981.
62. Gitta Sereny, “The Judgment of History,” New Statesman, July 17, 1981, p. 16; Noam Chomsky, “The Commissars of Literature,” New Statesman, Aug. 14, 1981, p. 13.
63. Noam Chomsky, “Chomsky: Freedom of Expression? Absolutely,” Village Voice, July 1–7, 1981, p. 12. See also Noam Chomsky, “The Faurisson Affair: His Right to Say It,” Nation, Feb. 28, 1991, p. 231. Gitta Sereny, “Let History Judge,” New Statesman, Sept. 11, 1981, p. 12.
64. Alfred Kazin, “Americans Right, Left and Indifferent: Responses to the Holocaust,” Dimensions, vol. 4, no. 1 (1988), p. 12.
65. He was particularly distressed by the University of Lyons’s decision not to let Faurisson teach because it could not guarantee his safety.
66. Statement by President H. Keith H. Brodie, Duke University, Nov. 6, 1991.
67. Fish argued that he was not in the business of “recovering” texts but “in the business of making texts and of teaching others to make them.” He found this a liberating approach because it relieved him of “the obligation to be right . . . and demands only that I be interesting.” Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The Objectivity Question and the American Historical Profession (Cambridge, 1988), p. 544.
68. Nelson Goodman, Ways of Worldmaking (Indianapolis, 1978), cited in Novick, That Noble Dream, p. 539.
69. Richard Rorty, “Pragmatism, Relativism, and Irrationalism,” Consequences of Pragmatism (Minneapolis, 1982), p. 166. See also Novick, That Noble Dream, p. 540.
70. Hilary Putnam, Truth and History (Cambridge, 1981), p. 54.
71. Time, Aug. 26, 1991, p. 19.
72. Newsweek, Sept. 18, 1991, p. 47.
73. Charles Maier, The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust and German National Identity (Cambridge, 1988), p. 64.
74. Novick, That Noble Dream, pp. 448ff.
75. Mark Lane, letter to the editor, Los Angeles Daily Journal, Nov. 13, 1991.
76. Conversations with Robert Faurisson, Vichy, France, June 1989.
77. Harry Elmer Barnes, “Revisionism: A Key to Peace,” Rampart Journal (Spring 1966), p. 3.
78. Austin J. App, History’s Most Terrifying Peace, p. 106, cited in “Prevent World War III,” n.d., p. 7.
79. Harry Elmer Barnes, Revisionism and Brainwashing: A Survey of the War-Guilt Question in Germany After Two World Wars (n.p., 1962), p. 33 (hereafter referred to as Brainwashing).
80. Canadian papers covering the trial regularly carried headlines such as: “Nazi Camp had Pool, Ballroom” (Toronto Sun, Feb. 13, 1985); “Prisoners at Auschwitz dined, danced to band, Zundel Witness Testifies” (Toronto Star, Feb. 13, 1985).
81. Conversations with Robert Faurisson, Vichy, France, June 1989.
82. Maier, The Unmasterable Past, p. 64.
83. Colin Holmes, “Historical Revisionism in Britain, The Politics of History,” in Trends in Historical Revisionism: History as a Political Device (London, 1985), p. 8.
84. Dumas Malone, The Sage of Monticello, pp. 417–418.
85. Novick, That Noble Dream, p. 2.
86. Institute for Historical Review, Newsletter (Apr. 1987), p. 1.
87. New York Review of Books, Mar. 22, 1979, p. 47. See also Pierre Vidal-Naquet, Assassins of Memory, pp. 3–7.
88. Democracy, vol. 1–2 (Apr. 1981), pp. 73ff.
89. Justus D. Doenecke, “Harry Elmer Barnes: Prophet of a Usable Past,” History Teacher (Feb. 1975), p. 273.
90. Geoffrey Hartman, “Blindness and Insight,” New Republic, Mar. 7, 1988, pp. 26–31.
91. Donald Cameron Watt, “The Political Misuse of History,” in Trends in Historical Revisionism: History as a Political Device (London, 1985), P. l1.
1. Sidney B. Fay, “New Light on the Origins of the World War,” American Historical Review, vol. 25 (1920), pp. 616–39; vol. 26, (1920), pp. 37–53; vol. 26 (1921), pp. 225–54.
2. Sidney B. Fay, The Origins of the World War, vol. 2 (New York, 1966), pp. 552–54.
3. Novick, That Noble Dream, pp. 210ff.
4. Ibid., p. 212.
5. Charles Beard, “Heroes and Villains of the World War,” Current History, vol. 24 (1926), p. 733.
6. Fay, Origins of the World War, vol. 1, p. 8.
7. Harry Elmer Barnes, The Genesis of the World War: An Introduction to the Problem of War Guilt (New York, 1929), p. 641.
8. For analysis of the evidence placed before the Commission on Responsibility for the War at the Paris Peace Conference and the conclusions based on it see A. von Wegerer, “Die Widerlegung der Versailles Kriegsschuldthese” (Refutation of the Versailles war guilt theory), in Die Kriegsschuldfrage (The war guilt question), vol. 6 (Jan. 1928), pp. 1–77; see also his article and the replies to it in Current History (Aug. 1928), pp. 810–28, cited in Fay, Origins of the World War, vol. 2, p. 549.
9. Barnes, Genesis, pp. 641–42.
10. Ibid., p. 647.
11. For a discussion of British propaganda, see C. Hartley Grattan, Why We Fought (1929), and Walter Millis, Road to War (1935), cited in John E. Wiltz, From Isolationism to War, 1931–1941 (New York, 1968), p. 8.
12. Wiltz, From Isolationism to War, p. 7.
13. Charles A. Beard, President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War (New Haven, 1948), p. 5.
14. Barnes, Genesis, p. 648.
15. Fay, Origins of the World War, p. 558.
16. Wiltz, From Isolationism to War, p. 17.
17. Wayne S. Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1932–1945 (Lincoln, Nebr., 1983), p. 6.
18. For background on the isolationists-revisionists and a sympathetic portrayal of their efforts, see Justus D. Doenecke, Not to the Swift: The Old Isolationists in the Cold War Era (London, 1982); see also Wayne S. Cole, Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II (New York, 1974), pp. 379–81.
19. Tom Connally, My Name Is Tom Connally (New York, 1954), pp. 211–14, cited in Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, p. 161.
20. Cordell Hull, Memoirs of Cordell Hull, vol. 1 (New York, 1948), p. 404.
21. Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, p. 161; Dexter Perkins, The New Age of Franklin Roosevelt, cited in Wiltz, From Isolationism to War, p. 50.
22. Wiltz, From Isolationism to War, p. 7.
23. Johnson to Hiram W. Johnson, Jr., Feb. 11, 19, 1939, Johnson to Frank P. Doherty, Feb. 11, 1939; Johnson Papers, cited in Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, pp. 308, 607.
24. Edward S. Shapiro, “Antisemitism Mississippi Style,” Antisemitism in American History, ed. David Gerber (Urbana/Chicago, 1986), pp. 129–47. Rankin also opposed the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act because “Japs” would flood America in the postwar period (Doenecke, Not to the Swift, p. 21).
25. Congressional Record, 77th Congress, 1st sess., 1941, 87:6565; Cole, pp. 475–76.
26. Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, p. 465. On antisemitism in America First see James C. Schneider, Should America Go to War? The Debate over Foreign Policy in Chicago, 1939–1941 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1989), p. 210.
27. Charles Beard, “We’re Blundering Into War,” American Mercury, (Apr. 1939), pp. 388–90.
28. The International Jew: The World’s Foremost Problem (Hawthorne, Calif., n.d.). For an analysis of antisemitic conspiracy theories in the United States see Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab, The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790–1977, 2d ed. (Chicago, 1978), chaps. 4, 5, and 6. For the impact of the belief in the Protocols see Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide (New York, 1966), pp. 156–64. For a compelling overview of the role of conspiracy theories in America see George Johnson, Architects of Fear: Conspiracy Theories and Paranoia in American Politics (Boston, 1983). For a discussion of Henry Ford see ibid., pp. 111–14. For information on contemporary uses of the Protocols see Patterns of Prejudice, Nov./Dec. 1977.
29. Lipset and Raab, Politics of Unreason, p. 135.
30. Johnson, Architects of Fear, pp. 78–80.
31. Henri Zukier, “The Conspiratorial Imperative: Medieval Jewry in Western Europe,” Changing Conceptions of Conspiracy, Carl F. Graumann and Serge Moscovici, eds. (New York, 1987), pp. 93–101.
32. Chicago Tribune, editorial, Nov. 9, 1945. John T. Flynn, The Roosevelt Myth (New York, 1948). Other books that made similar arguments included William Henry Chamberlin, America’s Second Crusade (Chicago, 1950), and Frederic R. Sanborn, Design for War (New York, 1951).
33. Beard, President Roosevelt, p. 577.
34. Time, June 16, 1947, p. 29, quoted in Doenecke, Not to the Swift, p. 101.
35. Charles C. Tansill, Back Door to War: The Roosevelt Foreign Policy, 1933–1941 (Chicago, 1952), p. 9.
36. Tansill, Back Door to War, p. 510.
37. For Tansill’s views on Hitler see Charles C. Tansill to Harry Elmer Barnes, November 10, 1950, Barnes Papers, Univ. of Wyoming. For background on Tansill’s conservative and segregationist views see Doenecke, Not to the Swift, pp. 101–2, 112.
38. Tansill, Back Door to War, pp. 554–55.
39. Austin App, A Straight Look at the Third Reich: Hitler and National Socialism, How Right? How Wrong? (Tacoma Park, Md., 1974), p. 40.
40. William Henry Chamberlin, “Shifting American Alignments,” Human Events (May 22, 1946).
41. Freda Utley, The High Cost of Vengeance (Chicago, 1949), p. 14.
42. George Morgenstern, Pearl Harbor: The Story of the Secret War (New York, 1947), pp. 4, 7, 283, cited in Doenecke, Not to the Swift, p. 97.
43. William Neumann to H. E. Barnes, Jan. 30, 1946, Barnes Papers, cited in Doenecke, Not to the Swift, p. 141.
44. Frederick Libby, Peace Action, vol. 9 (July 1945), pp. 3–4.
45. Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust (New York, 1982), pp. 162–83.
46. Doenecke, Not to the Swift, p. 133.
47. Ibid., p. 145.
48. In a far milder and more rational defense of the German people, Philip La Follette, former governor of Wisconsin, described the German people as the first victims of Nazi brutalities.
49. Congressional Record, Mar. 29, 1946, p. 2801, and Apr. 18, 1946, p. 3962.
50. Extreme concern about the conditions of the German population did not always ipso facto indicate a lack of concern about what Jews had experienced. Langer was one of the outspoken supporters in the Senate of the activist Jewish leader Peter Bergson, who called for a strong American rescue program for European Jewry. In 1943 on the floor of the Senate, Langer had publicly criticized the Bermuda Conference as a ploy sponsored by the British and American governments to give the illusion that plans for rescue were under serious consideration. He warned that “2,000,000 Jews in Europe have been killed off already and another 5,000,000 Jews are awaiting the same fate unless they are saved immediately. Every day, every hour, every minute that passes thousands of them are being exterminated.” Langer’s positions both during the war and after it are attributable in great measure to his opposition to the Democrats’ foreign policy (David Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York, 1984), p. 143.
51. Doenecke, Not to the Swift, p. 215.
52. Utley, High Cost of Vengeance, p. 14 (italics added).
53. Ibid., pp. 14, 15.
54. She included in these crimes “the obliteration bombing; the mass expropriation and expulsion from their homes of twelve million Germans on account of their race; the starving of the Germans during the first years of the occupation; the use of prisoners as slave laborers; the Russian concentration camps, and the looting perpetrated by Americans as well as Russians” (Utley, High Cost of Vengeance, p. 183).
55. “Slaveholders Always Defend Slavery,” Chicago Tribune, December 10, 1946.
56. Karl Brandt, “Germany Is Our Problem,” pamphlet (Hinsdale, Ill., 1946).
57. Chicago Tribune, July 26, 1945; Charles A. Beard to Oswald Garrison Villard, November 8, 1946, Villard Papers, cited in Doenecke, Not to the Swift, pp. 140, 141, 149 n. 43.
58. “The Nazi Trials,” editorial, Chicago Tribune, July 24, 1945.
59. Congressional Record, 82nd Cong., 2nd Sess., Mar. 11, 1952, pp. 2106, 2110, cited in Shapiro, “Antisemitism Mississippi Style,” p. 136.
60. Frank C. Waldrop, McCormick of Chicago (Englewood, N.J., 1966), p. 263. For additional background information on the foreign policy of the Chicago Tribune in the interwar period see Jerome Edwards, The Foreign Policy of Colonel McCormick’s Tribune, 1921–1941 (Reno, 1971).
61. New York Daily News, October 6, 1945.
62. Nation, May 19, 1945, p. 579.
63. Progressive, May 14, 1945, cited in Robert Abzug, Inside the Vicious Heart (New York, 1985), pp. 136–37.
64. General doubts about the reports of mass murder and other atrocities committed by the Germans had persisted as late as the liberation of the camps. In April 1945 the BBC had chosen not to broadcast its own reporter’s account of the liberation of Buchenwald because it feared the public would not believe him. It waited a number of days until it received Edward R. Murrow’s account. Because Murrow was held in such high esteem by the British, the BBC was convinced that his description of the horrors perpetrated by the Germans would be more likely to be accepted as accurate. Even Murrow worried that his report would be dismissed as exaggerated, and in his famous broadcast he asked his listeners, “I pray you to believe what I have said.”
65. William Hesseltine, “Atrocities Then and Now,” Progressive, May 9, 1945, p. 4.
66. App, A Striaght Look, p. 5.
67. Mark Weber, “Civil War Concentration Camps,” Journal of Historical Review (Summer 1981), pp. 144, 150–52.
68. C. C. Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust (Marblehead, Mass., 1985), p. 52.
69. Ibid., p. 55. Grabert published David Hoggan’s The Forced War, which would play a seminal role in the evolution of Holocaust denial in the United States and Germany.
70. Welt der Arbeit, May 26, 1961, cited in Aronsfeld, Text of the Holocaust, p. 56.
71. Deutsche Hochschullehrer-Zeitung (Tübingen), no. 4 (1963), quoted in Aronsfeld, Text of the Holocaust, p. 56.
72. Nadine Fresco, “The Denial of the Dead: On the Faurisson Affair,” Dissent (Fall 1981), pp. 473–74.
Chapter 3. In the Shadow of World War II
1. Maurice Bardèche, Nuremberg ou la Terre Promise (Paris, 1948) cited in Gill Seidel, The Holocaust Denial: Antisemitism, Racism and the New Right (Leeds, England, 1986), p. 95.
2. Ian Barnes, “Revisionism and the Right,” A Contemporary Affairs Briefing of the Centre for Contemporary Studies (reprinted in the Glasgow Jewish Echo, Jan. 8, 1982, p. 6).
3. Pierre Hofstetter, Introduction to Paul Rassinier, Debunking the Genocide Myth: A Study of the Nazi Concentration Camps and the Alleged Extermination of European Jewry (Torrance, Calif., 1978), p. x. (hereafter cited as Debunking).
4. Ibid., p. x.
5. Ibid., p. 164.
6. Ibid., p. 35.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid., p. 37.
9. Ibid., p. 36.
10. Ibid., p. 185.
11. Ibid., pp. 53, 55.
12. Ibid., p. 216.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., pp. 218–19.
15. Ibid., p. 219.
16. Ibid., p. 214.
17. Paul Rassinier, The Real Eichmann Trial, or The Incorrigible Victors (Silver Spring, Md., n.d.), p. 47.
18. Debunking, p. 214.
19. Ibid.
20. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Israel, Documents Relating to the Agreement Between the Government of Israel and the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany (Jerusalem: 1953), pp. 9–91. On March 14, 1951, Foreign Minister Moshe Sharett declared in a statement to the Knesset that “the demand for reparation has been calculated according to the burden that the people in Israel and Jewish organizations throughout the world have taken upon themselves in financing the rehabilitation and the absorption of a half a million survivors of the Holocaust who have settled or will settle in Israel.” Nana Sagi, German Reparations: A History of the Negotiations (Jerusalem, 1980), p. 55.
21. Debunking, p. 219.
22. Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews (New York, 1967), p. 311; Debunking, p. 219.
23. Hannah Arendt, “A Reporter at Large: Eichmann in Jerusalem—II,” The New Yorker, Feb. 23, 1963, p. 66.
24. Debunking, p. 220.
25. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 670.
26. Debunking, p. 219.
27. Archival collections in the former USSR, which had previously been unavailable to historians, were recently opened for inspection. It is likely that the information they contain may result in a change in the estimate of the number of victims.
28. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 257.
29. Ibid., p. 266.
30. Debunking, p. 224.
31. Ibid., p. 288.
32. “Raphael Lemkin,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust (New York, 1990), p. 860.
33. Debunking, p. 289.
34. Ibid., p. 309.
35. Ibid., p. 306.
36. The American Mercury was founded and edited for many years by H. L. Mencken. Under Mencken it was recognized as one of the literary lights of the American scene, publishing the works of Sinclair Lewis, Eugene O’Neill, Carl Sandburg, and Robert Frost. Mencken sold it in 1935. It then became an increasingly conservative publication. In 1955 Time magazine reported that most of its top editors had quit because they were convinced that “attempts were being made to introduce antisemitic material” into the magazine.
37. Debunking, p. 309.
Chapter 4. The First Stirrings of Denial in America
1. Arnold Forster, “The Ultimate Cruelty,” ADL Bulletin (June 1959), pp. 1ff.
2. Ibid., p. 2.
3. Ibid.
4. Benjamin H. Freedman, “Six Million Jew Hoax,” Common Sense (May 1, 1959).
5. Forster, “The Ultimate Cruelty,” p. 2.
6. Arthur Butz, “The International ‘Holocaust’ Controversy,” Journal of Historical Review (Spring 1980), p. 6.
7. Our Sunday Visitor, June 14, 1959; Forster, “The Ultimate Cruelty,” p. 7.
8. Forster, “The Ultimate Cruelty,” p. 7.
9. Peter Baldwin, “The Historikerstreit in Context,” in Reworking the Past: Hitler, the Holocaust and the Historians’ Debate, ed. Peter Baldwin (Boston, 1990), p. 24.
10. Paul L. Berman, “Gas Chamber Games: Crackpot History and the Right to Lie,” Village Voice, June 10–16, 1981, p. 40; Harry Elmer Barnes, The Court Historians Versus Revionism, n.p., n.d., p. 3.
11. Novick, That Noble Dream, p. 208.
12. Charles A. Beard to Harry Elmer Barnes, June 28, 1924, Barnes Papers, Box 79, cited in Novick, That Noble Dream, p. 212.
13. His trip to Germany to expound on the Versailles treaty had a major impact on his subsequent historical views, Brainwashing, p. 24.
14. Brainwashing, pp. 13, 18.
15. Harry Elmer Barnes, “Revisionism and the Promotion of Peace,” Journal of Historical Review (Spring 1982), p. 61. This article originally appeared in Liberation (Summer 1958) and was subsequently republished as a pamphlet.
16. H. E. Barnes to C. C. Tansill, Nov. 7, 1950, cited in Doenecke, Not to the Swift, p. 105.
17. Barnes, “Revisionism and the Promotion of Peace,” p. 65.
18. Ibid., pp. 67–68.
19. H. E. Barnes to W. L. Neumann, Feb. 8, 1952, cited in Doenecke, Not to the Swift, p. 104.
20. Barnes, “Revisionism and the Promotion of Peace,” p. 68.
21. Harry Elmer Barnes, The Struggle Against the Historical Blackout (n.p., 1952), p. 11.
22. Barnes, “Revisionism and the Promotion of Peace,” p. 72.
23. Brainwashing, p. 3.
24. Harry Elmer Barnes to Oswald Garrison Villard, October 28, 1948, Harvard University.
25. Harry Elmer Barnes to Oswald Garrison Villard, March 5, 1949, Harvard University.
26. Brainwashing, p. 5.
27. Ibid.
28. Lucy Dawidowicz, “Lies about the Holocaust,” Commentary, Dec. 1980, p. 32.
29. David Leslie Hoggan, The Forced War: When Peaceful Revision Failed (Torrance, Calif., 1989).
30. Hoggan, The Forced War, p. 156.
31. Hilberg, The Destruction of European Jews, p. 92.
32. Hoggan, The Forced War, p. 101.
33. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1938, vol. 2 (Washington, D.C., 1938), pp. 391–92.
34. Hoggan, The Forced War, p. 101.
35. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1938, vol. 2, p. 361.
36. Helmut Krausnick, then director of the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich, charged that Hoggan had actually engaged in forgery in the preparation of the book. See Krausnick’s foreword to Hermann Graml’s critique of Hoggan, Geschichte in Wissenschaft and Unterricht, August 1963, cited in Dawidowicz, “Lies About the Holocaust,” p. 32.
37. See Gerhard L. Weinberg’s review in American Historical Review, vol. 68, no. 1 (October 1962), pp. 104–5.
38. Brainwashing, p. 42.
39. Ibid. Barnes translated some of Rassinier’s works into English. See Lewis Brandon, “Introduction,” The Barnes Trilogy: Three Revisionist Booklets by Harry Elmer Barnes, Historian, Criminologist, Sociologist, Economist (Torrance, Calif., 1979). Brandon was the alias used by David McCalden, the first director of the Institute for Historical Review.
40. Harry Elmer Barnes, “ZionistFraud,” American Mercury, Fall 1968, reprinted in an appendix to The Myth of the Six Million (Los Angeles, 1969), p. 117.
41. Brainwashing, p. 32.
42. Ibid., p. 33.
43. Ibid.
44. Ibid., p. 37 (italics added).
45. Harry Elmer Barnes, “Revisionism: A Key to Peace,” Rampart Journal (Spring 1966), quoted in Dawidowicz, “Lies About the Holocaust,” p. 33 (italics added).
46. Harry Elmer Barnes, “The Public Stake in Revisionism,” Rampart Journal (Summer 1967), pp. 19–41, republished in Journal of Historical Review (Fall 1980), p. 217 (italics added) (hereafter referred to as “The Public Stake”).
47. “The Public Stake,” p. 218 (italics added).
48. He specifically referred to Look, Mar. 21, 1967; Saturday Evening Post, Oct. 22, 1965, and Feb. 25, 1967. “The Public Stake,” pp. 205–30.
49. “The Public Stake,” p. 219 (italics added).
50. Ibid., p. 225 (italics added).
51. Ibid., p. 223 (italics added). Barnes apparently thought Brzezinka and Birkenau were two separate camps. Birkenau is the English translation of Brzezinka. Jonowska is Janówska.
52. Ibid., p. 222.
53. Gitta Sereny, “The Men Who Whitewash Hitler,” New Statesman, Nov. 1979, p. 670.
54. Even the former East Germany, which until 1990 did not accept responsibility for the Holocaust, acknowledged that it had occurred. It blamed the fascists, who persecuted the Communists.
55. “The Public Stake,” p. 228; Brainwashing, p. 2.
56. Brainwashing, p. 34.
57. Ibid., pp. 2, 25.
58. Ibid., p. 39.
59. Ibid., p. 42.
60. Ibid., p. 43.
61. Harry Elmer Barnes to Oswald Garrison Villard, November 11, 1945; Oswald Garrison Villard to Harry Elmer Barnes, November 14, 1945, in the collection of Harvard University. Barnes originally met Villard in 1926 when Villard had come to lecture in Barnes’s classes at Smith College. They both shared revisionist views regarding World War I and World War II, though Barnes was far more extreme about the latter.
62. Novick, That Noble Dream, p. 218.
63. “The Public Stake,” p. 219.
64. Ibid.
65. Memo from Barry Youngerman to Jerry Bakst, June 27, 1967, archives of the Anti-Defamation League, New York.
66. Justus Doenecke, “Harry Elmer Barnes: Prophet of a ‘Usable’ Past,” History Teacher, vol. 8 (Feb. 1975).
Chapter 5. Austin J. App: The World of Immoral Equivalencies
1. Arnold Forster, “The Ultimate Cruelty,” ADL Bulletin (June 1959), pp. 7–8.
2. New Yorker Staats-Zeitung und Herold, September 7, 1948; Leonard Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors of the Holocaust (New York, 1982), p. 222.
3. Thomas R. O’Donnell to Deborah E. Lipstadt, April 18, 1991; Thomas R. O’Donnell, telephone interview with author, Oct. 1992.
4. Austin App, “Foreword,” Morgenthau Era Letters, 2nd printing (Tacoma Park, Md., 1975).
5. App, A Straight Look, p. 40.
6. App, Morgenthau Era Letters, pp. 13–14.
7. Ibid., p. 21.
8. Ibid., p. 33.
9. S. F. Berton, “Das Attentat auf Reinhard Heydrich vom 27 Mai 1942: Ein Bericht des Kriminalrats Heinz Pannwitz,” Vierteljahrshefte fur Zeitgeschichte (July 1985), pp. 668–706. See also J. Bradley, Lidice: Sacrificial Village (New York, 1972); T. Wittlin, Time Stopped at 6:30 (Indianapolis, 1965); and “Lidice,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust.
10. App, Morgenthau Era Letters, p. 49.
11. Ibid., p. 51.
12. Ibid., p. 59.
13. Ibid., p. 66.
14. At the end of 1946 the official American total of Jewish survivors in the western zones of Germany, Austria, and Italy was 207,788. The Joint Distribution Committee, which assisted the survivors, estimated that there were 231,500. Many of these were refugees who had spent the war years in Central Asia. Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors, p. 278. See also Malcolm Proudfoot, European Refugees: 1939–1952 (Evanston, Ill, 1956), pp. 339, 341.
15. App, Morgenthau Era Letters, pp. 66–67. Judge Simon H. Rifkind was the army’s adviser on Jewish affairs in Germany in 1945–46.
16. “Repatriation of Displaced Persons, March 1946” (U.S. Zone), Monthly Report of Military Governor, U.S. Zone, April 20, 1946, cited in Dinnerstein, America and the Survivors, p. 275.
17. Austin App, The Six Million Swindle: Blackmailing the German People for Hard Marks with Fabricated Corpses (Tacoma Park, Md., 1973), p. 8.
18. App, Morgenthau Era Letters, p. 79.
19. Peter Kleist, Auch Du Warst Dabei! (You too were involved!), (Heidelberg, 1952), cited in Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust, p. 53.
20. App, The Six Million Swindle, pp. 7–8.
21. App, Morgenthau Era Letters, p. 101 (italics added). He reiterated this argument in The Six Million Swindle, pp. 7–8.
22. App, The Six Million Swindle, p. 8.
23. Richard L. Rubenstein, The Cunning of History: The Holocaust and the American Future (New York, 1975), p. 22.
24. Max Weber, “Bureaucracy,” in H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills, eds., From Max Weber, pp. 215–16. See also Talcott Parsons, “Introduction to Max Weber,” The Sociology of Religion (Boston, 1963) cited in Rubenstein, The Cunning of History, pp. 22–23.
25. App, Morgenthau Era Letters, p. 95.
26. App, The Six Million Swindle, p. 4.
27. App, “The Elusive ‘Six Million,’ ” American Mercury, Summer 1966, reprinted in The Myth of the Six Million (Torrance, Calif., 1978), p. 112.
28. App, The Six Million Swindle, p. 2.
29. “Reparations and Restitution,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, pp. 1255–59.
30. App, The Six Million Swindle, p. 29.
31. App, A Straight Look, p. 18 (italics added).
32. Ibid., pp. 5, 19, 39.
33. Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: The Longest Hatred (New York, 1991), p. 53.
34. App, A Straight Look, pp. 19–20.
35. Henry Morgenthau, Germany Is Our Problem (New York, 1945).
36. App, A Straight Look, pp. 28–29.
37. Ibid., p. 30.
38. Ibid., p. 48.
39. Ibid.
40.. App, The Six Million Swindle, pp. 18–19.
41. Ibid., pp. 23–24.
42. Yisrael Gutman makes a similar argument in response to Arthur Butz’s claim that Yad Vashem’s inability to gather six million names is proof that such a number is a hoax. Yisrael Gutman, Denying the Holocaust (Jerusalem, 1985), p. 20.
43. Jerusalem Post, Aug. 17, 1986; IHR Newsletter (Oct.-Nov. 1987), p. 4.
44. Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, p. 631.
45. App, The Six Million Swindle, p. 9.
46. Ibid., p. 16.
Chapter 6. Denial: A Tool of the Radical Right
1. Sunday Times, Feb. 23, 1975; it was also published under the title Six Million Lost and Found.
2. New Statesman, Nov. 2, 1979, p. 670.
3. Sunday Times, Feb. 23, 1975.
4. Books and bookmen (May 1975), p. 5. For background on the ideology of the National Front see Richard C. Thurlow, “The Witches’ Brew,” in Patterns of Prejudice, vol. 5–6 (1978), pp. 1–9.
5. Seidel, The Holocaust Denial, p. 113.
6. New Statesman, Nov. 2, 1979, p. 670.
7. Holmes, “Historical Revisionism in Britain,” p. 6.
8. Daily Express, June 17, 1974.
9. C. H. Simonds, “The Strange Story of Willis Carto,” National Review, Sept. 10, 1971, p. 981.
10. After a number of years of continued litigation he withdrew his complaint; Davidowicz, “Lies About the Holocaust,” p. 33.
11. The Myth of the Six Million, pp. 1–3.
12. Holmes, “Historical Revisionism in Britain,” p. 6.
13. Richard Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die? The Truth at Last (London, n.d.), p. 28.
14. Ibid., p. 2.
15. Ibid., pp. 2, 3.
16. Martin Webster, “Why Zionism Opposes British Nationalism,” Spearhead (February 1977), p. 12.
17. Ibid., p. 3.
18. Ibid.
19. The Myth of the Six Million, pp. 2–3 (italics added).
20. For background on the Madagascar Plan see Leni Yahil, The Holocaust: The Fate of European Jewry (New York, 1990), pp. 253–55; Philip Friedman, “The Lublin Reservation and the Madagascar Plan: Two Aspects of Nazi Jewish Policy during the Second World War,” YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Studies (1953), pp. 151–77; Christopher R. Browning, The Final Solution and the German Foreign Office: A Study of Referat D3 of Abteilung Deutschland, 1940–1943 (New York, 1978).
21. Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust, p. 1.
22. Joseph Goebbels, Der Nazi-Sozi (Munich, 1929), p. 8, cited in Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust, p. 12.
23. Eberhard Jäckel and Axel Kuhn, eds., Hitler, Sämtliche Aufzeichnungen 1905–1924 (Stuttgart, 1980), p. 368; Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust, p. 12.
24. Nuremberg Document PS 3358, cited in Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust, p. 13.
25. In a speech at Karlsruhe as reported in the Strassburger Neueste Nachrichten, May 2, 1942, cited in Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust, p. 13.
26. Robert Wistrich, “Letters,” books and bookmen, Apr. 1975, p. 7.
27. Das Reich, May 9, 1943, cited in Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust, p. 14.
28. International Military Tribunal, Trials of the Major War Criminals Before the International Military Tribunal: Official Text, vol. 29, pp. 110–73. See also Lucy Dawidowicz, A Holocaust Reader (New York, 1976), pp. 130–40.
29. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 4.
30. Maier, The Unmasterable Past, pp. 67–68.
31. Ilya Levkov, “Introduction,” Bitburg and Beyond: Encounters in American, German and Jewish History (New York, 1987), p. 27.
32. Ernst Nolte, “Between Myth and Revisionism? The Third Reich in the Perspective of the 1980s,” in Aspects of the Third Reich, ed. H. W. Koch (London, 1985), pp. 36–37. Maier, The Unmasterable Past, p. 29.
33. Maier, The Unmasterable Past, p. 179, n. 34.
34. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 5.
35. “Jewish History,” Chambers Encyclopedia, p. 99 (italics added).
36. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 5.
37. “Jewish History,” Chambers Encyclopedia, p. 99.
38. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 14.
39. Baseler Nachrichten, October 7, 1952; Aronsfeld, The Text of the Holocaust, p. 14.
40. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 20.
41. Ibid.
42. Margarete Buber, Under Two Dictators (London, 1950), pp. 208, 242–43, 304.
43. Colin Cross, Adolf Hitler (London, 1973), p. 307, cited in Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 20.
44. Ibid., p. 365.
45. Ibid., p. 366.
46. Ibid., p. 369.
47. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 24. For analysis of his use of the ICRC report, see Arthur Suzman and Denis Diamond, Six Million Did Die: The Truth Shall Prevail (Johannesburg, 1977), pp. 10–13.
48. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 25.
49. The Report of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on its Activities during the Second World War (Geneva, 1948), vol. 1, p. 641 (italics added). The report is replete with numerous quotes that demonstrate that Harwood totally misconstrued its findings. For additional examples see Suzman and Diamond, Six Million Did Die, p. 12.
50. Report of the ICRC, vol. 1, p. 641 (italics added).
51. Ibid. (italics added).
52. Ibid., vol. 2, p. 514 (italics added).
53. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 25.
54. Report of the ICRC, vol. 1, p. 594. Harwood incorrectly cited this passage as coming from vol. 3.
55. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 25.
56. Report of the ICRC, vol. 3, p. 77.
57. Report of the ICRC, vol. 3, chap. 3, cited in “Harwood’s Distortions of Holocaust Facts,” Patterns of Prejudice (May-June, 1975), p. 26 (italics added).
58. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 28.
59. Die Tat, Jan. 19, 1955.
60. ICRC Bulletin No. 25, Feb. 1, 1978, cited in Patterns of Prejudice (March-April 1978), p. 11.
61. Françoise Perret, Comité International de la Croix-Rouge, to Jacob Gewirtz, Board of Deputies of British Jews, August 22, 1975.
62. Her Majesty the Queen vs. Ernst Zundel, District Court of Ontario, 1988 (hereafter referred to as Zundel), vol. 9, pp. 1970 ff.
63. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 12.
64. Ibid., p. 10.
65. Ibid., p. 19.
66. David Barnouw and Gerrold Van Der Stroom, eds., The Diary of Anne Frank.
67. Colin Wilson, “The Führer in Perspective: 2,” books and bookmen (Nov. 1974), p. 31.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Ibid. (Jan. 1975), p. 5.
71. Ibid., p. 6.
72. Ibid. (Feb. 1975), p. 6.
73. Ibid.
74. Ibid. (Apr. 1975), p. 10.
75. Ibid. (June 1975), p. 6.
Chapter 7. Entering the Mainstream
1. Butz refused my request for an interview, Oct. 1992.
2. For additional information on the Liberty Lobby, see chapter 8.
3. Arthur R. Butz, The Hoax of the Twentieth Century (Torrance, Calif., 1976) (hereafter referred to as Hoax), p. 12.
4. Arthur Butz, “The International Holocaust Controversy,” Journal of Historical Review, vol. 1:1 (Spring 1980), pp. 5–22; “Holocaust ‘Revisionism’: A Denial of History,” ADL Facts, vol. 26:2 (June 1980); “Revisionism and the Right,” reprinted in Jewish Echo of Glasgow, January 8, 1982, p. 6; Aronsfeld, “Hoax of the Century,” Patterns of Prejudice, Nov.-Dec. 1976, pp. 13ff.
5. Hoax, pp. 68, 239.
6. Ibid., pp. 107, 131, 171, 195, 223.
7. Ibid., p. 249.
8. Ibid., pp. 240, 287.
9. Ibid., p. 240.
10. Ibid., pp. 33, 89.
11. Ibid., p. 87.
12. Ibid., pp. 247–48.
13. At the same meeting Libyan President Muammar Qaddafi addressed the group via television hookup. In addition to announcing a five million dollar gift to the group, he urged the “destruction of white America” and the formation of a black army in America that would create a separate state. David Moberg, “The Naysayer,” North Shore, Sept. 1985, pp. 38ff. Youngstown Jewish Times, Mar. 29, 1985.
14. Hoax, pp. 239, 287.
15. Ibid., pp. 93, 94, 100.
16. Ibid., pp. 29, 30, 45, 199, 287.
17. Ibid., p. 87.
18. Ibid.
19. The Jews were taken to Fort Ontario in Oswego, New York.
20. Ibid., p. 173.
21. Ibid., p. 215.
22. Ibid., pp. 128, 150, 158, 195, 200.
23.. Ibid., p. 73.
24. Ibid., p. 195.
25. The section immediately before this section of the speech reads as follows: “I also want to make reference before you here, in complete frankness, to a really grave matter. Among ourselves, this one it shall be uttered quite frankly; but in public we will never speak of it. Just as we did not hesitate on June 30, 1934, to do our duty as ordered, to stand up against the wall comrades who had transgressed and shoot them, so we have never talked about this and never will. It was the tact which I am glad to say is a matter of course to us that made us never discuss it among ourselves, never talk about it. Each of us shuddered, and yet each one knew that he would do it again if it were ordered and if it were necessary.” Davidowicz, A Holocaust Reader, pp. 132–33.
26. Hoax, p. 193.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., p. 19.
29. Ibid., p. 179.
30. Ibid., p. 181.
31. Ibid., p. 195.
32. Ibid.
33. Ibid., p. 177.
34. Ibid., p. 158.
35. Ibid., p. 249.
36. Ibid., p. 87.
37. See Deborah Lipstadt, Beyond Belief: The American Press and the Coming of the Holocaust, 1933–1945 (New York, 1986).
38. Hoax, p. 89.
39. Hoax, p. 145.
40. Ibid., p. 142.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid., p. 145.
43. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem (New York, 1963), p. 116.
44. Hoax, p. 217.
45. Ibid., p. 237.
46. Ibid., p. 242.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., pp. 242–43.
50. Ibid., p. 243.
51. Ibid.
52. Moberg, “The Naysayer,” p. 43.
Chapter 8. The Institute for Historical Review
1. Lewis Brandon to Subscribers, Supplement to Journal of Historical Review, Apr. 16, 1981.
2. Deposition of William David McCalden, aka Lewis Brandon, Mel Mermelstein v. Institute for Historical Review, et al., Superior Court of the State of California, No. C 356542 (hereafter cited as McCalden Deposition), vol. 1, Jan. 16, 1984, pp. 8, 37.
3. Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1981, part I, p. 3.
4. David McCalden, “A Few Facts About the Institute for Historical Review [which they’d rather you didn’t know].” (Manhattan Beach, Calif., n.d.).
5. McCalden Deposition, vol. II, Feb. 8, 1984, pp. 272ff.
6. Letter of IHR to All Interested Parties Intending to Claim $50,000 Reward, Institute of Historical Review, Torrance, Calif., n.d.
7. Questionnaire and Claim for $50,000 Reward, Institute for Historical Review, Torrance, Calif., n.d.
8. Lewis Brandon to Mel Mermelstein, November 20, 1980, cited in Declaration of William Cox regarding the Urgency of Proceedings in Mel Mermelstein v. Institute for Historical Review, et al., Superior Court of California, Case No. C 356542 (hereafter cited as Declaration of William Cox), Aug. 10, 1981, p. 16.
9. Declaration of William Cox, p. 18.
10. Brandon to Subscribers; Los Angeles Times, May 3, 1981.
11. Signed statement by Simon Wiesenthal, May 4, 1981.
12. Jewish Telegraphic Agency Weekly News Digest, May 13, 1983.
13. Statement of Record and Letter of Apology to Mel Mermelstein, signed by G. G. Baumen, Attorney for Legion for Survival of Freedom, Institute for Historical Review, Noontide Press, and Elisabeth Carto, and Mark F. Von Esch, Attorney for Liberty Lobby and Willis Carto, July 24, 1985.
14. Appellant’s Opening Brief, Mel Mermelstein v. Legion for the Survival of Freedom, etc., et al., May 4, 1992 (hereafter cited as Appellant’s Opening Brief, Mel Mermelstein v. Legion), pp. 6ff.
15. Declaration of William Cox, p. 20.
16. Paul L. Berman, “Gas Chamber Games: Crackpot History and the Right to Lie,” Village Voice, June 10–16, 1981, pp. 1, 37–43.
17. IHR Newsletter (Oct. 1988), p. 7.
18. IHR Newsletter (Apr. 1989), p. 1, (italics added).
19. Letter to students from Lewis Brandon on IHR letterhead, n.d.
20. Lewis Brandon, Director of IHR, to Friends of IHR, n.d. (apparently from winter 1980). “Brandon” was so obsessed with the power of the “Zionists” that he claimed that the symbols on grocery products denoting that they were kosher indicated that the company had “paid a Zionist to ‘bless’ the product.” IHR Newsletter (Feb. 15, 1981), p. 3.
21. Declaration of William Cox, p. 3; IHR Newsletter (Feb. 1989), p. 7.
22. IHR Newsletter (Feb. 1989), p. 7.
23. Tom Marcellus, Director IHR, to Revisionist Friends, July 1982, n.p. (italics added).
24. “Holocaust ‘Revisionism’: A Denial of History,” ADL Facts, vol. 26:2 (June 1980), p. 4.
25. For background on Spotlight and the way certain members of Congress have chosen to cooperate with it, see Mark Hosenball, “Spotlight on the Hill,” New Republic, Sept. 9, 1981, pp. 13–14.
26. Joseph Trento and Joseph Spear, “How Nazi Nut Power Has Invaded Capitol Hill,” True, Nov. 1969, p. 39.
27. Hosenball, “Spotlight on the Hill,” p. 13.
28. Jason Berry, “Carto’s Day in Court,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, Sept. 14, 1991, pp. 1-D, 4-D.
29. “Liberty Lobby and the Carto Network of Hate,” ADL Facts, vol. 27:2 (Winter 1982), p. 7.
30. Liberty Lobby, Inc., v. Dow Jones is Co., Inc., 638 F. Supp. 1149, 1152 n. 5 (D.D.C. 1986), aff’d., 838 F.2d 1287 (D.C. Cir 1988) cert. denied, 488 U.S. 825 (1988), cited in Appellant’s Opening Brief, Mel Mermelstein v. Legion, p. 5.
31. William F. Buckley, April 30, 1981, cited in “Liberty Lobby and the Carto Network of Hate,” p. 18.
32. C. H. Simonds, “The Strange Story of Willis Carto,” National Review, Sept. 10, 1971, pp. 984–85.
33. “Liberty Lobby and the Carto Network of Hate,” p. 19.
34. Trento and Spear, “How Nazi Nut Power,” p. 36.
35. Simonds, “The Strange Story,” p. 979.
36. The Monitor, Nov. 1986, p. 6.
37. Simonds, “The Strange Story,” p. 979.
38. Ibid.
39. Drew Pearson, April 17, 1969, cited in Charles Bermant, “The Private World of Willis Carto,” The Investigator, Oct. 1981, p. 25. This memo by Carto was found by a Liberty Lobby staffer who turned it over to the investigative journalist, Drew Pearson. Carto’s associates claim that the memoir was a fraud and the boxes in which it and other material was found were broken into by a thief paid by Pearson. What this argument fails to address is why, if the memo was a forgery, Carto was keeping it in his personal files.
40. Simonds, “The Strange Story,” p. 979.
41. John C. Obert, “Yockey: Profile of an American Hitler,” The Investigator, Oct. 1981, p. 24.
42. Ibid., p. 24.
43. Ibid., p. 26.
44. Ibid., p. 22.
45. Ibid., p. 20.
46. Ibid., pp. 20, 22; Simonds, “The Strange Story,” p. 980.
47. “Liberty Lobby and the Carto Network of Hate,” p. 8.
48. Obert, “Yockey: Profile,” p. 22.
49. Simonds, “The Strange Story,” p. 981.
50. Obert, “Yockey: Profile,” p. 73.
51. Berry, “Carto’s Day in Court,” p. 4-D.
52. Simonds, “The Strange Story,” p. 986; Berry, “Carto’s Day in Court,” p. 4-D.
53. “Holocaust ‘Revisionism,’ ” p. 4.
54. American Mercury, Summer 1979.
55. Liberty Letter, May 1969, July 1970, Sept. 1970; Simonds, “The Strange Story,” p. 988.
56. Spotlight, Sept. 6, 1976.
57. Ibid., May 21, 1979; Bermant, “The Private World,” p. 41.
58. Ibid., Jan. 19, Jan. 26, Aug. 9, 1976.
59. Ibid., May 28, 1979.
60. Ibid., Feb. 5, 1979; Hosenball, “Spotlight on the Hill,” p. 13.
61. Ibid., Sept. 24, 1979, as cited in ADL Facts, vol. 26:2 (June 1980). See also “The Spotlight: Liberty Lobby’s Voice of Hate,” ADL Facts, vol. 26:1 (June 1980), and “Liberty Lobby and the Carto Network of Hate.”
62. Ibid., Mar. 11, 1985; Hosenball, “Spotlight on the Hill,” p. 13.
63. Ibid., Dec. 24, 1979.
64. Ibid., Mar. 23, 1981.
65. Kevin Flynn and Gary Gerhardt, The Silent Brotherhood (New York, 1989), p. 85.
66. Noontide Press 1992 Catalog of Books, Audiotapes, Videotapes (Costa Mesa, Calif., 1992).
67. Plaintiffs Exhibit 22 (A-B), Mel Mermelstein v. Institute for Historical Review, et al., Defendants, Feb. 8, 1984, Case No. C 356542.
68. The Liberty Lobby was recently left a bequest of seventy-five million dollars by the granddaughter of Thomas Alva Edison.
69. IHR Newsletter (Jan. 1989), p. 6.
70. McCalden Deposition, vol. 2, Feb. 8, 1984, p. 210.
71. Liberty Lobby, Inc. v. Dow Jones & Co., Inc., 838 F. 2d 1287, 1296 (D.C. Cir. 1988), cited in Appellant’s Opening Brief, Mel Mermelstein v. Legion, p. 5.
72. Ibid.
73. Letter to students by Lewis Brandon.
74. Barnes, “Revisionism and the Promotion of Peace,” p. 52.
75. Ibid., pp. 53–56.
76. Mark Weber, “Civil War Concentration Camps,” Journal of Historical Review, vol. 2, no. 2 (Summer 1981), p. 152.
77. Ibid., pp. 144, 152.
78. Journal of Historical Review, vol. 4, no. 4 (Winter 1983–84).
79. This was one of the unspoken objectives of the contemporary German historians’ debate. Ernst Nolte has written that all the great powers have had “their own Hitler periods.” Josef Joffe, “The Battle of the Historians,” Encounter (June 1987), p. 73. For further information on Nolte’s and other German historians’ relativism and its connection with denial see chapter 11.
Chapter 9. The Gas Chamber Controversy
1. Christof Friedrich and Eric Thomson, The Hitler We Loved and Why (Reedy, W.V., 1977), pp. 72, 78, 116.
2. Manuel Prutschi, “The Zundel Affair,” in Antisemitism in Canada, ed. Alan Davies (Ontario, 1992), p. 264.
3. Zundel flyer addressed to “Comrades,” cited in Prutschi, “The Zundel Affair,” p. 258.
4. Alan Davies, “A Tale of Two Trials: Antisemitism in Canada,” Holocaust and Genocide Studies, vol. 4 (1989), p. 77; Toronto Globe, Mar. 26, 1985; Prutschi, “The Zundel Affair,” p. 267.
5. Mark Bonokoski, “Neo Nazi Leads Protest,” Toronto Sun, April 19, 1978, cited in Prutschi, “The Zundel Affair,” p. 273.
6. Leonidas E. Hill, “The Trial of Ernst Zundel: Revisionism and the Law in Canada,” Simon Wiesenthal Annual, 1989, pp. 179, 192, 200.
7. Calgary Herald, Apr. 10, 1985, p. 1; Toronto Globe and Mail, Apr. 12, 1985, p. 3.
8. Alan T. Davies, “The Queen Versus James Keegstra: Reflections on Christian Antisemitism in Canada,” American Journal of Theology and Philosophy, vol. 9, nos. 1, 2 (January-May 1988), p. 112.
9. Red Deer Advocate, June 4, 1984; Toronto Globe and Mail, Apr. 8, 11, and 12, 1985.
10. Claude Adams, “Through the Fingers,” Canadian Lawyer (Apr. 1985), p. 18.
11. Kirk Makin, “Douglas Christie, Counsel for the Defence,” Ontario Lawyers Weekly, Mar. 29, 1985, pp. 12, 13.
12. Stanley R. Barrett, Is God a Racist? The Right Wing in Canada (Toronto, 1988), p. 161. For analysis of how the trial was covered by the Canadian press see Gabriel Weimann and Conrad Winn, Hate on Trial: The Zundel Affair, the Media, and Public Opinion in Canada (New York, 1986).
13. Calgary Herald, March 24, 1985, p. E8.
14. Robert Faurisson, “The Problem of the Gas Chambers,” Journal of Historical Review (Summer 1980), reprinted by the Institute for Historical Review in leaflet form.
15. Adams, “Through the Fingers,” p. 18.
16. Martin Broszat, Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (October 1977), pp. 742, 769, cited in Patterns of Prejudice, no. 3–4 (1978), p. 8.
17. Sunday Times, July 10, 1977.
18. Ibid., June 12, 1977; July 10, 1977.
19. Robert Harris, Selling Hitler (New York, 1986), p. 189.
20. Canadian Jewish News, Mar. 16, 1989.
21. Ibid., London Jewish Chronicle, May 27, 1983.
22. Spotlight, June 1989.
23. Daily Telegraph, July 10, 1992.
24. “David Irving,” Clipping Collection, Calgary Jewish Community Council, Alberta, Canada.
25. Toronto Star, April 20, 1988; Stephen Trombley, The Execution Protocol: Inside America’s Capital Punishment Industry (New York, 1992), p. 85.
26. Robert Faurisson, “Foreword,” The Leuchter Report: The End of a Myth: An Engineering Report on the Alleged Execution Gas Chambers at Auschwitz, Birkenau, and Majdenek, Poland (U.S.A., 1988), p. 1, (hereafter cited as Leuchter Report).
27. Robert Faurisson, “The Zundel Trials [1985 and 1988],” Journal of Historical Review (Winter 1988–89), p. 429.
28. Her Majesty the Queen vs. Ernst Zundel, District Court of Ontario 1988 (hereafter referred to as Zundel), p. 9037.
29. Fred Leuchter, “Inside the Auschwitz ‘Gas Chambers’,” a paper published by the Institute for Historical Review (reprinted from Journal of Historical Review, Summer 1989), p. 3.
30. Zundel, pp. 8984, 9223. Shelly Z. Shapiro, transcripts of conversation between Fred Leuchter and Shelly Z. Shapiro, February 2, 1990.
31. Leuchter Report, p. 4.
32. Fred Leuchter, “Inside the Auschwitz ‘Gas Chambers’,” p. 6.
33. Leuchter Report, p. 1.
34. Faurisson, “The Zundel Trials,” p. 429.
35. Zundel, p. 9075.
36. Ibid., pp. 8962, 8969, 8972, 8978.
37. Ibid., p. 8973.
38. See testimony of Raul Hilberg at the first Zundel trial. Her Majesty the Queen vs. Ernst Zundel, District Court of Ontario, 1985, p. 1112; Zundel, 1988, pp. 9010, 9011, 9013.
39. Zundel, p. 9048 (italics added).
40. Shelly Shapiro, “An Investigation,” in Truth Prevails: Demolishing Holocaust Denial: The End of “The Leuchter Report” ed. Shelly Shapiro (New York, 1990), p. 14; Arthur Goodman, “Leuchter: Exposed and Discredited by the Court,” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 78.
41. Zundel, p. 9056.
42. Ibid., pp. 8984, 9017, 9061, 9097, 9125, 9154, 9210, 9223.
43. Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 56.
44. Zundel, pp. 8894–95.
45. Ibid., p. 8983.
46. Ibid., pp. 9052–53.
47. Ibid., pp. 9034, 9038.
48. Ibid., pp. 9049–50.
49. Ibid., pp. 8976, 9052.
50. Ibid., p. 8951; Statement by E.I. Du Pont de Nemours & Company, Oct. 2, 1990, cited in Shapiro, p. 28.
51. Zundel, p. 9009.
52. Leuchter Report, p. 10.
53. Zundel, pp. 9028, 9034.
54. Q. And that is all based on the assumption that the physical plan presently at that location in Poland is what was there in 1942, ‘43, ‘44 and ‘45? Is that right?
A. That is correct. Zundel, p. 9018.
55. Zundel, p. 9107. Under further cross-examination Leuchter backed down from some of the conclusions he had drawn in the report. Echoing Faurisson he originally argued that the chambers could not have functioned as execution sites because those whose job it was to throw the Zyklon-B down the roof vents and verify that the prisoners inside had died would themselves have died from exposure to the cyanide gas. Under cross-examination the Crown Counsel easily got Leuchter to agree to the fallacy of this conclusion:
Q. So this stuff you told us about people on the roof who dropped the gas down and how they would be committing suicide, it would take a matter of minutes before the gas got to them, wouldn’t it?
A. Unquestionably.
Q. So if they closed the vent and got off the roof, there would be nothing to concern them, would there?
A. If they got off the roof. But at some point they have to do an inspection to determine whether the parties are deceased.
Q. They send in the Sonderkommandos to do that, sir, and they don’t care what happens to them.
A. Right, all right.
Q. So if someone’s on the roof with a gas mask, you agree that they’ve got all kinds of time to get off the roof after they’ve closed the vent?
A. Perhaps.
Zundel, p. 9254.
56. Jean-Claude Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers (New York, 1989), p. 15 (hereafter cited as Technique).
57. Zundel, pp. 8991ff.
58. Jean-Claude Pressac, “The Deficiencies and Inconsistencies of ‘The Leuchter Report,’ ” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 45.
59. Zundel, pp. 9245ff.
60. Zundel, pp. 9251–52.
61. There were a total of five crematoria in Auschwitz/Birkenau.
62. “Deficiencies,” p. 40.
63. Ibid., p. 41.
64. Ibid., p. 49.
65. Ibid., p. 46.
66. Jean-Claude Pressac, “Additional Notes: Leuchter’s Videotape: A Witness to Fraud,” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 62.
67. Zundel, pp. 9044, 9063.
68. Memorandum from Ed Carnes, Alabama Assistant Attorney General, to all Capital Punishment States July 20, 1990 (hereafter cited as Carnes); Shapiro, Truth Prevails, pp. 17, 21; Newsweek, Oct. 22, 1990, p. 64; Swampscott Journal, Nov. 1, 1990.
69. Associated Press, Oct. 24, 1990.
70. Carnes, p. 2.
71. Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 22.
72. Leuchter Report, p. 7; Zundel, p. 9058.
73. Gary T. Dixon to Shelly Z. Shapiro, Sept. 24, 1990, reprinted in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, p. 19.
74. Ibid., p. 20.
75. Ibid.
76. Ibid., p. 10.
77. Ibid., pp. 18–20. It was Missouri State Penitentiary Warden Bill Armontrout who, in response to Robert Faurisson’s request for an expert on executions, suggested that Leuchter be contacted. Bill Armontrout to Barbara Kulaszka, Jan. 13, 1988, Leuchter Report, app. 7.
78. New York Times, Oct. 13, 1990, pp. 1, 7; Trombley, The Execution Protocol, p. 157.
79. Susan Lehman, “Justice: A Matter of Engineering: Capital Punishment as a Technical Problem,” Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1990, p. 28.
80. Shapiro, Truth Prevails, pp. 14–15.
81. Lehman, “Justice: A Matter of Engineering,” p. 28.
82. Shelly Z. Shapiro to Daniel Kelley, Apr. 16, 1990; Fred A. Leuchter to Ernst Zundel, May 14, 1988, Leuchter Report, app. 6. See also Leuchter Report, p. 15.
83. Washington Post, June 18, 1991.
84. Consent Agreement, Commonwealth of Massachusetts v. Fred A. Leuchter, Jr., June 11, 1991; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 13, 1991. Since the agreement Leuchter signed was with Massachusetts, its provisions applied only to that state.
85. Technique, p. 545.
86. Le Matin, Nov. 16, 1978; Le Monde, Dec. 29, 1978, Jan. 16, 1979; Technique, p. 546.
87. Technique, p. 546.
88. Ibid., p. 548.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.
91. “Natzweiler-Struthof,” Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, p. 1039.
92. Serge Thion, Vérité Historique, quoted in Technique, p. 548.
93. Ibid.
94. Robert Faurisson, “Talking About Holocaust Revisionism on French Radio,” Revisionist Letters, vol. 1, no. 1 (Spring 1989), p. 11.
95. Ibid.
96. Phone conversation with Editorial Offices, Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1990.
97. Lehman, “Justice: A Matter of Engineering,” pp. 26ff.
98. Bradley R. Smith, “Commentary,” Visalia Times-Delta, Sept. 13, 1990.
99. Phone conversation with Editorial Offices, Atlantic Monthly, Feb. 1990.
100. Phone interviews with Shelly Shapiro, Feb. 1990, Apr. 1990.
101. Charles R. Allen, Jr., “The Role of the Media in the Leuchter Matter: Hyping a Holocaust Denier,” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, pp. 112–13.
102. Village Voice, May 22, 30, 1990; Allen, “The Role of the Media,” in Shapiro, Truth Prevails, pp. 118–19.
103. New York Times, Oct. 13, 1990, pp. 1, 7.
104. Allen, “The Role of the Media,” p. 121; New York Times, Oct. 18, 1990, reprinted in International Herald Tribune, Oct. 19, 1990.
105. Searchlight, Aug. 1989.
106. David Irving, “Foreword,” Auschwitz the End of the Line: The Leuchter Report (London, 1989), p. 6.
107. Times (London), May 11, 1992.
108. Irving, “Foreword,” Auschwitz the End of the Line, p. 6.
109. Early Day Motion no. 99, “David Irving and Holocaust Denial,” House of Commons, June 20, 1989, Session 1988–1989.
110. Times (London), May 14, 1990.
111. Independent, July 11, 1992.
112. Trombley, The Execution Protocol, pp. 23–43.
113. Ibid., pp. 87–94; New York Times Book Review, Nov. 22, 1992, p. 33.
114. New York Review of Books, June 15, 1989.
Chapter 10. The Battle for the Campus
1. Cited in Nat Hentoff, “An Ad that Offends: Who’s On First?” Progressive, May 12, 1992, p. 12.
2. Smith was featured on a variety of national television shows and in major newspapers, including the New York Times, Dec. 23, 1991.
3. Louisiana State Daily Reveille, Apr. 7, 1992.
4. Holocaust Revisionism: Reinventing the Big Lie (ADL Research Report), p. 9.
5. ADL memorandum, Feb. 26, 1987.
6. IHR Newsletter, Jan., Mar., and Sept. 1987; Jan. and Nov. 1988; Feb. 1989.
7. Undated letter, Bradley Smith to Friends, 5 pp (1988?).
8. Prima Facie (Feb. 1985), p. 1.
9. Spearhead (Mar. 1985), p. 20.
10. Christian News, Apr. 25, 1987.
11. Spotlight, Apr. 11, 1988.
12. Christian News, Sept. 14, 1987.
13. University of Nebraska Sower, Nov. 17, 1989, p. 10.
14. Centre Daily Times (State College, Pa.) Apr. 1, 1989.
15. Bradley Smith to Kathy Lachenauer, editor in chief, Stanford Daily, June 16, 1989.
16. Bradley Smith to Rabbi Ari Cartun, June 19, 1989.
17. Laird Wilcox, “The Spectre Haunting Holocaust Revisionism,” Revisionist Letters (Spring 1989), p. 10.
18. Ibid.
19. Visalia Times-Delta, Sept. 13, 1990; Daily Illini, June 16, 1992.
20. New York Times, Dec. 23, 1991.
21. Bradley R. Smith, “The Holocaust Story: How Much is False? The Case for Open Debate,” Daily Northwestern, Apr. 4, 1991.
22. New York Times, Nov. 12, 1989.
23. Arno Mayer (Princeton University), Yehuda Bauer (Hebrew University), Marvin Hier (Simon Wiesenthal Center), Raul Hilberg (University of Vermont), and myself (Emory University).
24. Smith, “The Holocaust Story.”
25. The first paper to run the lengthy ad was the Daily Northwestern, April 4, 1991.
26. Michigan Daily, Oct. 24, 1991.
27. Detroit Free Press, Oct. 25, 1991.
28. Michigan Daily, Oct. 25, 1991.
29. Detroit Free Press, Oct. 25, 1991.
30. Michigan Daily, Oct. 28, 1992.
31. In recent years a series of First Amendment controversies have captured the attention of the American public. The most highly publicized was the debate over the funding by the National Endowment for the Arts of an exhibit of Robert Mapplethorpe photography. Edward de Grazia, Girls Lean Back Everywhere: The Laws of Obscenity and the Assault on Genius (New York, 1992); Natalie Robins, Alien Ink: The FBI’s War on Freedom of Expression (New York, 1992); Rodney A. Smolla, Free Speech in an Open Society (New York, 1992).
32. New York Times, Jan. 15, 1992.
33. Kathleen M. Sullivan, “The First Amendment Wars,” New Republic, Sept. 28, 1991, p. 39.
34. Duke Chronicle, Nov. 5, 1991.
35. Ibid., Nov. 7, 1991.
36. Cornell Daily Sun, Nov. 18, 1991; Associated Press newswire, Nov. 19, 1991.
37. Rutgers Daily Targum, Nov. 26, 1991, p. 6.
38. Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 27, 1991.
39. Havre, Mont., Daily News, Apr. 29, 1992. One of the defenders of the Kaimin’s publication of the ad was the programming adviser of the university’s student organization. He had also been instrumental in arranging for a visit by David Duke to the Missoula campus. He argued that ads such as Smith’s and visits such as Duke’s challenge “people to not react emotionally and react rationally.” Montana Kaimin, May 5, 1992.
40. Atlanta Constitution, Mar. 23, 1992.
41. Student Life, Feb. 18, 1992.
42. St. Louis Post Dispatch, Feb. 23, 1992.
43. University of Washington Daily, Apr. 27, 1992.
44. Columbus Dispatch, Jan. 22, 1992.
45. Ohio Jewish Chronicle, Jan. 30, 1992, p. 1.
46. Ibid., Jan. 30, 1992.
47. Columbus Dispatch, Jan. 22, 1992.
48. Ohio State Lantern, Jan. 24, 1992, p. 8.
49. Ibid.
50. Ibid. Tufts’s dean of students also strongly dissented from the idea that Smith was protected by the First Amendment: “Individuals have a right to their own ideas but not to be published on another individual’s or group’s printing press.” Tufts Daily, Apr. 8, 1992.
51. University of Tennessee Daily Beacon, Apr. 27, 1992.
52. Penn State Daily Collegian, Mar. 31, 1989.
53. Harvard Crimson, Dec. 10, 1991, p. 2.
54. University of Chicago Maroon, Feb. 28, 1992.
55. Cornell Daily Sun, Nov. 20, 1991.
56. Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 27, 1991.
57. Mark Livingston to Sam Cramer, Nov. 6, 1991.
58. Michigan Daily, Oct. 28, 1991.
59. Student Life, Feb. 21, 1992.
60. Ibid., Feb. 25, 1992.
61. Daily Tar Heel, cited in Atlanta Constitution, Nov. 28, 1991, p. HI.
62. Ibid.
63. Duke Chronicle, Nov. 5, 1991, p. 9, and Nov. 7, 1991, pp. 1, 3.
64. Resolution adopted by the Duke University History Department, Nov. 8, 1991, and reprinted in Duke Chronicle, Nov. 13, 1991.
65. Rutgers Daily Targum, Nov. 6, 1991, pp. 1, 6 (italics added).
66. Cornell Daily Sun, Nov. 18, 1991 (italics added).
67. University of Washington Daily, Apr. 27, 1992 (italics added).
68. Ibid., Mar. 4, 1992.
69. Ibid., Apr. 27, 1992.
70. Ibid., Oct. 18 and 28, 1991.
71. Michigan Daily, Nov. 11, 1991.
72. Havre, Mont., Daily News, Apr. 29, 1992.
73. St. Louis Post Dispatch, Feb. 22, 1992.
74. Ohio State Lantern, Jan. 24, 1992.
75. Student Life, Feb. 18, 1992.
76. Ibid.
77. Duke Chronicle, Nov. 5, 1991, p. 9.
78. Livingston to Cramer, Nov. 6, 1991.
79. Duke Chronicle, Nov. 7, 1991, p. 3.
80. Ibid., Nov. 5, 1991, p. 9, and Nov. 7, 1991, pp. 1, 3 (italics added).
81. Ibid., Nov. 21, 1991, p. 3.
82. Ibid., Nov. 13, 1991, p. 7 (Italics added).
83. Harvard Crimson, Dec. 10, 1991, p. 2.
84. Ibid.
85. Boston Jewish Advocate, Mar. 6, 1992.
86. Brown Daily Herald, Dec. 11, 1991.
87. University of California at Santa Barbara Daily Nexus, Apr. 29, 1992.
88. Dartmouth Review, Nov. 6, 1991, p. 9.
89. University of Chicago Maroon, Feb. 28, 1992.
90. Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 27, 1991.
91. Jewish Voice (Dec. 1991).
92. Chronicle of Higher Education, Nov. 27, 1991.
93. Washington Post, Dec. 21, 1991.
94. Smith, “Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus . . . The ‘Human Soap’ Holocaust Myth,” addendum to Smith, undated letter sent to campus papers.
95. New York Times, Jan. 15, 1992.
96. Rutgers Daily Targum, Dec. 3, 1991, p. 10.
97. Michigan Daily, Dec. 3, 1991, p. 3.
98. Rutgers Daily Targum, Dec. 3, 1991, p. 10.
99. New York Times, Dec. 30, 1991.
100. Ibid., Jan. 15, 1992.
101. Rutgers Daily Targum, Dec. 3, 1991, pp. 10–11.
102. Ibid., Dec. 6, 1991, p. 5.
103. Tufts Daily, April 21, 1992.
104. Ibid.
105. Smith, undated letter sent to campus papers with text of second ad.
106. Smith, “Falsus in Uno, Falsus in Omnibus.”
107. Ohio State Lantern, Apr. 29, 1992.
108. Michigan Daily, Nov. 26, 1991.
109. Houston Chronicle, Dec. 11, 1991.
110. Meeting with members of Daily Texan editorial board, Apr. 28, 1992.
111. Houston Chronicle, Apr. 24, 1992, pp. 25A, 31A; Daily Texan, Apr. 24, 1992, p. 5.
112. Bay City, Tex., Daily Trubune, Apr. 30, 1992.
113. “Journal of Historical Review,” OAH Newsletter (July 1980), pp. 14–15; Dawidowicz, “Lies About the Holocaust,” p. 37.
114. Carl N. Degler, “Bad History,” Commentary, June 1981, p. 17.
115. Ibid.
116. Chronicle of Higher Education, Dec. 11, 1991.
117. Duke Chronicle, Apr. 27, 1992.
118. Chronicle of Higher Education, Jan. 8, 1992.
119. Ibid., Dec. 11, 1991.
120. OAH Newsletter (Nov. 1991); Chronicle of Higher Education, Dec. 11, 1991, pp. 9–10.
121. Chronicle of Higher Education, Dec. 11, 1991, p. 10.
122. Other signatories included Dan Carter, Cullom Davis, Sara Evans, Linda Gordon, Lawrence Levine, and Mary Ryan. OAH Newsletter (Feb. 1992), p. 5.
123. Ibid.
124. Daily Northwestern, Mar. 5, 1991, p. 6.
125. OAH Newsletter (Feb. 1992), p. 4. Conversation with Joyce Appleby, December 1992.
126. Los Angeles Times, Dec. 23, 1991.
127. Ohio State Lantern, Jan. 24, 1992, p. 8.
128. Carlos C. Huerta, “Revisionism, Free Speech and the Campus,” Midstream, Apr. 1992, p. 10.
Chapter 11. Watching on the Rhine
1. Hellmut Diwald, Geschichte der Deutschen (Frankfurt, 1978), pp. 15–16.
2. New Statesman, Sept. 21, 1979.
3. Geoffrey Hartman, ed., Bitburg in Moral and Political Perspective (Bloomington, Ind., 1986); Ilya Levkov, ed., Bitburg and Beyond: Encounters in American, German, and Jewish History (New York, 1987); Deborah E. Lipstadt, “The Bitburg Controversy,” in David Singer, ed., American Jewish Year Book, 1987, (New York, 1987), pp. 21–38.
4. Die Welt, Jan. 19, 1987; Frankfurter Rundschau, Jan. 14, 1987, cited in Richard Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow (New York, 1989), p. 19. See Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow, p. 147, n. 46, for additional references to Strauss’s remarks on this topic.
5. Andreas Hillgruber, Zweierlei Untergang: Die Zerschlagung des deutschen Reiches und das Ende des europäischen Judentums (Berlin, 1986). For an evaluation of Hillgruber’s contribution to the field see Holger Herwig, “Andreas Hillgruber, Historian of ‘Grossmachtpolitik,’ 1871–1945,” Central European History, vol. 15 (1982), pp. 186–98.
6. Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow, pp. 49–54.
7. Maier, The Unmasterable Past, p. 20.
8. For various perspectives on Hillgruber’s contribution to this imbroglio see Maier, The Unmasterable Past, pp. 21–25; Martin Broszat, Die Zeit, Oct. 3, 1986; Gordon Craig, “The War of the German Historians,” New York Review of Books, Jan. 15, 1987. One of Hillgruber’s most virulent critics was Jürgen Habermas, Germany’s most prominent philosopher on the left. He was the one who first called attention to this debate, describing Hillgruber’s work as “scandalous.” Die Zeit, July 11, 1986; Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (hereafter referred to as FAZ), July 8, 1986. For a summary and analysis of Habermas’s response see Maier, The Unmasterable Past, pp. 39–42.
9. Michael Stürmer, Dissonanzen des Fortschritts, pp. 267, 269–70 as cited in Evans, p. 21. See also Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow, pp. 103, 173, n. 14.
10. Ernst Nolte, Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism (New York, 1965).
11. Joachim Fest, FAZ, Aug. 29, 1986.
12. Peter Pulzer, “The Nazi Legacy,” The Listener, June 25, 1987.
13. Anton Kaes, From Hitler to Heimat: The Return of History as Film (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 5–6.
14. Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow, p. 87.
15. Ernst Nolte, “Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will,” (the past that refuses to pass away) FAZ, June 6, 1986; Ernst Nolte, Der europäische Bürgerkrieg, 1917–1945 (The European Civil War), 1917–1945 (Berlin, 1987), pp. 502–4.
16. Eberhard Jäckel, “Die elende Praxis der Untersteller,” Die Zeit, Sept. 12, 1986; Craig, “The War of the German Historians,” p. 17; Maier, The Unmasterable Past, pp. 76–77.
17. Maier, The Unmasterable Past, p. 76.
18. Michael Marius, The Holocaust in History (Hanover, N.H., 1987), p. 24. For a more complete discussion of this point see Maier, The Unmasterable Past, pp. 66–99, and Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow, pp. 66–91.
19. Maier, The Unmasterable Past, pp. 74–75.
20. Ernst Nolte, “Between Myth and Revisionism,” in Aspects of the Third Reich, ed. H. W. Koch (London, 1985), p. 27; Maier, The Unmasterable Past, p. 29.
21. Nolte, Bürgerkrieg, pp. 500, 509–13, 592–93, n. 26, 29; Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow, p. 168, n. 28.
22. Nolte, Bürgerkrieg, pp. 317–18; also Nolte, “Vergangenheit”; Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow, p. 152, n. 20.
23. Evans, In Hitler’s Shadow, p. 123.
24. For discussion of another way the “yes, but” syndrome manifested itself during the war and prevented many Americans, particularly publishers, editors, and reporters, from grasping the implications of the reports they were receiving, see Lipstadt, Beyond Belief, p. 270.
25. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Mar. 17, 1992.
26. According to Stephen J. Roth, only two of the laws, the French and Romanian, make specific reference to antisemitism. Stephen J. Roth, “Denial of the Holocaust as an Issue of Law” (to be published in Israel Yearbook of Human Rights).
27. U.S. Newswire, Aug. 27, 1992; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Aug. 28, 1992.
28. It also offered a critique of the Nuremberg trials which “astounded” those present in the courtroom (Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Apr. 19, 1991).
29. Wall Street Journal, Apr. 9, 1985.
30. “Morning Edition,” National Public Radio, December 1992.
31. Spotlight, June 1, 1992.
32. Ronald K. L. Collins, “Tort Case as Gag Device,” National Law Journal, June 15, 1992, p. 15.
33. Toronto Sun, Oct. 15, 1992; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, Nov. 16, 1992.
1. Document No. NI-9912, cited in Technique, p. 18.
2. Ibid., p. 19.
3. Ibid., pp. 16, 165.
4. Robert Faurisson, Reply to Pierre Vidal-Naquet, quoted in Technique, p. 505.
5. “Deficiencies,” p. 38; Technique, p. 16.
6. Technique, p. 18.
7. Le Monde, Jan 16, 1979, p. 13; Technique, p. 429.
8. Technique, p. 165.
9. Ibid., p. 429.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Auschwitz State Museum (Panstwowe Muzeum Oswiecim [PMO], file BW 30/40, p. 100; Technique, pp. 430–32.
13. Technique, p. 503.
14. Ibid., p. 548.
15. Faurisson, Statement for the Defense, cited in Technique, p. 505.
16. Faurisson, “Reply to Pierre Vidal-Naquet, p. 78.
17. Technique, p. 554.
18. PMO file BW 30/28, p. 73, cited in Technique, p. 553.
19. PMO file BW 30/28, p. 68, cited in ibid., p. 555.
20. Technique, p. 554. When he discovered this document Pressac confronted Faurisson and told him that because of the many references to gas in the museum archives he no longer believed Faurisson’s thesis was valid.
21. Technique, p. 367.
22. Ibid., p. 432.
23. PMO file BW 30/25, p. 7, cited in Technique, p. 432.
24. Ibid., pp. 434, 438.
25. PMO file BW 30/25, p. 7, cited in Technique, pp. 367, 432.
26. BW 30/34, pp. 49, 50, cited in Technique, pp. 434, 438–39.
27. Technique, pp. 434, 436, 438–39.
28. Bauleitung drawing 252, PMO neg. no. 20943/181, reproduced in Technique, p. 512.
29. Bauleitung drawing 3764, PMO file BW 2/38, reproduced in Technique, p. 514.
30. March 29, 1944, Diary of Anne Frank: The Critical Edition (New York, 1989), p. 578 (hereafter cited as Diary of Anne Frank).
31. Gerrold van der Stroom, “The Diaries, Het Achterhuis and the Translations,” Diary of Anne Frank, pp. 59–61.
32. Ibid., p. 63.
33. New York Times Book Review, June 15, 1952; Congress Weekly, Nov. 13, 1950; National Jewish Post, June 30, 1952; David Barnouw, “The Play,” Diary of Anne Frank, p. 78.
34. New York Law Journal, Feb. 27, 1959 cited in Barnouw, “The Play,” p. 80.
35. New York Times, Nov. 27, 1966; Meyer Levin, The Obsession (New York, 1973), p. 262.
36. David Barnouw, “Attacks on the Authenticity of the Diary,” Diary of Anne Frank, p. 84.
37. Ibid., p. 84.
38. Ibid., pp. 84–89.
39. Teressa Hendry, “Was Anne Frank’s Diary a Hoax?” American Mercury (Summer 1967), reprinted in Myth of the Six Million, pp. 109–111.
40. Harwood, Did Six Million Really Die?, p. 19.
41. Hoax, p. 37.
42. Ditlieb Felderer, Anne Frank’s Diary—A Hoax? (Taby, Sweden, 1978). When the book was reprinted by the IHR the question mark was omitted from the title.
43. Dec. 6, 1943, Diary, pp. 424, 425.
44. Robert Faurisson, Le Journal d’Anne Frank est-il authentique? in Serge Thion, Vérité historique or vérité politique? (Paris, 1980), Barnouw, “Attacks on the Authenticity,” pp. 94–95.
45. Aug. 5, 1943, Diary of Anne Frank, p. 385.
46. Dec. 6, 1943, Ibid., p. 424.
47. Nov. 9, 1943, Ibid., p. 301.
48. Robert Faurisson, Het Dagboek van Anne Frank—een vervalsing (The diary of Anne Frank—a forgery) (Antwerp, 1985), p. 18, cited in Barnouw, p. 95.
49. Barnouw, “Attacks on the Authenticity,” p. 96.
50. Opinion of Federal Criminal Investigation Bureau, May 28, 1980; Hamburg, Landgericht, Romer/Geiss dossier, cited in Barnouw, “Attacks on the Authenticity,” pp. 97–98.
51. Barnouw, “Attacks on the Authenticity,” p. 99.
52. Der Spiegel, Oct. 6, 1980, cited in ibid., p. 98.
53. H. J. J. Hardy, “Document Examination and Handwriting Identification of the Text Known as the Diary of Anne Frank: Summary of Findings,” Diary of Anne Frank, p. 164.